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- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | now , in terms of centimeters , it is four , four centimeters long . four centimeters long . the length of each rectangle is blank than a centimeter . | at 10 ; 17 , how is it 8 centimeters ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | four centimeters long . the length of each rectangle is blank than a centimeter . well , each rectangle is more than a centimeter . | why do people use inch , centimeter or length ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | you see , each rectangle is actually two centimeters . so , it 's longer than a centimeter . so it takes blank rectangles than centimeters to measure the line . | why do people use inch , centimeter , of lenght ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | alright , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below . same idea . | what is the most lengths you can measure with different units at once ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | now , in terms of centimeters , it is four , four centimeters long . four centimeters long . the length of each rectangle is blank than a centimeter . | how many centimeters are in a inch ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | - this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . | how many different measuring systems are there ? |
- this is a rectangle . and yes , this is a rectangle . let 's measure the green line below using both rectangles and a centimeter ruler . so , we have this green line and we 're going to measure it in terms of rectangles and we 're going to measure it on this ruler . and you immediately see the green line is equal to ... | let 's see . let 's do one more of these . these are a lot of fun . | how many sqare meter in one brase ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | as far as x is concerned , the derivative of x is 2x so we see that this will be 2x times that constant sine of y , sine of y . whereas the partial derivative with respect to y . now we look up here and we say x is considered a constant so x-squared is also considered a constant so this is just a constant times sine of... | 5 , when we take the derivative of f in respect to x , therefore take y = sin ( y ) as a constant , why does n't it disappear in the derivative ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . | so the output of the gradient is mutlidimensional ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . | what is the class code ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | so you give this guy the function f and it gives you this expression , this multi-variable function as a result . so the nabla symbol is this vector full of different partial derivative operators . and in this case it might just be two of them , and this is kind of a weird thing because it 's like what , this is a vect... | how would you describe the way the total derivative works versus the full ( del operator ) derivative ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | and i 'm just gon na make it a two-variable function . and let 's say it 's f of x , y , equals x-squared sine of y . the gradient is a way of packing together all the partial derivative information of a function . | how the result was square of x multply cosy , it should be siny , shouldnt it ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . | please explain : why is area the opposite of gradient in calculus ? |
so here i 'm gon na talk about the gradient . and in this video , i 'm only gon na describe how you compute the gradient , and in the next couple ones i 'm gon na give the geometric interpretation . and i hate doing this , i hate showing the computation before the geometric intuition since usually it should go the oth... | so the first one is the partial derivative with respect to x , to x times sine of y . and the bottom one , partial derivative with respect to y x-squared cosine of y . and notice , maybe i should emphasize , this is actually a vector-valued function . | especially when diferentiating requires one value and and intergation requires 2values ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | radius , radius , radius . another equilateral triangle . i 've just got to do this , i have to do this four more times . | how can a polygon be equilateral and not equiangular ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | is there any way to construct a regular octagon inscribed in a circle ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | why would we even need to construct inscribed figures in real world problems ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | so i have another equilateral triangle . radius , radius , radius . another equilateral triangle . | if you 're given the radius of the circle is there an easy formula to find the area of the hexagon without using trig ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | but we know that these are all the lengths of the radius anyway . actually , i 'm not even having to change the length there . then , i have to just connect one more right down here . | if the length of ed is 12 , what is the length of fg ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | is there any other ways to draw a circle-inscribed regular hexagon ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | why is der no loci ( of angles ) on khan academy ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | what steps are different from an inscribed square ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | if a circle is inscribed in an hexagon , which of the following must be true ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | and these circles are the same size . so notice , this center intersects the old circle . and the new circle itself intersects the center of the old circle . now , the reason why this is interesting , we already know that this distance , the distance between these two centers , this is equal to a radius . | can you tell me the derivation of the chord of contact of a circle ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | how can i use a straightedge and compass to construct a regular pentagon ? |
construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . and actually , i 'm going to go beyond the diameter of the circle . i 'm just going to draw a line that goes through the center of the circle and just keeps on going . and i 'm goin... | construct a regular hexagon inscribed inside the circle . so what i 'm going to do , first , i 'm going to draw a diameter of the circle . | how to construct a regular pentagon inscribed in a circle ? |
so in this video we 're going to install the switch you see in the lower center of the screen . that 's the on off switch for bit-zee . and the first thing we need to do is just take the switch and push it through the hole that we drilled out and marked in a previous video . so we 're going to push the switch through .... | so that is the wire that came directly from our switch . and there 's our tightening down the terminal block there . the screw in the terminal block . so we have our negative wire , which has come directly from the battery . | is there an electrical reason for putting the wires in specific holes in the terminal block ? |
so in this video we 're going to install the switch you see in the lower center of the screen . that 's the on off switch for bit-zee . and the first thing we need to do is just take the switch and push it through the hole that we drilled out and marked in a previous video . so we 're going to push the switch through .... | so in this video we 're going to install the switch you see in the lower center of the screen . that 's the on off switch for bit-zee . | what was the tool and ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | and that sends a signal right here to the ir sensor . and then that communicates with the arduino board and tells the arduino board that it just got a signal . and the arduino can turn on and off different functions , so we can make bit-zee do a little dance , make its lights come on . | is the arduino board mentioned at :and the l-298 chip described reusable ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the resistors limit current flow , and the transistors are functioning as switches , so they allow us to control different devices , again , with our arduino here . so this is bit-zee , and bit-zee has got a personality . you can see bit-zee lights up and does different things when it gets its bumper pressed or when it... | ie once you make the bit-zee bot can you take it apart and use these components to create something else ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | and bit-zee has a couple of switches here . there 's a switch here and a switch here , and those came out of the radio . and then you can that bit-zee 's nose came from a bottle cap , and its eyes came from a bottle cap . | what was the radio used for ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | you can control bit-zee with a universal remote control -- the one that we took apart , actually . and that sends a signal right here to the ir sensor . and then that communicates with the arduino board and tells the arduino board that it just got a signal . | what is an ir sensor , and what does it do ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the resistors limit current flow , and the transistors are functioning as switches , so they allow us to control different devices , again , with our arduino here . so this is bit-zee , and bit-zee has got a personality . you can see bit-zee lights up and does different things when it gets its bumper pressed or when it... | hi , how would you view the pictures you take with the camera mounted to bit-zee ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the resistors limit current flow , and the transistors are functioning as switches , so they allow us to control different devices , again , with our arduino here . so this is bit-zee , and bit-zee has got a personality . you can see bit-zee lights up and does different things when it gets its bumper pressed or when it... | will they ever make another bit-zee bot like a friend for bit-zee bot ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the resistors limit current flow , and the transistors are functioning as switches , so they allow us to control different devices , again , with our arduino here . so this is bit-zee , and bit-zee has got a personality . you can see bit-zee lights up and does different things when it gets its bumper pressed or when it... | i 'm just wondering why did n't the people that made bit-zee but a cover over all of the wires ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the camera that we took apart , we mounted to the board here , and that came out of this camera . and you can use that to take photos of things . and again , the arduino controls that , and we control the arduino with the remote control . | is there a simpler robot that can do all the same things ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | the motor controller will let us drive motors around , and then this guy will help us to record and play back sound . and we 're going to use some of the parts from these products to make something cool . so after three weeks of development , we 've come up with bit-zee bot . | what are key parts to the robot ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | so after three weeks of development , we 've come up with bit-zee bot . bit-zee is a little programmable robot that drives around and has a little personality . you can control bit-zee with a universal remote control -- the one that we took apart , actually . | what are the principles of spider robot science kit ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product that 's kind of designed to get kids excited about math and science , and in order for all these products to work for us , we need to incorporate some electronics . so we have an arduino . it 's a basically programmable chip that you can easily wire to other componen... | where is the code for the arduino ? |
so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | so how do we take our products here that we 've taken apart -- except for the bottle , which is just a recycled good -- and we want to see if we can create value by building something new out of the parts that we 've taken out of all these different components here . so what we 've done is we 've designed a new product... | 9 , what is the spelling of that item ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | why attack 2-methyl pent-2-ene with hydronium instead of water ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let 's think about how we can , how this actually happens in the presence of our hydronium . so let me redraw this molecule right over here . so we copy and paste it , so that 's not exactly it yet , that is just with the single bond . | just to clarify , the first molecule could 've been calleded z-2-methylpent-2-ene as well right ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . | so what makes the pi bond between the two carbons less stable/prone to elicit these reactions ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let me draw , woops , wrong tool . let me draw the double bond there . and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . | is a pi bond easier to break than a sigma bond ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so the water molecules are all equivalent , but let me draw another water molecule here . and you can imagine , if they just pump into each other in just the right way , this is , water is a polar molecule , it has a partially negative end near the oxygen because the oxygen likes to hog the electrons , and then you hav... | why does n't attack oh- the carbocation at 05 ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | you have another water molecule , let 's say , let me pick a color . so let 's say these electrons right over here , maybe they form a bond with that hydrogen proton , and then these , the electrons in that bond can go back to form a lone pair on that oxygen , and then what are we left with ? and this really is the hom... | i mean in the end of the theory sal tells us there is a free proton left and this will bind to the oh- anyway , right ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . this one right over here , this carbon on the other side of the double bond is only bonded to one , two carbons . so this is a secondar... | isnt one of the carbons a tertiary and the other one a secondary carbon ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so we are in equilibrium with , so let me draw my five carbons , so let 's see , i have ... h3c , carbon , carbon , ch2 , ch3 , i have a ch3 , i say h3c instead of ch3 , i wrote it that way just so it 's clear that the carbons are bonded to the carbons , you have the original hydrogen right over there , you have the on... | as in why is the hydrogen moved to another water molecule to form hydronium ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so we are in equilibrium with , so let me draw my five carbons , so let 's see , i have ... h3c , carbon , carbon , ch2 , ch3 , i have a ch3 , i say h3c instead of ch3 , i wrote it that way just so it 's clear that the carbons are bonded to the carbons , you have the original hydrogen right over there , you have the on... | why does the name of the 1st molecule have 2 before the ene ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the entire molecule positive , because th... | why does oxygen have a positive charge , with 1 lone pair left should n't it have a negative charge ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | let me draw the double bond there . and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the e... | why does sal not put the positive charge on the oxygen atom ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so it would be more likely to lose the electrons in one of these , in one of these bonds , and so the way that we can think about this mechanism , and it might be a little bit clearer when we form the carbocation , is let 's have , going to do this in blue . let 's have these two electrons that form this bond , well no... | if two oxygen electrons are shared , then why is n't a double bond formed ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so one way to think about this is , in the presence of an acid , it 's acid-catalyzed , we have gained two hydrogens and an oxygen , which is what we 've gained , what could be used to make a water . and this is actually called an acid-catalyzed addition of water . the water is n't sitting on one part of the molecule ,... | what 's the name of the final product of the addition ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | it now , it now forms an actual bond . and we 're really close to our final product , we have our hydrogen on the number three carbon , we have more than we want on our number two carbon , we just want a hydroxyl group , now we have a whole water bonded to the carbon . so somehow we have to get one of these other hydro... | one of the methyl groups was an ether ) , would we expect that carbon to be r or s once the hydrogen leaves the water group forming the final product ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the entire molecule positive , because the hydrogen proton is positive . so there you go , this now has a positive charge . and this can be prett... | a carboncation is formed with a +1 charge , but should n't it have a +2 charge ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so it would be more likely to lose the electrons in one of these , in one of these bonds , and so the way that we can think about this mechanism , and it might be a little bit clearer when we form the carbocation , is let 's have , going to do this in blue . let 's have these two electrons that form this bond , well no... | in this video , sal draws the molecule of water with two pairs of free electrons and two more electrons bonded to two hydrogen atoms , but should n't there be another pair of electrons because oxygen has 6 electrons in it 's last shell and needs two more to complete an octet ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let 's think about how we can , how this actually happens in the presence of our hydronium . so let me redraw this molecule right over here . so we copy and paste it , so that 's not exactly it yet , that is just with the single bond . | so that means the new h should bind to the right c. but here sal says that the c-c bonding is what 's important ... can someone explain this to me please ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . this one right over here , this carbo... | so the carbocation will always be the most `` substituted '' carbon ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | with that hydrogen , just like this , and so since it got the hydrogen proton it 's giving its , sharing its electrons now , now this has a positive , this has a positive charge , just like that . i have to be very careful , in the last step i forgot to draw the positive charge ! we always wan na make sure that your ch... | would the rate determining step of this reaction be the first step of pi bond attacking hydronium ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so we are in equilibrium with , so let me draw my five carbons , so let 's see , i have ... h3c , carbon , carbon , ch2 , ch3 , i have a ch3 , i say h3c instead of ch3 , i wrote it that way just so it 's clear that the carbons are bonded to the carbons , you have the original hydrogen right over there , you have the on... | why do the h and oh attach onto the same side of the molecule ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . | how do we apply markavnikov 's rule if both carbons are bonded to same number of carbons or functional groups ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | is there a difference between having the h2o on top of the arrow or bottom of the arrow ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | what is the name of the resulting compound ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . | if you have two molecules that are both 2-butene , one is z-isomer and the other is e-isomer , which is is more reactive ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let 's think about how we can , how this actually happens in the presence of our hydronium . so let me redraw this molecule right over here . so we copy and paste it , so that 's not exactly it yet , that is just with the single bond . | also , if a molecule has more hydrogens , it is more stable than those with less right ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and this is actually called an acid-catalyzed addition of water . the water is n't sitting on one part of the molecule , but if you take the hydrogen we added , and the hydroxyl we added , if you combine them , that 's what you need to make a water . so let 's think about how we can , how this actually happens in the p... | will the catalizer always be the first part of a mechanism ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so one way to think about this is , in the presence of an acid , it 's acid-catalyzed , we have gained two hydrogens and an oxygen , which is what we 've gained , what could be used to make a water . and this is actually called an acid-catalyzed addition of water . the water is n't sitting on one part of the molecule ,... | would the final product be called 1-butanol ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and you can imagine , if they just pump into each other in just the right way , this is , water is a polar molecule , it has a partially negative end near the oxygen because the oxygen likes to hog the electrons , and then you have a partial positive end near the hydrogens 'cause they get their electrons hogged , so yo... | what were we trying to obtain as the final result ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so one way to think about this is , in the presence of an acid , it 's acid-catalyzed , we have gained two hydrogens and an oxygen , which is what we 've gained , what could be used to make a water . and this is actually called an acid-catalyzed addition of water . the water is n't sitting on one part of the molecule ,... | is this mechanism syn addition or trans addition ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . this one right over here , this carbo... | why the oh^ ( -1 ) is not just bonds to the positively charged carbon ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | we have our oxygen bonded to the two hydrogens , it had one of those lone pairs , and now the electrons in this bond are now going to form another lone pair . so it took back an electron , or you can think of it , it gave away a hydrogen proton . and so this is now just neutral water , and we see that we have a conserv... | at 2.52 sal states that in the h3o+ , the o wants the electron back from hydrogen , but why ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so it would be more likely to lose the electrons in one of these , in one of these bonds , and so the way that we can think about this mechanism , and it might be a little bit clearer when we form the carbocation , is let 's have , going to do this in blue . let 's have these two electrons that form this bond , well no... | why does n't it take the electrons from the other hydrogens as well then ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | well what if one of these carbons , especially the ones that have the double bonds , what if some of the electrons from this double bond could be used to snab , to take that hydrogen proton , and then oxygen can hog its electrons again . and you might say , `` oh that 's reasonable , but which of these carbons would ac... | what is the significance of the h-oh above the reaction arrow in the original equation , since the h3o is what is reacting ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | now we need to think about , well how do we get a hydroxyl group added right over here ? well we have all this water , we have all this water floating around , let me , i could use this water molecule but the odds of it being the exact same water molecule , we do n't know . but there 's all sorts of water molecules , w... | i understand that there is a newly formed carbocation that is reactive because it is positively charged and thus is in search of an electron , but the water molecule does n't make a good electron donor , right ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . this one right over here , this carbo... | sal , we only talk about situations in which the carbon becomes a carboncation , are there any moments in which it becomes a carbon anion ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | this carbon , our number two carbon , has lost an electron , it 's no longer sharing this bond . and so now it is going to have a positive charge , it is a carbocation and once again is a tertiary carbocation , it is bonded to one , two , three carbons . that is stable , more stable than if we did it the other way arou... | since when h2o attacks the carbocation attack from both sides is equally hindered..so why is the cis product shown in particular ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the entire molecule positive , because th... | if oxygen is electronegative in nature then why would oxygen will give its electron to hydrogen in the formation of h3o+ ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | let me draw the double bond there . and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the e... | shouldn '' t sal have put a positive charge on the oxygen atom ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | well what if one of these carbons , especially the ones that have the double bonds , what if some of the electrons from this double bond could be used to snab , to take that hydrogen proton , and then oxygen can hog its electrons again . and you might say , `` oh that 's reasonable , but which of these carbons would ac... | how would you usse this in reverse to determine the starting product ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | why is 2-methyl pent-2-ene and not 2 bimethyl hex 2 ene ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so one way to think about this is , in the presence of an acid , it 's acid-catalyzed , we have gained two hydrogens and an oxygen , which is what we 've gained , what could be used to make a water . and this is actually called an acid-catalyzed addition of water . the water is n't sitting on one part of the molecule ,... | does markovnikov 's rule work for all addition reactions apart for free radical addition ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let me draw that , so this is now , oxygen , hydrogen , had one lone pair that did n't react , and it had one lone pair that i put in blue that is reacting with this hydrogen proton . with that hydrogen , just like this , and so since it got the hydrogen proton it 's giving its , sharing its electrons now , now this... | i did n't get why that oxygen has positive charge ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | but there 's all sorts of water molecules , we 're in an aqueous solution , so let me draw another water molecule here . so the water molecules are all equivalent , but let me draw another water molecule here . and you can imagine , if they just pump into each other in just the right way , this is , water is a polar mo... | so is water the solvent or the reagent ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | but there 's all sorts of water molecules , we 're in an aqueous solution , so let me draw another water molecule here . so the water molecules are all equivalent , but let me draw another water molecule here . and you can imagine , if they just pump into each other in just the right way , this is , water is a polar mo... | would this type of similar mechanism be used to do for example : reaction of ethylene with water to produce ethanol ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so once this happens , we have this carbon , the number three carbon , now , woops i keep using the wrong tool . the number three carbon now forms a bond with this hydrogen just like that . this carbon , our number two carbon , has lost an electron , it 's no longer sharing this bond . | why isnt there hydrogen bonding between oxygen of oh and the hydrogen attached to the other carbon ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so once this happens , we have this carbon , the number three carbon , now , woops i keep using the wrong tool . the number three carbon now forms a bond with this hydrogen just like that . this carbon , our number two carbon , has lost an electron , it 's no longer sharing this bond . | why isnt there hydrogen bonding between oxygen of oh and the hydrogen attached to the other carbon ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and to think about which of those carbons would do it , we have to turn to markovnikov 's rule . markovnikov 's rule tells us that , look , if you have a reaction like this , and alkene reaction , the carbon that already has , that 's already attached to more hydrogens is more likely to gain more hydrogens , the carbon... | can this reaction also be named hydration ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | what is the name of the newly formed compound ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | well what if one of these carbons , especially the ones that have the double bonds , what if some of the electrons from this double bond could be used to snab , to take that hydrogen proton , and then oxygen can hog its electrons again . and you might say , `` oh that 's reasonable , but which of these carbons would ac... | would this be considered a hydration reaction ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | because the higher order of carbon , the more stable it will be if it forms some type of cation . so if you look at this carbon right over here , our number two carbon , let me circle it , our number two carbon is bonded to one , two , three carbons . so this is a tertiary carbon . | the carbon is acting as a base and taking the hydrogen away from hydronium , right ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so there you go , this now has a positive charge . and this can be pretty reactive , 'cause we know that oxygen is quite electronegative , it lives to keep its electrons . so what is there was a way , what if there 's a way for the oxygen to take back the electrons in this bond right over here , the two electrons in th... | how can we know that the following catalyst is better for a specific reaction ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so once this happens , we have this carbon , the number three carbon , now , woops i keep using the wrong tool . the number three carbon now forms a bond with this hydrogen just like that . this carbon , our number two carbon , has lost an electron , it 's no longer sharing this bond . and so now it is going to have a ... | do you have to draw the arrow coming from the lone electron of the carbon atom to the hydrogen ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so there you go , this now has a positive charge . and this can be pretty reactive , 'cause we know that oxygen is quite electronegative , it lives to keep its electrons . so what is there was a way , what if there 's a way for the oxygen to take back the electrons in this bond right over here , the two electrons in th... | how do we know that a particular equation is in equilibrium ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | let 's have these two electrons that form this bond , well now they form a bond with that hydrogen , and now the oxygen can take back these two electrons , and what are we going , what is going to result ? and i 'm drawing it in equilibrium , remember all of these things are going back and forth depending on how things... | how can we generalize the idea of equilibrium while solving such problems ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so let me draw , woops , wrong tool . let me draw the double bond there . and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with... | for the last part of the mechanism , is n't it supposed to be that the h-o-h bonded to another h should be a positive charge ( making it a hydronium ion ) since the o lost one of its electrons which it shared with the h coming from the h-o-h bond from the entire pentene molecule ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | but there 's all sorts of water molecules , we 're in an aqueous solution , so let me draw another water molecule here . so the water molecules are all equivalent , but let me draw another water molecule here . and you can imagine , if they just pump into each other in just the right way , this is , water is a polar mo... | it has a complete octate ) , so how can the carbocation ( formed above ) attack and extract an electon from the water molecule ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | so there you go , this now has a positive charge . and this can be pretty reactive , 'cause we know that oxygen is quite electronegative , it lives to keep its electrons . so what is there was a way , what if there 's a way for the oxygen to take back the electrons in this bond right over here , the two electrons in th... | and is n't oxygen the second most electonegative element in the periodic table , so wo n't it attract the bond electrons towards itself ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | and now let me put it in the presence of some hydronium . alright , so we have an oxygen bonded , two . so this would just be water , as oxygen has two lone pairs , but hydronium is a situation where oxygen is sharing one of those lone pairs with a hydrogen proton , thus making the entire molecule positive , because th... | why does the oxygen in the substituent group have a positive charge ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | let 's see what it looks like now . we have our oxygen bonded to the two hydrogens , it had one of those lone pairs , and now the electrons in this bond are now going to form another lone pair . so it took back an electron , or you can think of it , it gave away a hydrogen proton . | oxygen already has 8 valence electrons , 1 lone pair and 3 pairs sharing , so should n't the charge be neutral ? |
anytime you 're trying to come up with a mechanism for a reaction , it 's worthwhile to study a little bit of what you are starting with and then thinking about what you finish with and think about what is different . so what we 're starting with , we could call this one , two , three , four , five , so this is , let ... | well we have all this water , we have all this water floating around , let me , i could use this water molecule but the odds of it being the exact same water molecule , we do n't know . but there 's all sorts of water molecules , we 're in an aqueous solution , so let me draw another water molecule here . so the water ... | is the solution always aqueous ? |
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