context
stringlengths
545
71.9k
questionsrc
stringlengths
16
10.2k
question
stringlengths
11
563
introduction have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly ? if so , you ’ re probably familiar with the idea of a life cycle . butterflies go through some fairly spectacular life cycle transitions—turning from something that looks like a lowly worm into a glorious creature that floats on the breeze . other...
cell cycle exit and g $ _0 $ what happens to the two daughter cells produced in one round of the cell cycle ? this depends on what type of cells they are . some types of cells divide rapidly , and in these cases , the daughter cells may immediately undergo another round of cell division . for instance , many cell types...
what is the difference between sister and daughter cells ?
introduction have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly ? if so , you ’ re probably familiar with the idea of a life cycle . butterflies go through some fairly spectacular life cycle transitions—turning from something that looks like a lowly worm into a glorious creature that floats on the breeze . other...
during the mitotic ( m ) phase , the cell separates its dna into two sets and divides its cytoplasm , forming two new cells . interphase let ’ s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms , by division of its mother cell . what must this newborn cell do next if it wants to go on and divide itself ?
what is the purpose of the cell cycle and division and how does it occur ?
introduction have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly ? if so , you ’ re probably familiar with the idea of a life cycle . butterflies go through some fairly spectacular life cycle transitions—turning from something that looks like a lowly worm into a glorious creature that floats on the breeze . other...
in other words , it is the series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes between its “ birth ” —formation by the division of a mother cell—and reproduction—division to make two new daughter cells . stages of the cell cycle to divide , a cell must complete several important tasks : it must grow , copy its gene...
how can there be more important stages than another ?
introduction have you ever watched a caterpillar turn into a butterfly ? if so , you ’ re probably familiar with the idea of a life cycle . butterflies go through some fairly spectacular life cycle transitions—turning from something that looks like a lowly worm into a glorious creature that floats on the breeze . other...
other organisms , from humans to plants to bacteria , also have a life cycle : a series of developmental steps that an individual goes through from the time it is born until the time it reproduces . the cell cycle can be thought of as the life cycle of a cell . in other words , it is the series of growth and developmen...
why does intephase takes up the majority of time in the cell cycle ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
these are all equivalent , $ p = v\ , i $ $ p = ( \text i\ , \text r ) \ , i = i^2 \ , \text r $ $ p = v\left ( \dfrac { v } { \text r } \right ) = \dfrac { v^2 } { \text r } $ the last two expressions reveal that power in a resistor goes up ( or down ) proportional to the square of voltage or current . increase either...
why does reducing both voltage and current by half reduce the power by a factor of 16 ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
there are two basic types . voltage source current source components come in three basic types , each characterized by a different voltage-current relationship . resistor capacitor inductor these sources and components have two terminals or connection points .
what is the voltage across a ideal current source ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
it is a good practice to draw the $ + $ and $ - $ signs inside the circle . variable voltage source an ideal variable voltage source generates a known voltage as a function of time , independent of the current drawn by the components connected to its terminals , as shown in this $ voltage $ versus $ time $ plot : the e...
is it just the sum of voltage drops across every passive element in the circuit ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
power in a resistor power is dissipated by a resistor when current flows through it . energy in flowing electrons becomes bulk heat as electrons collide with atoms in the resistor material . power can be expressed a few ways using ohm 's law .
is energy always dissipated as heat ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
ideal sources constant voltage source an ideal constant voltage source has a fixed output voltage , independent of the current drawn by the components connected to its terminals , as shown in this current versus voltage plot : the equation for a constant voltage source is , $ v = \text v $ where $ \text v $ is some con...
what is the difference between potential difference , voltage and electromotive force ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the computer does n't mind a current of a zillion amperes , but it 's probably not what you intended . constant current source an ideal constant current source has a fixed output current , independent of the voltage connected to its terminals , as shown in this $ current $ versus $ voltage $ plot : the equation for a c...
let 's say that i have a 1 a ampere current source : that source adds ( reiforces , gives ) a current of 1 a to the circuit or it means that the current in the branches is exactly 1 a ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the computer does n't mind a current of a zillion amperes , but it 's probably not what you intended . constant current source an ideal constant current source has a fixed output current , independent of the voltage connected to its terminals , as shown in this $ current $ versus $ voltage $ plot : the equation for a c...
in constant current source , which element can be called current source in real world ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
power can be expressed a few ways using ohm 's law . these are all equivalent , $ p = v\ , i $ $ p = ( \text i\ , \text r ) \ , i = i^2 \ , \text r $ $ p = v\left ( \dfrac { v } { \text r } \right ) = \dfrac { v^2 } { \text r } $ the last two expressions reveal that power in a resistor goes up ( or down ) proportional ...
according to given ; p = ( i^2 ) *r but also p = ( v^2 ) /r so is power directly or indirectly proportional to current ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
power can be expressed a few ways using ohm 's law . these are all equivalent , $ p = v\ , i $ $ p = ( \text i\ , \text r ) \ , i = i^2 \ , \text r $ $ p = v\left ( \dfrac { v } { \text r } \right ) = \dfrac { v^2 } { \text r } $ the last two expressions reveal that power in a resistor goes up ( or down ) proportional ...
if $ p=iv , $ why does reducing both $ i $ and $ v $ by 2 reduce p by 16 ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
summary of ideal component equations here are the three important circuit component $ i $ - $ v $ equations , $ \large v = i\ , \text r\quad\qquad $ ohm 's law $ \large i = \text c \ , \dfrac { dv } { dt } \qquad $ capacitor equation $ \large v = \text l \ , \dfrac { di } { dt } \qquad $ inductor equation these three e...
how is energy = power integrated over time ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
when beth looks at aaron 's new design , she figures out how to reduce the current in the resistor by a factor of two . capacitor the basic equation describing a capacitor relates charge on the capacitor to the voltage across the capacitor . $ \text q = \text c\ , \text v $ the constant of proportionality $ \text c $ i...
at the end of capacitor and inductor , what is the long curly symbol right after `` v= `` and after `` i = `` ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
there are two basic types . voltage source current source components come in three basic types , each characterized by a different voltage-current relationship . resistor capacitor inductor these sources and components have two terminals or connection points .
what 's a real life example of a current source , i know that a voltage source can be like a battery , but what is an example of a current source ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
capacitor the basic equation describing a capacitor relates charge on the capacitor to the voltage across the capacitor . $ \text q = \text c\ , \text v $ the constant of proportionality $ \text c $ is the capacitance . capacitance has units of farads , symbolized by the capital letter $ \text f $ .
how do you avoid confusion between `` c '' referring to charge and `` c '' referring to capacitance ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
this term is sometimes used when talking about the voltage from a source ( battery or generator ) . the two common symbols for constant voltage sources : the symbol on the left is used for a battery . the longer horizontal line on the battery symbol represents the positive terminal of the battery , and the shorter hori...
should i have learned what all these numbers and symbols mean in the interduction ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the computer does n't mind a current of a zillion amperes , but it 's probably not what you intended . constant current source an ideal constant current source has a fixed output current , independent of the voltage connected to its terminals , as shown in this $ current $ versus $ voltage $ plot : the equation for a c...
how does capacitance magically turn into current ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the unit of capacitance is the farad , and from the equation above we see that , $ 1 \ , \text { farad } = 1 \ , \text { coulomb } /\text { volt } $ if the charge can move , we have a term for this ; moving charge is called current . current is the time rate of change of charge , $ i = \dfrac { dq } { dt } $ using this...
also , how is is that taking the derivative in respect to time of q=cv make dq/dt ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
sources provide energy to a circuit . there are two basic types . voltage source current source components come in three basic types , each characterized by a different voltage-current relationship .
what is the thing that looks something like / and two dots on either sides ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
we can flip the capacitor equation around to solve for $ v $ in terms of $ i $ by integrating both sides , resulting in the integral form of the capacitor equation , $ \displaystyle v = \dfrac1 { \text c } \ , \int_ { -\infty } ^ { \ , t } i\ , dt $ the $ -\infty $ lower limit on the integral suggests that the capacito...
what confuses me is that time goes forward it could never be a negative why include the negative values of time ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
when we build real current sources , of course , the range of operation is significantly restricted compared to the ideal current source abstraction . resistor the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it . $ \large v = \text r \ , i \qquad \normalsize \text { ohm 's law } $ ...
how would i know if the amps were doubling in a normal conductor , yielding 2x the watts , or if the amps were doubling in a resistor , yielding 4x the watts ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
instead , energy in the capacitor , in the form of stored charge , is recovered when the charge flows back out of the capacitor . inductor the voltage across an inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of current through the inductor , $ \large v = \text l \ , \dfrac { di } { dt } $ this property ar...
is the d beside the i in the inductor equation the smae thing as delta ( change in ... ) ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the voltage at the terminals of an ideal current source becomes whatever is required to push out the constant current , even if that voltage is gigantic . when we build real current sources , of course , the range of operation is significantly restricted compared to the ideal current source abstraction . resistor the v...
i saw that we were going to build a spider robot but can we build something else ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
ohm 's law can be written a number of ways , all of them useful , $ v = i\ , \text r \qquad\qquad i = \dfrac { v } { \text r } \qquad\qquad \text r = \dfrac { v } { i } $ ohm 's law is worth committing to memory . power in a resistor power is dissipated by a resistor when current flows through it . energy in flowing el...
what 's the difference between watts and power ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the constant of proportionality $ \text l $ is the called the inductance . the unit of inductance is the henry , denoted by the capital letter h. the reason this property of inductance arises in coils of wire is a complex topic involving the intimate relationship between electricity and magnetism , which is beyond the ...
what is the concept of electricity ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
capacitor the basic equation describing a capacitor relates charge on the capacitor to the voltage across the capacitor . $ \text q = \text c\ , \text v $ the constant of proportionality $ \text c $ is the capacitance . capacitance has units of farads , symbolized by the capital letter $ \text f $ . the unit of capacit...
i do n't understand the symbol for capacitance is 'f ' right then why are we using 'c ' as the symbol for capacitance ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
resistor the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through it . $ \large v = \text r \ , i \qquad \normalsize \text { ohm 's law } $ this relationship is known as ohm 's law . you 'll use this equation a lot in your work with circuits .
i have a question ohm 's law says v=i*r right ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
the circle symbol represents some other source of voltage , often a power supply . it is a good practice to draw the $ + $ and $ - $ signs inside the circle . variable voltage source an ideal variable voltage source generates a known voltage as a function of time , independent of the current drawn by the components con...
do we have to remember the various formulas to practice electrical engineering hands-on ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
power can be expressed a few ways using ohm 's law . these are all equivalent , $ p = v\ , i $ $ p = ( \text i\ , \text r ) \ , i = i^2 \ , \text r $ $ p = v\left ( \dfrac { v } { \text r } \right ) = \dfrac { v^2 } { \text r } $ the last two expressions reveal that power in a resistor goes up ( or down ) proportional ...
for this question , should we look at the formula p=iv to derive the answer instead of looking at the individual formulas of p=i^2r & p=v^2r^-1 ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
summary of ideal component equations here are the three important circuit component $ i $ - $ v $ equations , $ \large v = i\ , \text r\quad\qquad $ ohm 's law $ \large i = \text c \ , \dfrac { dv } { dt } \qquad $ capacitor equation $ \large v = \text l \ , \dfrac { di } { dt } \qquad $ inductor equation these three e...
under `` power and energy in a capacitor , '' should n't u = ( 1/2 ) cv^2 + c instead of ( 1/2 ) cv^2 ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
when beth looks at aaron 's new design , she figures out how to reduce the current in the resistor by a factor of two . capacitor the basic equation describing a capacitor relates charge on the capacitor to the voltage across the capacitor . $ \text q = \text c\ , \text v $ the constant of proportionality $ \text c $ i...
ok , so what is the power in a capacitor-inductor ?
an electric circuit is made of elements . elements include at least one source . the source is connected to a bunch of components . we are going to describe sources and components with ideal mathematical abstractions . by the end of this article , we will have a nice collection of equations , which can be combined to g...
it is a good practice to draw the $ + $ and $ - $ signs inside the circle . variable voltage source an ideal variable voltage source generates a known voltage as a function of time , independent of the current drawn by the components connected to its terminals , as shown in this $ voltage $ versus $ time $ plot : the e...
how can the ohms law be used in a normal or high voltage circuit ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
in the ancient indian worldview this means the endless cycle of rebirth and death—there is no beginning and no end . this endless cycle is governed by karma ( causality ) . in ancient india , time is measured in kalpa .
what is the significance of breaking the cycle ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
beings need to find a way out of the endless cycle of rebirth . the goal is nirvana . nirvana is extinction . nirvana is the traditional name for that which is not samsara .
also why nirvana considered a reward if it is nothingness ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
the worship of the buddha , of course ! but who was buddha ? was buddha a man or a god ? in early forms of buddhism , buddha is most definitely a man .
what country 's believe in buddha ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
karma how do people ( beings ) move about in this world ? the answer is karma . karma is the law that regulates all life in samsara .
i think karma belongs to the mahayana tradition , so this article would be leaning more towards that tradition ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
a being can only encounter buddha and benefit in the human realm . nirvana how does one achieve salvation ? all is impermanent .
why would one want to be extinct ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
a being can only encounter buddha and benefit in the human realm . nirvana how does one achieve salvation ? all is impermanent .
can one feel/think in nirvana ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
the worship of the buddha , of course ! but who was buddha ? was buddha a man or a god ? in early forms of buddhism , buddha is most definitely a man .
is there any known connection between the buddha and aristotle , historically ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
the worship of the buddha , of course ! but who was buddha ? was buddha a man or a god ? in early forms of buddhism , buddha is most definitely a man .
why are buddha 's represented in different men ?
buddhisms when we talk about the religion that worships the buddha , we refer to it as singular : buddhism . however , it may be more accurate to talk about “ buddhisms. ” the religion that originated in india took on so many different forms and adapted in such a variety ways that it is often difficult to see how the v...
the six levels are the six paths of rebirth . the highest realm is that of the gods ( deva ) . halfway between gods and humans are demi-gods ( asura ) .
if buddhists do n't pray to any god and only ( sort of pray i do n't know what to call it ) pray to the `` enlightened one '' , why is there any realm for the gods ?
a citizen of the world if , as one art historian* recently stated , camille pissarro was the glue that held impressionism together , then mary stevenson cassatt had similarly adhesive qualities . giving the lie to the stereotype that americans were provincial—even barbarous—in their artistic tastes , cassatt was anythi...
the same too can be said for the eleven paintings that cassatt would exhibit in the fourth impressionist exhibition—included among them are some of her most celebrated paintings , notably reading le figaro , woman in a loge , in the loge and little girl in a blue armchair . little girl in a blue armchair produced in 18...
why is the little girl in the blue armchair painting so famous ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
neuronal circuits can be very simple , and composed of only a few neurons , or they can involve more complex neuronal networks . the knee-jerk reflex the simplest neuronal circuits are those that underlie muscle stretch responses , such as the knee-jerk reflex that occurs when someone hits the tendon below your knee ( ...
what exactly occurs during a reflex arc ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before .
when we see , smell or even hear anything gross an ddirty why do we have the tendency to puke ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
for instance , if you picked up a hot coal , sensory neurons with endings in your fingertips would convey the information to your cns that it was really hot . motor neurons motor neurons get information from other neurons and convey commands to your muscles , organs and glands . for instance , if you picked up a hot co...
would n't a direct connection between motor and sensory neurons be faster ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know where you are depends on your nervous system ! if your perceptions indicate danger ( “ oh no , the house is on fire ! ” ) , your ability to act on that information also dep...
does human beings have the capacity to use all areas of cerebral cortex or only few designated areas ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
in motor neurons and interneurons , it 's at the axon hillock that the action potential is initiated . finally , many axons are covered with a special insulating substance called myelin , which helps them convey the nerve impulse rapidly . myelin is never found on dendrites .
what does the rate of propagation of a nerve impulse depend upon ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
the dendrites tend to taper and are often covered with little bumps called spines . in contrast , the axon tends to stay the same diameter for most of its length and does n't have spines . the axon arises from the cell body at a specialized area called the axon hillock .
is it the diameter of an axon or the soma ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
myelin dramatically increases the speed with which an action potential travels down the axon , and it plays a crucial role in nervous system function . other types of glia ( in addition to the four main types ) include satellite glial cells and ependymal cells . satellite glial cells cover the cell bodies of neurons in...
what types of nerves are involved in the cns and pns ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
neuronal circuits can be very simple , and composed of only a few neurons , or they can involve more complex neuronal networks . the knee-jerk reflex the simplest neuronal circuits are those that underlie muscle stretch responses , such as the knee-jerk reflex that occurs when someone hits the tendon below your knee ( ...
what exactly occurs during a reflex arc ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
in contrast , the axon tends to stay the same diameter for most of its length and does n't have spines . the axon arises from the cell body at a specialized area called the axon hillock . in motor neurons and interneurons , it 's at the axon hillock that the action potential is initiated .
in the axon of someone with multiple sclerosis what happens to the myelin sheath and nodes of ranvier ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
the axons of peripheral neurons that travel a common route are bundled together to form nerves . classes of neurons based on their roles , the neurons found in the human nervous system can be divided into three classes : sensory neurons , motor neurons , and interneurons . sensory neurons sensory neurons get informatio...
are the cerebral hemispheres only made of neurons ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
these axon terminals make connections on target cells . synapses neuron-to-neuron connections are made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons . these connections , known as synapses , are the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron , the presynaptic neuron , to the target neuron ( the p...
if the pns has neuron cell bodies in it , why ca n't it think for itself ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
these axon terminals make connections on target cells . synapses neuron-to-neuron connections are made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons . these connections , known as synapses , are the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron , the presynaptic neuron , to the target neuron ( the p...
what 's so special about neuron cell bodies in the brain ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
these axon terminals make connections on target cells . synapses neuron-to-neuron connections are made onto the dendrites and cell bodies of other neurons . these connections , known as synapses , are the sites at which information is carried from the first neuron , the presynaptic neuron , to the target neuron ( the p...
what is the average length of an neuron ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
the axons of peripheral neurons that travel a common route are bundled together to form nerves . classes of neurons based on their roles , the neurons found in the human nervous system can be divided into three classes : sensory neurons , motor neurons , and interneurons . sensory neurons sensory neurons get informatio...
what are mirror neurons and are these present in humans also ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system .
is there any difference between neurofibril , neurofilament and microfibre ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
it is in the cns that all of the analysis of information takes place . the peripheral nervous system ( pns ) , which consists of the neurons and parts of neurons found outside of the cns , includes sensory neurons and motor neurons . sensory neurons bring signals into the cns , and motor neurons carry signals out of th...
what our body does to protect the neurons of the pns ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
interneurons interneurons , which are found only in the cns , connect one neuron to another . they receive information from other neurons ( either sensory neurons or interneurons ) and transmit information to other neurons ( either motor neurons or interneurons ) . for instance , if you picked up a hot coal , the signa...
can you explain how sensory neurons receive information from the eye ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
the axons of peripheral neurons that travel a common route are bundled together to form nerves . classes of neurons based on their roles , the neurons found in the human nervous system can be divided into three classes : sensory neurons , motor neurons , and interneurons . sensory neurons sensory neurons get informatio...
are neurons always connected to each other at synapses ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
tapping on that tendon stretches the quadriceps muscle of the thigh , stimulating the sensory neurons that innervate it to fire . axons from these sensory neurons extend to the spinal cord , where they connect to the motor neurons that establish connections with ( innervate ) the quadriceps . the sensory neurons send a...
which region of the spinal cord contains the axons of motor neurons , but not those of sensory neuron ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
for instance , if you picked up a hot coal , it motor neurons innervating the muscles in your fingers would cause your hand to let go . interneurons interneurons , which are found only in the cns , connect one neuron to another . they receive information from other neurons ( either sensory neurons or interneurons ) and...
are interneurons the same thing as relay neurons ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
these are to : receive signals ( or information ) . integrate incoming signals ( to determine whether or not the information should be passed along ) . communicate signals to target cells ( other neurons or muscles or glands ) .
`` integrate incoming signals ( to determine whether or not the information should be passed along ) `` can anyone explain it ?
how do you know where you are right now ? your ability to perceive your surroundings – to see , hear , and smell what ’ s around you – depends on your nervous system . so does your ability to recognize where you are and to remember if you ’ ve been there before . in fact , your very capacity to wonder how you know wher...
it is in the cns that all of the analysis of information takes place . the peripheral nervous system ( pns ) , which consists of the neurons and parts of neurons found outside of the cns , includes sensory neurons and motor neurons . sensory neurons bring signals into the cns , and motor neurons carry signals out of th...
can neurons be transplanted to other parts of the body ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
if a baseball has a mass of 0.145 kg , what is its de broglie wavelength ? example 1 : calculating the de broglie wavelength of an electron the velocity of an electron in the ground-state energy level of hydrogen is $ 2.2\times10^6\ , \dfrac { \text { m } } { \text s } $ . if the electron 's mass is $ 9.1\times10^ { -3...
why is the spin number expressed as +1/2 or -1/2 , rather than just +1 or -1 ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
however , many wave functions are complex functions containing $ i=\sqrt { -1 } $ , and the amplitude of the matter wave has no real physical significance . luckily , the square of the wave function , $ \psi^2 $ , is a little more useful . this is because the square of a wave function is proportional to the probability...
why function square related to probability ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
notice that as the energy level of the orbital increases from 1s to 2s to 3s , the probability of finding an electron farther from the nucleus increases as well . shapes of atomic orbitals so far we have been examining s orbitals , which are spherical . as such , the distance from the nucleus , $ r $ , is the main fact...
referring to the image on orbital shapes , why do the p , d , f orbitals have such `` out of the blue '' shapes ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
notice that as the energy level of the orbital increases from 1s to 2s to 3s , the probability of finding an electron farther from the nucleus increases as well . shapes of atomic orbitals so far we have been examining s orbitals , which are spherical . as such , the distance from the nucleus , $ r $ , is the main fact...
how were these shapes found out or calculated ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
this is also called the pauli exclusion principle . summary louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats ele...
so the formula for de broglie equation says that lambda= h/mv and..the v of a stationary object will be 0 , so by mathematical solving it means that the wavelength of a stationary object is infinite ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
we can substitute planck 's constant and the mass and velocity of the electron into de broglie 's equation : $ \begin { align } \lambda & amp ; =\dfrac { h } { \text { mv } } \ \ & amp ; =\dfrac { 6.626\times 10^ { -34 } \ , \dfrac { \cancel { \text { kg } } \cdot \text m^\cancel { 2 } } { \cancel { \text s } } } { ( 9...
is this the correct thinking or is there some other theory for a stationary object 's wavelength ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
while we wo n't be going through the math in this article , the basic form of schrödinger 's wave equation is as follows : $ \hat { h } \psi=e\psi $ $ \psi $ is called a wave function ; $ \hat { h } $ is known as the hamiltonian operator ; and $ e $ is the binding energy of the electron . solving schrödinger 's equatio...
in reference to shrodinger 's equation , what 's the difference between the v ( wave function symbol ) on the left side of the equation and the right ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
some of this behavior is so counterintuitive that we can only talk about it with symbols and metaphors—like in poetry . for example , what does it mean to say an electron behaves like a particle and a wave ? or that an electron does not exist in any one particular location , but that it is spread out throughout the ent...
what does it exactly mean when we say that small particle have characteristics of both waves and particle ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
what is h and hcap in schrodinger 's equation ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
orbitals and probability density the value of the wave function $ \psi $ at a given point in space— $ x , y , z $ —is proportional to the amplitude of the electron matter wave at that point . however , many wave functions are complex functions containing $ i=\sqrt { -1 } $ , and the amplitude of the matter wave has no ...
can we specify type of the wave in schrodinger wave ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
since a bar magnet can have a range of orientations relative to the external magnetic field , they expected to see atoms being deflected by different amounts to give a spread-out distribution . instead , stern and gerlach observed the atoms were split cleanly between the north and south poles . watch the following awes...
in the stern-gerlach experiment , why is it important that one of the poles was stronger than the other ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
scientists refer to this property of electrons as electron spin : any given electron is either spin-up or spin-down . we sometimes represent electron spin by drawing electrons as arrows pointing up , $ \uparrow $ , or down , $ \downarrow $ . one consequence of electron spin is that a maximum of two electrons can occupy...
would n't it still deflect electrons even if the poles had equal strength ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
the alternating colors in the 2s and 3s orbitals represent regions of the orbital with different phases , which is an important consideration in chemical bonding . another way of picturing probabilities for electrons in orbitals is by plotting the surface density as a function of the distance from the nucleus , $ r $ ....
so why electrons do n't simply crash into the nucleus of atoms instead of spinning around the nucleus ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
notice that as the energy level of the orbital increases from 1s to 2s to 3s , the probability of finding an electron farther from the nucleus increases as well . shapes of atomic orbitals so far we have been examining s orbitals , which are spherical . as such , the distance from the nucleus , $ r $ , is the main fact...
what is the need of orbitals concept ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
some of this behavior is so counterintuitive that we can only talk about it with symbols and metaphors—like in poetry . for example , what does it mean to say an electron behaves like a particle and a wave ? or that an electron does not exist in any one particular location , but that it is spread out throughout the ent...
what would be the minimum velocity at which an object the size of a human would start behaving like a wave ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
why does everything become probabilistic as we go more into the microscopic realms ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
to test this theory , they fired a beam of silver atoms between the poles of a permanent magnet with a stronger north pole than south pole . according to classical physics , the orientation of a dipole in an external magnetic field should determine the direction in which the beam gets deflected . since a bar magnet can...
what do you mean by the `` orientation of a dipole '' ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
when that happens , the electron will be likely to demonstrate wavelike behavior ! $ $ the quantum mechanical model of the atom standing waves a major problem with bohr 's model was that it treated electrons as particles that existed in precisely-defined orbits . based on de broglie 's idea that particles could exhibit...
what was the problem in bohr 's model ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
while some physicists initially tried to adapt bohr 's model to make it useful for more complicated systems , they eventually concluded that a completely different model was needed . wave-particle duality and the de broglie wavelength another major development in quantum mechanics was pioneered by french physicist loui...
since heisenberg 's uncertainty principle states that you ca n't determine the momentum ( and position ) of a particle with 100 % accuracy , and the de broglie wavelength of a particle = h/p , does that mean that one can not determine the de broglie wavelength of a particle with 100 % accuracy either ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
while some physicists initially tried to adapt bohr 's model to make it useful for more complicated systems , they eventually concluded that a completely different model was needed . wave-particle duality and the de broglie wavelength another major development in quantum mechanics was pioneered by french physicist loui...
if we ca n't determine the de broglie wavelength of a particle with 100 % accuracy , then what is the practical application of this formula : is it used much for calculations ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
so if you feel confused when learning about quantum mechanics , know that the scientists who originally developed it were just as befuddled . we will start by briefly reviewing bohr 's model of hydrogen , the first non-classical model of the atom . review of bohr 's model of hydrogen as we have seen in a previous artic...
in the above theory , why has the author called 'the bohr 's model ' as the first classical model of the atom ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
this phenomenon , in which electrons can exist in only one of two possible magnetic states , could not be explained using classical physics ! scientists refer to this property of electrons as electron spin : any given electron is either spin-up or spin-down . we sometimes represent electron spin by drawing electrons as...
why ca n't electrons of same spin stay in an orbital ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
it 's not even worth attempting to describe the f orbitals ! electron spin : the stern-gerlach experiment the last quantum phenomenon we will discuss is that of electron spin . in 1922 , german physicists otto stern and walther gerlach hypothesized that electrons behaved as tiny bar magnets , each with a north and sout...
from where does the enerdy comes for excitation of electron from lower orbit to higher orbit ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
scientists refer to this property of electrons as electron spin : any given electron is either spin-up or spin-down . we sometimes represent electron spin by drawing electrons as arrows pointing up , $ \uparrow $ , or down , $ \downarrow $ . one consequence of electron spin is that a maximum of two electrons can occupy...
so wait , what 's happening when there are 8 valence electrons ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
some of this behavior is so counterintuitive that we can only talk about it with symbols and metaphors—like in poetry . for example , what does it mean to say an electron behaves like a particle and a wave ? or that an electron does not exist in any one particular location , but that it is spread out throughout the ent...
is it possible for atoms to have a wave like behaviour ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
we sometimes represent electron spin by drawing electrons as arrows pointing up , $ \uparrow $ , or down , $ \downarrow $ . one consequence of electron spin is that a maximum of two electrons can occupy any given orbital , and the two electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spin . this is also called th...
why does the px orbital have 2 nodal planes ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
you are probably already familiar with standing waves from stringed musical instruments . for example , when a string is plucked on a guitar , the string vibrates in the shape of a standing wave such as the one shown below . notice that there are points of zero displacement , or nodes , that occur along the standing wa...
i 'm having trouble interpreting the standing wave animation of a guitar string being plucked - does n't the string first move up and then down ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
we will start by briefly reviewing bohr 's model of hydrogen , the first non-classical model of the atom . review of bohr 's model of hydrogen as we have seen in a previous article on the bohr model , the emission spectra of different elements contain discrete lines . the following image shows the visible region of the...
what is spectra and how is it related to elements ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
de broglie derived the following equation for the wavelength of a particle of mass $ \text m $ ( in kilograms $ \text { kg } $ ) , traveling at velocity $ \text v $ ( in $ \dfrac { \text m } { \text s } $ ) , where $ \lambda $ is the de broglie wavelength of the particle in meters and $ h $ is planck 's constant , $ 6....
can we really treat macroscopic objects like single particles ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
the fact that there are only certain allowable states or energies that an electron in an atom can have is similar to a standing wave . we will briefly discuss some properties of standing waves to get a better intuition for electron matter waves . you are probably already familiar with standing waves from stringed music...
or is a baseball 's matter wave a combination of all the waves of its constituent particles ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
the function $ \psi^2 $ is often called the probability density . the probability density for an electron can be visualized in a number of different ways . for example , $ \psi^2 $ can be represented by a graph in which varying intensity of color is used to show the relative probabilities of finding an electron in a gi...
so why is l sometimes a small number ei when n=4 why is l=1 ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
if the electron 's mass is $ 9.1\times10^ { -31 } $ kg , what is the de broglie wavelength of this electron ? we can substitute planck 's constant and the mass and velocity of the electron into de broglie 's equation : $ \begin { align } \lambda & amp ; =\dfrac { h } { \text { mv } } \ \ & amp ; =\dfrac { 6.626\times 1...
shouldnt is be = 3 ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
from this model , bohr derived an equation that correctly predicted the various energy levels in the hydrogen atom , which corresponded directly to the emission lines in the hydrogen spectrum . bohr 's model was also successful at predicting the energy levels in other one-electron systems , such as $ \text { he } ^+ $ ...
do quarks repel one another ?
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
key points louis de broglie proposed that all particles could be treated as matter waves with a wavelength $ \lambda $ , given by the following equation : $ \lambda=\dfrac { h } { mv } $ erwin schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom , which treats electrons as matter waves . schrödinger 's equatio...
what is the binding energy of an electron exactly ?