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: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we 're gon na promote an s orbital in terms of energy and we 're going to demote a p orbital , only one p orbital this time . we have an s orbital with one electron . a p orbital with one electron . that 's gon na leave behind two p orbitals .
do you mind clearing up why the electron configuration for carbon being used here is showing that there is only one electron in the 2s orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons . two plus zero gives me two . i need two hybrid orbitals .
can c2h2 be formed without hybridisation , because , if we take two ground state carbon atom , there would be a normal bond between them and two mutual dative bond , can this compound exist literally ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons . two plus zero gives me two . i need two hybrid orbitals .
3 ) wo n't the electrostatic forces of repulsion between the two electrons repel each other ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
once again , we know an s orbital shaped like a sphere . we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we...
do orbitals stay hybridized all the time or they only do that under the influence of another reactant ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons . two plus zero gives me two .
what are lone pairs of electrons ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
for calculating the steric number , how do we know that there are no lone pairs of electrons ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
also , notice , if you 're dealing with an sp hybridized carbon , you also have two p orbitals . two unhybridized p orbitals . each p orbital with a valence electron .
why donot we use 2 electrons from p orbitals instead of s orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let me go back down here and i 'm gon na draw in . here 's one p orbital . there 's one p orbital with one valence electron and there here 's another p orbital right here with another one of those valence electrons .
i mean why break @ s when we have electrons in p orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have carbon bonded to only two atoms and the shape of the acetylene molecule has been determined to be linear . we have a linear geometry . we also have a bond angle here .
why does ethyne have a linear molecular geometry even though it has 3 electron clouds ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have carbon bonded to only two atoms and the shape of the acetylene molecule has been determined to be linear . we have a linear geometry . we also have a bond angle here .
dont the molecules with 3 electron clouds have a trigonal planar molecular geometry ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have carbons , four valence electrons represented here in the excited stage . one , two , three and four and we 're looking for two hybrid orbitals since carbon is bonded to two atoms . we 're going to take an s orbital .
if two carbon atoms decide to bond together , how do you predict whether it 'll become ethane , ethene , or ethyne , i.e what hybridization would it form ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that .
normally double bond gives sp2 hybridization but in the last case using steric no we got sp hybridization how can we differentiate that ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have two pi bonds present in the acetylene molecules . let 's look at our dot structure again . we saw the bond between this carbon and this hydrogen was a sigma bond . we saw there was one sigma bond between our two carbons .
when making the dot structure for acetylene , why does jay not highlight the second carbon bonding to the hydrogen as a sigma bond ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that .
does this mean that the single bond between the carbon and the hydrogen is also shorter because of the increased s character ( due to sp hybridization vs sp3 hybridization ) ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i know this is a sigma bond . i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons .
why does the linear molecule with the triple bond have a tilt ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's say our goal was to figure out the steric number for this carbon . the number of sigma bonds . i know this is a sigma bond . i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons .
which bond is stronger , pi or sigma ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
that 's another sigma bond . with a total of three sigma bonds in the acetylene molecule . the video on sp2 hybridization , we saw how to make a pi bond .
how do we figure out the hybridisation of any molecule given to us ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here .
also what is the significance of these shorter bonds and smaller orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
say that 's a signal bond and then this bond over here we said was a sigma bond . there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi b...
does it mean these bonds are stronger , or something else entirely ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
why are only two of the orbitals sp hybridized and the other two simply p orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have acetylene here . we have carbon triple bonded to another carbon . we know each of those carbons as sp hybridized .
why does carbon enter an hybridised sate in c2h2 molecule ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
here is one p orbital with one valence electron and there here 's another p orbital with an electron in here like that . finally , we have to add in hydrogen . we have a hydrogen on either side here .
in its ground state it already has 2 unpaired electrons the 2 hydrogen molecules can be accommodated there right ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi bonds prevent free rotation . we ca n't rotate about the sigma bond between the two carbons because of the pi bonds .
is there any unfree rotation ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that . this carbon right here is sp hybridized since it bonded to two atoms and this carbon right here is also sp hybridized . let 's think about the shape of our new sp hybrid orbit...
since sp hybridized molecules are closer together because of the increased s orbital character , are n't these molecules more strongly bonded than sp2 or sp3 molecules ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
that 's a sigma bond . then finally , we have a head on overlap of orbitals here . that 's another sigma bond .
what does axial overlap mean ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's say our goal was to figure out the steric number for this carbon . the number of sigma bonds . i know this is a sigma bond .
for the calculation of steric number why did n't we calculate the sigma bonds of the carbon to the right ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that . this carbon right here is sp hybridized since it bonded to two atoms and thi...
how does orbital hybridization affect chemical reactivity ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have carbon bonded to only two atoms and the shape of the acetylene molecule has been determined to be linear . we have a linear geometry . we also have a bond angle here .
would you be able to tell the hybridization based on the molecular geometry ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we 're gon na promote an s orbital in terms of energy and we 're going to demote a p orbital , only one p orbital this time . we have an s orbital with one electron . a p orbital with one electron . that 's gon na leave behind two p orbitals .
how come for the sp3 hybridization , they started the electron configuration off with the 1s orbital and for the sp hybridization they started the electron configuration with the 2s orbital instead ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we also have a bond angle here . these bond angles are 180 degrees and so we must have a different hybridization for this carbon . we have a different geometry , a different bond angle and a different number of atoms that this carbon is bonded to . to find our new type of hybridization , we look at our electronic confi...
is this standard for the different types of hybridization ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
also , notice , if you 're dealing with an sp hybridized carbon , you also have two p orbitals . two unhybridized p orbitals . each p orbital with a valence electron .
why is there an unhybridized p orbital in sp2 hybridization ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
we use valence electrons to hybridize , and carbon atom can serve 4 orbitals.but when talk about co2 , why the oxygen atom serve 4 orbitals either ( not 6 ) ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
is n't there a rule which states that when there 's a double bond there has to be sp2 hybrid orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we 're gon na promote an s orbital in terms of energy and we 're going to demote a p orbital , only one p orbital this time . we have an s orbital with one electron . a p orbital with one electron . that 's gon na leave behind two p orbitals .
in the beginning of the video why is there only one electron represented in the 2s orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and draw the dot structure one more time and analyze it using steric number . we have our triple bonds . if we 're doing steric number to find out the hybridization state , we know to do steric number , you take the number of sigma bonds .
is there a difference in freedom of rotation between c=c double bonds and c , c triple bonds ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi bonds prevent free rotation .
in c=c double bonds , if py is the orbital that is involved in bonding , the molecule should still be able to move about in z-axis ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
therefore , this carbon on the right has an sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron in here and then another sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron here . this carbon , it 's sp hybridized . once again , go back up here to this diagram .
in co2 , the carbon is sp hybridized , but would each oxygen be sp3 hybridized because they have 1 sigma bond and 2 lone pairs of e- ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have carbon bonded to only two atoms and the shape of the acetylene molecule has been determined to be linear . we have a linear geometry . we also have a bond angle here .
how would this affect the molecular geometry of co2 ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that .
does only the hybridization of the central atom matter ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
also , notice , if you 're dealing with an sp hybridized carbon , you also have two p orbitals . two unhybridized p orbitals . each p orbital with a valence electron .
where did the purple p orbitals come from ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here .
and at around jay illustrates four lines however there is are only two pi bonds ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
when i think about the percentage of s character . we use one s orbital and one p orbital . that means it 's 50 % s character and 50 % p character and this is more s character than in the previous videos .
if the p orbital is fully represented , why is the hybridized sp orbital not ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have two pi bonds present in the acetylene molecules . let 's look at our dot structure again . we saw the bond between this carbon and this hydrogen was a sigma bond .
is it only because it would over-complicate the diagram of the molecule structure ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i 'm gon na go ahead and put the other electron over here in this hybrid orbital . also , notice , if you 're dealing with an sp hybridized carbon , you also have two p orbitals . two unhybridized p orbitals .
does n2o also has sp hybridized orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
when i think about the percentage of s character . we use one s orbital and one p orbital . that means it 's 50 % s character and 50 % p character and this is more s character than in the previous videos .
why ca n't the carbon atom just use 2 electrons from the p-orbital ( instead of needing to use the 1 electron in the s-orbital ) ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
therefore , this carbon on the right has an sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron in here and then another sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron here . this carbon , it 's sp hybridized . once again , go back up here to this diagram .
how does the carbon decided to be sp3 , sp2 or sp hybridized ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have a different geometry , a different bond angle and a different number of atoms that this carbon is bonded to . to find our new type of hybridization , we look at our electronic configuration already in the excited stage . we have carbons , four valence electrons represented here in the excited stage .
hey , how can i find a differenciate between h20 and so2 in terms of molecular type cause h20 is ab2e2 and so2 is ab2e ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
to find our new type of hybridization , we look at our electronic configuration already in the excited stage . we have carbons , four valence electrons represented here in the excited stage . one , two , three and four and we 're looking for two hybrid orbitals since carbon is bonded to two atoms .
does the valence electrons always go to an exerted state ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's do one more example using steric number to analyze the molecule . let 's do carbon dioxide . if we wanted to figure out the hybridization of the carbon there .
what hybridization , if any , would the oxygen atoms in carbon dioxide undergo ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
i calculated a steric number of 3 , so would it be sp2 hybridization ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi bonds prevent free rotation . we ca n't rotate about the sigma bond between the two...
how do you know how many pi or sogma bonds you need though ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
therefore , this carbon on the right has an sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron in here and then another sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron here . this carbon , it 's sp hybridized . once again , go back up here to this diagram .
what is the nature of of sp-sp2 carbon bond ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
its correct that in sp3 is 109 ' and in sp2 120 and in sp 180 mostly ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have a different geometry , a different bond angle and a different number of atoms that this carbon is bonded to . to find our new type of hybridization , we look at our electronic configuration already in the excited stage . we have carbons , four valence electrons represented here in the excited stage . one , two ...
when do we start from `` an excited state '' and when do we not ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have acetylene here . we have carbon triple bonded to another carbon . we know each of those carbons as sp hybridized .
is the bond length between carbon and hydrogen the same as the bond length between carbon and carbon in acetylene ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we 're going to take an s orbital . we 're gon na promote an s orbital in terms of energy and we 're going to demote a p orbital , only one p orbital this time . we have an s orbital with one electron .
p orbital should have higher energy than sp orbital right ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
how did the number reduce to 2 ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
when i think about the percentage of s character . we use one s orbital and one p orbital . that means it 's 50 % s character and 50 % p character and this is more s character than in the previous videos .
so do we have to do the excitation process for all the atoms having an empty outer orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi bonds prevent free rotation .
like a molecul consists of two carbon atoms which are bonded together with 1 sigma and 3 pi bonds ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi bonds prevent free rotation . we ca n't rotate about the sigma bond between the two...
can 3 pi bonds coexist between same atoms ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
therefore , this carbon on the right has an sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron in here and then another sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron here . this carbon , it 's sp hybridized . once again , go back up here to this diagram .
at around the 0 mark , why does c in c2h2 have to have a sp hybridized orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and draw the dot structure one more time and analyze it using steric number . we have our triple bonds . if we 're doing steric number to find out the hybridization state , we know to do steric number , you take the number of sigma bonds .
does triple bonds exhibit cis-trans isomers ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
how can an atom like be make two bonds , with hydrogen , through sp hybridization ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
so does the pi bond not affect the steric number ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we had this side by side overlap of orbitals . here we have one pi bond . we have interaction above and below .
and why is it that the pi bond prevents rotation around the axis ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have acetylene here . we have carbon triple bonded to another carbon . we know each of those carbons as sp hybridized .
why carbon carbon tetra bond not possible ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's say our goal was to figure out the steric number for this carbon . the number of sigma bonds . i know this is a sigma bond .
how is the steric number 2 , and there are three sigma bonds ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i know this is a sigma bond . i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons .
do shorter bonds make the bond stronger ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
the video on sp2 hybridization , we saw how to make a pi bond . we had this side by side overlap of orbitals . here we have one pi bond .
in pi bond side by side overlap means a kind of attraction ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let me go back down here and i 'm gon na draw in . here 's one p orbital . there 's one p orbital with one valence electron and there here 's another p orbital right here with another one of those valence electrons .
is it possible for the p orbital make a pi bond with the another type p orbital ( ie , pz and px ) instead of the pi bond occurring between the same type of p orbital ( pz and pz or py and py or px and px ) ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
i know this is a sigma bond . i know on a triple bond , i have one sigma bond and two pi bonds . there are two sigma bonds here and zero lone pairs of electrons .
are there always 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds when there 's a triple bond ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have acetylene here . we have carbon triple bonded to another carbon . we know each of those carbons as sp hybridized .
why does n't hund 's rule make carbon act like it has 2 valence electrons ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
each one of those p orbitals has one electron in it . we have carbons , four valence electrons but this is no longer an s orbital because we 're going to hybridized it with a p orbital to make an sp hybrid orbital . this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital .
why do n't 2 electrons fill the 2s orbital with two unpaired electrons in the 2p orbital ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we 're gon na promote an s orbital in terms of energy and we 're going to demote a p orbital , only one p orbital this time . we have an s orbital with one electron . a p orbital with one electron . that 's gon na leave behind two p orbitals .
is it necessary for an electron acceptor atom to have an empty orbital in order to form a coordinate bond or it can form even if it is half filled as in ozone ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that .
how will we know that a particular molecule have sp3 , sp2 or sp hybridization by simpling looking the molecule ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
that 's another sigma bond . with a total of three sigma bonds in the acetylene molecule . the video on sp2 hybridization , we saw how to make a pi bond .
question : when a molecule or atom is excited into the homo , does n't this break hund 's rule ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
each one of those p orbitals has one electron in it . we have carbons , four valence electrons but this is no longer an s orbital because we 're going to hybridized it with a p orbital to make an sp hybrid orbital . this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital .
how can you just put electrons into the next orbital without `` satisfying '' the first ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
therefore , this carbon on the right has an sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron in here and then another sp hybrid orbital with one valence electron here . this carbon , it 's sp hybridized . once again , go back up here to this diagram .
how do i figure out if an atom is hybridized ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
is the o hybridized to a sp3 orbital based on the steric number ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe . we 're going to ignore the small lobe . when we draw our picture , only think about this bigger frontal lobe here .
but ( ) why do we ignore the small lobe in sp hybridization ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
what is the drawing for the hybrid orbitals ( including the electrons housed in it ) for co2 ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
once again , that 's due to the increased s character . increased s character gives you these smaller orbitals and that 's one way to think about the shorter bond distance and the triple bond compared to a double bond or a single bond . that 's a lot that we 've covered here .
so : double bond distance is shorter than simple bonds , and triple bond distance is smaller still in every instance ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
say that 's a signal bond and then this bond over here we said was a sigma bond . there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi b...
if sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds , what is the explanation of alkynes and alkenes having a stronger bond than alkananes ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
say that 's a signal bond and then this bond over here we said was a sigma bond . there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi b...
if sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds , what is the explanation of alkynes and alkenes having a stronger bond than alkanes ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
say that 's a signal bond and then this bond over here we said was a sigma bond . there 's our three sigma bonds and then we have a triple bond presence . there were two pi bonds also present . two of these are pi bonds here . a total of two pi bonds and three sigma bonds for the acetylene molecule here . remember pi b...
if sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds , what is the explanation of alkynes and alkenes having a stronger bond than alkananes ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
can we use steric number to find hybridisation state of oxygen in co2 ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
where do the small lobes of the sp hybridized orbitals go ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
because of the linear shape of the molecule , would n't they be colliding with the frontal lobes of the other carbons ' sp orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's say our goal was to figure out the steric number for this carbon . the number of sigma bonds . i know this is a sigma bond .
how are you supposed to know the number of sigma bonds and pi bonds or p orbitals by just looking at the molecule ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we have acetylene here . we have carbon triple bonded to another carbon . we know each of those carbons as sp hybridized .
( in the same way that jay does with co2 at the end ) is it by looking at how many atoms the carbon is bonded to ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
when i think about the percentage of s character . we use one s orbital and one p orbital . that means it 's 50 % s character and 50 % p character and this is more s character than in the previous videos .
how do i know that when to use 'valence bond theory ' or the 'molecular orbital theory '' for telling diamagnetism or paramagnetism of a material ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
we took one s orbital and we took one p orbital , which is shaped like a dumbbell and we hybridized these two orbitals together to give us two new hybrid orbitals . two sp hybrid orbitals . let me go ahead and draw in an sp hybrid orbital here and once again , we 're going to ignore the small lobe .
are there any hybrid orbitals that involves f type orbitals ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
let 's go ahead and do that . using steric number . the hybridization of this carbon .
how does steric number help us with molecular geometry at all other than that ?
: the video on sp3 hybridization , we saw a carbon is bonded to four atoms and in the video in sp2 hybridization , we saw that carbon is bonded to three atoms and in this video , we 're gon na look at the type of hybridization that 's present when carbon is bonded to two atoms . if i look at this carbon right here and...
this is no longer a p orbital because we 're going to hybridize it to form our sp hybrid orbital . this is called sp hybridization . this is sp hybridization because our new hybrid orbitals came from one s orbital and one p orbital like that .
grt bt why is it sp hybridization ?
`` a cylindrical log has a diameter of 12 inches . a wedge is cut from the log by making two planar cuts that go entirely through the log . the first is perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder , and the plane of the second cut forms a 45 degree angle with the plane of the first cut . the intersection of these two pla...
maybe you use some -- you rotate something around some axis to find the volume . maybe you can take some type of average , here . and you probably could do something like that .
what type of people are aime aimed at ?
the goal in this video is to essentially prove a pretty simple result . and that 's that the ratio between the volumes -- let me write this down -- that the ratio between the volume at state b and the volume at state a -- so the ratio of that volume to that volume -- is equal to , in our carnot cycle , is equal to the ...
we 're not going to change the number of molecules we have . the universal gas constant ca n't change . so the temperature must change .
why is obvious that p needs to be kept constant ?
the goal in this video is to essentially prove a pretty simple result . and that 's that the ratio between the volumes -- let me write this down -- that the ratio between the volume at state b and the volume at state a -- so the ratio of that volume to that volume -- is equal to , in our carnot cycle , is equal to the ...
we 're not going to change the number of molecules we have . the universal gas constant ca n't change . so the temperature must change .
how can you assume that p is constant ?
the goal in this video is to essentially prove a pretty simple result . and that 's that the ratio between the volumes -- let me write this down -- that the ratio between the volume at state b and the volume at state a -- so the ratio of that volume to that volume -- is equal to , in our carnot cycle , is equal to the ...
so the total change -- the sum of all of our change in internal energy and work done by the system has to be 0 , then we use the property of log to get to this result . now let 's do these for both of these adiabatic processes over here . so the first one we could do is this one where we go from volume b at t1 to volum...
what is significance of using only adiabatic processes in the relation ignoring isothermal processes occurring in the the carnot 's cycle ?
the goal in this video is to essentially prove a pretty simple result . and that 's that the ratio between the volumes -- let me write this down -- that the ratio between the volume at state b and the volume at state a -- so the ratio of that volume to that volume -- is equal to , in our carnot cycle , is equal to the ...
and we have to do it to both sides of the equation . nrt . well , on this term , the n 's cancel out , the r cancels out .
could someone explain to me why sal is able to divide the 'work done ' term by nrt , specifically by t ?
the goal in this video is to essentially prove a pretty simple result . and that 's that the ratio between the volumes -- let me write this down -- that the ratio between the volume at state b and the volume at state a -- so the ratio of that volume to that volume -- is equal to , in our carnot cycle , is equal to the ...
something must have changed . well , 3/2 ca n't change . n ca n't change .
why does the t in the denominator not cancel out with the t in the numerator , leaving us with 3/2 delta ?