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0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 ; ac _ afr = 0 ; ac _ amr = 0 ; ac _ asj = 0 ; ac _ eas = 0 ; ac _ fin = 1 ; ac _ nfe = 0 ; ac _ oth = 0 ; ac _ sas = 0 ; ac _ male = 1 ; ac _ female = 0 ; an _ afr = 11994 ; an _ amr = 31324 ; an _ asj = 7806 ; an _ eas = 13112 ; an _ fin = ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
; hom _ asj = 0 ; hom _ eas = 0 ; hom _ fin = 0 ; hom _ nfe = 0 ; hom _ oth = 0 ; hom _ sas = 0 ; hom _ male = 0 ; hom _ female = 0 ; hom _ raw = 0 ; hom = 0 ; popmax = fin ; ac _ popmax = 1 ; an _ popmax = 20076 ; af _ popmax = 4. 98107e - 05 ; dp _ median = 58 ; dref _ median = 5. 01187e - 84 ; gq _ median = 99 ; ab ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
|, t | regulatory _ region _ variant | modifier | | | regulatoryfeature | ensr00001729562 | ctcf _ binding _ site | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | | | | snv | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | update : 2019 : the current server for gnomad doesn't support byte - range req... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
say you are sequencing to 2x coverage. suppose at a site, sample s has one reference base and one alternate base. it is hard to tell if this is a sequencing error or a heterozygote. now suppose you have 1000 other samples, all at 2x read depth. one of them has two alt bases ; 10 of them have one ref and one alt. it is ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
calling. this approach further improves sensitivity with ld. with enough samples, you can measure the ld between two positions. suppose at position 1000, you see one ref read and no alt reads ; at position 1500, you see one ref read and two alt reads. you would not call any snps at position 1000 even given multiple sam... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i believe it is for this reason : the female body plan is the default one. males are a variation upon that, in humans at least. nipples are part of the basic body plan. for a man to not have them, he would need to actively evolve something that would prevent nipples from developing. there is no selective pressure for t... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
answering my own question based on the comments, tert - butyl - hydroperoxide is at least one such chemical. as stated on this msds from a government website, it's a 4 - 4 - 4, with additional special warning of being a strong oxidizer. the only thing that it does not do that could make the 704 diamond any worse is rea... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
to xi'an's first point : when you're talking about $ \ sigma $ - algebras, you're asking about measurable sets, so unfortunately any answer must focus on measure theory. i'll try to build up to that gently, though. a theory of probability admitting all subsets of uncountable sets will break mathematics consider this ex... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
^ c ) $ ought to be $ 1 / 3 $. but without ( 3 ), it could happen that $ p ( a ^ c ) $ is undefined. that would be strange. closure under complements and the kolmogorov axioms let us to say things like $ p ( a \ cup a ^ c ) = p ( a ) + 1 - p ( a ) = 1 $. finally, we are considering events in relation to $ \ omega $, so... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##able sets. in fact, they may be countable or uncountable. consider this illustration : as before, we have a unit square. define $ $ \ mathscr { f } = \ text { all subsets of the unit square with defined $ \ mathcal { l } ^ 2 $ measure }. $ $ you can draw a square $ b $ with side length $ s $ for all $ s \ in ( 0, 1 )... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
define that probability precisely, because you can rearrange the sets of your space to change volumes! if probability depends on volume, and you can change the volume of the set to be the size of the sun or the size of a pea, then the probability will also change. so no event will have a single probability ascribed to ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
proximity to ncbi may not necessarily give you the fastest transfer speed. aws may be deliberately throttling the internet connection to limit the likelihood that people will use it for undesirable things. there's a chance that a home network might be faster, but you're likely to get the fastest connection to ncbi by u... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the cart tool let's you upload a set of names and map them ( optionally in a fuzzy way ) to stitch 4 identifiers, and then use those to map to atc codes ( using the chemicals sources download file ). it's a bit indirect, and i'm not sure what cart will do with the dosage info you mention. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
one publication for you : β negative ph does exist β, k. f. lim, j. chem. educ. 2006, 83, 1465. quoting the abstract in full : the misconception that ph lies between 0 and 14 has been perpetuated in popular - science books, textbooks, revision guides, and reference books. the article text provides some counterexamples ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the short version is that the beta distribution can be understood as representing a distribution of probabilities, that is, it represents all the possible values of a probability when we don't know what that probability is. here is my favorite intuitive explanation of this : anyone who follows baseball is familiar with... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the appropriateness of the beta for this task goes far beyond that. we expect that the player's season - long batting average will be most likely around. 27, but that it could reasonably range from. 21 to. 35. this can be represented with a beta distribution with parameters $ \ alpha = 81 $ and $ \ beta = 219 $ : curve... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the more the curve will shift to accommodate the new evidence, and furthermore the more it will narrow based on the fact that we have more proof. let's say halfway through the season he has been up to bat 300 times, hitting 100 out of those times. the new distribution would be $ \ mbox { beta } ( 81 + 100, 219 + 200 ) ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
as so often, the choice depends on ( 1 ) the problem you are trying to solve, ( 2 ) the skills you have, and ( 3 ) the people you work with ( unless it's a solo project ). i'll leave ( 3 ) aside for the moment because it depends on everyone's individual situation. problem dependence : fortran excels at array processing... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
introduction the bonding situation in $ \ ce { ( alcl3 ) 2 } $ and $ \ ce { ( bcl3 ) 2 } $ is nothing trivial and the reason why aluminium chloride forms dimers, while boron trichloride does not, cannot only be attributed to size. in order to understand this phenomenon we need to look at both, the monomers and the dime... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
these fragments in the same geometry. the deformation energy ( or preparation energy ) is defined as the difference of the energy of the optimised and the non - optimised monomer $ \ eqref { e - def - def } $. this is the energy required to distort the monomer ( in its ground state ) to the configuration it will have i... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
206. 0 & 173. 6 & - - \ \ \ mathbf { d } ( \ ce { cl \ bond { ~ } cl'} ) & / \ pu { pm } & 356. 8 & 300. 6 & - - \ \ \ hline \ mathbf { r } _ \ mathrm { vdw } & / \ pu { pm } & 240 & 205 & 205 \ \ \ mathbf { r } _ \ mathrm { sing } & / \ pu { pm } & 126 & 85 & 99 \ \ \ mathbf { r } _ \ mathrm { doub } & / \ pu { pm } &... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the actual formula ) : $ $ \ begin { align } \ pi ( \ ce { bcl3 } ) & = 21 \ % ~ \ ce { p _ { $ z $ } - b } + \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ 3 26 \ % ~ \ ce { p _ { $ z $ } - cl ^ { $ ( i ) $ } } \ \ \ pi ( \ ce { alcl3 } ) & = 13 \ % ~ \ ce { p _ { $ z $ } - al } + \ sum _ { i = 1 } ^ 3 29 \ % ~ \ ce { p _ { $ z $ } - cl ^ { $ (... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
resonance, structure a is the best approximation of the bonding situation for $ \ ce { alcl3 } $. in the case of $ \ ce { bcl3 } $ the algorithm finds a hyperbond between the chlorine atoms, a strongly delocalised bond between multiple centres. in this case these are 3 - centre - 4 - electron bonds between the chlorine... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
doub } & / \ pu { pm } & 113 & 78 & 95 \ \ \ hline \ end { array } in principle nothing much changes other than the expected elongation of the bonds that are now bridging. in case of aluminium the stretch is just below 10 % and for boron it is slightly above 14 %, having a bit more impact. in the boron dimer also the t... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
xcl3 ) 2 ; x { = } \ { b, al \ } } $ ; this includes three - centre - two - electron bonds, and three - centre - four - electron bonds. and deeper insight to those will be offered on another day. the differentiation between a dative bond and some other for of bond does not make sense, as the bonds are equal and only in... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##ron it is strongly endergonic. while both reactions should be exothermic, stronger for aluminium, the trend for the observed electronic energies ( $ e _ \ mathrm { o } $ including the zero - point energy correction ) and the ( electronic ) dissociation energies reflect the overall trend for the gibbs enthalpies. whil... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
were taken from s. s. batsanov inorg. mat. 2001, 37 ( 9 ), 871 - 885. and the covalent radii have been taken from p. pyykko and m. atsumi chem. eur. j. 2009, 15, 12770 - 12779. computations have been carried out using gaussian 09 rev d. 01 with nbo 6. 0. additional analyses have been performed with multiwfn 3. 3. 8. or... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there are some good answers here already but i hope this is a nice short summary : electromagnetic radiation cannot escape a black hole, because it travels at the speed of light. similarly, gravitational radiation cannot escape a black hole either, because it too travels at the speed of light. if gravitational radiatio... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the hilbert transform is used to calculate the " analytic " signal. see for example if your signal is a sine wave or an modulated sine wave, the magnitude of the analytic signal will indeed look like the envelope. however, the computation of the hilbert transform is not trivial. technically it requires a non - causal f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
this is a interesting question and for a long time it was thought that they do not age. in the meantime there are some new papers which say that bacteria do indeed age. aging can be defined as the accumulation of non - genetic damages ( for example oxidative damage to proteins ) over time. if too much of these damages ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i'd say the culprit is the contact area between the two surfaces relative to the deformation. when there are other pieces of paper below it, all the paper is able to deform when you push down ; because the paper is fairly soft and deformable fiber. if there is more soft deformable paper below it, the layers are able to... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the best algorithm that is known is to express the factorial as a product of prime powers. one can quickly determine the primes as well as the right power for each prime using a sieve approach. computing each power can be done efficiently using repeated squaring, and then the factors are multiplied together. this was d... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
2 ^ { k - 1 } - 2 $ multiplications. this is an improvement of a factor of nearly $ 2 $ from $ 2 ^ k - 2 $ multiplications just using the definition. some additional operations are required to compute the power of $ 2 $, but in binary arithmetic this can be done cheaply ( depending on what precisely is required, it may... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
your trouble with determinants is pretty common. they β re a hard thing to teach well, too, for two main reasons that i can see : the formulas you learn for computing them are messy and complicated, and there β s no β natural β way to interpret the value of the determinant, the way it β s easy to interpret the derivati... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
is $ 1 $. i claim that these facts are enough to define a unique function that takes in n vectors ( each of length n ) and returns a real number, the determinant of the matrix given by those vectors. i won β t prove that, but i β ll show you how it helps with some other interpretations of the determinant. in particular... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
here's a graphic i use to explain the difference in my general chemistry courses : all electrons that have the same value for $ n $ ( the principle quantum number ) are in the same shell within a shell ( same $ n $ ), all electrons that share the same $ l $ ( the angular momentum quantum number, or orbital shape ) are ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
it is possible to write most specific finite difference methods as petrov - galerkin finite element methods with some choice of local reconstruction and quadrature, and most finite element methods can also be shown to be algebraically equivalent to some finite difference method. therefore, we should choose a method bas... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
assuming a symplectic time integrator ) high order accuracy even with discontinuous coefficients, as long as you can align to boundaries discontinuous coefficients inside elements can be accommodated with xfem easy to handle multiple inf - sup conditions cons many elements have trouble at high aspect ratio continuous f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
apart from bitcoin and ethereum ( if we are generous ) there are no major and important uses today. it is important to notice that blockchains have some severe limitations. a couple of them being : it only really works for purely digital assets the digital asset under control needs to keep its value even if it's public... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
where we put all the dairy farmers'production on the blockchain together with all the dairy stores'inventory. in this way we can easily send trucks to the correct places! however, this makes both farmers and traders liable for inflated prices if they are overproducing / under - stocked. other people want to put energy ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
. have been working on blockchain solution projects. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
let's start with a triviliaty : deep neural network is simply a feedforward network with many hidden layers. this is more or less all there is to say about the definition. neural networks can be recurrent or feedforward ; feedforward ones do not have any loops in their graph and can be organized in layers. if there are... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
in principle learn anything. this is true for various nonlinear activation functions, including rectified linear units that most neural networks are using today ( the textbook references leshno et al. 1993 for this result ). if so, then why is everybody using deep nets? well, a naive answer is that because they work be... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
and looked like a compelling argument in favour of deepness ; here is one figure from a presentation by the first author on the residual network paper ( note that the time confusingly goes to the left here ) : but the paper linked above shows that a " wide " residual network with " only " 16 layers can outperform " dee... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
neural networks can be trained with second - order methods ( so called hessian - free methods ) and can outperform networks trained with pre - training : deep learning via hessian - free optimization. then in 2013 sutskever et al. showed that stochastic gradient descent with some very clever tricks can outperform hessi... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
let me add the following graphic to the great answers already given, with the intention of a specific and clear answer to the question posed. the other answers detail what linear phase is, this details why it is important in one graphic : when a filter has linear phase, then all the frequencies within that signal will ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
- 2 \ pi $ from f = 0 hz to f = fs ( the sampling rate ). the simplest mathematical explanation is that the a phase that is linear with frequency and a constant delay are fourier transform pairs. this is the shift property of the fourier transform. a constant time delay in time of $ \ tau $ seconds results in a linear ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
strategy i would like to apply rational decision theory to the analysis, because that is one well - established way to attain rigor in solving a statistical decision problem. in trying to do so, one difficulty emerges as special : the alteration of sb β s consciousness. rational decision theory has no mechanism to hand... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
probabilities. this potentially is one key point where philosophers might choose to attack my solution. i claim it's the last point at which they can attack it, because the remaining analysis is routine and rigorous. now we apply the usual statistical machinery. let's begin with the sample space ( of possible experimen... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
{ 2n }. $ $ tuesday probabilities the set of tails outcomes is $ t = \ { ( tm _ j, tt _ k ) : j \ ne k \ } $. there are $ n ( n - 1 ) $ of them. all are equally likely, by design. you, clone $ i $, are awakened in $ ( n - 1 ) + ( n - 1 ) = 2 ( n - 1 ) $ of these cases ; namely, the $ n - 1 $ ways you can be awakened on... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
| t ( i ) \ cup h ( i ) ] = 1 / 3 $ ( the thirder answer ). in the situation in which sb ( or rather any one of a set of identically prepared jaynes thinking machines ) finds herself, this analysis - - which many others have performed ( but i think less convincingly, because they did not so clearly remove the philosoph... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
those are isolated turtle bones : specifically, they are part of the carapace, or upper shell. the projections would articulate with the backbone. the " toothlike " structure at the other end projects down toward the margin of the shell. based on the size, and the fact that you are in missouri, i'm guessing they are sn... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
converting full history to limited history this is a first step in solving recurrences where the value at any integer depends on the values at all smaller integers. consider, for example, the recurrence $ $ t ( n ) = n + \ frac { 1 } { n } \ sum _ { k = 1 } ^ n \ big ( t ( k - 1 ) + t ( n - k ) \ big ) $ $ which arises... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
$ \ frac { 2n - 1 } { n ( n + 1 ) } $ with the simpler asymptotic form $ \ theta ( 1 / n ) $, we obtain the much simpler recurrence $ $ t ( n ) = \ theta ( 1 / n ) + t ( n - 1 ). $ $ expanding this recurrence into a summation immediately gives us $ t ( n ) = \ theta ( h _ n ) = \ theta ( \ log n ) $, where $ h _ n $ is... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
in fact, the output vectors are not computed from the input using any mathematical operation. instead, each input integer is used as the index to access a table that contains all possible vectors. that is the reason why you need to specify the size of the vocabulary as the first argument ( so the table can be initializ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
. 7 ], [ 0. 1, 4. 2 ], [ 1. 0, 3. 1 ], [ 0. 3, 2. 1 ], [ 4. 1, 2. 0 ] ] it might seem counterintuitive at first, but the underlying automatic differentiation engines ( e. g., tensorflow or theano ) manage to optimize these vectors associated with each input integer just like any other parameter of your model. for an in... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
0 quartile = 0 quantile = 0 percentile 1 quartile = 0. 25 quantile = 25 percentile 2 quartile =. 5 quantile = 50 percentile ( median ) 3 quartile =. 75 quantile = 75 percentile 4 quartile = 1 quantile = 100 percentile | https://api.stackexchange.com |
given the large eyes, the almost non - existent antennae, the humped back, elongated abdomen and the wings, i'd say it is a robber fly. it is one of many insects known to prey on wasps. note the description on the linked page : this spindly piece of nastiness is a robber fly in the genus diogmites. it seems that it's m... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
for a rather simple version of dependent type theory, gilles dowek gave a proof of undecidability of typability in a non - empty context : gilles dowek, the undecidability of typability in the $ \ lambda \ pi $ - calculus which can be found here. first let me clarify what is proven in that paper : he shows that in a de... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
of expression of type dependencies is restricted to allow for decidable checking see, e. g. liquid types. it's rare that full type inference is decidable even in these systems though. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there are many for different subjects - efg's algorithm collection : dsp forum : data compression - about rendering - for all research papers - resources on mp3 and audio - steve on image processing - image processing and retrieval accelerated image processing - the digital signal processing blog - noise & vibration me... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
two additional major benefits of relus are sparsity and a reduced likelihood of vanishing gradient. but first recall the definition of a relu is $ h = \ max ( 0, a ) $ where $ a = wx + b $. one major benefit is the reduced likelihood of the gradient to vanish. this arises when $ a > 0 $. in this regime the gradient has... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
not as far as i am aware. the ray assembler used to ( and possibly still does ) store the kmers as fasta files where the header was the count of the sequence, which i thought was a pretty neat bastardisation of the fasta file format. it looks like this format is also used by jellyfish when reporting kmer frequencies by... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there are many more out there, all with different goals and views of the problems. it really depends on what you are trying to solve. here is an incomplete list of packages out there. feel free to add more details. large distributed iterative solver packages petsc β packages focused around krylov subspace methods and e... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
that is certainly an interesting question! first, to clarify definitions : to be considered venomous the toxic substance must be produced in specialized glands or tissue. often these are associated with some delivery apparatus ( fangs, stinger, etc. ), but not necessarily. to be poisonous, the toxins must be produced i... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the energy consumption doesn't vary that much between resting and performing tasks, as discussed in a review by marcus raichle and mark a. mintun : in the average adult human, the brain represents approximately 2 % of the total body weight but approximately 20 % of the energy consumed ( clark & sokoloff 1999 ), 10 time... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
negative frequency doesn't make much sense for sinusoids, but the fourier transform doesn't break up a signal into sinusoids, it breaks it up into complex exponentials ( also called " complex sinusoids " or " cisoids " ) : $ $ f ( \ omega ) = \ int _ { - \ infty } ^ { \ infty } f ( t ) \ color { red } { e ^ { - j \ ome... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i think that you are missing something still in your understanding of the purpose of cross - validation. let's get some terminology straight, generally when we say'a model'we refer to a particular method for describing how some input data relates to what we are trying to predict. we don't generally refer to particular ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
our final predictive model. note that there is a technique called bootstrap aggregation ( usually shortened to'bagging') that does in a way use model instances produced in a way similar to cross - validation to build up an ensemble model, but that is an advanced technique beyond the scope of your question here. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
we can define a solution to this problem in the following way. assume the input intervals can be defined as $ i _ { a } = [ a _ s, a _ e ] $ and $ i _ { b } = [ b _ s, b _ e ] $, while the output interval is defined as $ i _ { o } = [ o _ s, o _ e ] $. we can find the intersection $ i _ { o } = i _ { a } \ bigcap i _ {... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
first of all the definitions are different : phase delay : ( the negative of ) phase divided by frequency group delay : ( the negative of ) first derivative of phase vs frequency in words that means : phase delay : phase angle at this point in frequency group delay : rate of change of the phase around this point in fre... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you may consider using ruvseq. here is an excerpt from the 2013 nature biotechnology publication : we evaluate the performance of the external rna control consortium ( ercc ) spike - in controls and investigate the possibility of using them directly for normalization. we show that the spike - ins are not reliable enoug... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
for people like me who study algorithms for a living, the 21st - century standard model of computation is the integer ram. the model is intended to reflect the behavior of real computers more accurately than the turing machine model. real - world computers process multiple - bit integers in constant time using parallel... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##pace in polynomial time. update : i should also mention that there are exceptions to the " standard model ", like furer's integer multiplication algorithm, which uses multitape turing machines ( or equivalently, the " bit ram " ), and most geometric algorithms, which are analyzed in a theoretically clean but idealize... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you'd be surprised. this is actually topic of ongoing research, and of several phd dissertations. the question which radar waveforms and algorithms can be used to mitigate interference is a long - fought over one ; in essence, however, this breaks down to the same problem that any ad - hoc communication system has. dif... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
congratulations, you found an inverted pyramid ice spike, sometimes called an ice vase! the bally - dorsey model of how it happens is that first the surface of the water freezes, sealing off the water below except for a small opening. if the freezing rate is high enough the expansion of ice under the surface will incre... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the siam journals, especially sisc ( scientific computing ) and mms ( multiscale modeling and simulation ) are obvious established and high - quality choices. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
veins have several advantages over arteries. from a purely practical standpoint, veins are easier to access due to their superficial location compared to the arteries which are located deeper under the skin. they have thinner walls ( much less smooth muscle surrounding them ) than arteries, and have less innervation, s... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
principal component analysis involves extracting linear composites of observed variables. factor analysis is based on a formal model predicting observed variables from theoretical latent factors. in psychology these two techniques are often applied in the construction of multi - scale tests to determine which items loa... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you can think of water as the ash from burning hydrogen : it's already given off as much energy as possible from reacting hydrogen with oxygen. you can, however, still burn it. you just need an even stronger oxidizer than oxygen. there aren't many of them, but fluorine will work, $ $ \ ce { 2f2 + 2h2o - > 4hf + o2 } $ ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there is a wide variety of techniques for non - uniform fft, and the most efficient ones are all meant for exactly your case : quasi - uniform samples. the basic idea is to smear the unevenly sampled sources onto a slightly finer ( " oversampled " ) uniform grid though local convolutions against gaussians. a standard f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
let a quantum system with hamiltonian $ h $ be given. suppose the system occupies a pure state $ | \ psi ( t ) \ rangle $ determined by the hamiltonian evolution. for any observable $ \ omega $ we use the shorthand $ $ \ langle \ omega \ rangle = \ langle \ psi ( t ) | \ omega | \ psi ( t ) \ rangle. $ $ one can show t... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
right | \ delta t = \ sigma _ \ omega $ $ | https://api.stackexchange.com |
during the process of selection, individuals having disadvantageous traits are weeded out. if the selection pressure isn't strong enough then mildly disadvantageous traits will continue to persist in the population. so the reasons for why a trait is not evolved even though it may be advantageous to the organism, are : ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
actively try to look for an optimum. the fitness of an individual does not have any meaning in the absence of the selection pressure. * if you have a relevant addition then please feel free to edit this answer. * | https://api.stackexchange.com |
since this is physicsse, i am happy with an answer based purely on theoretical analysis of the forces involved. oh boy, time to spend way too much time on a response. lets assume the simple model of a peg that makes an angle $ \ alpha $ with the wall and ends in a circular cap of radius $ r $. then a towel of total len... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
pi / 2 } \ mu _ s \ rho g r \ cos ( \ theta ) \, \ mathrm d \ theta $ $ $ $ f _ s = - \ mu _ s \ rho g ( s \ sin ( \ alpha ) + r ( \ cos ( \ alpha ) + 1 ) ) $ $ now we can set the frictional force equal to the gravitational force and solve for what values of $ \ mu _ s $ will satisfy static equilibrium. you get : $ $ \... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
gamma $ ) is large, like over 50 % combined. the large values for $ \ eta $ can only be accomplished when you put the towel at approximately position $ \ mathbf { a } $, whereas its very difficult to hang a towel from position $ \ mathbf { b } $ because it reduces $ \ eta $ in both the $ z $ and $ x $ - directions. 3 )... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
brain, indeed, cannot feel pain, as it lacks pain receptors ( nociceptors ). however, what you feel when you have a headache is not your brain hurting - - there are plenty of other areas in your head and neck that do have nociceptors which can perceive pain, and they literally cause the headaches. in especially, many t... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
an excerpt from history of lambda - calculus and combinatory logic by f. cardone and j. r. hindley ( 2006 ) : by the way, why did church choose the notation β $ \ lambda $ β? in [ church, 1964, Β§ 2 ] he stated clearly that it came from the notation β $ \ hat { x } $ β used for class - abstraction by whitehead and russe... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
if the goal of the standard deviation is to summarise the spread of a symmetrical data set ( i. e. in general how far each datum is from the mean ), then we need a good method of defining how to measure that spread. the benefits of squaring include : squaring always gives a non - negative value, so the sum will always ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
whenever you want to save space ( this can be a substantial savings ). until quite recently ( samtools / htslib 1. 7 ), only cram supported long cigar strings. if you need to guarantee that any random obscure downstream program will be able to handle it. uptake of cram has been pretty slow. java programs using htsjdk (... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
s just a matter of time before users can assume that most analysis programs are written to handle it. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
consider the set of keys $ k = \ { 0, 1,..., 100 \ } $ and a hash table where the number of buckets is $ m = 12 $. since $ 3 $ is a factor of $ 12 $, the keys that are multiples of $ 3 $ will be hashed to buckets that are multiples of $ 3 $ : keys $ \ { 0, 12, 24, 36,... \ } $ will be hashed to bucket $ 0 $. keys $ \ {... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
good observation! the 3'poly ( a ) tail is actually a very common feature of positive - strand rna viruses, including coronaviruses and picornaviruses. for coronaviruses in particular, we know that the poly ( a ) tail is required for replication, functioning in conjunction with the 3'untranslated region ( utr ) as a ci... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
β - polyadenylated. it has been demonstrated that the length of the coronaviral poly ( a ) tail is not static but regulated during infection ; however, little is known regarding the factors involved in coronaviral polyadenylation and its regulation. here, we show that during infection, the level of coronavirus poly ( a... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
wy, chang ny. regulation of coronaviral poly ( a ) tail length during infection. plos one. 2013 ; 8 ( 7 ) : e70548. published 2013 jul 29. doi : 10. 1371 / journal. pone. 0070548 it's also worth pointing out that poly ( a ) tails at the 3'end of rna are not an unusual feature of viruses. eukaryotic mrna almost always c... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you are right, the planetary model of the atom does not make sense when one considers the electromagnetic forces involved. the electron in an orbit is accelerating continuously and would thus radiate away its energy and fall into the nucleus. one of the reasons for " inventing " quantum mechanics was exactly this conun... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there are basically two major, commercial choices out there : ddt from allinea ( which is what we use at tacc ) and totalview ( as mentioned in the other comment ). they have comparable features, are both actively developed, and are direct competitors. eclipse has their parallel tools platform, which should include mpi... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
uranium and thorium in heavy rocks have a decay chain which includes a three - day isotope of radon. if a building has materials with some chemically - insignificant mixture of uranium and thorium, such as concrete or granite, then the radon can diffuse out of the material into the air. this is part of your normal back... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
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