context
stringlengths
545
71.9k
questionsrc
stringlengths
16
10.2k
question
stringlengths
11
563
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
in other words , it is a function within a function , or a function of a function . for example , $ \greend { \cos ( } \goldd { x^2 } \greend { ) } $ is composite , because if we let $ \greend { f ( x ) =\cos ( x ) } $ and $ \goldd { g ( x ) =x^2 } $ , then $ \greend { \cos ( } \goldd { x^2 } \greend { ) } =\greend { f...
in problem 1 : d/dx [ cos ( e ) ^ ( x ) ] why would n't the u ' ( x ) =xe^ ( x-1 ) ?
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
this is also incorrect . the function that should be inside of $ f ' ( x ) $ is $ g ( x ) $ , not $ g ' ( x ) $ . remember : the derivative of $ \greend { f\big ( } \goldd { g ( x ) } \greend { \big ) } $ is $ \blued { f'\big ( } \goldd { g ( x ) } \blued { \big ) } \maroond { g ' ( x ) } $ .
would n't the power rule be employed here to find the prime of u ( x ) ?
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
students are often confused by this sort of function and think that $ \cos ( x ) $ is the outer function . worked example of applying the chain rule let 's see how the chain rule is applied by differentiating $ h ( x ) = ( 5-6x ) ^5 $ . notice that $ h $ is a composite function : $ \begin { align } h ( x ) & amp ; = \g...
why is the chain rule created so the inner equation 's derivative is used to multiply the whole thing ?
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
$ \goldd g $ is the function within $ \greend f $ , so we call $ \goldd g $ the `` inner '' function and $ \greend f $ the `` outer '' function . $ \greend { \underbrace { \cos ( ~\goldd { \overbrace { x^2 } ^ { \text { inner } } ~ } ) } _ { \text { outer } } } $ on the other hand , $ \cos ( x ) \cdot x^2 $ is not a co...
what 's the derivative of `` | sqrt ( cos x ) | `` ?
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
this is also incorrect . the function that should be inside of $ f ' ( x ) $ is $ g ( x ) $ , not $ g ' ( x ) $ . remember : the derivative of $ \greend { f\big ( } \goldd { g ( x ) } \greend { \big ) } $ is $ \blued { f'\big ( } \goldd { g ( x ) } \blued { \big ) } \maroond { g ' ( x ) } $ .
what is the derivative of y= { x/ ( 1-root x ) } ^3 ?
the chain rule says : $ \dfrac { d } { dx } \left [ f\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) \right ] =f'\bigl ( g ( x ) \bigr ) g ' ( x ) $ it tells us how to differentiate composite functions . quick review of composite functions a function is composite if you can write it as $ f\big ( g ( x ) \big ) $ . in other words , it is a fun...
$ \goldd g $ is the function within $ \greend f $ , so we call $ \goldd g $ the `` inner '' function and $ \greend f $ the `` outer '' function . $ \greend { \underbrace { \cos ( ~\goldd { \overbrace { x^2 } ^ { \text { inner } } ~ } ) } _ { \text { outer } } } $ on the other hand , $ \cos ( x ) \cdot x^2 $ is not a co...
what is the derivative of [ cos ( 2x ) +cos ( 3x ) ] ?
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
why is ( a+b ) ^2 quadratics form if this is polynomials ?
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
how would i cube a polynomial ?
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
these types of binomial multiplication problems come up time and time again , so it 's good to be familiar with some basic patterns . the `` difference of squares '' pattern : $ ( a+b ) ( a-b ) =a^2-b^2 $ two other patterns : $ \begin { align } & amp ; ( a+b ) ^2=a^2+2ab+b^2\\ & amp ; ( a-b ) ^2=a^2-2ab+b^2 \end { alig...
is there a general formula for any binomial multiplied by any binomial ?
key points the key concept when thinking about how to collect the most revenue is the price elasticity of demand . the price elasticity of demand also plays a key role in determining if a firm can pass the cost of key input price increases to consumers or benefit from reductions in input costs . elasticity and pricing ...
the diagrams below illustrate two possible scenarios . in diagram a on the left , the demand curve is drawn as highly inelastic . in this case , a technological breakthrough that shifts supply to the right—from $ \text { s0 } $ to $ \text { s1 } $ so that the equilibrium shifts from $ \text { e0 } $ to $ \text { e1 } $...
for the practice problem , why ca n't we shift the demand curve to the right to expand employment and shift the supply curve to the left to increase wages ?
key points the key concept when thinking about how to collect the most revenue is the price elasticity of demand . the price elasticity of demand also plays a key role in determining if a firm can pass the cost of key input price increases to consumers or benefit from reductions in input costs . elasticity and pricing ...
in diagram b on the right , the demand curve is drawn as highly elastic . in this case , the technological breakthrough leads to a much greater quantity being sold in the market at very close to the original price . consumers benefit more , in general , when the demand curve is more inelastic because the shift in the s...
so why is efficiency very crucial in this case ?
key points the key concept when thinking about how to collect the most revenue is the price elasticity of demand . the price elasticity of demand also plays a key role in determining if a firm can pass the cost of key input price increases to consumers or benefit from reductions in input costs . elasticity and pricing ...
a surge in production can lead to a severe drop in price that decreases the total revenue received by farmers . on the other hand , poor weather or other conditions that cause a terrible year for farm production can sharply raise prices so that the total revenue received increases . elasticity also reveals whether firm...
do n't farmers hate poor weather which badly affects their crop yields ?
key points the key concept when thinking about how to collect the most revenue is the price elasticity of demand . the price elasticity of demand also plays a key role in determining if a firm can pass the cost of key input price increases to consumers or benefit from reductions in input costs . elasticity and pricing ...
explain your answer . review questions if demand is elastic , will shifts in supply have a larger effect on equilibrium quantity or on price ? if demand is inelastic , will shifts in supply have a larger effect on equilibrium price or on quantity ?
in review questions part : if demand is inelastic , will shifts in supply have a larger effect on equilibrium price or on quantity ?
key points the key concept when thinking about how to collect the most revenue is the price elasticity of demand . the price elasticity of demand also plays a key role in determining if a firm can pass the cost of key input price increases to consumers or benefit from reductions in input costs . elasticity and pricing ...
can costs be passed on to consumers ? most businesses face a day-to-day struggle to figure out ways to produce at a lower cost—one pathway to their goal of earning higher profits . in some cases , however , the price of a key input over which the firm has no control may rise .
if someone is to pay 30 % of their income in rent with a monthly income of $ 1757.00 how to u figure out what their amount will be in rent for a house with rent of $ 2000.00 ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
we can now write our final quadratic approximation , with all six of its terms working in harmony to mimic the behavior of $ f $ at $ ( x_0 , y_0 ) $ : $ \begin { align } \quad q_f ( x , y ) & amp ; = f ( x_0 , y_0 ) + \ \ & amp ; \quad f_x ( x_0 , y_0 ) ( x - x_0 ) + f_y ( x_0 , y_0 ) ( y - y_0 ) + \ \ & amp ; \quad \...
in the example using sin ( x ) cos ( y ) , the second derivative with respect to y ( the last one ) is sin ( x ) cos ( y ) , but should n't it be -sin ( x ) cos ( y ) ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
we can now write our final quadratic approximation , with all six of its terms working in harmony to mimic the behavior of $ f $ at $ ( x_0 , y_0 ) $ : $ \begin { align } \quad q_f ( x , y ) & amp ; = f ( x_0 , y_0 ) + \ \ & amp ; \quad f_x ( x_0 , y_0 ) ( x - x_0 ) + f_y ( x_0 , y_0 ) ( y - y_0 ) + \ \ & amp ; \quad \...
if you have the first partial as -sin ( x ) sin ( y ) , and take the partial of that with respect to y , you get the derivative of sin ( y ) = cos ( y ) , not -cos ( y ) , right ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
why did the sign change again ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
using vectors and matrices , specifically the gradient and hessian of $ f $ , we can write the quadratic approximation $ q_f $ as follows : $ \begin { align } \quad q_f ( \textbf { x } ) & amp ; = \underbrace { f ( \textbf { x } 0 ) } { \text { constant } } + \underbrace { \nabla f ( \textbf { x } 0 ) \cdot ( \textbf {...
so , could these sorts of things be used to generalise the taylor series to higher dimension ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
$ \nabla f ( \textbf { x } _0 ) $ is the gradient of $ f $ evaluated at $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . $ \textbf { h } _f ( \textbf { x } _0 ) $ is the hessian matrix of $ f $ evaluated at $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ is a specific input , the one we are approximating near .
would we need a cubical `` hessian matrix '' analogue ?
background : local linearization graphs second partial derivatives what we 're building to to goal , as with a local linearization , is to approximate a potentially complicated multivariable function $ f $ near some input , which i 'll write as the vector $ \textbf { x } _0 $ . a quadratic approximation does this more ...
in principle you can imagine how this might go , adding terms involving $ f_z $ , $ f_ { xz } $ , $ f_ { zz } $ , on and on with all $ 3 $ partial derivatives and all $ 9 $ second partial derivative . but this would be a total nightmare ! now imagine you were writing a program to find the quadratic approximation of a f...
and how would we define the multiplication ?
the double page opening of the ruler portrait of otto iii ( f.24 , above right ) and the accompanying image of provinces bringing tribute ( f.23v , above left ) is taken from the gospels of otto iii ( munich , bayerische stattsbibliothek , clm.4453 ) , one of the most magnificent manuscripts to have come down to us fro...
the script is written in ink , with gold initials , and the manuscript is extensively illustrated with portraits of the four evangelists ( the authors of the four gospels ) , and scenes from the life of christ as well as the ruler portrait . the front cover is decorated with precious jewels and inset with a byzantine i...
i have a question that does n't only refer to this text , it just came back into my mind because also for the book mentioned in this text there was a part of the cover decorated with ivory , so i wonder : where did the artists at that time get the ivory from ?
the double page opening of the ruler portrait of otto iii ( f.24 , above right ) and the accompanying image of provinces bringing tribute ( f.23v , above left ) is taken from the gospels of otto iii ( munich , bayerische stattsbibliothek , clm.4453 ) , one of the most magnificent manuscripts to have come down to us fro...
we do not know the name of the artist ( as is the case for most of the painters from this period ) but he most likely belonged to a team of craftsmen working on the manuscript . in devising the double opening , he appears not to have worked from his imagination but to have followed an earlier source such as the ruler p...
why does charles the bald have hair ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
yet she still has flesh on her lips , which are open to reveal bared teeth . even with her head , this version of coatlicue still seems intimidating to us today . but was she perceived as terrifying by the aztecs or is this only a twenty-first century impression of her ?
what is the coatilicue made of , since you told in the second half of the video that even under it is designed and carved , and you still can see it in spite of it being buried twice ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
but huitzilopochtli comforted her , telling her not to worry . at the moment coyolxauhqui approached her mother , huitzilopochtli was born , fully grown and armed . he sliced off his sister ’ s head , and threw her body off the mountain .
i do n't expect myths to be rational , but i 'm curious if there are versions of this myth that mentions huitzilpochtli being fully grown inside the womb ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
for these reasons , they had a more ambivalent role than as simply good or bad deities , and so they were both respected and feared . created , buried , found , buried , found again after the spanish conquest , the monumental coatlicue sculpture was buried because it was considered an inappropriate pagan idol by spanis...
were there traces of blood or organic flesh found in the statue ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
for example , outside of the 360-days that formed the agricultural calendar ( called the year count or xiuhpohualli ) , there were five extra “ nameless ” days . the aztecs believed this was an ominous time when bad things could happen . the tzitzimime , for instance , could descend to the earth ’ s surface and eat peo...
well of this diety , coatlicue : was she supposed to be a protector of the people ( aztecs ) or was she a godess that was to bring fear of all people , in general ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
the myth does not mention her decapitation and dismemberment ( only her daughter ’ s ) , so why would this famous sculpture display her in this manner ? why was coatlicue decapitated ? more recently , a new interpretation has been offered for coatlicue ’ s appearance that is based on another myth ( recounted in differe...
does coatlicue has an refference to other goddessess in the region ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
what kind of materials did the mexica use to build their buildings and other carvings/statues ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
the rolls indicate she is a mother . a sizable necklace formed of hands and hearts largely obscures her breasts . two enormous snakes curl upwards from her neck to face one another .
why would the aztec goddess have the human hearts and hands as a necklace ?
mother , goddess , sacrificial offering ? the coatlicue sculpture in mexico city ’ s national museum of anthropology is one of the most famous mexica ( aztec ) sculptures in existence ( her name is pronounced `` koh-at-lee-kway '' ) . standing over ten feet tall , the statue towers over onlookers as she leans toward th...
the myth does not mention her decapitation and dismemberment ( only her daughter ’ s ) , so why would this famous sculpture display her in this manner ? why was coatlicue decapitated ? more recently , a new interpretation has been offered for coatlicue ’ s appearance that is based on another myth ( recounted in differe...
is there a picture of coatlicue 's face ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
why are women in the battle in the first picture ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
what do you think ? how did the crusades influence european colonization projects ? explain the relationship between religion , commerce , and conquest at the beginning of european exploration and colonization .
how did the crusades influence european colonization projects ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
what attack caused the retaliation of first crusade ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
what attack caused the retaliation of the third crusade ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
explain the relationship between religion , commerce , and conquest at the beginning of european exploration and colonization . imagine you are a european explorer in the 1400s . do you think you would be most motivated by religious conversion , global market opportunities , or competition with other european nations ?...
if explorers were motivated by multiple things , and you could become rich being a explorer , why would n't more people become explorers ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
the portuguese fort elmina castle , located in modern-day ghana , became more of a holding pen for enslaved africans from the interior of the continent than a trading post , as the markets for slave labor in both europe and then the new world boomed . portuguese colonization in the 1400s inaugurated an era of aggressiv...
why do the portuguese get a monopoly ?
overview historians generally recognize three motives for european exploration and colonization in the new world : god , gold , and glory . religious motivations can be traced all the way back to the crusades , the series of religious wars between the 11th and 15th centuries during which european christians sought to c...
what do you think ? how did the crusades influence european colonization projects ? explain the relationship between religion , commerce , and conquest at the beginning of european exploration and colonization .
how did the crusades influence european colonization projects ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
it surprised me to see that the ribosome is wrinkly , kind of like the surface of a brain ! the ribosome has slots for trnas as we saw briefly in the introduction , molecules called transfer rnas ( trnas ) bring amino acids to the ribosome . we 'll learn a lot more about trnas and how they work in the next section .
what happens to trna molecules when they leave a ribosome ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
( biology is full of surprises , is n't it ? ) atypical base pairs—between nucleotides other than a-u and g-c—can form at the third position of the codon , a phenomenon known as wobble . wobble pairing does n't follow normal rules , but it does have its own rules .
what is meant by the third position in reference to the 'wobble binding ' of trna ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
ribosomes organize translation and catalyze the reaction that joins amino acids to make a protein chain . structure of the ribosome a ribosome is made up of two basic pieces : a large and a small subunit . during translation , the two subunits come together around a mrna molecule , forming a complete ribosome .
where do the proteins come from that the ribosome is made of ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
you can think of it as a kind of molecular `` bridge '' between the two . each trna contains a set of three nucleotides called an anticodon . the anticodon of a given trna can bind to one or a few specific mrna codons .
why is the polarity of the anticodon shown to be from 3'- > 5 ' ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
for instance , a g in the anticodon can pair with a c or u ( but not an a or g ) in the third position of the codon , as shown below $ ^4 $ . rules like this ensure codons are read correctly despite wobble . you may be wondering : why on earth would a cell `` want '' a complicating factor like wobble ?
does the wobble position apply to start and stop codons as well ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
ribosomes organize translation and catalyze the reaction that joins amino acids to make a protein chain . structure of the ribosome a ribosome is made up of two basic pieces : a large and a small subunit . during translation , the two subunits come together around a mrna molecule , forming a complete ribosome . the rib...
how does the ribosome attach to the mrna ?
introduction translation requires some specialized equipment . just as you would n't go to play tennis without your racket and ball , so a cell could n't translate an mrna into a protein without two pieces of molecular gear : ribosomes and trnas . ribosomes provide a structure in which translation can take place . they...
you can think of it as a kind of molecular `` bridge '' between the two . each trna contains a set of three nucleotides called an anticodon . the anticodon of a given trna can bind to one or a few specific mrna codons . the trna molecule also carries an amino acid : specifically , the one encoded by the codons that the...
does trna have thymine and uracil , or just uracil when it binds to mrna ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
is the lumen really space or does it just absorb all other wavelengths and appear empty ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membrane and a porphyrin ring head ( a circular group of atoms surrounding a magnesium i...
i have a few questions : 1 ) how exactly is the water bond broken between hydrogen and oxygen ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms . however , the various waveleng...
2 ) is n't the electron used to pump hydrogen ions inside the lumen because of the attractiveness ( +plus attracts -negative ) to compel h+ ions to enter the lumen ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light , chlorophyll a plays a unique and crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy ( as you can explore in the light-dependent reactions article ) . all photosynthetic plants , algae , and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a , whereas only plants and...
3 ) where does the phosphate come to produce atp ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
each particle of electromagnetic radiation , called a photon , has certain amount of energy . types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energ...
why are wavelengths and pigments important for photosynthesis ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light , chlorophyll a plays a unique and crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy ( as you can explore in the light-dependent reactions article ) . all photosynthetic plants , algae , and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a , whereas only plants and...
are the plants responsible for producing enough chloroplasts or it is just chloroplast to decide when to copy itself ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . plants , on the other hand , are experts at capturing light energy and using it to make sugars through a process called photosynthesis . this ...
does the process also called a mitosis for the division of a chloroplast ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
here , we ’ ll consider light as a form of energy , and we 'll also see how pigments – such as the chlorophylls that make plants green – absorb that energy . what is light energy ? light is a form of electromagnetic radiation , a type of energy that travels in waves .
what type of energy is light ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
each particle of electromagnetic radiation , called a photon , has certain amount of energy . types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energ...
how can you tell the wavelengths ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms . however , the various waveleng...
why is it impossible to carry out photosynthesis in the lab ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
chlorophylls there are five main types of chlorophylls : chlorophylls a , b , c and d , plus a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll . in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the pea...
why is chlorophyll a and b often considered the main plant pigments for photosynthesis and carotenoids and xanthophylls are helper pigments ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the brightly colored carotenoids found in fruit—such as the red of tomato ( lycopene ) , the yellow of corn seeds ( zeaxanthin ) , or the orange of an orange peel ( β-carotene ) —are often used as advertisements to attract animals , which can help disperse the plant 's seeds . in photosynthesis , carotenoids help captu...
which type of light is most important to plants for photosynthesis and why ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms . however , the various waveleng...
what allows plants to absorb sunlight and convert it to chemical energy ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
it includes electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is between about 400 nm and 700 nm . visible light from the sun appears white , but it ’ s actually made up of multiple wavelengths ( colors ) of light . you can see these different colors when white light passes through a prism : because the different wavelengths ...
is infared on the light scale of colors ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
here , we ’ ll consider light as a form of energy , and we 'll also see how pigments – such as the chlorophylls that make plants green – absorb that energy . what is light energy ? light is a form of electromagnetic radiation , a type of energy that travels in waves .
in the paragraph of `` what is light energy ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
so will the colors like blue or purple cause plants to photosynthesis faster than colors like red and yellow ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
chlorophylls there are five main types of chlorophylls : chlorophylls a , b , c and d , plus a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll . in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the pea...
is chlorophyll a the only pigment that is found in the primary reaction centre in a photosystem ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
however , the various wavelengths in sunlight are not all used equally in photosynthesis . instead , photosynthetic organisms contain light-absorbing molecules called pigments that absorb only specific wavelengths of visible light , while reflecting others . the set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment is its absorptio...
can the color pigments absorbing visible spectrum be distilled and obtained to mix in materials to enhance their color absorbing properties ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the use of accessory pigments allows a broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed , and thus , more energy to be captured from sunlight . carotenoids carotenoids are another key group of pigments that absorb violet and blue-green light ( see spectrum graph above ) . the brightly colored carotenoids found in fruit—such...
when equal intensities of light are given , there is more photosynthesis in red than in blue part of action spectrum.why ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
what is special that is within red and blue wavelengths , that is so crucial in photosynthesis ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
an excited pigment is unstable , and it has various `` options '' available for becoming more stable . for instance , it may transfer either its extra energy or its excited electron to a neighboring molecule . we 'll see how both of these processes work in the next section : the light-dependent reactions .
how can a water molecule be actually go inside to the photosystem ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membrane and a porphyrin ring head ( a circular group of atoms surrounding a magnesium i...
what is the procedure for water to get into the ps ii ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
in the image showing the absorption spectra , why is blue light absorbed the most in chlorophyll ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
you can see these different colors when white light passes through a prism : because the different wavelengths of light are bent at different angles as they pass through the prism , they spread out and form what we see as a rainbow . red light has the longest wavelength and the least energy , while violet light has the...
why is n't violet or red the most absorbed colors ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the use of accessory pigments allows a broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed , and thus , more energy to be captured from sunlight . carotenoids carotenoids are another key group of pigments that absorb violet and blue-green light ( see spectrum graph above ) . the brightly colored carotenoids found in fruit—such...
and why are their sudden leaps and rises as seen in the graph ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
why not a negative linear change in absorption rate till it gets to green then a positive linear change till it gets to red ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the set of wavelengths that a pigment does n't absorb are reflected , and the reflected light is what we see as color . for instance , plants appear green to us because they contain many chlorophyll a and b molecules , which reflect green light . most photosynthetic organisms have a variety of different pigments , so t...
if all plants contain chlorophyll a and b , then what causes a difference in intensity of the green pigmentation in the leaves ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
on the `` absorption of spectra pigments '' graph , how come there are n't any large peaks from the green to yellow area ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the use of accessory pigments allows a broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed , and thus , more energy to be captured from sunlight . carotenoids carotenoids are another key group of pigments that absorb violet and blue-green light ( see spectrum graph above ) . the brightly colored carotenoids found in fruit—such...
in the blue , blue-green , and red areas the absorption of light is significantly higher than the green and yellow ares , why is that or what causes that ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the peaks in the absorption spectra above . structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membr...
so if the plant were to be of underwater nature , for example , elodea canandesis , what different wavelengths ( green , red , blue ) would have the fastest photosynthetic rates ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . plants , on the other hand , are experts at capturing light energy and using it to make sugars through a process called photosynthesis . this ...
what is a radiationless de-excitation process ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light , chlorophyll a plays a unique and crucial role in converting light energy to chemical energy ( as you can explore in the light-dependent reactions article ) . all photosynthetic plants , algae , and cyanobacteria contain chlorophyll a , whereas only plants and...
which such wave lengths do plants use ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
carotenoids in chloroplasts help absorb the excess energy and dissipate it as heat . what does it mean for a pigment to absorb light ? when a pigment absorbs a photon of light , it becomes excited , meaning that it has extra energy and is no longer in its normal , or ground , state .
which pigment molecule captures most light in planta ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
carotenoids in chloroplasts help absorb the excess energy and dissipate it as heat . what does it mean for a pigment to absorb light ? when a pigment absorbs a photon of light , it becomes excited , meaning that it has extra energy and is no longer in its normal , or ground , state .
where specifically are these pigment molecules located ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
however , the various wavelengths in sunlight are not all used equally in photosynthesis . instead , photosynthetic organisms contain light-absorbing molecules called pigments that absorb only specific wavelengths of visible light , while reflecting others . the set of wavelengths absorbed by a pigment is its absorptio...
how come the chlorophyll pigments do n't absorb all the colors of the visible light spectrum ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
in the diagram below , you can see the absorption spectra of three key pigments in photosynthesis : chlorophyll a , chlorophyll b , and β-carotene . the set of wavelengths that a pigment does n't absorb are reflected , and the reflected light is what we see as color . for instance , plants appear green to us because th...
why do n't plants absorb green light ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
the set of wavelengths that a pigment does n't absorb are reflected , and the reflected light is what we see as color . for instance , plants appear green to us because they contain many chlorophyll a and b molecules , which reflect green light . most photosynthetic organisms have a variety of different pigments , so t...
why are most plants green and not yellow-orange ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
structurally , chlorophyll molecules include a hydrophobic ( `` water-fearing '' ) tail that inserts into the thylakoid membrane and a porphyrin ring head ( a circular group of atoms surrounding a magnesium ion ) that absorbs light $ ^1 $ . although both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b absorb light , chlorophyll a play...
what part of the chlorophyll molecule reflects light and how does it do this ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
because of the central role of chlorophyll a in photosynthesis , all pigments used in addition to chlorophyll a are known as accessory pigments—including other chlorophylls , as well as other classes of pigments like the carotenoids . the use of accessory pigments allows a broader range of wavelengths to be absorbed , ...
why do they need broader range of wavelengths to capture more energy ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
here , we ’ ll consider light as a form of energy , and we 'll also see how pigments – such as the chlorophylls that make plants green – absorb that energy . what is light energy ? light is a form of electromagnetic radiation , a type of energy that travels in waves .
if a pigment - on a subatomic level - has an energy gap that can be met by or excited by a minimum of 700 nm of light.so can it absorb light of 400 nm ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
chlorophylls there are five main types of chlorophylls : chlorophylls a , b , c and d , plus a related molecule found in prokaryotes called bacteriochlorophyll . in plants , chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main photosynthetic pigments . chlorophyll molecules absorb blue and red wavelengths , as shown by the pea...
dose it mean chlorophyll be non polar molecule ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) .
so why dose it dissolve in polar solvent such as acetone ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . plants , on the other hand , are experts at capturing light energy and using it to make sugars through a process called photosynthesis . this ...
which wavelengths of light are needed for plants for photosynthesis ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms . however , the various waveleng...
what wavelengths of light are involved in photosynthesis ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
other kinds of electromagnetic radiation that we encounter in our daily lives include radio waves , microwaves , and x-rays . together , all the types of electromagnetic radiation make up the electromagnetic spectrum . every electromagnetic wave has a particular wavelength , or distance from one crest to the next , and...
what part of the electromagnetic spectrum are they found in ?
introduction if you 've ever stayed out too long in the sun and gotten a sunburn , you 're probably well aware of the sun 's immense energy . unfortunately , the human body ca n't make much use of solar energy , aside from producing a little vitamin d ( a vitamin synthesized in the skin in the presence of sunlight ) . ...
types of radiation with short wavelengths have high-energy photons , whereas types of radiation with long wavelengths have low-energy photons . pigments absorb light used in photosynthesis in photosynthesis , the sun ’ s energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic organisms . however , the various waveleng...
what affects the rate of photosynthesis ?
small beginnings big things can have small beginnings . if the `` big thing '' in this instance is american art , then one could argue that one of the most profound `` small beginnings '' was the arrival of john smibert in boston in 1729 . indeed , smibert ’ s artistic influence in the american colonies extended far be...
at the end of his time studying at the london academy , smibert might have pursued a formal apprenticeship with a portraitist . instead , the aspiring painter returned to edinburgh . there he met sir francis grant , baronet of monymusk , a well-to-do lawyer .
what is a coach painter ?
small beginnings big things can have small beginnings . if the `` big thing '' in this instance is american art , then one could argue that one of the most profound `` small beginnings '' was the arrival of john smibert in boston in 1729 . indeed , smibert ’ s artistic influence in the american colonies extended far be...
small beginnings big things can have small beginnings . if the `` big thing '' in this instance is american art , then one could argue that one of the most profound `` small beginnings '' was the arrival of john smibert in boston in 1729 .
someone who paints coaches ; that is , a horse-drawn carriage ?
small beginnings big things can have small beginnings . if the `` big thing '' in this instance is american art , then one could argue that one of the most profound `` small beginnings '' was the arrival of john smibert in boston in 1729 . indeed , smibert ’ s artistic influence in the american colonies extended far be...
in doing so , he moved from a town of less than 40,000 inhabitants to a thriving and bustling city of more than 500,000 . as the economic , political , and cultural center of great britain , london teemed with talented portraitists . many of these artists were influenced by a triad of foreign-born portraitists : the ge...
was there a war going on in britain or something else that was getting more attention in the parliamentary budget ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
scalars and scalar multiplication when we work with matrices , we refer to real numbers as scalars . the term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix . in scalar multiplication , each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar . for example , given that $ a= { \left [ \begin...
what about scalar division , ie division of a matrix by a real number ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
this article explores how this works . scalars and scalar multiplication when we work with matrices , we refer to real numbers as scalars . the term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix . in scalar multiplication , each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar . for exa...
will the same rules apply as in scalar multiplication ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
scalars and scalar multiplication when we work with matrices , we refer to real numbers as scalars . the term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix . in scalar multiplication , each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar . for example , given that $ a= { \left [ \begin...
but what happens when that scalar is an imaginary number ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices .
will the multiplication of the imaginary number with the matrix be defined as undefined ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
the term scalar multiplication refers to the product of a real number and a matrix . in scalar multiplication , each entry in the matrix is multiplied by the given scalar . for example , given that $ a= { \left [ \begin { array } { rr } { 10 } & amp ; 6 \ 4 & amp ; 3 \end { array } \right ] } $ , let 's find $ 2a $ .
can anyone explain clearly with example on how to do fractional scalar division ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
therefore , we can interpret scalar multiplication in the same way as we interpret multiplication with real numbers – as repeated matrix addition ! solving matrix equations a matrix equation is simply an equation in which the variable stands for a matrix . for example , the equation below is a matrix equation .
however , it gives me this question ; can we multiplicate between matrix and matrix ?
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices . you should also make sure you know how to ...
what you should be familiar with before taking this lesson a matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers into rows and columns . each number in a matrix is referred to as a matrix element or entry . if this is new to you , you might want to check out our intro to matrices .
can a matrix number be in a fraction form ?