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Also, that the modules 0, 2, 6 and 7 AT domains are specific for loading or extending with malonate, while modules 1, 3, 4 and 5 are specific for methyl-malonate. The A domain in the NRPS module is specific for the amino acid glycine (See Figure 2). The cyclizations to form the tetramic acids’ 2,4-pyrrolidinedione ring... | Wikipedia - Tirandamycin - Biosynthesis |
In another study Mo et al. characterized the biosynthetic gene cluster of the tirandamycins in Streptomyces sp. SCSIO1666 and described the function of one of the encoded proteins as a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase. This enzyme was shown to be responsible for an oxidative transformation step (namely the 10-hydroxy de... | Wikipedia - Tirandamycin - Biosynthesis |
In the same year, Carlson et al. published another article that clarified even more the mechanisms involved in the generation of the oxidized metabolites. They studied the action of a P450 enzyme contained in the pathway (TamI) by purifying it from a recombinant host, and saw, in vitro, that it can oxidize multiple oxi... | Wikipedia - Tirandamycin - Biosynthesis |
In the first study, 276 rheumatoid arthritis participants were recruited who had previously experienced inadequate response to anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy and were currently on a stable dose of methotrexate. Participants were randomized to receive 3, 6, 12, or 18 mg twice daily or placebo. The primary endp... | Wikipedia - Upadacitinib - BALANCE I |
In the first successful case of its kind, Nigel Roberts from the Channel Islands won £270 against Media Logistics UK who sent junk e-mails to his personal account.In January 2007, a Sheriff Court in Scotland awarded Mr. Gordon Dick £750 (the then maximum sum that could be awarded in a Small Claim action) plus expenses ... | Wikipedia - Internet spam - United Kingdom |
It is the largest amount awarded in compensation in the United Kingdom since Roberts v Media Logistics case in 2005. Despite the statutory tort that is created by the Regulations implementing the EC Directive, few other people have followed their example. As the Courts engage in active case management, such cases would... | Wikipedia - Internet spam - United Kingdom |
In the first supernatural tradition, also called the demonological method, abnormal behaviors are attributed to agents outside human bodies. According to this model, abnormal behaviors are caused by demons, aliens, or spirits, or the influences of the Moon, planets, and stars. During the Stone Age, trepanning was perfo... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
By the time of the Greeks and Romans, mental illnesses were thought to be caused by an imbalance of the four humors, leading to draining of fluids from the brain. During the Medieval period, many Europeans believed that the power of witches, demons, and spirits caused abnormal behaviors. People with psychological disor... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
If exorcism failed, some authorities advocated steps such as confinement, beating, and other types of torture to make the body uninhabitable to witches, demons, and spirits. The belief that witches, demons, and spirits are responsible for the abnormal behavior continued into the 15th century. : 8 Swiss alchemist, astro... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
: 11 This tradition is still alive today. Some people, especially in the developing countries, as well as some followers of religious sects in the developed countries, continue to believe that supernatural powers influence human behaviors. In Western academia, the supernatural tradition has been largely replaced by the... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
: 26 Supernatural traditions Throughout time, societies have proposed several explanations of abnormal behavior within human beings. Beginning in some hunter-gatherer societies, animists have believed that people demonstrating abnormal behavior are possessed by malevolent spirits. This idea has been associated with tre... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
Although it has been difficult to define abnormal psychology, one definition includes characteristics such as statistical infrequency.A more formalized response to spiritual beliefs about abnormality is the practice of exorcism. Performed by religious authorities, exorcism is thought of as another way to release evil s... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
In some instances, individuals exhibiting unusual thoughts or behaviors have been exiled from society, or worse. Perceived witchcraft, for example, has been punished by death. Two Catholic Inquisitors wrote the Malleus Maleficarum (Latin for "The Hammer Against Witches"), which was used by many Inquisitors and witch-hu... | Wikipedia - Abnormal Psychology - Supernatural explanations |
In the first system, a wild-type Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus (M-MLV) reverse transcriptase was fused to the Cas9 H840A nickase C-terminus. Detectable editing efficiencies were observed. | Wikipedia - Prime editing - Prime editor 1 |
In the first ten years of British rule in Palestine, all were allowed entry to the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif complex. Sometimes violence broke out at the entrance between Jews and Muslims. During the 1929 Palestine riots, Jews were accused of violating the status quo Following the riots, the Supreme Muslim Council a... | Wikipedia - Temple mount - British Mandate |
In the first ten years of SpaceX, led by engineer Tom Mueller, the company developed a variety of liquid-propellant rocket engines, with at least one more of that type under development. As of October 2012, each of the engines developed to date—Kestrel, Merlin 1, Draco and Super Draco—had been developed for initial use... | Wikipedia - SpaceX rocket engines - History |
In the first text on the creation (Genesis 1–2:3), the Creator is called Elohim (translated "God"). He creates the universe over a six-day period, creating a new feature each day: first he creates day and night; then he creates the firmament to separate the "waters above" from the "waters below"; then he separates the ... | Wikipedia - Christian mythology - Genesis 1–2:3 |
In the first three beta releases of Jailbreak: Source, the gameplay was very similar to Team Deathmatch, with frags for kills and little reward for playing the game in a tactical fashion. To rectify this, later versions of Jailbreak included a new system where players gained points for playing the game in either defens... | Wikipedia - Jailbreak Source - Points & Perks |
These perks included augmentations like Stealth, Double Jump, Healing, Regeneration, and Awareness. The concept was designed to allow players to create a custom class and is balanced to prevent individuals becoming overpowered as each skill has an opposing skill to combat it. For example, if the enemy team is using Ste... | Wikipedia - Jailbreak Source - Points & Perks |
In the first three centuries of the Early Livia Christian Church, the practice of Christianity was illegal and few churches were constructed. In the beginning, Christians worshipped along with Jews in synagogues and in private houses. After the separation of Jews and Christians, the latter continued to worship in peopl... | Wikipedia - Ecclesiastical architecture - Beginnings |
Saint Paul, in his first letter to the Corinthians writes: "The churches of Asia send greetings. Aquila and Prisca, together with the church in their house, greet you warmly in the Lord. "Some domestic buildings were adapted to function as churches. | Wikipedia - Ecclesiastical architecture - Beginnings |
One of the earliest of adapted residences is at Dura Europos church, built shortly after 200 AD, where two rooms were made into one, by removing a wall, and a dais was set up. To the right of the entrance a small room was made into a baptistry.Some church buildings were specifically built as church assemblies, such as ... | Wikipedia - Ecclesiastical architecture - Beginnings |
The books of the Holy Scriptures were found, and they were committed to the flames; the utensils and furniture of the church were abandoned to pillage: all was rapine, confusion, tumult. That church, situated on rising ground, was within view of the palace; and Diocletian and Galerius stood as if on a watchtower, dispu... | Wikipedia - Ecclesiastical architecture - Beginnings |
In the first three centuries the emphasis was on the veneration of martyrs, as a continuation of the yearly celebrations of their death, e.g. as noted in the early Christian text on the Martyrdom of Polycarp.In the Eastern traditions Mariology developed through liturgical veneration within the framework of the feasts r... | Wikipedia - Marian veneration - Liturgical aspects |
In the first three chapters, Schiffer discusses more recent "split-brain" studies, and studies in patients with intact brains using "lateralizing" devices (which first show an image to only one hemisphere), as well as other tests to assess brain activity such as the Wada test, electroencephalogram (EEG), PET scan and f... | Wikipedia - Of Two Minds (book) - First three chapters |
In the first three days of its release, the film grossed merely ₹900,000 (US$11,000) at the Indian box office. In its first weekend the film collected ₹7 million (US$88,000). At the United States domestic box office, the film grossed US$6,150 in its first weekend and a total of US$12,628. It grossed US$6,317 in its fir... | Wikipedia - Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain - Box office |
In the first three days, the body is still using energy from glucose. After that, the liver starts processing body fat, in a process called ketosis. After depleting fat, the body enters a "starvation mode". At this point the body "mines" the muscles and vital organs for energy, and loss of bone marrow becomes life-thre... | Wikipedia - Hunger strike - Medical view |
There are examples of hunger strikers dying after 46 to 73 days of strike, for example the 1981 Irish hunger strike. Hunger strikers can experience hallucinations and delirium.Death usually occurs when a hunger striker has lost about 40–50% of their pre-strike weight and at about 60–70 days in. Obese individuals can la... | Wikipedia - Hunger strike - Medical view |
In the first three months of the attacks, no solid information was uncovered about the type of poison gas that may have been used. Complaints have included nausea, vomiting, cough, shortness of breath, heart palpitations and feeling lethargic. Some also reported that they smelled a tangerine-like smell. | Wikipedia - Iranian schoolgirls mass poisoning reports - Timeline of reports |
In the first total synthesis in 1936, ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate was treated with ethyl formate to give an intermediate dicarbonyl compound which when reacted with acetamidine formed a substituted pyrimidine. Conversion of its hydroxyl group to an amino group was carried out by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, first t... | Wikipedia - Thiamine - Laboratory synthesis |
In the first translations or productions of Dharani literature in Chinese between the 4th and 6th centuries, one can notice changes in the body of literature on magic, including a reference to the magic of abhisheka at the beginning of the 5th century. This evidences in a relatively early context a rite of initiation a... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
From this moment an "esoteric Buddhism" is constituted, with its secret transmission, ritual hermeneutics, a system of internal understanding, and moral code. In the Tarim Basin, there are important sites where esoteric Buddhist texts and arts have been preserved, such as in Hotan (6th-8th centuries) and Dunhuang. By t... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
The Mogao Caves in Dunhuang feature several esoteric deities, constituting the most important collection of esoteric Buddhist art of the Tang dynasty. In them were found several textual works as well (Dunhuang manuscripts). An example of an esoteric Buddhist manuscript from the latter site (10th century) describes a pr... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
Chinese Esoteric Buddhism spread in the Tang dynasty, receiving its apex of popularity from three masters who came from India: Śubhakarasiṃha (637-735), Vajrabodhi (671-741), and Amoghavajra (705-774), who founded the school called Zhenyan ("True Word" or "Mantra") and introduced tantric texts, commentaries, and ritual... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
The practice of ghost-feeding was also incorporated into the Buddhist rites. Tantric literature entered the Chinese canon (first printed in 983) at the same time as there was an intense state-supported effort to spread Buddhism, and throughout the second millennium, Buddhist Tantrism was present in various ways in Indi... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
Most of the institute's translations were esoteric or tantric, although they included productions from all periods and schools of Buddhism in India.Ultimately, hermeneutical and ritual elements, icons, and texts from consolidated South Asian esoteric systems were disaggregated and rearticulated to other ritual and inte... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
"Several Buddhist esoteric texts also employ mediumship or spirit possession, whereas, in the Chinese context, the medium is called wu (巫). There are descriptions of the use of child mediums. There was also reference to rites that correspond to the Sanskrit āveśa ("to possess" or "to take possession of"), likely having... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
The distinction of this Buddhist mediumistic rite from mediumship, in general, is that the medium's trance is officiated by a tantric master, who confers this power and assumes the identity of a deity. These practices grew during the Song dynasty and were used in Taoism as well.There was a Chinese phenomenon of planet ... | Wikipedia - Eastern esotericism - China |
In the first trimester, a standard ultrasound examination typically includes: Gestational sac size, location, and number Identification of the embryo and/or yolk sac Measurement of fetal length (known as the crown-rump length) Fetal number, including number of amnionic sacs and chorionic sacs for multiple gestations Em... | Wikipedia - Obstetric ultrasound - First trimester |
In the first trimester, cardiac activity can be visualized and the fetal heart motion quantified by obstetric ultrasonography. A study of 32 normal pregnancies showed that fetal heart motion was visible at a mean human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level of 10,000 UI/L (range 8650–12,200). Obstetric ultrasonography can ... | Wikipedia - Fetal heartbeat - Imaging |
In the first trimester, self-administered medical abortion is available for patients who prefer to take the abortion drugs at home without direct medical supervision (in contrast to provider-administered medical abortion where the patient takes the second abortion drug in the presence of a trained healthcare provider).... | Wikipedia - Medication abortion - Self-administered medical abortion |
In the first two WCA rounds, 1930 and 1940, the IIA recommended a “standard form” for use by all countries referring to the same census period. At that time, there was a large gap in agricultural information. However, many countries found it difficult to conduct the census using a long questionnaire given the limited h... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Each subsequent programme was enriched with the experience of previous programmes from both the methodological and operational points of view.The WCA 1950, the first programme developed by FAO, brought forward the idea of collecting data on the structural characteristics of agriculture as the primary purpose of the cen... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
The 1950 programme also gave increased attention to the definitions of census items and the tabulation of internationally comparable results.The WCA 1960 accomplished a quantum jump in census methodology as it introduced the use of sampling methods in census, including post-enumeration surveys (PES). The option to use ... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
It also raised the relationship between the agricultural and the population censuses for the first time.The WCA 1970 discussed the role of the census of agriculture in the overall system of agricultural statistics, in terms of frame for sample surveys, benchmark for current agricultural statistics and capacity developm... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Second, that the census should be utilized for the development and improvement of an overall programme of food and agricultural statistics. Third, that concepts, definitions and methods should be harmonized with other related statistical systems and operations to ensure comparability and compatibility. Fourth, that mor... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Fifth, each country should have greater flexibility and more freedom in adapting the programme. For the first time, a special chapter was dedicated to practical guidelines on the preparation and organization of a census of agriculture. The WCA 1980 was the first to indicate explicitly that it referred to national censu... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Additional supplementary guidelines on taking censuses of agriculture were published later to provide practical information on the steps involved in actually conducting an census of agriculture.The WCA 1990 encouraged countries to develop and implement the census of agriculture according to their national economic and ... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
It recommended extensive cross-tabulations to ensure the maximum use of the census data. The WCA 1990 encouraged a complementary relationship between the census of agriculture and more frequent food and agricultural sample surveys as well as with related non-censuses of agriculture and surveys. Separate guidelines on m... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
It recommended that the activities covered by the census of agriculture were included in the International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, third edition, ISIC groups 011 (crops), 012 (animals) and 013 (crops and animals). The programme also introduced the issue of the role of women in agr... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Two additional supplementary guidelines were published later. One on employment (SDS 5a) to improve concepts, definitions and standards used to collect employment information in censuses of agriculture. Another one (SDS 6) on conducting censuses of agriculture and surveys to provide more practical information on the st... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
This approach consisted of a core module carried out on a complete enumeration basis to provide key structural data, in conjunction with one or more sample-based census supplementary modules to provide more in-depth data. The census items denoted as “essential” in earlier programmes were designated as core module items... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
Two new concepts – the sub-holding and the sub-holder – were introduced to measure the role of household members in the management of the holding, especially women. The programme introduced a community survey to be conducted in parallel with the census and for obtaining data on common infrastructure issues affecting fa... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
This recommendation was underpin with the publication of supplementary guidelines for linking population and housing censuses with censuses of agriculture.The WCA 2020 programme featured the discussion of four methodological modalities for conducting a census of agriculture: the classical (one-off) approach; the modula... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
The WCA 2020 improved the approach for assessing the distribution of managerial decisions in the holding, useful for the collection of sex-disaggregated data. The programme included two new optional themes: “Fisheries” (capture fisheries activities conducted at household level) and “Environment/Green House Gases (GHG)”... | Wikipedia - World Programme for the Census of Agriculture - Historical evolution of the WCA |
In the first two centuries of the colonial period, Brazil had an exclusively agricultural economy, and there was always one major product that was the center of the economy. This was the case during the cycle of brazilwood, sugar and cotton. This scenario only changed in the 18th century with the discovery of gold and ... | Wikipedia - Coffee cycle - Mining decline and economic crisis |
Although it was not an agricultural product, the same pattern was evident – gold became the main product of the colonial economy, until its decline. This occurred in the second half of the 18th century, a period that became known as the "agricultural renaissance". The same products as before were planted again, except ... | Wikipedia - Coffee cycle - Mining decline and economic crisis |
This return to agriculture occurred mainly for the following reasons: The depletion of the gold deposits due to the quantity and speed at which gold was extracted; The rapid development of European society throughout the 18th century; The increase in economic activities and trade relations in the world in the same cent... | Wikipedia - Coffee cycle - Mining decline and economic crisis |
In the first two days of the Operation 100 (100号作战) bombing campaign, 54 and 27 Japanese bombers raided Chongqing on 3 and 4 May 1939 respectively, dropping approximately a 3:2 ratio of Type 98/25 high explosive "land bombs" (98 dropped on day one) and Type 98/7 incendiary bombs (68 dropped on day one). The first raid ... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
The pre-dawn attack on 4 May resulted in far more casualties, with over three thousand deaths, injuring almost 2,000 more, and leaving about 200,000 homeless. Although the attacking force was smaller and dropped fewer bombs, there was no interception of the bombers by the Chinese Air Force whose airbases in the Chongqi... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
The interceptions involved the coordination with a series of manually-operated ground based searchlights illuminating and tracking incoming bombers which can then be seen and targeted by the solitary fighter pilot; fighter ace Liu Zhesheng shot down a bomber on the night of 3 August 1939 flying "lone wolf" in an I-15bi... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
"The Japanese bombers appeared over Chungking on moon-lit nights when they could easily see the major landmarks... from time to time, on command of their formation leader, all the bombers would open up a defensive barrage of fire in direction most likely of attack by fighters. The performance was effective. It was like... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Monks of the Ciyun Temple contributed greatly to rescuing and saving lives of residents over the course of the half-decade long bombing campaigns over Chongqing. By mid-1940, the IJNAF G3M Model 21 bombers that formed the primary aircraft of the carpet-bombing campaign against Chongqing and Chengdu had become largely r... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
While the Chinese soon cracked the code used by the C5M crews relaying messages to the bomber formations, some of the countermeasures used by the Chinese pilots were to launch a pair of I-16s that were almost fast enough to intercept the C5M in pursuit, but enough to force the scouts away, while a second flight of figh... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Following the defeat of France by Germany in June 1940, the French Vichy Government submitted to the demands of the Japanese – allowing Japanese troops to conduct cross-border raids into Yunnan province, and the stationing of Japanese army air units at three airbases in French Indochina (now Vietnam), including Lạng Sơ... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Zheng Shaoyu personally selected a team of five of his top fighter pilots, including ace fighter pilot Capt. Liu Zhesheng and future ace Lt. Gao Youxin to deploy a new weapon in an experiment to help with the dispersal of, and attacks against, the massive Japanese bomber formations: multiple air burst bombs developed b... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
At 13:56 hours that day, 90 G3M bombers appeared in two waves, and Maj. Zheng's team, with ample preparations, maneuvered high and above the approaching bomber formation with precision flying while the Japanese aircrews observed the unusual movements of the Chinese fighters, who soon dropped the air-burst devices that ... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Louie Yim-qun of the 28th PS) and I-16 (led by Capt. Yang Mengjing of the 24th PS) and other Polikarpov fighters of Maj. | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Zheng Shaoyu's 4th PG. The battle lasted about half an hour by which point the Chinese were low on fuel and had to break off; with some luck, escaping further contact with the much faster Zeroes. Many of the Polikarpovs were damaged or shot down (the Zero pilots claiming 27 Polikarpovs shot down), with ten pilots kille... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Zheng Shaoyu and Lt. Gao Youxin managed to drive Zeroes off the tails of other Chinese fighters, with Lt. Gao closing-in to 50 meters (160 ft) of one, and claiming a Zero shot-down, but in fact only four Zeroes suffered some damage, and all 13 safely returned to base in Wuhan. | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
As the already desperate situation was now irrefutable with the scourge of the new Zero fighters, the Chinese Air Force high-command issued an all-points bulletin to avoid combat engagement against the new air-superiority fighters; however, Chinese fighters would continue with fatalistic courage to face the Zero on num... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Lin Heng (younger brother of renowned architect Phyllis Lin Huiyin).In response to the Japanese invasion of French Indochina, the Empire of Japan was finally met with the U.S. scrap metal and oil embargo against Japan and the freezing of Japanese assets in summer of 1941.On 5 June 1941, in midst of the increased brutal... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
With the start of full-scale war between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany on 22 June 1941, and with Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek looking for increased support from the Americans through the Lend-Lease Act of which was extended to China on 6 May 1941, all new fighter aircraft produced by the Soviets were now directed ... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Huang Rongfa, whose fiancée, Ms. Yang Quanfang, took a pistol and shot herself at the memorial for him and the other martyrs on the 16th of August; under these special circumstances, the remains of Ms. Yang and Lt. | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Huang were buried together at the Chongqing Nanshan Air Force Martyrs Memorial Park. On 30 August 1941, Lt. General Saburo Endo, commander of the Imperial Japanese Army's 3rd Sentai, having already received intelligence reports regarding an upcoming military conference in Chongqing held by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the United States declared war on Japan, and President Roosevelt sought an immediate counterattack for the humiliation of Pearl Harbor; in the urgency to keep China resupplied for the new Sino-US joint effort in the war against Japan, General Joseph Stilwe... | Wikipedia - Bombing of Chongqing - Raids |
In the first two days of the eruption, ice cauldrons were formed over the volcanic vents. Radar images reveal the development of these cauldrons in a 200 m thick ice cover within the summit caldera. They can also be used to document the subglacial and supraglacial passage of meltwater away from the eruption site. Resea... | Wikipedia - Subglacial eruption - Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland (2010) |
In the first two decades of the 20th century, Romantic Nationalism as an idea was to have crucial influence on political events. Following the Panic of 1873 that gave rise to a new wave of antisemitism and racism in the German Empire politically ruled by an authoritarian, militaristic conservatism under Otto von Bismar... | Wikipedia - Romantic nationalism - Twentieth-century political developments |
For this reason President Woodrow Wilson would argue for the creation of self-determining states in the wake of the Great War. However, the belief in romantic nationalism was not reflected in subsequent politics. In redrawing the map of Europe, Yugoslavia was created as an intentional coalition state among competing, a... | Wikipedia - Romantic nationalism - Twentieth-century political developments |
In the first two stages of the algorithm, the time complexity is O(N2L + NL2), the space complexity is O(N2 + NL + L2). The refinement stage adds to the time complexity another term, O(N3L). MUSCLE is often used as a replacement for Clustal, since it usually (but not always) gives better sequence alignments, depending ... | Wikipedia - Multiple Sequence Comparison by Log-Expectation - Complexity and Comparison |
In the first two years of the ILO’s existence, 22 international labour conventions were adopted. Some of the topics that the first conventions addressed were “hours of work in industry, unemployment, maternity protection, night work for women, minimum age, and night work for young persons in industry.” In 1930, the ILO... | Wikipedia - Labor standards - The early years of the ILO |
In the first two years of the history of Unix, no documentation existed. The Unix Programmer's Manual was first published on November 3, 1971. The first actual man pages were written by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at the insistence of their manager Doug McIlroy in 1971. | Wikipedia - Man page - History |
Aside from the man pages, the Programmer's Manual also accumulated a set of short papers, some of them tutorials (e.g. for general Unix usage, the C programming language, and tools such as Yacc), and others more detailed descriptions of operating system features. The printed version of the manual initially fit into a s... | Wikipedia - Man page - History |
Versions of the software were named after the revision of the manual; the seventh edition of the Unix Programmer's Manual, for example, came with the 7th Edition or Version 7 of Unix.For the Fourth Edition the man pages were formatted using the troff typesetting package and its set of -man macros (which were completely... | Wikipedia - Man page - History |
The modern descendants of 4.4BSD also distribute man pages as one of the primary forms of system documentation (having replaced the old -man macros with the newer -mdoc). There was a hidden Easter egg in the man-db version of the man command that would cause the command to return "gimme gimme gimme" when run at 00:30 (... | Wikipedia - Man page - History |
Gimme! (A Man After Midnight). It was introduced in 2011 but first restricted and then removed in 2017 after finally being found. | Wikipedia - Man page - History |
In the first two years of the project's launch, approximately 10,000 recordings were made. The transition to v.2 was accompanied by a sharp increase in the contributions. The number of recordings multiplied by 10 in less than a year, exceeding the 100,000 threshold in May 2019. | Wikipedia - Lingua Libre - Statistics |
These recordings were made by 127 speakers in almost 50 languages. By September 2020, the platform had more than 300,000 recordings in 90 languages with more than 350 speakers. The 500,000 recordings milestone was reached in June 2021, thanks to 540 speakers of 120 languages. | Wikipedia - Lingua Libre - Statistics |
In the first type, size represents the number of times that tag has been applied to a single item. This is useful as a means of displaying metadata about an item that has been democratically "voted" on and where precise results are not desired. In the second, more commonly used type, size represents the number of items... | Wikipedia - Word cloud - Frequency |
In the first version in 2003, North Eastern Scotland (which then included part of Moray) was coded UKM1, and Highlands and Islands was coded UKM4. The current NUTS level 1 codes start with "C" (following "UK") rather than "1" because the new list reflected the revised regions of England and local government changes thr... | Wikipedia - International Territorial Level - NUTS 2003 |
In the first version of the AKS primality test paper, a conjecture about Sophie Germain primes is used to lower the worst-case complexity from O(log12n) to O(log6n). A later version of the paper is shown to have time complexity O(log7.5n) which can also be lowered to O(log6n) using the conjecture. Later variants of AKS... | Wikipedia - Safe prime - Primality testing |
In the first version of the OSD standard, objects are specified with a 64-bit partition ID and a 64-bit object ID. Partitions are created and deleted within an OSD, and objects are created and deleted within partitions. There are no fixed sizes associated with partitions or objects; they are allowed to grow subject to ... | Wikipedia - Object-based file system - OSD version 1 |
Some attributes are implemented directly by the OSD, such as the number of bytes in an object and the modification time of an object. There is a special policy tag attribute that is part of the security mechanism. Other attributes are uninterpreted by the OSD. | Wikipedia - Object-based file system - OSD version 1 |
These are set on objects by the higher-level storage systems that use the OSD for persistent storage. For example, attributes might be used to classify objects, or to capture relationships among different objects stored on different OSDs. A list command returns a list of identifiers for objects within a partition, opti... | Wikipedia - Object-based file system - OSD version 1 |
A list command can also return selected attributes of the listed objects. Read and write commands can be combined, or piggy-backed, with commands to get and set attributes. This ability reduces the number of times a high-level storage system has to cross the interface to the OSD, which can improve overall efficiency. | Wikipedia - Object-based file system - OSD version 1 |
In the first version of the above-cited paper, the authors proved the asymptotic time complexity of the algorithm to be O ~ ( log ( n ) 12 ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(\log(n)^{12})} (using Õ from big O notation)—the twelfth power of the number of digits in n times a factor that is polylogarithmic in the number of d... | Wikipedia - AKS primality test - History and running time |
In response to some of these variants, and to other feedback, the paper "PRIMES is in P" was updated with a new formulation of the AKS algorithm and of its proof of correctness. (This version was eventually published in Annals of Mathematics.) While the basic idea remained the same, r was chosen in a new manner, and th... | Wikipedia - AKS primality test - History and running time |
The new proof relied almost exclusively on the behavior of cyclotomic polynomials over finite fields. The new upper bound on time complexity was O ~ ( log ( n ) 10.5 ) {\displaystyle {\tilde {O}}(\log(n)^{10.5})} , later reduced using additional results from sieve theory to O ~ ( log ( n ) 7.5 ) {\displaystyle {\ti... | Wikipedia - AKS primality test - History and running time |
In the first version, Nero Vision 4, users were already able to edit videos in a small template and had a fixed choice per film of one video channel, one effect channel, one text channel and two audio channels. They could not add images to their film at that time and could only edit menus within in an automatic templat... | Wikipedia - Nero Vision - Nero Vision 4 |
In the first versions of the engine the propellants are driven to the engine by using a pressure-fed cycle with helium. Later versions of the engine (TEPREL-C) incorporate a turbopump. | Wikipedia - TEPREL - Revisions |
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