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let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
strong acids donate protons very easily and so we can say this process occurs 100 % . so we get 100 % ionization . the equilibrium is so far to the right that i just drew this one arrow down over here .
why is it 100 % ionization ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
so another way to write this acid base reaction would be just to write acetic acid , ch3 , cooh plus h2o gives us the acetate anion , ch3coo minus plus h3o plus . now acetic acid is a weak acid and weak acids do n't donate protons very well . so acetic acid is gon na stay mostly protonated . when you think about this r...
acetic acid has a tendency to lose hydrogen because it has its stable ion ( acetate ion ) , then how come acetic acid is likely to be protonated and does n't give up hydrogen ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
so let me write that here . the stronger the acid , so stronger the acid , weaker the conjugate , weaker the conjugate base . and one way to think about that is if i look at this reaction , we can think about competing base strength .
is there a way to say the reverse ( the weaker the acid the stronger the conjugate base ) ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
all right , so let 's go back up here . so we had a hcl and cl minus as our conjugate acid base pair and the stronger the acid , the weaker the conjugate base . all right , so hcl is a strong acid , so cl minus is a weak conjugate base . so let me write that here .
and if so , can the conjugate base of a weak acid ever be a true strong base ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
so another way to write this acid base reaction would be just to write acetic acid , ch3 , cooh plus h2o gives us the acetate anion , ch3coo minus plus h3o plus . now acetic acid is a weak acid and weak acids do n't donate protons very well . so acetic acid is gon na stay mostly protonated .
can someone explain to me how are acids and bases classified as weak or strong ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
so another way to write this acid base reaction would be just to write acetic acid , ch3 , cooh plus h2o gives us the acetate anion , ch3coo minus plus h3o plus . now acetic acid is a weak acid and weak acids do n't donate protons very well . so acetic acid is gon na stay mostly protonated .
how we can find out that for example acetic acid is weak or hcl is strong ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
so another way to write this acid base reaction would be just to write acetic acid , ch3 , cooh plus h2o gives us the acetate anion , ch3coo minus plus h3o plus . now acetic acid is a weak acid and weak acids do n't donate protons very well . so acetic acid is gon na stay mostly protonated .
why ca n't hydrogen ions exist by themselves ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
if we think about approximately 100 % ionization , we have all products here . so we have a very , very large number in the numerator and extremely small number in the denominator . if you think about what that does for your ka , that 's gon na give you an extremely high value for your ka .
how can you determine when a numerator and denominator are either large or small ?
let 's look at this acid base reaction . so water is gon na function as a base that 's gon na take a proton off of a generic acid ha . so lone pair of electrons on the oxygen pick up this proton leaving these electrons behind on the a . oxygen , oxygen is now bonded to three hydrogens . so it picked up a proton . that...
all right , so here we have bronsted-lowry . base water is acting as a bronsted-lowry base and accepting a proton . and over here if you think about the reverse reaction , the chloride anion would be trying to pick up a proton from hydronium for the reverse reaction here but since hcl is so good at donating protons , t...
i know it sounds silly but could acetic acid have acted as a base , and accepted a proton from water ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
and the next question is , well , what are those types of cells , if you actually were to look at them ? we know they 're white blood cells . but exactly what type they are is actually in the six rows beneath .
how are blood cells counted ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
and then the blood urea nitrogen -- sometimes they call that the b-u-n , that 's just the first letter of these three -- is 15 . and then the fasting glucose is 92 . and then the calcium goes in the top of this little wishbone-shaped stick diagram .
how are glucose levels measured ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
and that also means , if you think about it , that there is , of course , somebody out here and somebody up here , right ? i mean , that is , by definition , going to happen . you 're going to have 5 % of people in one of those two tails combined .
what does bun mean in a clinical setting ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
so that 's how you quickly can see the different types of white blood cells that are floating around in your body . that 's what those numbers represent . so then the next two numbers , hemoglobin and hematocrit , go in the top and bottom of this stick diagram .
how do the numbers fit into the shorthand section ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
and again , whenever you see these numbers like this , i could look at that and immediately figure out that that 's the red blood cell content . those two numbers both reflect red blood cell content in the blood . and then the last cell on this side represents the platelet count .
what process do most lab tests use after the blood is drawn ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
and again , whenever you see these numbers like this , i could look at that and immediately figure out that that 's the red blood cell content . those two numbers both reflect red blood cell content in the blood . and then the last cell on this side represents the platelet count .
so , just to be clear , all the red numbers are meant to be read as thousands ?
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values . i actually put down a number of values down that we 're going to pretend for a moment are my labs . and you can see the range , and the units next to them . so let 's go through it piece by piece . and actually , while i do it , i 'm actually going to sho...
so i have a slip of paper . let 's go through these lab values .
viral infection verses bacterial or chronic allergen ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
and then this is the clock chip . so this one has a little quartz crystal in it , and quartz has an interesting property . when it is squeezed , it can emit a small electrical signal or when electricity is run to it , it will expand just slightly .
what causes the quartz crystal to respond this way to either mechanical or electrical action ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
how many pieces are in this dvd player control board ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
as i said before this is the central processing chip that controls the board and the functions on the board , i believe this chip is the video and audio processing chip so once the data comes in , it 's routed through the cpu , to this , and processed and converted into a signal that your tv and stereo will understand ...
instead of all those chips , cant the factory just put a soc ( system on chip ) in the board ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
so that 's very important there . as i said before this is the central processing chip that controls the board and the functions on the board , i believe this chip is the video and audio processing chip so once the data comes in , it 's routed through the cpu , to this , and processed and converted into a signal that y...
are you sure the sidragon chip is for audio video processing and not a memory , possibly dram ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
why are there white outlines ?
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
okay , so this is our microcontroller board , and let me move the plug here , let 's see if i can take some of these plugs out , so the power comes into this board through these two plugs here , and flows to this socket here and this socket here . and there are a number of different components and chips on this board ...
i 'm taking apart a circuit board and it 's got a red rectangular plastic piece with the number225j400mpp any idea what it is ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
well , at any given price , demand will go down . at any given price , demand will go down , and the new demand curve might look something like this . now , in the near term , we have a new equilibrium price , and we have a new equilibrium quanitity .
in the real world , how would someone actually determine the demand curve for a good ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
let 's say that 's our current demand , that is our current demand curve , and then what i 'm going to add to this is i 'm going to add the price at which firms , the suppliers of the orange juice make are neutral with returns to economic profit , or when economic profit is equal to 0 . let 's say right over here , whi...
how do you know which equilibrium price at any time is the one that delivers zero economic profit ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
now we have a new , lower equilibrium price . we have a new lower equilibrium price . i do n't know , this looks about 40 cents per gallon , and we have a new lower equilibrium quantity .
would n't any new equilibrium price mean that the producers there have no economic incentive to leave- assuming that relatively high cost producers left the scene when a lower equilibrium price is reached ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
we 're going to go back to some of what we 've thought about in the past in terms of just supply and demand curves . this is the orange juice , orange juice market , and let 's just draw some supply and demand curves right over here . this is going to be , this is going to be the price per gallon , price per gallon , a...
in the situation that orange juice is bad for you , why is there an increase in the quantity supplied ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
in the long run , as firms leave , would there not be a shift in the supply curve ( shift left of supply curve ) rather than an increase in quantity supplied along the supply curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
is n't the economic profit comparing two business domains to figure out which one is the more profitable to operate in ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
well , then , at any given price , you 're going to have more demand , and so you 'd have a demand curve that looks something like that . then , you 'd have a higher equilibrium quantity , and a higher equilibrium price . and , people are going to be making , since the price is higher , than the price at which the econ...
considering that price does increase and the equilibrium does shift , would n't the quantity supplied increases and so would n't there be an associated cost with increasing supply ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
i thought the lrs curve was vertical ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
i do n't know , this looks about 40 cents per gallon , and we have a new lower equilibrium quantity . now , what happens at this price ? obviously in the near term , people are willing to produce there because that 's where their marginal cost is , so , as we saw in multiple videos that someone 's willing to produce wh...
why does the price raise ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
these are all of the orange juice producers . so to get them to produce even that first gallon , it looks like they need about 20 cents for that first gallon , and then each incremental gallon , they need more and more money . the marginal cost of that incremental gallon and for the market as a whole is going higher an...
should n't the supply fall back to a point where the equilibrium of now 40ct/gallon ( in the first scenario ) is reached and stay at this point until the demand changes ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
7 , i am not very clear as to how the supply curve is also the mc curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
a lot of economic profit , a lot of entrance into the market , price goes down , supply goes up . you get back to the long run supply curve . i guess you could say , you could go back to where the new demand curve is intersecting the long run supply curve .
in my school my professor taught us that the long run supply curve is a vertical line ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
if you buy a particular commodity from many different types of stores and all the sellers offer it to you at the same price , will all the sellers earn economic profit in the lr ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
now we have a new , lower equilibrium price . we have a new lower equilibrium price . i do n't know , this looks about 40 cents per gallon , and we have a new lower equilibrium quantity .
when oranges were declared good why did the demand grew and price fell after attaining the new equilibrium price and quantity ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
we 're going to go back to some of what we 've thought about in the past in terms of just supply and demand curves . this is the orange juice , orange juice market , and let 's just draw some supply and demand curves right over here . this is going to be , this is going to be the price per gallon , price per gallon , a...
at lower prices , less people can be profitable in the orange industry , while at higher prices , more people can be profitable-and the orange farms that already were profitable become more profitable ) , is n't this supposed to be why there is a supply curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
so , 3 , is the mc curve the same as the srs curve in all situations , or just here ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
a lot of economic profit , a lot of entrance into the market , price goes down , supply goes up . you get back to the long run supply curve . i guess you could say , you could go back to where the new demand curve is intersecting the long run supply curve .
so the economic profit line/long run supply curve does n't shift with the demand curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
they have to get oranges from futher away and transport them further and further . this right over here is the supply curve , or you could view it as the marginal cost , marginal cost curve . now let 's just draw an arbitrary demand curve here .
my question is : why do you call supply curve marginal cost ( mc ) ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
let 's say that 's our current demand , that is our current demand curve , and then what i 'm going to add to this is i 'm going to add the price at which firms , the suppliers of the orange juice make are neutral with returns to economic profit , or when economic profit is equal to 0 . let 's say right over here , whi...
how do you know which equilibrium price at any time is the one that delivers zero economic profit ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
now we have a new , lower equilibrium price . we have a new lower equilibrium price . i do n't know , this looks about 40 cents per gallon , and we have a new lower equilibrium quantity .
would n't any new equilibrium price mean that the producers there have no economic incentive to leave- assuming that relatively high cost producers left the scene when a lower equilibrium price is reached ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
they 're kind of neutral about it . what you see happening is in the short term , you would look at where the demand curve intersects with the short-term supply curve , but in the long term , you care where it intersects with this kind of horizontal line , which is the price at which economic profit is 0 . that 's why ...
in this video sal describes demand changes and how that affect supply/demand , but what happens in the short term and long term what the price of production changes ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
they 're not going to shut down their firms . we 're going to get to this new equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity in the long term , in the long term . now let 's think of another situation .
meaning , how does a decrease in the cost of production affect the industry and firm ( and the corresponding curves ) , both short term and long term ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
would n't a reduction in the number of businesses actually be a leftward shift in the supply curve , rather than a movement along the curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
is the point that economic profit equals to zero always the equilibrium point ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
now we have a new , lower equilibrium price . we have a new lower equilibrium price . i do n't know , this looks about 40 cents per gallon , and we have a new lower equilibrium quantity .
what factors will determine whether the price of cell phones will rise , fall , or stay the same in the new long-run equilibrium ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
this is the near-term supply curve , or the short-term supply curve , looks like , looks something like this . that is the supply curve . this is the entire market .
in which video did you explain why the mc curve is also the supply curve ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
how do we know that for the economic profit to be neutral , price should be $ 0.50 ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
is the line for `` economic profit = 0 '' just an average over the whole market ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that 's why you will hear , and this is kind of a more precise way of thinking about it than we 've done in the previous videos , this horizontal line right over here , you could view this as the long run , the long run , long run supply curve , long run supply curve . that says look , pretty much whatever we will alwa...
what is the optimal combination of l and k to produce q = 10 ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
they have to get oranges from futher away and transport them further and further . this right over here is the supply curve , or you could view it as the marginal cost , marginal cost curve . now let 's just draw an arbitrary demand curve here .
what is the total cost of producing q = 10 ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
what you see happening is in the short term , you would look at where the demand curve intersects with the short-term supply curve , but in the long term , you care where it intersects with this kind of horizontal line , which is the price at which economic profit is 0 . that 's why you will hear , and this is kind of ...
how does exactly inflation increase the long-run prices ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
let 's say right over here , which happens to be our current equilibrium price , this is the price , so 50 cents per gallon , this is the price at which economic profit is 0. so i 'll just write economic profit is equal to 0 . i want to remind you , economic profit being 0 does not mean that the accounting profit is 0 ...
can average profit be negative and if so what does that mean ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that is the supply curve . this is the entire market . these are all of the orange juice producers .
how do you determine the number of firm in a market ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
you go down here , yes , people will try to use up their fixed costs , but once they used up their fixed costs , no incentive for them to stay in business , then some of them go out of business . price goes up , quantity goes down . you get back to the long run supply curve , where that intersects with the demand curve...
but what happens after it goes back to $ 0.50/gallon ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that says look , pretty much whatever we will always produce over the long run , we will always produce whatever supply is kind of necessary , given that people are neutral when it comes to economic profit . you go down here , yes , people will try to use up their fixed costs , but once they used up their fixed costs ,...
do firms leave the business or do more people go into the business or do things carry on as per normal ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
that the amount of money that they 're making is roughly comparable to their opportunity cost to be doing other things . when i say economic profit is 0 , sometimes that 's called the normal profit , when economic profit is 0 . this is the price at which people are neutral between shutting down and starting up their bu...
what is a normal profit ?
: we 've now thought a lot about the orange juice market , at least at a firm-specific level within the last few videos . we talked about what our average total costs and average variable costs and marginal costs are , if we are running an orange juice making business . now let 's think about what happens at the marke...
what you see happening is in the short term , you would look at where the demand curve intersects with the short-term supply curve , but in the long term , you care where it intersects with this kind of horizontal line , which is the price at which economic profit is 0 . that 's why you will hear , and this is kind of ...
i am little bit confused about the difference and similarities between the graph about perfectly competitive market in short run/long run and the monopoly ?
so we have the graph of y is equal to g of x right over here . and i wan na think about what is the limit as x approaches five of g of x ? well we 've done this multiple times . let 's think about what g of x approaches as x approaches five from the left . g of x is approaching negative six . as x approaches five from...
and if we were to estimate that g of one is , looks like it 's approximately negative 5.1 or 5.2 , negative 5.1 . we could find the limit of g of x as x approaches pi . so pi is right around there .
this may be a bit stupid , but how do you find the limit as x approaches a specific value of a vertical line ?
so we have the graph of y is equal to g of x right over here . and i wan na think about what is the limit as x approaches five of g of x ? well we 've done this multiple times . let 's think about what g of x approaches as x approaches five from the left . g of x is approaching negative six . as x approaches five from...
you can construct many different functions that would have the same limit at a point , and for a given function , you can take the limit at many different points , in fact an infinite number of different points . and it 's important to point that out , no pun intended , because oftentimes we get used to seeing limits o...
what was the pun ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
and so let 's say we 're dealing with chlorine , and chlorine is able to ionize . so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead...
... '' ... the chlorine grabs an electron ... '' what is this `` grab '' ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead of just calling this the chlorine anion , we would call this chloride . so this w...
why is chlorine ion named as chloride ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead of just calling this the chlorine anion , we would call this chloride . so this w...
what 's the difference between chlorine and chloride ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let me write that down . potassium , potassium chloride . now you might be saying , `` well , i just , '' let me rewrite the whole thing .
if a chlorine anion is named `` chloride '' , what is a potassium cation named ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let me write that down . potassium , potassium chloride . now you might be saying , `` well , i just , '' let me rewrite the whole thing .
why is potassium chloride considered an `` ionic '' compound if the two atoms already neutralized each other ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it . so they would n't mind losing that electron . so when they ionize , they tend to lose an electron and become a cation , a positive ion .
when k wants to give up an electron because it has 1 too many and cl takes the electron because it wants to become like a noble gas ... would n't they immediately break apart after the electron transfer is complete ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
why is there a suffix ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
what are the rules of naming covalent compounds ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell . they would love to have eight , so they tend to be really good at grabbing electrons .
why do atoms want to have a full circle of electrons on their outer shell ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
but why do atoms of different compounds react , in spite of being already stable ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it . so they would n't mind losing that electron . so when they ionize , they tend to lose an electron and become a cation , a positive ion .
would n't it be more practical for chlorine to have a the symbol of cl instead of cl ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let me write that down . potassium , potassium chloride . now you might be saying , `` well , i just , '' let me rewrite the whole thing .
i dont understand why ticl4 is called titanium tetrachloride instead of titanium ( iv ) chloride ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so things in group , in the halides , which is this column right over here . so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell .
what is the difference between halogens and halides ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead of just calling this the chlorine anion , we would call this chloride . so this w...
chlorine is diatomic - it has the subscript numbers , how come we do n't see them in chloride ions ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium . now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it .
why is potassium 's symbol `` k '' ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
do all anions , which form ionic compounds with cations , have the suffix -ide attached to them ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell . they would love to have eight , so they tend to be really good at grabbing electrons .
is the stability of an atom actually determined by the number of valence electrons it has ( in other words , atoms are happiest when their outermost shell is full ) ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals .
can group 1 elements form ionic molecule with group 16 elements ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so things in group , in the halides , which is this column right over here . so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell .
are n't halides supposed to be called halogens ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
and so let 's say we 're dealing with chlorine , and chlorine is able to ionize . so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead...
what is an electron molecule ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead of just calling this the chlorine anion , we would call this chloride . so this w...
why is the element cl referred to as `` chlorine '' not `` chloride '' ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let me write that down . potassium , potassium chloride . now you might be saying , `` well , i just , '' let me rewrite the whole thing .
am i correct that an atom of potassium has 19 electrons , but a cation has under 19 ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell . they would love to have eight , so they tend to be really good at grabbing electrons .
likewise , an atom of sodium has 11 electrons , but a cation has less than 11 electrons ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so this we would refer to as chloride . now as you can imagine with potassium having a positive one charge or one plus charge and this having a negative charge , they 're going to be attracted to each other and they can actually form an ionic compound . the ionic compound they would form , we would write as , you 'd wr...
can the to ions only be attracted to each other if one has a plus 1 charge and the other has a negative 1 charge ( or just any number that the have the same of if not 1 ) ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
if oxygen 's boiling point is -183 d celsius and hydrogen 's boiling point is -253 d celsius , then how can h2o ( water ) be a liquid in room temperature ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
now as you can imagine with potassium having a positive one charge or one plus charge and this having a negative charge , they 're going to be attracted to each other and they can actually form an ionic compound . the ionic compound they would form , we would write as , you 'd write your positive ion first and then you...
so , if gold were an anion , would it be called golide ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it . so they would n't mind losing that electron . so when they ionize , they tend to lose an electron and become a cation , a positive ion . and so let 's look at a situation where i have some potassium that has been ion...
how can k lose an electron ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let me write that down . potassium , potassium chloride . now you might be saying , `` well , i just , '' let me rewrite the whole thing .
i just do n't understand why chlorine has a name for cation is chloride but k ( potassium ) do n't has another name.or it has but i do n't know ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
k is the symbol for potassium . now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it . so they would n't mind losing that electron .
what is the difference between atom having a - charge and atom having one more electron ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
when representing cations and anions do you not have to display the square brackets around the atom ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
k is the symbol for potassium . now things in group one here , one way to think about is their outermost shell has one electron in it . so they would n't mind losing that electron .
why does the alkali metals in group one like to lose an electron ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so things in group , in the halides , which is this column right over here . so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell . they would love to have eight , so they tend to be really good at grabbing electrons .
on the other hand , why does the halides want 8 electrons ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
how do use roman numerals when naming ionic compounds with two or more charges ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
we could refer to this as a potassium cation . now let 's go on to the other side of the periodic table . things that would really love to grab an electron .
how do you know whether an element has a poly valency from looking at the periodical table ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
and so let 's say we 're dealing with chlorine , and chlorine is able to ionize . so it 's able to grab an electron . when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead...
how do you know when an element wants to grab electron if it is positive ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
now let 's go on to the other side of the periodic table . things that would really love to grab an electron . so things in group , in the halides , which is this column right over here . so these are the halides .
why is it that alkai metals ( group 1 ) like to give away an electron and halides like to receive ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one .
can only ions react to form compounds why ca n't atoms ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
so these are the halides . they have seven electrons in their outermost shell . they would love to have eight , so they tend to be really good at grabbing electrons .
hey do electrons also revolve in atoms in our hand ?
let 's get some practice now thinking about how ions typically form , how they might form compounds and how we name those compounds . so let 's start with something in group one . in this first column , this first column is often known as alkali metals . so let 's start with potassium . k is the symbol for potassium ....
when chlorine grabs an electron , it will be a negatively charged ion , so you could write it as chlorine one minus , but the way that we generally refer to an anion , a negatively charged ion , instead of just calling this the chlorine anion , we would call this chloride . so this we would refer to as chloride . now a...
how do you know that chloride will have 1- and not a 3- charge or a 2- charge ?