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: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | in addition to parietal cells we also have chief cells , chief cells . these guys secrete an enzyme called pepsinogen , pepsinogen . and this is the inactive form of the enzyme . | did you mean to spell 'pepsinogen ' at the top of the screen instead of 'pepinogen ' at the time of the video ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | hydrochloric acid , it is a very acidic or very corrosive acid that 's actually more acidic than battery acid . in addition to parietal cells we also have chief cells , chief cells . these guys secrete an enzyme called pepsinogen , pepsinogen . | what happened to g cells that release gastrin ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | now , what would happen if we just had a bunch of pepsin , or a bunch of hydrochloric acid present in the stomach all the time ? what do you think would happen to the stomach ? it would probably eat itself alive , is n't that right ? | what would happen if there was no mucin ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | the first thing the stomach does , is that it churns this bolus or it churns the food . the muscular walls of the stomach here allow it to compress down and break up this food even more . in addition , there 's also a certain degree of hydrolysis . | can you please explain the lining of the stomach walls clearly ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | hydrochloric acid , it is a very acidic or very corrosive acid that 's actually more acidic than battery acid . in addition to parietal cells we also have chief cells , chief cells . these guys secrete an enzyme called pepsinogen , pepsinogen . | i am confused whether the parietal cells or chief cells are below one another.either parietal cells are above chief cells or ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | why is the stomach divided in to cardiac fundic and pyloric regions ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | in addition , there 's also a certain degree of hydrolysis . hydrolysis , or enzyme assisted degradation , or breakdown of this bolus and we will talk about the enzyme that 's responsible for this process in a moment . and then finally after we do all these things , we receive a product that is called chyme . | what is the effect of temperature on the rate at which starch is broken down by the enzyme amylase ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | and in addition you 've got this really corrosive acidic substance , that can eat through your stomach . and that 's actually how you have gastric ulcers , but not all of us have gastric ulcers . what do we also have in our gastric pits right here , that help us prevent gastric ulcers from occurring in the first place ... | i thought h.pylori was the primary cause of gastric ulcers ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | once we hydrolyze a significant amount of the protein we 're going to produce chyme , that is stored in the stomach until it 's the right time for it to be released into the next part of your gi tract called the duodenum . the first part of the small intestine , and that 's how your stomach works . | what takes part in my stomach when i eat something for the first time and it is very extraordinary food ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | how is peristalsis taking place in the stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | what is a form of physical digestion in the stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | what is a form of physical digestion in the stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | chyme is just a mixture of whatever the bolus has been broken up to , including the gastric enzymes and juices that we 've used . and then , the food is going to actually just stay here for a little bit , because the stomach also stores food . it will store the food , until it 's an appropriate time for the chyme to be... | for how long can the food is stored in the stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | now , what would happen if we just had a bunch of pepsin , or a bunch of hydrochloric acid present in the stomach all the time ? what do you think would happen to the stomach ? it would probably eat itself alive , is n't that right ? | what would happen if one of those enzymes were not secreted ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | and the main thing to remember in the stomach is that there are three types of cells that are involved here . the first type i am going to talk about are called parietal cells , parietal cells . and the main thing that is released from parietal cells is hydrochloric acid . | the second thing i 'm curious to know is how come the parietal cells do not disintegrate when they are creating the hcl ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | and just like the name suggest , mucus cells release what 's called mucin and this is a coating that will sit around the stomach to make sure that things like pepsin , or hydrochloric acid do n't degrade the stomach . without mucus cells we would eat ourselves alive . so , as a review , the three things a stomach will ... | how would the mucin protect them in that case ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | well , the third type of cell we have sitting in here are actually called mucus cells , mucus cells . and just like the name suggest , mucus cells release what 's called mucin and this is a coating that will sit around the stomach to make sure that things like pepsin , or hydrochloric acid do n't degrade the stomach . ... | is mucin in the inner layer of the stomach lining ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | chyme is just a mixture of whatever the bolus has been broken up to , including the gastric enzymes and juices that we 've used . and then , the food is going to actually just stay here for a little bit , because the stomach also stores food . it will store the food , until it 's an appropriate time for the chyme to be... | for how long food stays in stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible ... | how long does it take for something you swallow to end up in your stomach ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | also , there 's an enzymatic or chemical process that occurs here , where we used pepsin to degrade food . now , pepsin itself only degrades one type of nutrient and that 's it protein . this will break peptide bonds or the bond that connects amino acids to one another , to degrade your protein macromolecules . so , th... | what type of peptide bonds hydrolyze pepsin ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | chyme is just a mixture of whatever the bolus has been broken up to , including the gastric enzymes and juices that we 've used . and then , the food is going to actually just stay here for a little bit , because the stomach also stores food . it will store the food , until it 's an appropriate time for the chyme to be... | can you explain how the stomach processes a single glass of water ( with no solid food ) , as compared to a full meal ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | these guys secrete an enzyme called pepsinogen , pepsinogen . and this is the inactive form of the enzyme . pepsinogen is not active , in fact , in order for hydrolysis to occur we need an enzyme that 's call pepsin . | if pepesinogen is the inactive form , how is it that proteins are still broken down ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | what happens when we get stomach ache ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | : did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! | what happens in the stomach at that time ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | well , the third type of cell we have sitting in here are actually called mucus cells , mucus cells . and just like the name suggest , mucus cells release what 's called mucin and this is a coating that will sit around the stomach to make sure that things like pepsin , or hydrochloric acid do n't degrade the stomach . ... | why does our stomach make noise when empty ? |
: did you know that the human stomach can store up to four liters of food at any time ? that 's about as much as two coke bottles , insane ! so , in this video we 're going to see how our stomach helps us process food it just received , from the oral cavity and the esophagus . so , why do n't we take a look just at th... | so , why do n't we take a look just at the stomach here and i will zoom in on it , so that we can talk exclusively about what this guy is up to . the stomach is primarily responsible for three steps . first of all , it is going to receive a bolus of food from the esophagus above . | could a severe stomach ulcer that makes some of the acid go out of the stomach and into the surrounding tissues potentially cause autodigestion of blood vessels and thus internal bleeding and possibly a bloody stool ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and so it looks like it was injection molded . and i would say -- it does n't have the plastic designation marking on it , but i would guess that it 's probably either polypropylene or abs plastic . so you can see in here , these contacts inside here are probably made out of -- i initially thought that they were made o... | what is polypropylene plastic or abs plastic mean and what are the differences ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | we 'll remove those . and then we have a light emitting diode . and this is a white light emitting diode . and a light emitting diode or any kind of diode requires that current travel in one direction . so it basically acts as an electronic or a digital valve to keep the current flowing in one direction . | are the batteries still producing a current when the light is off ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | so the other thing is in order to operate in led , you need to have or one of these guys . and that 's called a resistor . now , resistors exists , basically , to keep too much current from flowing to the led and causing it to burn out before it 's supposed to burn out . | when checking the order of colors on the resistor , how do you know which side to begin from ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and these springs cause the dome to return to its regular position . and so we have three different springs here . we 'll remove those . | why the wires are of different colors ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and they are zinc-coated steel . we 'll take those out . we 've got a couple of them out . | how long does it take for the springs to wear out ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and so it looks like it was injection molded . and i would say -- it does n't have the plastic designation marking on it , but i would guess that it 's probably either polypropylene or abs plastic . so you can see in here , these contacts inside here are probably made out of -- i initially thought that they were made o... | i was wondering what is the resistor for : would n't it be more efficient just to get the wire directly to the led ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | so the other thing is in order to operate in led , you need to have or one of these guys . and that 's called a resistor . now , resistors exists , basically , to keep too much current from flowing to the led and causing it to burn out before it 's supposed to burn out . | what is the resistor app ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | oh , and there 's also a feature right here so that if you have a screw or a nail on your wall , you can put the tap light in and just hang it like that . but that 's pretty much the tap light . | why does the tap light need 4 ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and so it looks like it was injection molded . and i would say -- it does n't have the plastic designation marking on it , but i would guess that it 's probably either polypropylene or abs plastic . so you can see in here , these contacts inside here are probably made out of -- i initially thought that they were made o... | the author refers twice to the plastic as being opaque , but because it does allow light through would n't that make it translucent ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | that allows for the light to bounce around more and because it bounces around more and goes through these opaque surfaces , it is more diffuse . and so the light comes off as a softer glow rather than a very harsh , sharp , intense light . so this is what it looks like without the cover . | 3 , why do the manufacturers not make the light less intense instead of putting the layers of plastic in between ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | oh , and there 's also a feature right here so that if you have a screw or a nail on your wall , you can put the tap light in and just hang it like that . but that 's pretty much the tap light . | who invented the tap light ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | all right . so the other thing is in order to operate in led , you need to have or one of these guys . and that 's called a resistor . | why do led 's need resitors -- or more precisely why do n't led 's have resitors built in ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and this , again , helps to continue to scatter that like to make it a softer glow . all right . so let 's take a look at the parts inside here . | can you build a tap light at home with the right materials ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | there we go . so this is a 56 ohm resistor . and that 's the amount of resistance that that resistor provides . and the switch right here is just a momentary switch . | what is the maximum resistance of a resistor and what would the color bands be ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and a light emitting diode or any kind of diode requires that current travel in one direction . so it basically acts as an electronic or a digital valve to keep the current flowing in one direction . so i 'll move the light blockers there . | how do you know which direction the electicity is flowing thru the wires ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | so the other thing is in order to operate in led , you need to have or one of these guys . and that 's called a resistor . now , resistors exists , basically , to keep too much current from flowing to the led and causing it to burn out before it 's supposed to burn out . | how do we know what value of resistor we need to use ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and this is the battery holder . you got four double a batteries there . and so we 'll lift the bezel off . | in terms of batteries , what do you mean by double a & triple a ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | so the other thing is in order to operate in led , you need to have or one of these guys . and that 's called a resistor . now , resistors exists , basically , to keep too much current from flowing to the led and causing it to burn out before it 's supposed to burn out . | what 's that app called ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | those are the pins that push it out of the mold . and so it looks like it was injection molded . and i would say -- it does n't have the plastic designation marking on it , but i would guess that it 's probably either polypropylene or abs plastic . | what exactly does it mean if something is injection molded ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | so it 's really a handy way to do it . it used to be you 'd have to look it up or just memorize what the different color band codes meant . but this particular resistor , it 's got a green band . | what exactly do the different color bands mean ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | oh , and there 's also a feature right here so that if you have a screw or a nail on your wall , you can put the tap light in and just hang it like that . but that 's pretty much the tap light . | what do you do when you what to put the tap light together ? |
so today , we 're going to take a look at the tap light . we 're going to see what it 's made out of and what 's inside of it . you just push it and it lights up , produces a nice warm glow , and push it again to shut it off . so the tap light looks like an opaque , acrylic dome here that allows the light to spread out... | and this is the battery holder . you got four double a batteries there . and so we 'll lift the bezel off . | why ca n't there be lesser batteries because anyways the current is needed to be resisted ? |
we 're on problem 248 , truly the home stretch . right triangle pqr is to be constructed on the xy plane . let me draw an xy plane , that seems like it should be useful . so that 's x , and y -- i 'm sorry , that 's y and that 's x . let me label them since i said them wrong . y and x , that should be second nature to ... | and r is limited to its y . once we pick a y coordinate for p , that 's got to be the same coordinate as r , right ? r has to be on the same y-coordinate as p. because they told us that this line is parallel to the x-axis . | for question # 248 , would n't it be impossible to place the p coordinate all the way to the right ( x value 5 ) since then there would be no room to put the r coordinate ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so over here is our definition of half-life . it 's the time it takes for the concentration of a reactant to decrease to half of its initial concentration . so if the initial concentration , if this is the initial concentration here , what would be the concentration after half of it has reacted ? | so , to clarify , the main point here is that no matter the initial concentration of a reactant , it will take the same amount of time for half of the reactant to be disappear ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so we 're gon na plug this in for our concentration and then the symbol for half-life is t 1/2 . so t 1/2 . so we 're gon na plug this in for time . | and where does the symbol t 1/2 come from ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so it did n't matter if we started with eight particles or four or two . our half-life was always 10 seconds . and so , this is the idea of half-life for a first order reaction . | is the time you get from the half life always seconds ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so that 's the idea of an exponential decay graph . next , let 's think about half-life . so over here is our definition of half-life . | why is there e in the half life formula , i thought that half life was calculated using .5 as the exponential base ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so our half-life is equal to , let me rewrite this here , so our half-life , t 1/2 , is equal to .693 divided by k , where k is our rate constant . so here is your half-life for a first order reaction . now let 's think about this . | how can half life be achieved , while a chemical reaction is actually going on ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | we 'd be left with four here . so , where would that be on our graph ? well this point right here is out initial concentration . | do we can expect the errors in the points plotted on the graph to be same for all points ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | and so that gets rid of our e. so now we have the natural log of 1/2 is equal to negative kt 1/2 . so we 're just solving for t 1/2 , cause t 1/2 is our half-life . so our half-life , t 1/2 , would be equal to this would be negative natural log of 1/2 divided by k. let 's get out the calculator and let 's find out what... | for example would the rate law be : k [ a ] ^1 as the reaction , or k [ a ] ^1 [ b ] ^1 , and then in this case just be talking about half life of [ a ] ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so we 're gon na plug this in for time . so when the time is equal to the half-life , your concentration is half of your initial concentration . so let 's plug those in and solve for the half-life . | how do you find , how long it takes to get a concentration from the half life time ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so we have the negative of that , so we get a positive value here for our half life . so our half-life is equal to , let me rewrite this here , so our half-life , t 1/2 , is equal to .693 divided by k , where k is our rate constant . so here is your half-life for a first order reaction . | is k always equal to .693 ? |
here we have one form of the integrated rate law for a first order reaction . and we 're gon na keep going with the math here , so we eventually will talk about the half-life . so over here on the left , the natural log of the concentration of a at time t minus the natural log of the initial concentration of a . that ... | so our half-life is equal to , let me rewrite this here , so our half-life , t 1/2 , is equal to .693 divided by k , where k is our rate constant . so here is your half-life for a first order reaction . now let 's think about this . | so the half life for a first order reaction will always be t1/2 = 0.693/k ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | now the mhc i system says , this is n't stuff floating around . i 've been infected . i am cancerous . | do cells only use their mhc i when infected or always ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | one , it actually can exocytose a bunch of proteins . they 're call perforins -- that make little holes in the membrane of the cell . and it has other proteins that it releases called granzymes that go in here and essentially start mechanisms that make this cell want to kill itself . | i 'm guessing a cell with holes in their membrane will stop functioning properly , but is there another or better reason why when our own cell is damaged , one of the two offensive mechanisms our immune system developed ( across natural selection ) is to make the damaged cells get holes ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . so a b cell -- it has its membrane bound antibody , just like that . it actually has many , many thousands of these . i could keep drawing a bunch of them , but just so you know there 's more than one . | actually would this also activate b cells since the damaged cell 's contents are released into the humor of the body ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . | but if it does activate b cells , what 's the advantage ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so let 's say this cell has split and there 's another version of it right here . that 's what cancer does . it divides aggressively . | you said that cytotoxic t cells can make a cancer cell destroy itself ... well then how does cancer manages to beat our immune system ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . | thankyou so much for the wonderful explanation the question i have is : if even b cells have mhc 1 , why do n't they attract the cytotoxic t cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | now the mhc i system says , this is n't stuff floating around . i 've been infected . i am cancerous . | if our immune system kills infected cells and pathogens in fluids , how do sicknesses worsen and end occasionally in death ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | the antibodies are n't going to be able to get into those cells . in that case , instead of cleaning up the virus itself , a cytotoxic t cell will come here and just kill this cell because this cell is a virus factory . so you have to get it out of the way . | when a cytotoxic t cell eliminates the infected cell , does the pathogen die in that process or does it just come out of the cell and exist in the interstitial fluid ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable portion , but it also has a variable portion that is specific to this combination of antigens and mhc i . so maybe this cytotoxic t cell will be involved when this cell goes cancerous . this cytotoxic t cell would be of no use -- or it wo n't bond to this ... | why self proteins of infected cell are not recognized by cytotoxic t cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . | why do we need phagocytes and t/b cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . so a b cell -- it has its membrane bound antibody , just like that . | as you have mentioned that every nucleated cell has mhc1 then b cell do have so when the antigen is phagocytized by b cell the mhc1 on b cell shows the antigen and wants to be kill by cytotoxic t cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . so all cells that ... | then how come cytotoxic cells are activated by the presence of mhc 1 on the surface of infected cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | maybe it 's been infected with a virus . maybe some type of bacteria or some type of weird protein has gotten in here -- any cell in the human body can cut those up , even if it 's malfunctioning , and it will present them . so let 's say the cell is cancerous . | are perforins and granzymes a type of defensins ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . so all cells that ... | if you put your ctls in a solution with foreign cells that have different mhc i molecules but the same antigen that the activated ctl recognizes , would the ctls kill these cells because the mhc i molecule also helps identify your cells vs. someone else 's ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so after phagocytoses some type of a pathogen , it 'll cut it all up , and then it 'll display -- it 'll present the antigen on its surface on a protein complex here and the part of the pathogen that it cut up , it 'll put up right here . and we learned on the antigen presenting cell video that this complex right here ... | would you get the same result if the foreign cells had a different antigen that the ctl is n't specific for and a different mhc i complex from yourself ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable portion , but it also has a variable portion that is specific to this combination of antigens and mhc i . so maybe this cytotoxic t cell will be involved when this cell goes cancerous . this cytotoxic t cell would be of no use -- or it wo n't bond to this ... | is this the same as extrinsic apoptosis ( orderly , programmed cell death ) ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | where histocompatibility just means tissue compatibility . and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . | and if that is the case , why have n't these cells undergone intrinsic apoptosis through their own cellular mechanisms ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable portion , but it also has a variable portion that is specific to this combination of antigens and mhc i . so maybe this cytotoxic t cell will be involved when this cell goes cancerous . this cytotoxic t cell would be of no use -- or it wo n't bond to this ... | if a cell becomes infected will it always be eliminated by a cytotoxic t cell or natural killer cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | now the mhc i system says , this is n't stuff floating around . i 've been infected . i am cancerous . | if a virally infected cell gets holes from porphorynes , ca n't there be some viruses unnecessarily leaking out of the infected cell during that procedure ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so just to make sure you understand the difference -- so t cells . they both have t cell receptors , but the helper t cells bond to mhc ii complexes . let 's say that this is a helper t cell right here . | when they bind to either mhc i or ii such as a helper t cell binding to a pathogen on a mhc ii then dividing when activated does the effector cell also shuffle its genes but it still has the same combination as the precursor t helper cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and this was the case on antigen presenting cells . so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . | are b effector cells the only cells which are named plasma cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . so a b cell -- it has its membrane bound antibody , just like that . it actually has many , many thousands of these . | can a b-cell antibody bind to a body cell 's mhc i protein ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so the big picture is , if you want to just take 20,000 feet , these cells are very effective at produces -- so when a b cell gets activated , it produces antibodies that kill things that are floating around , right ? once a b cell gets activated , it starts producing a bunch of antibodies . these antibodies float arou... | and if the b-cell was activated , would the antibodies have any effect on cancerous or infected cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable portion , but it also has a variable portion that is specific to this combination of antigens and mhc i . so maybe this cytotoxic t cell will be involved when this cell goes cancerous . this cytotoxic t cell would be of no use -- or it wo n't bond to this ... | since the antigen comes from inside the cell and is used to mark it for destruction by effector cytotoxic t-cells , would the antibodies be useless since they bind to the outside of a cell , and ca n't enter ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . so a b cell -- it has its membrane bound antibody , just like that . | as you have mentioned that every nucleated cell has mhc1 then b cell do have so when the antigen is phagocytized by b cell the mhc1 on b cell shows the antigen and wants to be kill by cytotoxic t cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable portion , but it also has a variable portion that is specific to this combination of antigens and mhc i . so maybe this cytotoxic t cell will be involved when this cell goes cancerous . this cytotoxic t cell would be of no use -- or it wo n't bond to this ... | so is the cytotoxic t cell 's attention caught because of the weird protein that the cell is presenting ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . so all cells that ... | if mhc-i must be presented how come red blood cells do n't get killed by these tc-cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | the antibodies are n't going to be able to get into those cells . in that case , instead of cleaning up the virus itself , a cytotoxic t cell will come here and just kill this cell because this cell is a virus factory . so you have to get it out of the way . | so if a cytotoxic t cell can puncture holes and dismantle an infected cell , doesnt this also run the risk of spreading a virus more and releasing functional virus to the rest of the local area/ body ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | now the mhc i system says , this is n't stuff floating around . i 've been infected . i am cancerous . | is there some mechanism to contain the destruction of the infected cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so just to make sure you understand the difference -- so t cells . they both have t cell receptors , but the helper t cells bond to mhc ii complexes . let 's say that this is a helper t cell right here . | do all nucleated cells have mhc type ii ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so this is an effector . so let 's say one of these effectors -- they 'll also bind to cancerous molecules , cancerous cells , just like this one . so let 's say this cell has split and there 's another version of it right here . | and can red blood become cancerous cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and what it 'll do is it 'll take this in and cut it up again and do the same thing as what the dendritic cell did . it 'll cut up a part of this and present it on its surface in conjunction with an mhc ii complex . so once again , this is an mhc ii complex . | when the virus or malfunctioning protein is cut up and presented with the mhc i or ii molecule , how many of those are there ( combinations of the peptide and the mhc ) on the surface of the cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | let 's say that this is a helper t cell right here . it would want to -- not all helper t cells will . only the ones that have the right combination , the right variable portion right here that just perfectly bonds to this combination of an antigen and the mhc ii complex -- this type of helper t cell will bond here , g... | since a foreign antigen would present itself on mhc 2 for b lymphocytes while it would present itself on mhc 1 for normal body cells , would it would safe to assume that these foreign antigens would present themselves on mhc 2 before they would on mhc 1 ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | so even b cells did this . let me draw a b cell . so a b cell -- it has its membrane bound antibody , just like that . | this may be a fairly dumb question ; however , i was wondering how many antigens can a b-cell or phagocyte present before acquiring a helper t-cell ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . | at 0ish , what does it mean when the professional antigen cell is presenting ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and the mechanism where we get this variability in the helper t cells or the cytotoxic t cells or you saw in the b cells on their membrane bound antibodies , that all comes from when -- in their development stage or in the maturation process , the dna that codes for these variable portions gets shuffled around intentio... | how is the dna shuffled ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses some type of a pathogen , it 'll cut it all up , and then it 'll display -- it 'll present the antigen on its surface on a protein complex here and the part of the pathogen that it c... | the dendritic cell has others funcitions besides presenting antygen ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | and the effector versions of them will start raising the alarms and the memory versions of them will stick around in case this type of thing needs to happen again . with mhc i , instead of attracting a helper t cell , it will attract a cytotoxic t cell . so like helper t cells , the t cell receptor has a non-variable p... | after a t cell has killed its target cell with porphyrins or by apoptosis is it free to unattach and restart the cycle on a new infected cell with a compatible mhc surface protein ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . so all cells that ... | why only the cytotoxic t cells bind with the mhc 1 and not the helper t cells ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | the antibodies are n't going to be able to get into those cells . in that case , instead of cleaning up the virus itself , a cytotoxic t cell will come here and just kill this cell because this cell is a virus factory . so you have to get it out of the way . | how does the red blood cell kill it self ? |
when we learned about antigen presenting cells , we learned that they can first digest something -- let me draw a dendritic cell right here -- my best version of a dendritic cell . maybe i should draw them simpler than that . a dendritic cell is a phagocyte and it is an antigen presenting cell . so after phagocytoses s... | they 'll take them in , they 'll say , this is bad , cut them up , and then present them on these mhc ii . that 's why we call them professional antigen presenting cells . now , it turns out that pretty much all cells in our bodies -- when i say almost all cells , it 's actually all nucleated cells . so all cells that ... | the one thing i do n't understand is if you have cytotoxic t cells and memory t cells and all that good stuff killing off cancer cells , why do people with cancer die ? |
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