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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot .
|
getting wool from cows would n't that be leather ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops .
|
what are other examples of mega fauna ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
|
so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland .
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it said with the brush building up , the summer would come & the fires ca n't be controlled , but how do you control the fires ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
|
so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve .
|
how much is known about the long term ( local australian ) climate effects of firestick farming ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up .
|
is n't winter the most dry season ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year .
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are n't uncontrollable fires really life-threatening for all organisms and humans ?
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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat .
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how big exacally is the driptodon optatum ?
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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared .
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are wombats friendly to humans ?
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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland .
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how long did the controlled fires burn ?
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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve .
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is it fire stick farming practices allowed by australian law ?
|
farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest .
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do the native people in australia still use this method at all ?
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farming , as we now associate the word , has been around for about 7,000 to 10,000 years . and when we think of farming , we imagine a farmer planting seeds , and later harvesting the crops . or maybe having cattle that they can allow to graze , and then using that cattle for either meat , or milk , or wool . but there 's actually a different type of farming that predates this association with i guess what we could call the traditional form of farming . and it predates it by several tens of thousands of years . and we believe that it started with the original inhabitants of australia . and what they did is -- and this is why we call it farming -- and because if you think about farming in the most general sense , it 's really humans using technology to manipulate their environment so it becomes more suitable for humans . so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve . it involves using fire , which is really a form of technology -- or it can be a form of technology -- using fire to make the environment more suitable for human activity . and so what the original australians did -- the indigenous australians , or sometimes referred to as the aboriginal australians . and if you 're wondering where the word aboriginal comes from , you might recognize some parts of it . original -- you know what that means . the first things . the things that were there from the beginning . and then you have ab , which is latin for from . so this is literally from the beginning . so when you say aboriginal australians , you 're really saying the australians that were there from the beginning . and so what they would do is , is that we believe if you go back 50,000 or 60,000 years before the first aboriginal australians settled australia , australia had much more forest . it still has forest . this is a modern picture , obviously , of an australian forest . but what they did is that they set up controlled burns . and what these controlled burns did is that they cleared away a lot of the forest . they cleared away a lot of the brush that 's over here , and it made it much more suitable for grassland to develop . and the reason why they liked grassland -- so let 's make a little cycle here of what they did . so they have controlled burns . controlled fires . those controlled fires helped promote grassland . and then once you have grassland , that made the environment more suitable for animals that the original human settlers could essentially live off of . that they could hunt , that they could potentially eat their meat . and so , for example , things like kangaroos . and these supported the human population , which obviously , would then do the controlled burns . and you see here -- so we could have started off with something like this . someone provides a controlled burn . and they were actually pretty scientific about how they did it . they would n't just go at the end of summer , when everything was hot , and ready to just blow up , and then start a fire that they could n't control . they would often do these in seasons knowing that it had a certain level of moisture in the air , it was n't too hot . and to a large degree , by doing these controlled burns , not only did it provide an environment -- kind of do this firestick farming -- not only did it provide an environment that was suitable for things like kangaroos , some type of things that humans could eat -- but it also prevented major fires . and you still see forest rangers doing this type of thing . and there 's some reason to believe that what the original australians did , on some level , was more nuanced and more fine-tuned than even what we do , in a modern sense , in controlled burns . so these controlled fires also prevented major uncontrollable fires . because what happens is if you do n't have these controlled fires , then you have brush building up , year after year after year . you have stuff building up . and then , when the fires do occur , the uncontrolled fires are less likely to be started during the winter , when the air is cool or when there might be some moisture . they 're more likely to occur in the dry season . so you have all this stuff build up . and then when the fire does happen , it happens in the driest season . and then what happens with all of the stuff built up in the dry season , it just becomes uncontrollable . one of the byproducts -- or actually there are several byproducts of this firestick farming -- we believe , is a lot of the grassland in australia now might have been more forested before . and even when the first european settlers came in the late 1700s , they were kind of surprised when they went into what is now sydney harbor and they said , wow , look at all the grassland here . it almost looks like park space . and then they would let their sheep graze there . and they were surprised -- because they had driven out the original inhabitants . and then they were surprised when forests just started to grow up in that grassland . and it was because the original australians were actually controlling that forest growth to make it more inhabitable for things like kangaroos . and then when the english settlers came , they started to have their sheep graze in those grasslands . and it also was responsible for the disappearance , we think , of many major -- i guess , for lack of a better word -- megafauna . so really large animals that inhabited australia , for really millions of years , until humans showed up . and this is one of them . it 's just neat to look at them . this is called diprotodon optatum . or , another way to think of it , the giant wombat . and there 's fossils of the giant wombat around 40,000 , 50,000 years ago . but they disappeared with humans showing up . and there 's multiple ways that you can think about why they disappeared . they might have -- and this is probably the case -- they might have been more dependent on the forest habitat . or this was a more favorable habitat for them than the grasslands . maybe because they ate leaves that were high up . or another thing is , once the forest habitat goes away , they were actually also easier to hunt down . or either way you think about it , they might have just been hunted by humans . but we do see that with humans coming to the australian continent , you start to see the disappearance -- and this is n't the only one -- but there were several major species of megafauna , of super large animals , that disappeared at that time period .
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so it becomes more suitable for things that humans might want to eat , or get milk from , or whatever . and this type of farming is called firestick farming . and i think you can already imagine what it might involve .
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how did firestick farming got more scientific ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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energy can be destroyed or created.does it mean that `` heat energy '' can be transformed into a more useful type of energy that has the ability to do work ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another .
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why ca n't energy be created or destroyed ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ?
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does n't the sun create light energy or when we are coasting on a bicycle do n't we create kinetic energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well .
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where does all of the heat energy go ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well .
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where does all of the heat go ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word .
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is n't sal confusing the 1st law of thermodynamics with the law of conservation of energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ?
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if the light heats up the glass bulb , then how is it intact ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it .
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should n't the glass overheat and explode ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ?
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is thermal energy and kinetic energy the same thing ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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what happens to that energy which system use ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? ''
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what is the origin of bing bang ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word .
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1 laws of thermodynamics apply its rules to a refrigerator when a hot soup is placed inside it ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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if energy is unable to be destroyed then what does that mean when we as people fall asleep ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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does all the kenetic energy you use become potential energy for the next day or whenever you wake up ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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if energy is n't being destroyed , then why is it that we have to work so hard to make electricity ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ?
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why ca n't you turn heat into energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons .
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does snow generate heat when it falls ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work .
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if energy can not be created or destroyed and can only be converted , how does the theory of heat death work ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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and why there was mention of chemical energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something .
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what is the chemical reaction here ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it .
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does heat really transfer from hot object to cold object ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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at somewhere in sal said that energy that 'energycan be transferred ' , my question to you is that does transferring energy require energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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if the energy is transferred , then where does the energy goes when we use radio ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in .
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where does it specifically transfers after the sound waves reaches our brain ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it .
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you know how sal said that energy can be converted from one form to another ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ?
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for example inside a box , we could put a light bulb , all the heat and kinetic energy that dissipates could be recollected then converted into chemical energy , thus creating a light bulb that would last forever , ( unless the actual bulb broke ) would this be possible to do , and if not , why ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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says tht energy can be destroyed ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word .
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is nt it against of 1st law of thermodynamics ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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if energy can not be created or destroyed , are you saying that there was potential energy for an infinite amount of years before the big bang theory ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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how many types of energy are there and what are they ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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can we store sound energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ?
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is n't heat just another form of kinetic energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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what is heat energy in scientific terms or what is heat energy at the atomic level ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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is it true that an exergonic reaction will result in a negative free energy value within the gibbs free energy equation ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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are electromagnetic waves considered energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it .
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are the various forms of energy dependent on each other for their transformation from one form to the other ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons .
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do the electrons that pass through the electrical cables and generate electricity come from the metal atoms with which these cables are made ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed .
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so the first law of thermodynamics explains how energy changes form and will never be created or destroyed ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word .
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what is `` matter '' in thermodynamics anyway ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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why do we consider electricity to be in potential energy rather than kinetic energy ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed .
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doesnt einstein 's law e=mc^2 disprove the first law of themodnamics cuz this equation proves that energy can be created from matter ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this .
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when writing formula for internal energy , why did n't we consider the work done by the system and the work done on the system at the same time ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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so pretty much all the energy in the universe is just recycled in one way or the other ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ?
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when the thermal energy going to the air is there destination for these air molecues ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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or it just stored that energy in the armostphere and due to the sir molecues is infinity we could n't feel the hot that inside the air molecues around us ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another .
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if energy can not be created nor destroyed then what happens inside a black hole ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ?
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does a black hole destroy everything it sucks in or the information is lurking somewhere inside it ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy .
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why is radiant energy considered as an energy type ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed .
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so , why ca n't we say that we have created energy and defy the first law of thermodynamics ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy .
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what does light energy turn into ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it .
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can anyone explain how lightning is produced or generated ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another .
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i do n't know where to ask this question , what is meant by glass transition temperature ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward .
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is glass crystalline or amorphous or partially crystalline and partially amorphous ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward .
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why glass turns milky when it becomes old ?
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? '' and you could tell from the roots of this word . you have thermo , related to thermal , it 's dealing with temperature . and the dynamics , the properties of temperature , how do they move , how does temperature behave ? and that 's pretty much what thermodynamics is , it 's about , it 's the study of heat and temperature , and how it relates to energy and work , and how different forms of energy can be transferred from one form to another . and that 's actually the heart of the first law of thermodynamics which we touched on on the introduction to energy video . and the first law of thermodynamics tell us that energy , this is an important one , i 'm going to write it down , energy can not be created or destroyed . can not be created , or destroyed . it can only be converted from one form to another . it can only only be converted only be converted , i 'm having trouble writing today . converted from one form , from one form , to another . or you could transfer it but you 're not going to , you 're not going to create or destroy it . and the whole thing that i , the rest of this video i just want to really have you internalize that , and i want to look at a bunch of examples and think about , well , what is the energy that we 're observing , or that we 're seeing in a system ? and then thinking about where is that energy coming from , to appreciate that it 's not just coming out of nowhere , and that it 's not just disappearing , it 's not getting destroyed either . and so let 's start with this example of a lightbulb . and i encourage you to pause this video , think about the forms of energy that we can see here , and then think about where is that energy coming from , and where is it going ? well , the most obvious form of energy that you see here , and this , the whole point of a lightbulb , is you see the radiant energy , you see the you see the electromagnetic waves , the light , being emitted from it . and that light , so this is radiant energy . radiant energy . and that radiant energy , is due to the heat in the filament right over here , as the electrons go through it , it generates heat , so you have thermal energy . so you have thermal energy as well . thermal energy . but where does this radiant and thermal energy come from ? again , first law of thermodynamics it tells us , it 's not just being created out of thin air , it must be converted or being transferred from some place . well , i just gave you a hint , this thermal energy is due to the electrons moving through the filament . they 're moving through the filament which has some resistance , and that generates heat . so the electrons are moving through this , and as they move through that resistor , they generate heat . so you actually have the kinetic energy of the electrons . i 'll just write ke for short , kinetic energy of the actual electrons . well , where is that kinetic energy coming from ? well that 's coming from the potential energy . you know maybe this thing is plugged into , is plugged into a socket of some kind . so let me draw a little electric socket right over here . and the electric socket , i 'll draw , the electric socket if this is the electric socket in your home , there is an electrostatic potential between these two terminals . and so when you make a connection , the electrons are able to move . and we 'll get into the details of ac and dc current in the future , but there 's an electrostatic potential , from this point to this point if we assume that 's the direction that the electrons are going in . and so that , it 's that potential energy we convert to this kinetic energy of the electrons , which is really in the form of a current , and then that gets converted into thermal energy and radiant energy . now what happens after , let 's say you unplug the light , the light goes dark , what happened to all of that energy ? is it still there ? well yeah , that thermal energy is going to continue to dissipate through the system . and this right over here would be an open system , it 's going to , the air inside the lightbulb , you ca n't fully see the lightbulb right here , but it looks something like this . that 's going to heat up , but then it 's going to heat up the glass surrounding the lightbulb , and that 's going to heat up the surrounding air . so the thermal energy is going to be transferred , and that radiant energy is going to move outward . and it could be used , it could be converted into other forms of energy , most likely thermal energy , it is also probably going to heat up other things . well , what about a pool table ? when i hit a , if i hit a pool , a billiard ball or a pool ball right over here , well , where is that energy going ? well some of that energy might be going to go hit the next ball , which might go to hit the next ball . but as we all know , if we 've ever played pool , at some point they 're going to stop . so what happened to all of that energy ? well , while they were rolling , there was some air resistance , so they 're bumping against these , the air molecules , and it 's really friction due to air . and that energy is essentially going to be converted to heat . and one trend that you 're going to see very frequently , is as systems progress , a lot more of the energy tends to turn into heat , rather than doing useful work . and so you 're going to have , as the billiard balls move , there 's the air , and so that 's going to be , that 's going to be converted , some of that kinetic energy is going to be turned into heat energy . you 're also going to have friction with the actual felt on the table . and that friction , you 're going to have molecules rubbing up against each other , that 's also going to be converted into heat . and so that , because that kinetic energy gets sapped off , gets keeping sapped away from the friction , which is essentially converting the kinetic energy to heat energy , eventually you wo n't have any more kinetic energy . now what about this weight lifter here ? he 's using the chemical energy in his , in the atp in his muscles , that converts into kinetic energy that moves his muscles , that moves this weight , but once he 's in this position , what happened to all of that energy ? well , a lot of that energy is now being stored in potential . it 's the potential energy , he 's got this big weight , he 's got that big weight above his head , and if he were to just let go , that thing would fall , i would n't recommend he do that , but that thing would fall quite fast . and so now it 's all , or a lot of it has been stored up in potential energy . but he would have also generated heat , his muscles would have generated heat . even the act of moving it through the air is going to be some heat in the air , some friction with it . and so i want you to appreciate that this energy is not coming out of nowhere , it is being converted from one form or another , or being transferred from one part of the system to another . now we can look at these examples over here . same thing with our runner , what happens after , you can buy the fact that okay , his chemical energy is allowing his muscles to move , and that 's turning in his kinetic energy for his entire body , his body is moving , but at some point he stops , where did all that energy go ? well , some of it will be heat in his body that 's being dissipated into the broader system , into the air . and also , when he was running , there was this contact with the ground , that 's going to make the molecules of the ground vibrate a little bit , some of it will be transferred as sound , so the air particles moving through the air , and a lot of it will be heat . and we 're going to see that over and over and over again . the diver up here , you have mostly potential energy . then it converts to kinetic energy as he 's , as he gets almost in the water . but what happens once he falls into the water ? well , then that energy 's going to be transferred , as you 're going to have these waves of water move away . and it will also increase friction , so , well actually he would have had friction as he fell down , so that would have generated some heat , and there would have been also some heat with the friction with the water , you normally do n't think of friction with the water , but there is some friction with the actual water , and there 's also , these waves , you have higher kinetic energy of the actual water being transferred outward from where he actually dropped in . and i could keep going on and on . you have the chemical potential energy of the fuel here being , you have combustion occurring , and then that gets converted into the thermal energy , and the radiant energy of what we associate with fire . and that does n't disappear , it just keeps radiating outwards , the radiant energy just keeps radiating outward , maybe it might heat up something . and the thermal energy will just keep radiating outward , or i should say , the thermal energy will just dissipate outward , and heat up the things around it . same thing with our lightning example . you start with the electrostatic potential , where the bottom of the clouds were more negative , and then the ground is positive as well , and at some point , that potential energy turns into kinetic energy as the electrons transfer through the air , and then that gets converted into , or a good bit is going to be converted to heat and radiant energy . so the whole point of this video is , no matter what example you look at , if you think about it carefully enough , and i encourage you to do this in your everyday life , the energy is n't just coming out of , you know , magically appearing , it 's just being converted from one form to another .
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let 's now explore the first law of thermodynamics . and before even talking about the first law of thermodynamics , some of you might be saying , `` well , what are thermodynamics ? ''
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what are isotropic and anisotropic solids ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans .
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does n't it already say in the fourteenth amendment expressly say that all 21-year-old men have the right to vote except for if they participated in rebellion or a crime ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery .
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how did the era of reconstruction come about ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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how did the reconstruction reform america as a whole ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery .
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when did slavery really start ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment .
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what made some white people think they could buy and own african americans ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery .
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why where the black codes created and what did they help do for the people ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever .
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why did those two states still have troops if the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans .
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if african american men got the right to vote in 1870 and women did n't get the right to vote until 1920 , did african american women also get the right to vote along with white women in 1920 , or was it in the 1960s when civil rights movement happened ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery .
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who agreed to having slavery ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans .
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what made the u.s want to get african americans to be their slaves ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans .
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so black women and white women still could n't vote ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans .
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when was the end of slavery for the african american ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans .
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where did slavery come from and why could n't they vote ?
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in the last video we were talking about the era of reconstruction and how after the civil war when the 13th amendment to the constitution outlawed slavery many southern states enacted laws known as black codes , which in many cases were really just slavery by another name . they prevented african americans from voting , from owning firearms , from not being in some kind of labor contract , or they might be enslaved or jailed for vagrancy and the north , controlled by a republican congress , was outraged by these codes having just fought an incredibly destructive war to end slavery . in response to the black codes , congress passed the 14th amendment to the constitution and the 14th amendment ... guaranteed that anyone born in the united states , regardless of previous condition of servitude , had full citizenship , meaning they 're entitled to all the rights and privileges of being a citizen , and equal protection under the law . so a law could not target someone on the basis of their race . now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 . so from the 14th amendment until 1877 there 's a military occupation in the south and military troops are only taken away from the southern states when they write their constitutions to grant equal citizenship to african americans . now you can imagine in the south where whites have had racial supremacy from the 1600s , getting them to recognize social equality with african americans was an incredible struggle and it was a struggle that the republicans in congress and the federal troops really did n't win . this is the era of the ku klux klan , which ran terrorist raids at night trying to prevent african americans from voting or to prevent their allies from helping them to vote . this era of reconstruction was really a continuation of the civil war where troops from the north tried to enforce the 14th amendment , tried to enforce the end of slavery and the citizenship of african americans with really implacable resistance from white southerners . so by 1877 , only two states were left that still had troops 'cause the rest of the states had rewritten their constitutions to acknowledge the 14th amendment . but that is not to say that racial equality had been achieved in the south whatsoever . so what happened in 1877 ? which is generally known as the end of reconstruction and the beginning of this period of jim crow segregation . well we 'll get to that in the next video .
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now to enforce the 14th amendment , congress sent federal troops to the states in the south , divided the southern region up into military zones and said that the south would be occupied by federal troops until the states rewrote their constitutions to recognize the 14th amendment , in effect to give equal citizenship to african americans . in fact they also passed the 15th amendment two years later in 1870 , which said voting rights are included among these citizenship rights guaranteed in the 14th amendment . i should mention that these voting rights were only for african american men as women will not get the right to vote until 1920 .
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and speaking of the 15th amendment , did ulysses grant want it to include women ?
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let me introduce you to frank . now , for most of the last year , frank 's digestive system , it 's just not been feeling quite right . he 's been having intermittent , although fairly frequent abdominal pain as well as irregular bowel movements . and at times he 's not able to have a bowel movement . then at other times he 's been having them very frequently . and he was telling a close friend about these symptoms . and his friend said , you know , frank , i was watching something on tv , and i heard about this condition . i 'm not exactly sure , but i think it was called something like irritable bowel disease . and it sounds somewhat similar to what you 're experiencing . perhaps you should go see a doctor . so frank goes to see his doctor . and he says , you know , doc , i think i have ibd . and frank 's doctor says , you know , i 'm sorry to hear that . please tell me why you think you may have ibd . and as he 's relating these symptoms to her , she thinks to herself , you know , i wonder if he means ibs instead of ibd . and so his doctor responds , frank , you know , i 'm concerned you may have a condition known as irritable bowel syndrome , which is commonly referred to as ibs . and frank says , is n't that ibd ? and his doctor replies , that 's a common mistake . unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd . so let 's start on the left here with irritable bowel syndrome or as it 's more commonly referred to , ibs . but what exactly is a syndrome ? to help get a better idea , let 's think about a car . now , imagine that something is just not quite right with your car . so you take it into the auto shop . and you tell the mechanic , you know , there 's this rattling sound under the hood . and the car has poor acceleration , and the check engine light is on . so the mechanic says , you know , it sounds like it may be car engine rattling syndrome . and that can be caused by many different things . it could be a loose part in the engine , a loose fan belt , or perhaps even low oil . now , car engine rattling syndrome may not be a real thing , but it demonstrates the idea that a syndrome is not defined by the underlying cause of the problems . there 's multiple different causes for this one syndrome , but instead by the sounds and effects that it has on the car . similarly in medicine , syndromes are conditions that are defined by a set of clinical signs and symptoms and not necessarily by their underlying pathologic mechanisms . in fact , most syndromes can be caused by multiple different mechanisms that end up having the same presentation . so irritable bowel syndrome is a condition that 's defined by a specific set of signs and symptoms , which we will discuss in just a moment . now , this is different from inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . so inflammatory bowel disease is not a syndrome . it is a group of two disorders that occur due to a known mechanism , specifically inflammation . and these disorders are crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis . so what are the differences between the two ? well , for irritable bowel syndrome , the diagnosis is made clinically based on the frequency and duration of symptoms , specifically recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least three days per month for at least three of the last six months plus two or more of the following , pain that is improved with the bowel movement or the onset of pain is associated with the change in bowel movement frequency , such as constipation or diarrhea . and lastly , the onset of the pain is associated with a change in the form of the stool . so these are the symptoms frank was experiencing . now , the cause or pathologic mechanism of ibs is unknown . and this is part of the reason why it 's classified as a syndrome . now , similar to ibs , the exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease is not well understood . however , the underlying pathologic mechanisms that result in crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis are known and can be identified . so in both of these diseases there is an inappropriate inflammatory response . and this occurs within different portions of the digestive tract . and it results in identifiable and observable pathologic intestinal damage . and it 's these pathologic changes that are necessary to make the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease . now , for ulcerative colitis , the damage is contained within the large intestine , whereas with crohn 's disease the damage can occur anywhere throughout the gi tract , really . it can occur anywhere from the mouth to anus . let 's briefly discuss some of the differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in regards to treatment . and we 're gon na break these treatments into two groups , which we 'll call symptom focused and mechanism focused . since both the irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease have similar symptoms , many of the symptoms focused treatments will be beneficial for both conditions . and these include things like diet and lifestyle modifications , such as a high fiber diet and routine physical exercise , as well as medications that speed up or slow down the intestines . and that depends on which symptoms are present . so if there 's diarrhea , then you can use anti-diarrheal medications . and if there 's constipation , then you can use laxatives . now , since the mechanisms in ibs and ibd differ , the mechanism focused treatments will also differ . so although the exact mechanism of ibs is not well understood , it can be thought of as anxiety of the gut . and therefore , it responds to similar therapies as anxiety , including cognitive behavioral therapy or cbt and anti-anxiety medications , such as ssris . now , in regards to ibd , as its name suggests , inflammatory bowel disease is due to an inappropriate inflammatory response . therefore , medications that decrease inflammation , known as anti-inflammatory medications , such as steroids , and medications that change how the immune system and the inflammatory cells act , known as immunomodulators , can be used to decrease and prevent the inflammation that ends up causing inflammatory bowel disease . so this has just been a brief overview of the difference between irritable bowel syndrome , a disease that 's defined by its clinical presentation , and inflammatory bowel disease , which is defined by the underlying pathologic mechanisms .
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unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd .
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why does the video title say inflammatory bowel disease vs irritable bowel `` disease '' ?
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let me introduce you to frank . now , for most of the last year , frank 's digestive system , it 's just not been feeling quite right . he 's been having intermittent , although fairly frequent abdominal pain as well as irregular bowel movements . and at times he 's not able to have a bowel movement . then at other times he 's been having them very frequently . and he was telling a close friend about these symptoms . and his friend said , you know , frank , i was watching something on tv , and i heard about this condition . i 'm not exactly sure , but i think it was called something like irritable bowel disease . and it sounds somewhat similar to what you 're experiencing . perhaps you should go see a doctor . so frank goes to see his doctor . and he says , you know , doc , i think i have ibd . and frank 's doctor says , you know , i 'm sorry to hear that . please tell me why you think you may have ibd . and as he 's relating these symptoms to her , she thinks to herself , you know , i wonder if he means ibs instead of ibd . and so his doctor responds , frank , you know , i 'm concerned you may have a condition known as irritable bowel syndrome , which is commonly referred to as ibs . and frank says , is n't that ibd ? and his doctor replies , that 's a common mistake . unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd . so let 's start on the left here with irritable bowel syndrome or as it 's more commonly referred to , ibs . but what exactly is a syndrome ? to help get a better idea , let 's think about a car . now , imagine that something is just not quite right with your car . so you take it into the auto shop . and you tell the mechanic , you know , there 's this rattling sound under the hood . and the car has poor acceleration , and the check engine light is on . so the mechanic says , you know , it sounds like it may be car engine rattling syndrome . and that can be caused by many different things . it could be a loose part in the engine , a loose fan belt , or perhaps even low oil . now , car engine rattling syndrome may not be a real thing , but it demonstrates the idea that a syndrome is not defined by the underlying cause of the problems . there 's multiple different causes for this one syndrome , but instead by the sounds and effects that it has on the car . similarly in medicine , syndromes are conditions that are defined by a set of clinical signs and symptoms and not necessarily by their underlying pathologic mechanisms . in fact , most syndromes can be caused by multiple different mechanisms that end up having the same presentation . so irritable bowel syndrome is a condition that 's defined by a specific set of signs and symptoms , which we will discuss in just a moment . now , this is different from inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . so inflammatory bowel disease is not a syndrome . it is a group of two disorders that occur due to a known mechanism , specifically inflammation . and these disorders are crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis . so what are the differences between the two ? well , for irritable bowel syndrome , the diagnosis is made clinically based on the frequency and duration of symptoms , specifically recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least three days per month for at least three of the last six months plus two or more of the following , pain that is improved with the bowel movement or the onset of pain is associated with the change in bowel movement frequency , such as constipation or diarrhea . and lastly , the onset of the pain is associated with a change in the form of the stool . so these are the symptoms frank was experiencing . now , the cause or pathologic mechanism of ibs is unknown . and this is part of the reason why it 's classified as a syndrome . now , similar to ibs , the exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease is not well understood . however , the underlying pathologic mechanisms that result in crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis are known and can be identified . so in both of these diseases there is an inappropriate inflammatory response . and this occurs within different portions of the digestive tract . and it results in identifiable and observable pathologic intestinal damage . and it 's these pathologic changes that are necessary to make the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease . now , for ulcerative colitis , the damage is contained within the large intestine , whereas with crohn 's disease the damage can occur anywhere throughout the gi tract , really . it can occur anywhere from the mouth to anus . let 's briefly discuss some of the differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in regards to treatment . and we 're gon na break these treatments into two groups , which we 'll call symptom focused and mechanism focused . since both the irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease have similar symptoms , many of the symptoms focused treatments will be beneficial for both conditions . and these include things like diet and lifestyle modifications , such as a high fiber diet and routine physical exercise , as well as medications that speed up or slow down the intestines . and that depends on which symptoms are present . so if there 's diarrhea , then you can use anti-diarrheal medications . and if there 's constipation , then you can use laxatives . now , since the mechanisms in ibs and ibd differ , the mechanism focused treatments will also differ . so although the exact mechanism of ibs is not well understood , it can be thought of as anxiety of the gut . and therefore , it responds to similar therapies as anxiety , including cognitive behavioral therapy or cbt and anti-anxiety medications , such as ssris . now , in regards to ibd , as its name suggests , inflammatory bowel disease is due to an inappropriate inflammatory response . therefore , medications that decrease inflammation , known as anti-inflammatory medications , such as steroids , and medications that change how the immune system and the inflammatory cells act , known as immunomodulators , can be used to decrease and prevent the inflammation that ends up causing inflammatory bowel disease . so this has just been a brief overview of the difference between irritable bowel syndrome , a disease that 's defined by its clinical presentation , and inflammatory bowel disease , which is defined by the underlying pathologic mechanisms .
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unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd .
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is it possible for a person to have both irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease ?
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let me introduce you to frank . now , for most of the last year , frank 's digestive system , it 's just not been feeling quite right . he 's been having intermittent , although fairly frequent abdominal pain as well as irregular bowel movements . and at times he 's not able to have a bowel movement . then at other times he 's been having them very frequently . and he was telling a close friend about these symptoms . and his friend said , you know , frank , i was watching something on tv , and i heard about this condition . i 'm not exactly sure , but i think it was called something like irritable bowel disease . and it sounds somewhat similar to what you 're experiencing . perhaps you should go see a doctor . so frank goes to see his doctor . and he says , you know , doc , i think i have ibd . and frank 's doctor says , you know , i 'm sorry to hear that . please tell me why you think you may have ibd . and as he 's relating these symptoms to her , she thinks to herself , you know , i wonder if he means ibs instead of ibd . and so his doctor responds , frank , you know , i 'm concerned you may have a condition known as irritable bowel syndrome , which is commonly referred to as ibs . and frank says , is n't that ibd ? and his doctor replies , that 's a common mistake . unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd . so let 's start on the left here with irritable bowel syndrome or as it 's more commonly referred to , ibs . but what exactly is a syndrome ? to help get a better idea , let 's think about a car . now , imagine that something is just not quite right with your car . so you take it into the auto shop . and you tell the mechanic , you know , there 's this rattling sound under the hood . and the car has poor acceleration , and the check engine light is on . so the mechanic says , you know , it sounds like it may be car engine rattling syndrome . and that can be caused by many different things . it could be a loose part in the engine , a loose fan belt , or perhaps even low oil . now , car engine rattling syndrome may not be a real thing , but it demonstrates the idea that a syndrome is not defined by the underlying cause of the problems . there 's multiple different causes for this one syndrome , but instead by the sounds and effects that it has on the car . similarly in medicine , syndromes are conditions that are defined by a set of clinical signs and symptoms and not necessarily by their underlying pathologic mechanisms . in fact , most syndromes can be caused by multiple different mechanisms that end up having the same presentation . so irritable bowel syndrome is a condition that 's defined by a specific set of signs and symptoms , which we will discuss in just a moment . now , this is different from inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . so inflammatory bowel disease is not a syndrome . it is a group of two disorders that occur due to a known mechanism , specifically inflammation . and these disorders are crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis . so what are the differences between the two ? well , for irritable bowel syndrome , the diagnosis is made clinically based on the frequency and duration of symptoms , specifically recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least three days per month for at least three of the last six months plus two or more of the following , pain that is improved with the bowel movement or the onset of pain is associated with the change in bowel movement frequency , such as constipation or diarrhea . and lastly , the onset of the pain is associated with a change in the form of the stool . so these are the symptoms frank was experiencing . now , the cause or pathologic mechanism of ibs is unknown . and this is part of the reason why it 's classified as a syndrome . now , similar to ibs , the exact cause of inflammatory bowel disease is not well understood . however , the underlying pathologic mechanisms that result in crohn 's disease and ulcerative colitis are known and can be identified . so in both of these diseases there is an inappropriate inflammatory response . and this occurs within different portions of the digestive tract . and it results in identifiable and observable pathologic intestinal damage . and it 's these pathologic changes that are necessary to make the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease . now , for ulcerative colitis , the damage is contained within the large intestine , whereas with crohn 's disease the damage can occur anywhere throughout the gi tract , really . it can occur anywhere from the mouth to anus . let 's briefly discuss some of the differences between irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease in regards to treatment . and we 're gon na break these treatments into two groups , which we 'll call symptom focused and mechanism focused . since both the irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease have similar symptoms , many of the symptoms focused treatments will be beneficial for both conditions . and these include things like diet and lifestyle modifications , such as a high fiber diet and routine physical exercise , as well as medications that speed up or slow down the intestines . and that depends on which symptoms are present . so if there 's diarrhea , then you can use anti-diarrheal medications . and if there 's constipation , then you can use laxatives . now , since the mechanisms in ibs and ibd differ , the mechanism focused treatments will also differ . so although the exact mechanism of ibs is not well understood , it can be thought of as anxiety of the gut . and therefore , it responds to similar therapies as anxiety , including cognitive behavioral therapy or cbt and anti-anxiety medications , such as ssris . now , in regards to ibd , as its name suggests , inflammatory bowel disease is due to an inappropriate inflammatory response . therefore , medications that decrease inflammation , known as anti-inflammatory medications , such as steroids , and medications that change how the immune system and the inflammatory cells act , known as immunomodulators , can be used to decrease and prevent the inflammation that ends up causing inflammatory bowel disease . so this has just been a brief overview of the difference between irritable bowel syndrome , a disease that 's defined by its clinical presentation , and inflammatory bowel disease , which is defined by the underlying pathologic mechanisms .
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unfortunately , there are two different conditions with very similar acronyms . they are irritable bowel syndrome or ibs and inflammatory bowel disease or ibd . let 's learn about the differences between ibs and ibd . so let 's start on the left here with irritable bowel syndrome or as it 's more commonly referred to , ibs .
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what age do you typically get ibs or ibd ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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what does am and pm stand for ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour .
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how will i know how many exact minutes it is when the clock is not labeled ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more .
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where doses the clock show 6 as 30 minuts or half an hour ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
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if the world were like a clock , how would we tell time if we lived on mars ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour .
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how will i know how many exact minutes it is when the clock is not labeled ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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why are seasons different in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand .
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does time depend on the position of the sun towards earth ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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why do we need a.m. and p.m. ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
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why does the clock only go to twelve ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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what does a.m. have to with morning and p.m. have to do at night ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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why do a.m. and p.m. have their own names ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing .
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why does sal have to take so long , and talk so slow ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock .
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what would happen if the hour hand was in between a mark and what would happen if the short hand was in between a mark ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock .
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how did people make seconds , minutes , hours , days , weeks , months , years , decades , and centuries ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 .
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if it takes earth 24 hours to spin all the way around ( 360 degrees ) than how many hours , days , weeks , months , or years does it take for jupiter to completely turn around ?
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we 're asked , what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock . so we are in the fourth hour . so the hour is 4 . and then we have to think about the minutes . the minutes are the longer hand , and every one of these lines represent 5 minutes . we start here . this is 0 minutes past the hour , then 5 minutes past the hour , then 10 minutes past the hour . so the time is -- the minutes are 10 , 10 minutes past the hour , and the hour is 4 , or it 's 4:10 . let 's do a few more . what time is it ? so first , we want to look at the hour hand . that 's the shorter hand right over here . it 's at -- let 's see . this is 12 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . and it 's between 9 and 10 . it 's just past 9 . so it 's still in the ninth hour . it has n't gotten to the 10th hour yet . the ninth hour 's from starting with 9 all the way until it 's right almost before it gets to 10 , and then it gets to the 10th hour . so the hour is 9 , and then we want the minutes . well , we can just count from 0 starting at the top of the clock . so 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 . it 's 9:30 . and that also might make sense to you , because we know there are 60 minutes in an hour . and this is exactly halfway around the clock . and so half of 60 is 30 . let 's do one more . what time is it ? so let 's count . this is 12 , 1 -- actually , we can even count backwards . we can go 12 , 11 , 10 . so right now we 're in the 10th hour . the hour hand has passed 10 , but it has n't gotten to 11 yet . so we are in the 10th hour . and how many minutes past the hour are we ? so this would be 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 minutes past the hour . that 's where the longer hand is pointing . it is 10:20 .
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so first , we want to look at the hour hand , which is the shorter hand , and see where it is pointing . so this right over here would have been 12 o'clock , 1 o'clock , 2 o'clock , 3 o'clock , 4 o'clock . and it looks like it 's a little bit past 4 o'clock .
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why ca n't there be a digital and hands clock toughter ?
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