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an untruth? It has been said that there are three tracks which constitute the best vows of a man One should never injure; one
should always tell the truth; and one should make gifts. The Rishis of old announced this, following the declarations of the
Vedas. These injunctions were heard in days of old,--they should certainly be followed by us even in our times. Even a small
gift, made under the circumstances laid down, produces great fruits[533]. Unto a thirsty man thou hast given a little water with
a sincere heart. Thyself thirsty and hungry, thou hast, by giving me such food, conquered many high regions of felicity, O
puissant one, as, one does by many sacrifices. I am exceedingly delighted with thy very sacred gift, as also with thy penances.
Thy puissance is that of Righteousness: Thy appearance is that of Righteousness. The fragrance of Righteousness is about thee.
I think that all thy acts are performed agreeably to the ordinance, O son, superior to ablutions in sacred waters superior to the
accomplishment of all Vedic vows, is gift. Indeed, O Brahmana, gift is more auspicious than all sacred acts. If it be not more
meritorious than all sacred acts, there can be no question about its superiority. All those rites laid down in the Vedas which
thou applaudest do not come up to gift, for gift without doubt, is as I hold, fraught with very superior merit. The track that has
been made by those men who make gifts is the track that is trodden by the wise. They who make gifts are regarded as givers of
even the life-breaths. The duties that constitute Righteousness are established in them. As the Vedas when well-studied, as the
restraining of the senses, as a life of universal Renunciation, even so is gift which is fraught with very superior merit. Thou, O
son, wilt rise from joy to greater joy in consequence of thy having betaken thyself to the duty of making gifts The man of
intelligence (who practises this duty) certainly rises from joy to greater joy. We have without doubt, met with many direct
instances of this. Men endued with prosperity succeed in acquiring wealth, making gifts, performing sacrifices, and earning
happiness as the result thereof. It is always observed, O thou of great wisdom, to happen naturally that happiness is followed by
misery and misery is followed by happiness.[534] Men of wisdom nave said that human beings in this world have three kinds
of conduct. Some are righteous, some are sinful: and some are neither righteous nor sinful. The conduct of the person who is
devoted to Brahma is not regarded either way. His sins are never regarded as sins. So also the man who is devoted to the duties
laid down for him is regarded as neither righteous nor sinful (for the observance of those duties). Those men that are devoted to
sacrifices, gifts, and penances, are regarded as righteous. These, however, that injure other creatures and are unfriendly to them,
are regarded as sinful. There are some men who appropriate what belongs to others. These certainly fall into Hell and meet
with misery. All other acts that men do are indifferent, being regarded as neither righteous nor sinful. Do thou sport and grow
and rejoice and make gifts and perform sacrifices. Neither men of knowledge nor those endued with penances will then be able
to get the better of thee!'"
SECTION CXXI
"Bhishma said, 'Thus addressed by Vyasa, Maitreya, who was a worshipper of acts, who had been born in a race endued with
great prosperity, who was wise and possessed of great learning said unto him these words'.
"Maitreya said, 'O thou of great wisdom, without doubt it is as thou hast said, O puissant one, with thy permission I desire to
say something.'
"Vyasa said, 'Whatever thou wishest to say, O Maitreya, do thou say, O man of great wisdom, for I wish to hear thee.
"Maitreya said. 'Thy words on the subject of Gift are faultless and pure. Without doubt, thy soul has been cleansed by
knowledge and penances. In consequence of thy soul being cleansed, even this is the great advantage I reap from it. With the
aid of my understanding I see that thou art endued with high penances. As regards ourselves we succeed in acquiring prosperity
through only a sight of personages like thee I think, that is due to thy grace and flows from the nature of my own acts.[535]
Penances, knowledge of the Vedas, and birth in a pure race,--these are the causes of the status which one acquires of a
Brahmana. When one has these three attributes, then does he come to be called a regenerate person. If the Brahmana be
gratified, the Pitris and the deities are also gratified. There is nothing superior to a Brahmana possessed of Vedic lore. Without
the Brahmana, all would be darkness. Nothing would be known. The four orders would not exist. The distinction between
Righteousness and Unrighteousness. Truth and Falsehood, would cease. On a well-tilled field, an abundant harvest can be
reaped. Even so, one may reap great merit by making gifts unto a Brahmana possessed of great learning. If there were no
Brahmanas endued with Vedic lore and good conduct for accepting gifts, the wealth possessed by wealthy people would be
useless. The ignorant Brahmana, by eating the food that is offered to him, destroys what he eats (for it produces no merit to him
who gives it). The food that is eaten also destroys the eater (for the eater incurs sin by eating what is offered to him). That
ought to be properly termed an eatable which is given away to a deserving man, in all other cases, he that takes it makes the
donor's gift thrown away and the receiver is likewise ruined for his improperly accepting it. The Brahmana possessed of
learning becomes the subjugator of the food that he eats. Having eaten it, he begets other food. The ignorant who eats the food
offered to him loses his right to the children he begets, for the latter become his whose food has enabled the progenitor to beget
them. Even this is the subtle fault that attaches to persons eating other people's food when they have not the puissance to win
that food. The merit which the giver acquires by making the gift, is equal to what the taker acquires by accepting the food. Both
the giver and the acceptor depend equally upon each other. Even this is what the Rishis have said. There where Brahmanas
exist, possessed of Vedic lore and conduct, people are enabled to earn the sacred fruits of gifts and to enjoy them both here and
hereafter. Those men who are of pure lineage, who are exceedingly devoted to penances, and who make gifts, and study the
Vedas, are regarded as worthy of the most reverent worship. It is those good men that have chalked out the path by treading on
which one does not become stupefied. It is those men that are the leaders of others to heaven. They are the men who bear on
their shoulders the burden of sacrifices and live for eternity."
SECTION CXXII
"Bhishma said, 'Thus addressed, the holy one replied unto Maitreya, saying 'by good luck, thou art endued with knowledge. By
good luck, thy understanding is of this kind! They that are good highly applaud all righteous attributes. That personal beauty
and youth and prosperity do not succeed in overwhelming thee is due to good luck. This favour done to thee is due to the
kindness of the deities. Listen to me as I discourse to thee upon what is even superior (in efficacy) to gift. Whatever scriptures
and religious treatises there are, whatever (righteous) inclinations are observable in the world, they have flowed in their due
order, agreeably with the lead of the Vedas, according to their due order. Following them I applaud gift. Thou praisest
penances and Vedic lore. Penances are sacred. Penances are the means by which one may acquire the Vedas and heaven also.
With the aid of penances and of knowledge, one attains to the highest fruits, we have heard. It is by penances that one destroys
one's sins and all else that is evil. It has been heard by us that with whatever purpose in view one undergoes penances, one
attains the fruition thereof in consequence of those penances. The same may be said of knowledge. Whatever is difficult to
accomplish, whatever is difficult to conquer, what is difficult to attain, and whatever is difficult to cross, can all be achieved
with the aid of penances. Of all things, penances are possessed of very superior might. The man who drinks alcohol, or he that
takes by force what belongs to others, or he that is guilty of foeticide, or he that violates the bed of his preceptor, succeeds in
crossing with the aid of penances. Indeed, one becomes cleansed of all these sins through penances. One possessed of all
knowledge and, therefore, having true vision, and an ascetic of whatever kind, are equal. One should always bow unto these
two[536]. All men who have the Vedas for their wealth should be worshipped. Similarly, all men endued with penances
deserve to be worshipped. Those who make gifts obtain happiness hereafter and much prosperity here. Righteous men of this
world, by making gifts of food obtain both this world and that of Brahman himself with many other regions of superior felicity.
Those men who are adored by all, themselves adore him who makes gifts. Those men that are honoured everywhere
themselves honour him who make gifts. Wherever the giver goes, he bears himself praised, He who does acts and he who omits
to do them gets each what is proportionate to his acts and omissions. Whether one dwells in the upper regions or in the nether,
one always attains to those places to which one becomes entitled by one's acts. As regards thyself, thou wilt certainly obtain
whatever food and drink thou mayst covet, Tot thou art endued with intelligence, good birth, Vedic lore, and compassion!
Thou art possessed of youth, O Maitreya! Thou art observant of vows. Be thou devoted to Righteousness. Do thou take
instructions from me regarding those duties which thou shouldst first follow,--the duties, viz., of householders. In that house in
which the husband is gratified with his wedded wife, and the wife gratified with her husband, all auspicious results ensue. As
filth is washed away from the body with water, as darkness is dispelled by the splendour of fire even so is sin washed off by
gifts and penances. Bless thee, O Maitreya, let mansions be thine! I depart hence in peace. Do thou keep in mind what I have
said. Thou shalt then be able to reap many advantages! Maitreya then walked round his illustrious guest and bowed his head
unto him, and joining his hands in reverence said, 'Let blessing be to thee also, O holy one!"
SECTION CXXIII
"Yudhishthira said, 'O thou that art conversant with all duties, I desire to hear, in detail, what the excellent behaviour is of good