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"Bhishma continued, 'Drawing his celestial bow, and taking up many arrows, Jamadagni stood, turning his face towards the sun
and watching him as he moved (in his diurnal course). Then, O son of Kunti, beholding him addressed for fight, Surya
approached him in the guise of a Brahmana, and said unto him. 'What has Surya done to displease thee? Coursing through the
firmament, he draws up the moisture from the earth, and in the form of rains he pours it down once more on her. It is through
this, O regenerate one, that the food of human beings springs up,--food that is so agreeable to them! The Vedas say that it is
food that constitutes the life-breaths. O Brahmana, hidden in the clouds and encompassed by his rays, the sun drenches the
seven islands with showers of rain. O puissant one, the moisture, thus poured, diffusing itself into the leaves and fruits of
vegetables and herbs, is transformed into food. O son of Bhrigu, the rites of nativity, religious observances of every kind,
investiture with the sacred thread, gifts of kine, weddings, all articles in view of sacrifices, the rules for the governance of men,
gifts, all sorts of union (between man and man), and the acquisition of wealth, have their origin in food! Thou knowest this
well! All the good and agreeable things in the universe, and all the efforts made by living creatures, flow from food. I duly
recite what is well-known to thee! Indeed, thou fully knowest all that I have said! Do thou, therefore, O regenerate Rishi,
appease thy anger! What wilt thou gain by annihilating the sun?'"
SECTION XCVI
"Yudhishthira said, 'What did that foremost of ascetics, viz., Jamadagni endued with great energy, do when thus besought by
the maker of day?'"
"Bhishma said, 'O descendant of Kuru, despite all the supplications of Surya, the sage Jamadagni, endued with the effulgence
of fire, continued to cherish his anger. Then. O king, Surya, in the guise of a Brahmana, bowed his head unto him and
addressed him, with folded hands, in these soft words. 'O regenerate Rishi, the sun is always in motion! How shalt thou pierce
the Lord of day who is continually moving forward?'"
"Jamadagni said, With the eye of knowledge I know thee to be both moving and motionless! I shall surely read thee a lesson
this day. At midday thou seemest to stay in the heavens for a moment. It is then, O Surya, that I shall pierce thee with my
arrows! There is no swerving from this my resolution!'"
"Surya said 'O regenerate Rishi, without doubt, thou knowest me, O best of archers! But, O holy one, though I have offended,
behold, I am a suppliant for thy protection!'"
"Bhishma continued, 'At this, the adorable Jamadagni smilingly addressed the maker of day, saying, 'O Surya, when thou hast
sought my protection, thou hast nothing to fear! He would transcend the simplicity that exists in Brahmanas, the stability that
exists in the Earth, the mildness existing in the Moon, the gravity existing in Varuna, the effulgence existing in Agni, the
brightness of Meru, and the heat of the sun, who would slay a suppliant for protection! The man that can slay a suppliant is
capable of violating the bed of his preceptor, of slaying a Brahmana, and of drinking alcohol. Do thou, therefore, think of some
remedy for this evil, by which people may be relieved when heated by the rays!'"
"Bhishma continued, 'So saying, that excellent descendant of Bhrigu remained silent for a while, and Surya forthwith made
over to him an umbrella and a pair of sandals.'"
"Surya said, 'Do thou, O great Rishi, take this umbrella wherewith the head may be protected and my rays warded off. This pair
of sandals is made of leather for the protection of the feet. From this day forth the gift of these articles in all religious rites shall
be established as an inflexible usage!'"
"Bhishma continued, 'This custom of giving umbrellas and shoes was introduced by Surya! O descendant of Bharata, these
gifts are considered meritorious in the three worlds. Do thou, therefore, give away umbrellas and shoes to Brahmanas. I have
no doubt that thou shalt then acquire great religious merit by the act. O foremost one of Bharata's race, he who gives away a
white umbrella with a hundred ribs to a Brahmana, attains to eternal felicity after death and resides in the region of Indra,
respected by Brahmanas, Apsaras, and Devas. O puissant one, he who gives shoes to Snataka Brahmanas as also to Brahmanas
practising the rites of religion whose feet have become sore with the heat of the sun, attains to regions coveted by the very
deities. Such a man, O Bharata, dwells in happiness in the highest Heaven after his death. O foremost one of Bharata's race, I
have thus recited to thee in full, the merits of giving away shoes and umbrellas at religious ceremonies!'"
SECTION XCVII
"Yudhishthira said, 'O foremost one of Bharata's race, do thou relate to me all the duties of the household mode and tell me all
that a man should do in order to attain to prosperity in this world.'
"Bhishma said, 'O Bharata, I shall, in this connection, recite to thee the old story of Vasudeva and the goddess Earth, The
puissant Vasudeva. O excellent prince of Bharata's race, after hymning the praises of the goddess Earth, questioned her about
this very topic that thou hast enquired about.'
"Vasudeva said, 'Having adopted the state of a householder, what acts should I, or one like me, perform and how are such acts
to fructify in good?'"
"The goddess Earth said, 'O Madhava, the Rishis, the deities, the Pitris, and men should be worshipped, and sacrifices should
be performed, by a householder. Do thou also learn this from me that the deities are always pleased with sacrifices, and men
are gratified with hospitality. Therefore, the householder should gratify them with such objects as they desire. By such acts, O
slayer of Madhu, the Rishis also are gratified. The householder, abstaining from food, should daily attend to his sacred fire and
to his sacrificial offerings. The deities, O slayer of Madhu, are gratified with such acts. The householder should daily offer
oblations of food and water, or of fruits, roots and water, for the gratification of the Pitris, and the Vaiswadeva offering should
be performed with rice boiled, and oblations of clarified butter unto Agni, Soma, and Dhanwantari. He should offer separate
and distinct oblations unto Prajapati. He should make sacrificial offerings in due order; to Yama in the Southern region, to
Varuna in Western region, to Soma in the Northern region, to Prajapati within the homestead, to Dhanwantari in the North-
eastern region, and to Indra in the Eastern region. He should offer food to men at the entrance of his house. These, O Madhava,
are known as the Vali offerings. The Vali should be offered to the Maruts and the deities in the interior of one's house. To the
Viswedevas it should be offered in open air, and to the Rakshasas and spirits the offerings should be made at night. After
making these offerings, the householder should make offerings unto Brahmanas, and if no Brahmana be present, the first
portion of the food should be thrown into the fire. When a man desires to offer Sraddha to his ancestors, he should, when the
Sraddha ceremony is concluded, gratify his ancestors and then make the Vali offerings in due order. He should then make
offerings unto the Viswedevas. He should next invite Brahmanas and then properly regale guests arrived at his house, with
food. By this act, O prince, are guests gratified. He who does not stay in the house long, or, having come, goes away after a
short time, is called a guest. To his preceptor, to his father, to his friend and to a guest, a householder should say, 'I have got
this in my house to offer thee today!' And he should offer it accordingly every day. The householder should do whatever they
would ask him to do. This is the established usage. The householder, O Krishna, should take his food last of all after having
offered food to all of them. The householder should worship, with offerings of Madhuparka his king, his priest, his preceptor,
and his father-in-law as also Snataka Brahmanas even if they were to stay in his house for a whole year. In the morning as well
as in the evening, food should be offered on the ground to dogs, Swapachas,[438] and birds. This is called the Vaiswadeva
offering. The householder, who performs these ceremonies with a mind unclouded by passion, obtains the blessings of the
Rishis in this world, and after death attains to the heavenly regions.'"
"Bhishma continued, "The puissant Vasudeva, having listened to all this from the goddess Earth, acted accordingly. Do thou
also act in the same way. By performing these duties of a householder, O king, thou shalt acquire fame in this world and attain
to heaven after death!'"
SECTION XCVIII
"Yudhishthira said, 'Of what kind is the gift of light, O chief of Bharata's race? How did this gift originate? What are the merits