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In the first month 33% fewer cars entered the city center: about 700,000 fewer vehicles during the month or about 40,000 per day. A substantial decrease in traffic congestion in the restricted area was also reported, while traffic outside the area remained unchanged. The congestion charge did not appreciably affect pol... | Wikipedia - Milan Area C - Early results |
While there has been an increase of only about 3% in the whole day, the average speed in the morning peak hour (8–9 am) for surface public transport was about 10% higher than pre-Area C levels.The traffic reduction inside Area C restricted area since its implementation, compared to the same period of the previous year,... | Wikipedia - Milan Area C - Early results |
In the first month after Cougar Point's release, January 2011, Intel posted a press release stating a design error had been discovered. Specifically, a transistor in the 3 Gbit/s PLL clocking tree was receiving too high voltage. The projected result was a 5–15% failure rate within three years of 3 Gbit/s SATA ports, co... | Wikipedia - Platform Controller Hub - Issues |
Z68 did not have this bug, since the B2 revision for it was never released. 6 Gbit/s ports were not affected. This bug was especially a problem with the H61 chipset, which only had 3 Gbit/s SATA ports. | Wikipedia - Platform Controller Hub - Issues |
Through OEMs, Intel plans to repair or replace all affected products at a cost of $700 million.Nearly all produced motherboards using Cougar Point chipsets were designed to handle Sandy Bridge, and later Ivy Bridge, processors. ASRock produced one motherboard for LGA 1156 processors, based on P67 chipset, the P67 Trans... | Wikipedia - Platform Controller Hub - Issues |
In the first month after the spill, water quality tests revealed the presence of metals and chemicals such as cadmium, arsenic, manganese, lead, mercury, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in excess of limits for consumption or life along the first 40 km (25 mi) of the Athabasca River. Mercury, for instance, w... | Wikipedia - Obed Mountain coal mine spill - Environmental impact |
In the first month, the path delivered enough energy to sustain one family.After a six-month test engineers report results are "better than expected". "If we translate this to an annual yield, we expect more than the 70kWh per square metre per year," Sten de Wit, spokesman for SolaRoad, the company that put it in.The E... | Wikipedia - SolaRoad - Results of trial |
In the first months of 1610, Galileo Galilei—using his powerful new telescope—discovered four satellites orbiting Jupiter. Upon publishing his account as Sidereus Nuncius , Galileo sought the opinion of Kepler, in part to bolster the credibility of his observations. Kepler responded enthusiastically with a short publis... | Wikipedia - Johannes Kepler - Dioptrice |
Later that year, Kepler published his own telescopic observations of the moons in Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus, providing further support of Galileo. To Kepler's disappointment, however, Galileo never published his reactions (if any) to Astronomia Nova.Kepler also started a theoretical and experimental investigation ... | Wikipedia - Johannes Kepler - Dioptrice |
In the first months of World War II, Romania was officially neutral. However the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 23 August 1939, initially a secret document, stipulated, among other things, Soviet "interest" in Bessarabia. After the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany on 1 September, joined by the Soviet Union on 17 Septembe... | Wikipedia - Iron Guard - Sima's ascendancy |
A lean toward the Axis powers was probably inevitable. This political alignment was obviously favourable to the surviving legionnaires, and became even more so after France fell in May 1940. Sima and several other legionnaires who had taken refuge in Germany began slipping back into Romania. | Wikipedia - Iron Guard - Sima's ascendancy |
A month after the fall of France, Carol restructured his regime's single party, the National Renaissance Front, into the more overtly totalitarian "Party of the Nation," and invited a number of legionnaires to take part in the restructured government. On 4 July, Sima and two other leading legionnaires joined the govern... | Wikipedia - Iron Guard - Sima's ascendancy |
In the first movement, the passage that introduces the second subject of the exposition is assigned by Beethoven as a solo to the pair of horns. At this location, the theme is played in the key of E♭ major. When the same theme is repeated later on in the recapitulation section, it is given in the key of C major. Antony... | Wikipedia - Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) - Reassigning bassoon notes to the horns |
Beethoven therefore had to give the theme to a pair of bassoons, who, high in their compass, were bound to seem a less than adequate substitute. In modern performances the heroic implications of the original thought are regarded as more worthy of preservation than the secondary matter of scoring; the phrase is invariab... | Wikipedia - Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) - Reassigning bassoon notes to the horns |
In fact, even before Hopkins wrote this passage (1981), some conductors had experimented with preserving Beethoven's original scoring for bassoons. This can be heard on many performances including those conducted by Caroline Brown mentioned in the preceding section as well as in 2003 recording by Simon Rattle with the ... | Wikipedia - Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) - Reassigning bassoon notes to the horns |
In the first multicellular animals, there was probably no mouth or gut and food particles were engulfed by the cells on the exterior surface by a process known as endocytosis. The particles became enclosed in vacuoles into which enzymes were secreted and digestion took place intracellularly. The digestive products were... | Wikipedia - Mouth - Development |
This form of digestion is used nowadays by simple organisms such as Amoeba and Paramecium and also by sponges which, despite their large size, have no mouth or gut and capture their food by endocytosis.However, most animals have a mouth and a gut, the lining of which is continuous with the epithelial cells on the surfa... | Wikipedia - Mouth - Development |
Some modern invertebrates still have such a system: food being ingested through the mouth, partially broken down by enzymes secreted in the gut, and the resulting particles engulfed by the other cells in the gut lining. Indigestible waste is ejected through the mouth.In animals at least as complex as an earthworm, the ... | Wikipedia - Mouth - Development |
In the first national constitution, the earliest members of Theta Nu Xi laid the foundation for an active post-graduate status. On July 19, 2000, sixteen women petitioned the national board to be granted status as an Alumnae chapter. These women requested that a structure be put in place that would allow post-collegiat... | Wikipedia - Theta Nu Xi - Graduate, Alumnae, and Professional (GAP) Program |
During the same meeting, Soror Amanda Greene, representing the Alpha chapter, submitted a resolution to create a committee to examine the role of alumnae and professional membership. These resolutions were adopted and a committee was created. This committee, composed of Sorors Jerri Kallam, Christie Aden, Shannon Stewa... | Wikipedia - Theta Nu Xi - Graduate, Alumnae, and Professional (GAP) Program |
At the 2001 National Convention, the alumnae committee submitted a GAP policy along with supporting documents. Through the advocacy of this committee and the success of the program as evidenced by the GAP-initiated women present at the Convention, the GAP program was officially established and became the first of its k... | Wikipedia - Theta Nu Xi - Graduate, Alumnae, and Professional (GAP) Program |
Being the first multicultural sorority to offer an established Graduate, Alumnae, and Professional Program, Theta Nu Xi Multicultural Sorority, Inc. began receiving numerous inquiries from interested women. As more women were initiated at this level, and as undergraduate members graduated, the GAP program became a cruc... | Wikipedia - Theta Nu Xi - Graduate, Alumnae, and Professional (GAP) Program |
In the first national elections in 1907, the North became a stronghold of the Progresista Party, the primary opposition party to the Nacionalista Party at that time. | Wikipedia - Solid North - Prior to independence |
In the first neuroimaging meta-analysis of emotion, Phan et al. (2002) analyzed the results of 55 peer reviewed studies between January 1990 and December 2000 to determine if the emotions of fear, sadness, disgust, anger, and happiness were consistently associated with activity in specific brain regions. All studies us... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience - Phan et al. 2002 |
Two regions showed a statistically significant association. In the amygdala, 66% of studies inducing fear reported activity in this region, as compared to ~20% of studies inducing happiness, ~15% of studies inducing sadness (with no reported activations for anger or disgust). In the subcallosal cingulate, 46% of studie... | Wikipedia - Affective neuroscience - Phan et al. 2002 |
In the first normal form each field contains a single value. A field may not contain a set of values or a nested record. Subject contains a set of subject values, meaning it does not comply. To solve the problem, the subjects are extracted into a separate Subject table: In Subject, ISBN is a foreign key: It refers to t... | Wikipedia - Database normalization - Satisfying 1NF |
In the first of their famous series of papers on graph minors, Neil Robertson and Paul Seymour (1983) define a path-decomposition of a graph G to be a sequence of subsets Xi of vertices of G, with two properties: For each edge of G, there exists an i such that both endpoints of the edge belong to subset Xi, and For eve... | Wikipedia - Pathwidth - Definition |
In the first one, the Fourier transformation is used to simulate the propagation of each plane of depth of the object to the hologram plane. The Fourier transformation concept was first introduced by Brown and Lohmann with the detour phase method leading to cell oriented holograms. A coding technique suggested by Burch... | Wikipedia - Computer-generated hologram - Fourier transform method |
This is usually achieved by using the Fourier transforming properties of a positive lens for reconstruction. So there are two steps in this process: computing the light field in the far observer plane, and then Fourier transforming this field back to the lens plane. These holograms are called Fourier Based Holograms. | Wikipedia - Computer-generated hologram - Fourier transform method |
First CGHs based on the Fourier transform could reconstruct only 2D images. Brown and Lohmann introduced a technique to calculate computer generated holograms of 3D objects. Calculation of the light propagation from three-dimensional objects is performed according to the usual parabolic approximation to the Fresnel-Kir... | Wikipedia - Computer-generated hologram - Fourier transform method |
In the first order of triage, the injured would be evacuated to clearing stations in the night, when darkness offered maximum protection from the German forces. | Wikipedia - Manchester Triage System - First Order of Triage |
In the first paper devoted to the problems of quantum physics (1911), Ishiwara derived Planck's law and tried to substantiate the wave properties of radiation on the basis of the assumption that it consists of light quanta. Thus, he anticipated certain ideas of Louis de Broglie and Satyendra Nath Bose. In the same year... | Wikipedia - Jun Ishiwara - Quantum physics |
On April 4, 1915, he presented to the Tokyo Mathematico-Physical Society the article "The universal meaning of the quantum of action" ("Universelle Bedeutung des Wirkungsquantums"), in which he attempted to unite the ideas of Max Planck on elementary cells in phase space, the idea of quantizing the angular momentum in ... | Wikipedia - Jun Ishiwara - Quantum physics |
Thus, he succeeded in obtaining an expression for the quantization of the angular momentum in the Bohr atom, taking into account also the ellipticity of electron orbits, although it followed from his theory the need to take the charge of the nucleus of the hydrogen atom equal to two elementary charges. As a second appl... | Wikipedia - Jun Ishiwara - Quantum physics |
In 1918, he linked the postulate proposed three years earlier to the theory of adiabatic invariants.Around the same time, analogous rules for quantizing systems of many degrees of freedom were independently obtained by William Wilson and Sommerfeld and are usually called the Sommerfeld quantum conditions. The reason fo... | Wikipedia - Jun Ishiwara - Quantum physics |
In the first paper on AFM-based infrared by Hammiche et al., the relevant well-established theoretical considerations were outlined that predict that high spatial resolution can be achieved using rapid modulation frequencies because of the consequent reduction in the thermal diffusion length. They estimated that spatia... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
In 2001, Hammiche et al. used a type of bench-top tuneable, pulsed infrared laser known as an optical parametric oscillator or OPO and obtained the first probe-based infrared spectrum with a pulsed laser, however, they did not report any images.Nanoscale spatial resolution AFM-IR imaging using a pulsed laser was first ... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
Absorption of short infrared laser pulses by the sample caused rapid thermal expansion that created a force impulse at the tip of the AFM cantilever. The thermal expansion pulse induced transient resonant oscillations of the AFM cantilever probe. This has led to the technique being dubbed Photo-Thermal Induced Resonanc... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
Some prefer the terms PTIR or PTMS to AFM-IR as the technique is not necessarily restricted to infrared wavelengths. The amplitude of the cantilever oscillation is directly related to the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the sample. By measuring the cantilever oscillation amplitude as a function of wavenumber, ... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
Compared to earlier work, this approach improved spatial resolution because the use of short laser pulses reduced the duration of the thermal expansion pulse to the point that the thermal diffusion lengths can be on the scale of nanometres rather than microns. A key advantage of the use of a tuneable laser source, with... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
They demonstrated the ability to map chemical composition in E. coli bacteria. They could also visualize polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) vesicles inside Rhodobacter capsulatus cells and monitor the efficiency of PHB production by the cells. At the University of East Anglia in the UK, as part of an EPSRC-funded project led by... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
Hill also made use of an optical parametric oscillator as the infrared source in the manner of Hammiche et al. This novel combination of topside illumination, OPO source and measuring thermal expansion proved capable of nanoscale spatial resolution for infrared imaging and spectroscopy (the figures show a schematic of ... | Wikipedia - Infrared Nanospectroscopy (AFM-IR) - Spatial resolution improvement with pulsed laser sources |
In the first paragraph of the General Scholium, Newton attacks René Descartes' model of the Solar System. Descartes and his supporters were followers of mechanical philosophy, a form of natural philosophy popular in the 17th century which maintained that nature and natural beings act similar to machines. In his book Th... | Wikipedia - General Scholium - Rejecting Cartesian vortices |
Newton simply rejected Descartes' "corpuscles and vortices" theory and suggested that gravitational force acts upon celestial bodies regardless of the vast empty interstellar space in between. Newton was publicly criticised by Cartesians on this non-mechanistic theory. | Wikipedia - General Scholium - Rejecting Cartesian vortices |
As a response to this criticism, Newton argued that Descartes' Vortices cannot explain the unique movement of comets. He sums up the paragraph with the words: The motions of the Comets are exceedingly regular, are governed by the same laws with the motions of the Planets, and can by no means be accounted for by the hyp... | Wikipedia - General Scholium - Rejecting Cartesian vortices |
In the first part of Understanding Media, McLuhan states that different media invite different degrees of participation on the part of a person who chooses to consume a medium. Using a terminology derived from French anthropologist Lévi-Strauss' distinction between hot and cold societies, McLuhan argues that a cool med... | Wikipedia - Hot and cool media - "Hot" and "cool" media |
"Some media, such as movies, are hot—that is, they enhance one single sense, in this case vision, in such a manner that a person does not need to exert much effort to perceive a detailed moving image. Hot media usually, but not always, provide complete involvement with considerable stimulus. | Wikipedia - Hot and cool media - "Hot" and "cool" media |
In contrast, "cool" print may also occupy visual space, using visual senses, but requires focus and comprehension to immerse its reader. Hot media creation favour analytical precision, quantitative analysis and sequential ordering, as they are usually sequential, linear, and logical. They emphasize one sense (for examp... | Wikipedia - Hot and cool media - "Hot" and "cool" media |
For this reason, hot media also include film (especially silent films), radio, the lecture, and photography. McLuhan contrasts hot media with cool—specifically, television , which he claims requires more effort on the part of the viewer to determine meaning; and comics, which, due to their minimal presentation of visua... | Wikipedia - Hot and cool media - "Hot" and "cool" media |
They require more active participation on the part of the user, including the perception of abstract patterning and simultaneous comprehension of all parts. Therefore, in addition to television, cool media include the seminar and cartoons. McLuhan describes the term cool media as emerging from jazz and popular music us... | Wikipedia - Hot and cool media - "Hot" and "cool" media |
In the first part of his career Ehresmann introduced many new mathematical objects in differential geometry and topology, which gave rise to entire new fields, often developed later by his students.In his first works he investigated the topology and homology of manifolds associated with classical Lie groups, such as Gr... | Wikipedia - Charles Ehresmann - Mathematical work |
His publications include also the books Catégories et structures (Dunod, Paris, 1965) and Algèbre (1969). Jean Dieudonné described Ehresmann's personality as "... distinguished by forthrightness, simplicity, and total absence of conceit or careerism. As a teacher he was outstanding, not so much for the brilliance of hi... | Wikipedia - Charles Ehresmann - Mathematical work |
In the first part of the 20th century, Coxeter and Petrie discovered three infinite structures {4, 6}, {6, 4} and {6, 6}. They called them regular skew polyhedra, because they seemed to satisfy the definition of a regular polyhedron — all the vertices, edges and faces are alike, all the angles are the same, and the fig... | Wikipedia - Regular (geometry) - Apeirotopes — infinite polytopes |
In the 1960s Branko Grünbaum issued a call to the geometric community to consider more abstract types of regular polytopes that he called polystromata. He developed the theory of polystromata, showing examples of new objects he called regular apeirotopes, that is, regular polytopes with infinitely many faces. A simple ... | Wikipedia - Regular (geometry) - Apeirotopes — infinite polytopes |
It seems to satisfy the definition of a regular polygon — all the edges are the same length, all the angles are the same, and the figure has no loose ends (because they can never be reached). More importantly, perhaps, there are symmetries of the zig-zag that can map any pair of a vertex and attached edge to any other.... | Wikipedia - Regular (geometry) - Apeirotopes — infinite polytopes |
In the first part of the book Herrnstein and Murray chart how American society was transformed in the 20th century. They argue that America evolved from a society where social origin largely determined one's social status to one where cognitive ability is the leading determinant of status. The growth in college attenda... | Wikipedia - The Bell Curve - Part I. The Emergence of a Cognitive Elite |
Herrnstein and Murray propose that the cognitive elite has been produced by a more technological society which offers enough high skill jobs for those with a higher intelligence to fill. They also propose that by removing race, gender or class as criteria (via the establishment of free primary education and the prohibi... | Wikipedia - The Bell Curve - Part I. The Emergence of a Cognitive Elite |
In the first part of the book, "'Half Changed World', Half Changed Minds", Fine argues that social and environmental factors strongly influence the mind, challenging a 'biology as fallback' view that, since society is equal now for the sexes, persistent inequalities must be due to biology. She also discusses the histor... | Wikipedia - Delusions of Gender - Contents |
Fine also demonstrates how already weak neuroscientific conclusions are then grossly overblown by popular writers. Fine also discusses non-neuroimaging evidence cited as support for innate differences between the sexes. For example, she explains weaknesses in the work done by a student of Simon Baron-Cohen that has bee... | Wikipedia - Delusions of Gender - Contents |
In the first part of the book, Youngblood attempts to show how expanded cinema will unite art and life. "Television's elaborate movie-like subjective-camera simulation of the first moon landing" (p46) showed a generation that reality was not as real as simulation. He says that he is writing "at the end of the era of ci... | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
The future shock of the Paleocybernetic Age will change fundamental concepts such as intelligence, morality, creativity and the family (pp. 50–53). The Intermedia network of the mass media is contemporary man's environment, replacing nature. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
He uses recent scientific research into cellular memory and inherited memory to support his claim that this network conditions human experience. The Noosphere (a term Youngblood borrows from Teilhard de Chardin) is the organizing intelligence of the planet—the minds of its inhabitants. "Distributed around the globe by ... | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
57). He defends the universality of art against the localism of entertainment: The intermedia network has made all of us artists by proxy. A decade of television-watching is equal to a comprehensive course in dramatic acting, writing, and filming...the mystique is gone—we could almost do it ourselves. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
Unfortunately too many of us do just that: hence the glut of sub-mediocre talent in the entertainment industry. — p. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
58 This is what forces cinema to expand and become more complex. Mass media entertainment dulls people's minds. It is a closed, entropic system, adding nothing new. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
(pp. 59–65) Entertainment dwells on the past. We live in future shock so art should be an invention of a future (pp. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
66–69). New systems need to be designed for old information. The artist is a design scientist. | Wikipedia - Expanded Cinema - "Part One: The Audience and the Myth of Entertainment" |
In the first part of the reaction, the carbonyl oxygen of an aldehyde is protonated, followed by a nucleophilic attack of ammonia to the carbonyl carbon. After subsequent proton exchange, water is cleaved from the iminium ion intermediate. A cyanide ion then attacks the iminium carbon yielding an aminonitrile. In the s... | Wikipedia - Strecker reaction - Reaction mechanism |
A 1,2-diamino-diol is then formed after proton exchange and a nucleophilic attack of water to the former nitrile carbon. Ammonia is subsequently eliminated after the protonation of the amino group, and finally the deprotonation of a hydroxyl group produces an amino acid. One example of the Strecker synthesis is a multi... | Wikipedia - Strecker reaction - Reaction mechanism |
In the first part of the reign of Emperor Hirohito, Japanese governments promoted increasing the number of healthy Japanese, while simultaneously decreasing the number of people deemed to have mental retardation, disability, genetic disease and other conditions that led to inferiority in the Japanese gene pool.The Lepr... | Wikipedia - Forced sterilization - Japan |
25,000 people, including 8,500 under (forced or spontaneous) consent, were surgically processed until 1995.According to the Eugenic Protection Law (1948), sterilization could be enforced on criminals "with genetic predisposition to commit crime", patients with genetic diseases including mild ones such as total color-bl... | Wikipedia - Forced sterilization - Japan |
In the first part of the reign, French painters were largely influenced by the Italians, particularly Caravaggio. Notable French painters included Nicolas Poussin, who was living in Rome; Claude Lorrain, who specialized in landscapes and spent most of his career in Rome; Louis Le Nain, who, along with his brothers, did... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
In 1663 Colbert reorganized the Royal furniture workshops, which made a wide variety of luxury goods, and added to it the Gobelins tapestry workshops. At the same time, with the assistance of Le Brun, Colbert took charge of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture, which had been founded by Cardinal Mazarin. Colbert... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
In 1666, the French Academy in Rome was founded, to take advantage of Rome's position as the leading art center of Europe, and to assure a stream of well-trained painters. Le Brun became the dean of French painters under Louis XIV, involved in architectural projects and interior design. His notable decorative works inc... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
LeBrun oriented him toward portrait painting, and he made a celebrated portrait of Louis XIV in 1701, surrounded by all the attributes of power, from the crown on the table to the red heels of his shoes. Rigaud soon had an elaborate workshop in place for making portraits of the nobility; he employed specialized artists... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
In addition to religious scenes, he did genre paintings, including the famous Tricheur or card cheat, showing a young noble being cheated at cards while others look on passively. The writer and later French culture minister Andre Malraux wrote in 1951, "No other painter, not even Rembrandt, ever suggested such a vast a... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
La Tour is the only interpreter of the serene aspect of shadows. "In his final years, Louis XIV's tastes changed again, under the influence of his morganic wife, Madame de Maintenon, toward more religious and meditative themes. He had all the paintings in his private room removed and replaced by a single canvas, Saint ... | Wikipedia - Louis XIV style - Painting |
In the first part of the test, the patient is given radiolabeled vitamin B12 to drink or eat. The most commonly used radiolabels are 57Co and 58Co. An intramuscular injection of unlabeled vitamin B12 is given an hour later. | Wikipedia - Schilling test - Stage 1: oral vitamin B12 plus intramuscular vitamin B12 (without IF) |
This is not enough to replete or saturate body stores of B12. The purpose of the single injection is to temporarily saturate B12 receptors in the liver with enough normal vitamin B12 to prevent radioactive vitamin B12 binding in body tissues (especially in the liver), so that if absorbed from the G.I. tract, it will pa... | Wikipedia - Schilling test - Stage 1: oral vitamin B12 plus intramuscular vitamin B12 (without IF) |
The patient's urine is then collected over the next 24 hours to assess the absorption. Normally, the ingested radiolabeled vitamin B12 will be absorbed into the body. Since the body already has liver receptors for transcobalamin/vitamin B12 saturated by the injection, much of the ingested vitamin B12 will be excreted i... | Wikipedia - Schilling test - Stage 1: oral vitamin B12 plus intramuscular vitamin B12 (without IF) |
A normal result shows at least 10% of the radiolabeled vitamin B12 in the urine over the first 24 hours. In patients with pernicious anemia or with deficiency due to impaired absorption, less than 10% of the radiolabeled vitamin B12 is detected.The normal test will result in a higher amount of the radiolabeled cobalami... | Wikipedia - Schilling test - Stage 1: oral vitamin B12 plus intramuscular vitamin B12 (without IF) |
In the first part of the twentieth century, petroleum jelly, either pure or as an ingredient, was also popular as a hair pomade. When used in a 50/50 mixture with pure beeswax, it makes an effective moustache wax. | Wikipedia - Petroleum jelly - Hair grooming |
In the first part of the two-stage process of distillation, large stills - traditionally of copper - are filled with roses and water. The still is fired for 60–105 minutes. The vaporized water and rose oil exit the still and enter a condensing apparatus and are then collected in a flask. This distillation yields a very... | Wikipedia - Rose oil - Distillation |
The water which condenses along with the oil is drained off and redistilled, cohobation, in order to obtain the water-soluble fractions of the rose oil such as phenethyl alcohol which are a vital component of the aroma and which make up the large bulk, 80%, of the oil. The two oils are combined and make the final rose ... | Wikipedia - Rose oil - Distillation |
It will form white crystals at normal room temperature which disappear when the oil is gently warmed. It will tend to become more viscous at lower temperatures due to this crystallization of some of its components. The essence has a very strong odor, but is pleasant when diluted and used for perfume. | Wikipedia - Rose oil - Distillation |
Attar of roses was once made in India, Persia, Syria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, near the town of Kazanlak, is among the major producers of attar of roses in the world. In India, Kannauj is an important city of fabrication of rose attar, Kannauj is nicknamed "The Grasse of the East" or "The Gr... | Wikipedia - Rose oil - Distillation |
Grasse (in France) is an important city of fabrication of rose fragrance. Due to the heat required for distillation, some of the compounds extracted from the rose denature or break down chemically. As such, rose attar does not smell very similar to "fresh" roses. The hydrosol portion of the distillate is known as rosew... | Wikipedia - Rose oil - Distillation |
In the first part of this chapter, "The Limits of Rationality", Simon wrote:: 81: 93–94 Actual behavior falls short, in at least three ways, of objective rationality…: (1) Rationality requires a complete knowledge and anticipation of the consequences that will follow on each choice. In fact, knowledge of consequences i... | Wikipedia - Administrative Behavior - Chapter V. The Psychology of Administrative Decisions |
But values can be only imperfectly anticipated. (3) Rationality requires a choice among all possible alternative behaviors. In actual behavior, only a very few of all these possible alternatives ever come to mind. The remainder of the chapter concerns "Purposive Behavior in the Individual" and "The Integration of Behav... | Wikipedia - Administrative Behavior - Chapter V. The Psychology of Administrative Decisions |
In the first part of this text (Nipsus, La 286.12-288.17), Nipsus describes how a surveyor restores boundaries and boundary stones in an area that was surveyed long ago and has subsequently fallen into disrepair, with the boundary lines obscured and the stones lost. Using the few remaining boundary stones, he attempts ... | Wikipedia - Marcus Junius Nipsus - Limitis Repositio |
Attached drawings clarify the situation. In the third part (Nipsus, La 289.18-295.15), Nipsus describes the division of land into square plots based on a decumanus and a cardo. He goes into various special cases and also explains the subseciva, the plots of wasteland left over in the surveying process. | Wikipedia - Marcus Junius Nipsus - Limitis Repositio |
In the first part, these MEEMD techniques can be used on Geophysical data sets such as climate, magnetic, seismic data variability which takes advantage of the fast algorithm of MEEMD. The MEEMD is often used for nonlinear geophysical data filtering due to its fast algorithms and its ability to handle large amount of d... | Wikipedia - Multidimensional empirical mode decomposition - Applications |
Furthermore, the FAMEMD is a great method to reduce computation time and have a precise estimation in the process. Finally, the BPBEMD method has good performance for image processing and texture analysis due to its property to solve the extension boundary problems in recent techniques. == References == | Wikipedia - Multidimensional empirical mode decomposition - Applications |
In the first pass, the forward–backward algorithm computes a set of forward probabilities which provide, for all t ∈ { 1 , … , T } {\displaystyle t\in \{1,\dots ,T\}} , the probability of ending up in any particular state given the first t {\displaystyle t} observations in the sequence, i.e. P ( X t | o 1: t ) {\displa... | Wikipedia - Forward–backward algorithm - Overview |
At each single observation in the sequence, probabilities to be used for calculations at the next observation are computed. The smoothing step can be calculated simultaneously during the backward pass. This step allows the algorithm to take into account any past observations of output for computing more accurate result... | Wikipedia - Forward–backward algorithm - Overview |
In the first period of his scientific career Sandro Stringari focused on the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei and on the isospin degree of freedom, developing the innovative sum rule approach to the collective excitations.Starting from the 80’s he oriented his interests in the direction of atomic clusters and quant... | Wikipedia - Sandro Stringari - Main scientific contributions |
This contribution had a major impact on the first generation of experiments on ultra cold quantum gases and influenced an important line of theoretical work. Later contributions to the dynamics of trapped quantum gases, and to their rotational, superfluid and thermodynamic properties are summarized in the review papers... | Wikipedia - Sandro Stringari - Main scientific contributions |
In the first phase (2005–2007), the EU ETS included some 12,000 installations, representing approximately 40% of EU CO2 emissions, covering energy activities (combustion installations with a rated thermal input exceeding 20 MW, mineral oil refineries, coke ovens), production and processing of ferrous metals, mineral in... | Wikipedia - European Union Emissions Trading System - Phase I 2005–2007 |
In the first phase of production, a Penicillium roqueforti inoculum is prepared prior to the actual production of blue cheese. Multiple methods can be used to achieve this. However, all methods involve the use of a freeze-dried Penicillium roqueforti culture. Although Penicillium roqueforti can be found naturally, chee... | Wikipedia - Blue cheese - Penicillium roqueforti inoculum |
First, Penicillium roqueforti is washed from a pure culture agar plants which is later frozen. Through the freeze drying process, water from the frozen state is evaporated without the transition through the liquid state (sublimation). This retains the value of the culture and is activated upon the addition of water. | Wikipedia - Blue cheese - Penicillium roqueforti inoculum |
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