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ariel sharon (; ; ; also known by his diminutive arik, ; 26 february 1928 – 11 january 2014) was an israeli general and politician who served as the 11th prime minister of israel from march 2001 until april 2006. born in kfar malal in mandatory palestine to russian jewish immigrants, he rose in the ranks of the israeli...
a person's romantic orientation, also called affectional orientation, is the classification of the sex or gender with which a person experiences romantic attraction towards or is likely to have a romantic relationship with. the term is used alongside the term "sexual orientation", as well as being used alternatively to...
anoa, also known as dwarf buffalo and sapiutan, are two species of the genus bubalus, placed within the subgenus anoa and endemic to the island of sulawesi in indonesia: the mountain anoa (bubalus quarlesi) and the lowland anoa (bubalus depressicornis). both live in undisturbed rainforest and are similar in appearance ...
agner krarup erlang (1 january 1878 – 3 february 1929) was a danish mathematician, statistician and engineer, who invented the fields of traffic engineering and queueing theory. by the time of his relatively early death at the age of 51, erlang had created the field of telephone networks analysis. his early work in scr...
anyone can whistle is a musical with music and lyrics by stephen sondheim, and a book by arthur laurents. described as "a satire on conformity and the insanity of the so-called sane," the show tells a story of an economically depressed town whose corrupt mayor decides to create a fake miracle in order to attract touris...
an alcopop (or cooler) is any of certain mixed alcoholic beverages with relatively low alcohol content (e.g., 3–7% alcohol by volume), including: malt beverages to which various fruit juices or other flavorings have been added wine coolers: beverages containing wine to which ingredients such as fruit juice or other fla...
in chemistry, an alkali (; from ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. an alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. a solution of a soluble base has a ph greater than 7.0. the adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in english as a synonym f...
ain't i a woman? black women and feminism is a 1981 book by bell hooks titled after sojourner truth's "ain't i a woman?" speech. hooks examines the effect of racism and sexism on black women, the civil rights movement, and feminist movements from suffrage to the 1970s. she argues that the convergence of sexism and raci...
amos basic is a dialect of the basic programming language for the amiga computer. following on from the successful stos basic for the atari st, amos basic was written for the amiga by françois lionet with constantin sotiropoulos and published by europress software in 1990. history amos competed on the amiga platform wi...
the arcadia 2001 is a second-generation 8-bit home video game console released by emerson radio in may 1982 for a price of us$ 99, several months before the release of colecovision. it was discontinued only 18 months later, with a total of 35 games having been released. emerson licensed the arcadia 2001 to bandai, whic...
in geometry, a convex uniform honeycomb is a uniform tessellation which fills three-dimensional euclidean space with non-overlapping convex uniform polyhedral cells. twenty-eight such honeycombs are known: the familiar cubic honeycomb and 7 truncations thereof; the alternated cubic honeycomb and 4 truncations thereof; ...
assassination is the willful killing, by a sudden, secret, or planned attack, of a personespecially if prominent or important. it may be prompted by grievances, notoriety, financial, military, political or other motives. many times governments, corporations, organized crime or their agents order assassinations. acts of...
an audio optical disc is an optical disc that stores sound information such as music or speech. it may specifically refer to: audio cds compact disc (cd), an optical disc used to store digital data (700 mb storage) compact disc digital audio (cd-da), a cd that contains pcm encoded digital audio in the original "red boo...
alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite negative results. problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records, such as in ancient egypt and in the bible, and remains widespread; the world health organization (who) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use diso...
abstraction is a conceptual process wherein general rules and concepts are derived from the usage and classification of specific examples, literal (real or concrete) signifiers, first principles, or other methods. "an abstraction" is the outcome of this process—a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate c...
in mathematics, an abelian group, also called a commutative group, is a group in which the result of applying the group operation to two group elements does not depend on the order in which they are written. that is, the group operation is commutative. with addition as an operation, the integers and the real numbers fo...
the anti-ballistic missile treaty (abm treaty or abmt) (1972–2002) was an arms control treaty between the united states and the soviet union on the limitation of the anti-ballistic missile (abm) systems used in defending areas against ballistic missile-delivered nuclear weapons. it was intended to reduce pressures to b...
austria-hungary, formally known as the austro-hungarian monarchy, often referred to as the austro-hungarian empire or the dual monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in central europe between 1867 and 1918. austria-hungary was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states with a single mona...
abracadabra is a magic word, historically used as an incantation on amulets and common today in stage magic. etymology abracadabra is of unknown origin, but according to the oxford english dictionary, its first known occurrence is in the second-century works of serenus sammonicus. several folk etymologies are associate...
the acts of union () were two acts of parliament: the union with scotland act 1706 passed by the parliament of england, and the union with england act 1707 passed by the parliament of scotland. they put into effect the terms of the treaty of union that had been agreed on 22 july 1706, following negotiation between comm...
the admiralty was a department of the government of the united kingdom responsible for the command of the royal navy until 1964, historically under its titular head, the lord high admiral – one of the great officers of state. for much of its history, from the early 18th century until its abolition, the role of the lord...
an amphibian is a member of the class amphibia of ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates amphibian may also refer to: amphibian (comics), two superheroes from marvel comics "amphibian" (song), by björk amphibious aircraft, an aircraft that can operate from water or land loening ol or loening amphibian, an amphibious biplane...
amputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. as a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. in some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. a special case is that of co...
in meteorology, an anemometer () is a device that measures wind speed and direction. it is a common instrument used in weather stations. the earliest known description of an anemometer was by italian architect and author leon battista alberti (1404–1472) in 1450. history the anemometer has changed little since its deve...
archaeopteryx (; ), sometimes referred to by its german name, "" ( primeval bird), is a genus of avian dinosaurs. the name derives from the ancient greek (archaīos), meaning "ancient", and (ptéryx), meaning "feather" or "wing". between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, archaeopteryx was generally accept...
arthur laurents (july 14, 1917 – may 5, 2011) was an american playwright, theatre director, film producer and screenwriter. with a career spanning seven decades he received numerous accolades including two tony awards, and a drama desk award as well as nominations for two academy awards, two bafta awards, and a golden ...
adrián alfonso lamo atwood (february 20, 1981 – march 14, 2018) was an american threat analyst and hacker. lamo first gained media attention for breaking into several high-profile computer networks, including those of the new york times, yahoo!, and microsoft, culminating in his 2003 arrest. lamo was best known for rep...
an associate justice of the supreme court of the united states is any justice of the supreme court of the united states other than the chief justice of the united states. the number of associate justices is eight, as set by the judiciary act of 1869. article ii, section 2, clause 2 of the constitution of the united sta...
alan jay lerner (august 31, 1918 – june 14, 1986) was an american lyricist and librettist. in collaboration with frederick loewe, and later burton lane, he created some of the world's most popular and enduring works of musical theatre both for the stage and on film. lerner won three tony awards and three academy awards...
alfred gerald caplin (september 28, 1909 – november 5, 1979), better known as al capp, was an american cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip li'l abner, which he created in 1934 and continued writing and (with help from assistants) drawing until 1977. he also wrote the comic strips abbie an' ...
ann druyan ( ; born june 13, 1949) is an emmy and peabody award-winning american documentary producer and director specializing in the communication of science. she co-wrote the 1980 pbs documentary series cosmos, hosted by carl sagan, whom she married in 1981. she is the creator, producer, and writer of the 2014 seque...
analcime (; ) or analcite is a white, gray, or colorless tectosilicate mineral. analcime consists of hydrated sodium aluminium silicate in cubic crystalline form. its chemical formula is naalsi2o6·h2o. minor amounts of potassium and calcium substitute for sodium. a silver-bearing synthetic variety also exists (ag-analc...
alexey leonidovich pajitnov (born april 16, 1955) is a russian computer engineer and video game designer who is best known for creating, designing, and developing tetris in 1985 while working at the dorodnitsyn computing centre under the academy of sciences of the soviet union (now the russian academy of sciences). in ...
ʻabdu'l-bahá (; persian: ‎, 23 may 1844 – 28 november 1921), born ʻabbás (), was the eldest son of baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the baháʼí faith from 1892 until 1921. ʻabdu'l-bahá was later canonized as the last of three "central figures" of the religion, along with baháʼu'lláh and the báb, and his writings and au...
ambrose of alexandria (before 212 – c. 250) was a friend of the christian theologian origen. ambrose was attracted by origen's fame as a teacher, and visited the catechetical school of alexandria in 212. at first a gnostic valentinian and marcionist, ambrose, through origen's teaching, eventually rejected this theology...
an autonomous building is a building designed to be operated independently from infrastructural support services such as the electric power grid, gas grid, municipal water systems, sewage treatment systems, storm drains, communication services, and in some cases, public roads. advocates of autonomous building describe ...
anubis (; ), also known as inpu, inpw, jnpw, or anpu in ancient egyptian (), is the god of funerary rites, protector of graves, and guide to the underworld, in ancient egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head. like many ancient egyptian deities, anubis assumed different roles in vario...
arthur robert jensen (august 24, 1923 – october 22, 2012) was an american psychologist and writer. he was a professor of educational psychology at the university of california, berkeley. jensen was known for his work in psychometrics and differential psychology, the study of how and why individuals differ behaviorally ...
a funny thing happened on the way to the forum (or a funny thing for short) is a musical with music and lyrics by stephen sondheim and book by burt shevelove and larry gelbart. inspired by the farces of the ancient roman playwright plautus (254–184 bc), specifically curculio, pseudolus, miles gloriosus, and mostellaria...
the aleuts ( ; ) are the indigenous people of the aleutian islands, which are located between the north pacific ocean and the bering sea. both the aleut people and the islands are politically divided between the us state of alaska and the russian administrative division of kamchatka krai. this group is also known as th...
the alaska native claims settlement act (ancsa) was signed into law by president richard nixon on december 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in united states history. ancsa was intended to resolve long-standing issues surrounding aboriginal land claims in alaska, as well as to stimul...
adoptionism, also called dynamic monarchianism, is an early christian nontrinitarian theological doctrine, subsequently revived in various forms, which holds that jesus was adopted as the son of god at his baptism, his resurrection, or his ascension. how common adoptionist views were among early christians is debated, ...
apollinarism or apollinarianism is a christological heresy proposed by apollinaris of laodicea (died 390) that argues that jesus had a human body and sensitive human soul, but a divine mind and not a human rational mind, the divine logos taking the place of the latter. it was deemed heretical in 381 and virtually died ...
in chemistry, an acid–base reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs between an acid and a base. it can be used to determine ph via titration. several theoretical frameworks provide alternative conceptions of the reaction mechanisms and their application in solving related problems; these are called the acid–base the...
ali ibn al-husayn al-iṣfahānī (), also known as abul-faraj, (full form: abū al-faraj ʿalī ibn al-ḥusayn ibn muḥammad ibn aḥmad ibn al-ḥaytham al-umawī al-iṣfahānī) (897-967ce / 284–356ah) was a writer, historian, genealogist, poet, musicologist and scribe. he was of arab-quraysh origin and mainly based in baghdad. he i...
alcobaça () is a portuguese city and municipality in the oeste region, in the historical province of estremadura, and in the leiria district. the city grew along the valleys of the rivers alcoa and baça, from which it derives its name. the municipality population in 2011 was 56,693, in an area of . the city proper has ...
the amphisbaena (, , or , plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. the creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the "mother of ants"...
amyl alcohols are alcohols with the formula c5h11oh. eight are known. a mixture of amyl alcohols (also called amyl alcohol) can be obtained from fusel alcohol. amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterification, by which is produced amyl acetate and other products. the name amyl alcohol without further specificati...
amyl nitrite is a chemical compound with the formula c5h11ono. a variety of isomers are known, but they all feature an amyl group attached to the nitrite functional group. the alkyl group is unreactive and the chemical and biological properties are mainly due to the nitrite group. like other alkyl nitrites, amyl nitrit...
autumn, also known as fall in north american english, is one of the four temperate seasons on earth. outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in september (northern hemisphere) or march (southern hemisphere). autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter an...