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to use their energy for two things, staying alive via repair and maintenance ( somatic - maintenance ) and making offspring ( reproductive - investment ), then any energy devoted to one will take away from the other. if an individual carries a gene that makes it devote all of its energy to somatic maintenance then its ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
have biases in how well adapted the members of the population are - where younger individuals are better adapted ( because they were produced more recently it is likely that the environment is similar to the environment they are favoured in ). thus by removing the less well adapted individuals from a population via sen... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
first, we need to understand what is a markov chain. consider the following weather example from wikipedia. suppose that weather on any given day can be classified into two states only : sunny and rainy. based on past experience, we know the following : $ p ( \ text { next day is sunny } \, \ vert \, \ text { given tod... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
0. 05 = 0. 86 $ similarly, the probability that it will be rainy is : $ p ( \ text { rainy 2 days from now } = 0. 1 \ times 0. 5 + 0. 9 \ times 0. 1 = 0. 05 + 0. 09 = 0. 14 $ in linear algebra ( transition matrices ) these calculations correspond to all the permutations in transitions from one step to the next ( sunny ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
chain many times ( like how we forecast the weather $ n $ times ). eventually, the draws we generate would appear as if they are coming from our target distribution. we then approximate the quantities of interest ( e. g. mean ) by taking the sample average of the draws after discarding a few initial draws which is the ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
in a previous answer in the theoretical computer science site, i said that category theory is the " foundation " for type theory. here, i would like to say something stronger. category theory is type theory. conversely, type theory is category theory. let me expand on these points. category theory is type theory in any... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
typed ( and untyped ) lambda calculus. the traditional set - theoretic models were inadequate for this purpose, because programming languages involve unrestricted recursion which set theory lacks. scott invented a series of semantic models that captured programming phenomena, and came to the realization that typed lamb... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
for computer scientists is perhaps the most readable of them. however, there are plenty of resources on the web, which are targeted at programmers. the haskellwiki page can be a good starting point. at the midlands graduate school, we have lectures on category theory ( among others ). graham hutton's course was pegged ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
here is a scatterplot of some multivariate data ( in two dimensions ) : what can we make of it when the axes are left out? introduce coordinates that are suggested by the data themselves. the origin will be at the centroid of the points ( the point of their averages ). the first coordinate axis ( blue in the next figur... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the square root of the covariance. letting $ c $ stand for the covariance function, the new ( mahalanobis ) distance between two points $ x $ and $ y $ is the distance from $ x $ to $ y $ divided by the square root of $ c ( x - y, x - y ) $. the corresponding algebraic operations, thinking now of $ c $ in terms of its ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##p ( - \ frac { 1 } { 2 } x ^ 2 ) $ that characterizes the probability density of the standard normal distribution. thus, in the new coordinates, a multivariate normal distribution looks standard normal when projected onto any line through the origin. in particular, it is standard normal in each of the new coordinates... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you are right. notice that the term $ o ( n + m ) $ slightly abuses the classical big - o notation, which is defined for functions in one variable. however there is a natural extension for multiple variables. simply speaking, since $ $ \ frac { 1 } { 2 } ( m + n ) \ le \ max \ { m, n \ } \ le m + n \ le 2 \ max \ { m, ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
sometimes we can " augment knowledge " with an unusual or different approach. i would like this reply to be accessible to kindergartners and also have some fun, so everybody get out your crayons! given paired $ ( x, y ) $ data, draw their scatterplot. ( the younger students may need a teacher to produce this for them. ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the scale on the y - axis. correlation. covariance increases as the points approximate an upward sloping line and decreases as the points approximate a downward sloping line. this is because in the former case most of the rectangles are positive and in the latter case, most are negative. relationship to linear associat... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
first off, may i say that i applaud your decision to test this through an experiment. it's rare to see that than i would like. now, on to the matter at hand. it's fairly well known from industrial chemistry that non - polar solvents degrade latex quite heavily. i work with latex seals a lot, and the hexanes we use rout... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i managed to crack the formula for optical isomers with odd chiral centers, so i'll share my attempt here. hopefully others may innovate on it and post solutions for other formulae. pseudo - chiral carbon atoms - an introduction the gold book defines pseudo - chiral / pseudo - asymmetric carbon atom as : a tetrahedrall... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
{ n - 1 } 2 $ ) are enantiomers. case $ n = 5 $ take the example of heptane - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - pentol : we expect $ 16 ~ ( = 2 ^ { n - 1 } ) $ isomers, with the c4 carbon being pseudo - chiral. to avoid a really large table, we observe that the number of meso isomers is easily countable ( < < number of enantiomers ). he... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
description ( " the sequence of optical configurations, when read from the fourth carbon atom, is exactly the same on both left and right " ) describes meso isomers, we have hence counted the number of meso isomers, which is $ 2 ^ \ frac { n - 1 } { 2 } $. a formula for the number of total isomers we note that there ar... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the ancient greeks had a theory that the sun, the moon, and the planets move around the earth in circles. this was soon shown to be wrong. the problem was that if you watch the planets carefully, sometimes they move backwards in the sky. so ptolemy came up with a new idea - the planets move around in one big circle, bu... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
t } + r _ 2 e ^ { i \ omega _ 2 t } $ $ we can then imagine three, four, or infinitely - many such circles being added. if we allow the circles to have every possible angular frequency, we can now write $ $ z ( t ) = \ int _ { - \ infty } ^ { \ infty } r ( \ omega ) e ^ { i \ omega t } \ mathrm { d } \ omega. $ $ the f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
treatment, and is fairly intuitive if you understand orthogonality. why it works is a rather deep question. it's a consequence of the spectral theorem. what it's for has a huge range. it's useful in analyzing the response of linear physical systems to an external input, such as an electrical circuit responding to the s... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there are lots of modern finite element references, but i will just comment on a few books that i think are practical and relevant to applications, plus one containing more comprehensive analysis. wriggers nonlinear finite element methods ( 2008 ) is a good general reference, but will be most relevant to those concerne... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
in 2010, dr. craig venter actually used a bacterial shell and wrote dna for it. scientists have created the world's first synthetic life form in a landmark experiment that paves the way for designer organisms that are built rather than evolved. ( snip ) the new organism is based on an existing bacterium that causes mas... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the initial mersenne - twister ( mt ) was regarded as good for some years, until it was found out to be pretty bad with the more advanced testu01 bigcrush tests and better prngs. this page lists the mersenne - twister features in detail : positive qualities produces 32 - bit or 64 - bit numbers ( thus usable as source ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
ok, i'll try to answer your questions : q1 : the number of taps is not equal the to the filter order. in your example the filter length is 5, i. e. the filter extends over 5 input samples [ $ x ( n ), x ( n - 1 ), x ( n - 2 ), x ( n - 3 ), x ( n - 4 ) $ ]. the number of taps is the same as the filter length. in your ca... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
serial is an umbrella word for all that is " time division multiplexed ", to use an expensive term. it means that the data is sent spread over time, most often one single bit after another. all the protocols you're naming are serial protocols. uart, for universal asynchronous receiver transmitter, is one of the most us... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
therefore sck for clock, mosi for master out slave in, and miso for master in slave out. by using ss ( slave select ) signals the master can control more than one slave on the bus. there are two ways to connect multiple slave devices to one master, one is mentioned above i. e. using slave select, and other is daisy cha... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
( transistor transistor logic ) is not a protocol. it's an older technology for digital logic, but the name is often used to refer to the 5 v supply voltage, often incorrectly referring to what should be called uart. about each of these you can write a book, and it looks i'm well on my way. this is just a very brief ov... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
there is a general historical trend. in the olden days, memories were small, and so programs were perforce small. also, compilers were not very smart, and many programs were written in assembler, so it was considered a good thing to be able to write a program using few instructions. instruction pipelines were simple, a... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
( 32 - bit and 64 - bit ) family, is historical compatibility. but that's not the whole of it. in the early 2000s, intel tried pushing the itanium architecture. itanium is an extreme case of complex instructions ( not really cisc, though : its design has been dubbed epic ). it even does away with the old - fashioned id... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
yes, there are theoretical machines which exceed the turing machines in computational power, such as oracle machines and infinite time turing machines. the buzzword that you should feed to google is hypercomputation. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
myth : manufactures conspire to put internal diodes in discrete components so only ic designers can do neat things with 4 - terminal mosfets. truth : 4 - terminal mosfets aren't very useful. any p - n junction is a diode ( among other ways to make diodes ). a mosfet has two of them, right here : that big chunk of p - d... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
devices ). in ics, the body is the substrate for the whole ic, and it's usually connected to ground. if the body is at a lower voltage than the source, then you must consider body effect. if you take a look at a cmos circuit where there's a source not connected to ground ( like the nand gate below ), it doesn't really ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
this is quite a broad question and it indeed is quite hard to pinpoint why exactly fourier transforms are important in signal processing. the simplest, hand waving answer one can provide is that it is an extremely powerful mathematical tool that allows you to view your signals in a different domain, inside which severa... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
is given by $ $ x ( t ) = \ int _ { \ mathbb { r } } x ( f ) e ^ { \ jmath 2 \ pi f t } \ df, \ quad \ forall t \ in \ mathbb { r } $ $ importance in signal processing : first and foremost, a fourier transform of a signal tells you what frequencies are present in your signal and in what proportions. example : have you ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the convolution operation, cross - correlations are also easily implemented in the frequency domain as $ z ( f ) = x ( f ) ^ * y ( f ) $, where $ ^ * $ denotes complex conjugate. by being able to split signals into their constituent frequencies, one can easily block out certain frequencies selectively by nullifying the... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
/ designing lc / rc / lcr circuits, which in turn are used in radios / electric guitars, wah - wah pedals, etc. this is pretty much all i could think of right now, but do note that no amount of writing / explanation can fully capture the true importance of fourier transforms in signal processing and in science / engine... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
that is the work of a leaf miner. a leaf miner is the larval stage of an insect that feeds on the inside layer of leaves. notice how the galleries ( tunnels ) start small and then get larger as the larva matures? most leaf miners are moth larvae ( lepidoptera ) | https://api.stackexchange.com |
a general rule of thumb is that in order to improve the variance $ n $ times you need $ n ^ 2 $ neighbours. this is only applicable if you consider the $ n ^ 2 $ nearest neighbours of a cell to be biologically identical ( i. e. " similar enough " ) ; if your data includes 10 types of cells with 10 cells each, then usin... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the main distinction you want to make is between the green function and the kernel. ( i prefer the terminology " green function " without the's. imagine a different name, say, feynman. people would definitely say the feynman function, not the feynman's function. but i digress... ) start with a differential operator, ca... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
x u ( x ) = 0 $ on a manifold $ m $, and specify $ u $ on the boundary $ \ partial m $ to be $ v $. then, $ $ u ( x ) = \ int _ { \ partial m } k ( x, x ^ \ prime ) v ( x ^ \ prime ) dx ^ \ prime \,. $ $ in this case, we're using the kernel with dirichlet boundary conditions. for example, the heat kernel is the kernel ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
) $ for $ l _ x = \ partial _ x ^ 2 + m ^ 2 $. the boundary conditions specify the difference between the retarded, advanced and feynman propagators. ( see? not feynman's propagator ) in the case of a klein - gordon field, the retarded propagator is defined as $ $ d _ r ( x, x ^ \ prime ) = \ theta ( x ^ 0 - x ^ { \ pr... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
insertions / random variables. that's where the real work begins! | https://api.stackexchange.com |
since this question is asked often enough, let me add a detailed solution. i'm not quite following arturo's outline, though. the main difference is that i'm not re - proving the cauchy - schwarz inequality ( step 4 in arturo's outline ) but rather use the fact that multiplication by scalars and addition of vectors as w... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
z \ vert ^ 2 + \ vert x - y + z \ vert ^ 2. $ $ this gives $ $ \ begin { align * } \ vert x + y + z \ vert ^ 2 & = 2 \ vert x + z \ vert ^ 2 + 2 \ vert y \ vert ^ 2 - \ vert x - y + z \ vert ^ 2 \ \ & = 2 \ vert y + z \ vert ^ 2 + 2 \ vert x \ vert ^ 2 - \ vert y - x + z \ vert ^ 2 \ end { align * } $ $ where the secon... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
\ frac { 1 } { 4 } \ left ( \ vert x + z \ vert ^ 2 - \ vert x - z \ vert ^ 2 \ right ) + \ frac { 1 } { 4 } \ left ( \ vert y + z \ vert ^ 2 - \ vert y - z \ vert ^ 2 \ right ) \ \ & = \ langle x, z \ rangle + \ langle y, z \ rangle \ end { align * } $ $ as desired. step 3. $ \ langle \ lambda x, y \ rangle = \ lambda... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##minus \ { 0 \ } $. the case $ \ lambda = 0 $ being trivial, we're done. step 4. the complex case. define $ \ displaystyle \ langle x, y \ rangle = \ frac { 1 } { 4 } \ sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { 3 } i ^ { k } \ vert x + i ^ k y \ vert ^ 2 $, observe that $ \ langle ix, y \ rangle = i \ langle x, y \ rangle $ and $ \ langle ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
from the reuter's article referenced : sarajevo, march 7 ( reuters ) - european power grid lobby entso - e urged serbia and kosovo to urgently resolve a dispute over their power grid, which has affected the broader european network, causing some digital clocks on the continent to lose time. figure 1. the entso - e syst... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
clock on my electricity meter is > 40 years old and it has a mains - powered clock with a self - rewinding clockwork ups to keep it ok during power cuts! entso - e said the european network ’ s frequency had deviated from its standard of 50 hertz ( hz ) to 49. 996 hz since mid - january, resulting in 113 gigawatt - hou... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
e urged european governments and policymakers to take swift action and exert pressure on kosovo and serbia to resolve the issue, which is also hampering integration of the western balkans energy market required by the european union. “ these actions need to address the political side of this issue, ” entso - e said in ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
needs 2 different firmwares for countries with different electric network frequencies, while, with a crystal ( that should be needed anyway to run all the embedded circuits ), the same device would run unmodified everywhere. crystals will drift and the further complication of real - time clock with battery backup are r... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
how much voltage is dangerous is not really a static number as it depends on your body resistance, time of exposure and source " stiffness " ( i. e. how much current it can supply ). you get figures like 60v ( or as low as 30v ) which are an attempt at an average figure above which " caution should be taken ". however,... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the scenarios are impossible and would be laughable if they were not so serious. the evidence is in the phylogenetic trees. its a bit like a crime scene when the forensics team investigate. we've done enough crime - scenes often going to the site, collecting the pathogen, sequencing and then analysis - ( usually neglec... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
, because the bat betacoronaviruses have been known about prior both epidemics, viz. its simply not feasible. biological explanation general bats are a reservoir host to vast numbers of pathogens, particularly viruses, including many alphaviruses, flaviviruses, rabies virus and beleived to be important in ebolavirus ( ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the only connection i can imagine is its china. however, the chinese have loads of viruses, influenza in particular which causes major pandemics, but that is a consequence of their natural ecology ( small - holder farming ) allowing the virus to move between reservoir hosts. i've not visited small - hold farms in china... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
as far as i know, the commutator relations make a theory quantum. if all observables commute, the theory is classical. if some observables have non - zero commutators ( no matter if they are proportional to $ \ hbar $ or not ), the theory is quantum. intuitively, what makes a theory quantum is the fact that observation... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
no, uart and rs - 232 are not the same. uart is responsible for sending and receiving a sequence of bits. at the output of a uart these bits are usually represented by logic level voltages. these bits can become rs - 232, rs - 422, rs - 485, or perhaps some proprietary spec. rs - 232 specifies voltage levels. notice th... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
this algorithm can be re - written like this scan a until you find an inversion. if you find one, swap and start over. if there is none, terminate. now there can be at most $ \ binom { n } { 2 } \ in \ theta ( n ^ 2 ) $ inversions and you need a linear - time scan to find each - - so the worst - case running time is $ ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i like george bergman's explanation ( beginning in section 7. 4 of his invitation to general algebra and universal constructions ). we start with a motivating example. suppose you are interested in solving $ x ^ 2 = - 1 $ in $ \ mathbb { z } $. of course, there are no solutions, but let's ignore that annoying reality f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
##isfies $ x ^ 2 = - 1 $ in the appropriate ring, and which are " consistent ", in the sense that each $ x _ { i + 1 } $ is a lifting of $ x _ i $ under the natural homomorphisms $ $ \ cdots \ stackrel { f _ { i + 1 } } { \ longrightarrow } \ mathbb { z } _ { 5 ^ { i + 1 } } \ stackrel { f _ i } { \ longrightarrow } \ ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
, even if that limit point does not exist in our original set. this ring is the $ 5 $ - adic integers ; since an integer is completely determined by its remainders modulo the powers of $ 5 $, this ring contains an isomorphic copy of $ \ mathbb { z } $. essentially, we are taking successive approximations to a putative ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
} { \ longrightarrow } \ mathbb { z } _ { 5 ^ 2 } \ stackrel { f _ 1 } { \ longrightarrow } \ mathbb { z } _ 5. $ $ so the elements of the inverse limit are " consistent sequences " of partial approximations, and the inverse limit is a way of taking all these " partial approximations " and combine them into a " target ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
ensures that any finite number of " lines of approximation " will meet in " finite time ", but you may need to go all the way to " infinity " to really put all the lines of approximation together. the inverse limit takes care of this. if the directed set has no maximal elements, but the structure maps are not surjectiv... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
i love this question, because it's a very simple demonstration of how to do science. while it's true that in science one should never accept anything'without evidence ', it's also true that blind skepticism of everything and anything gets one nowhere - skepticism has to be combined with rational inquiry. your date has ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
sun would rise and set at the same time everywhere. if the earth is flat, why is the moon round? the moon is round and not a flat disc, as you can see by the librations of the moon. what makes the earth special, then? further, all the planets are round, although to verify this you need a good telescope. again, what mak... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
my colleague, ido segev, pointed out that there is a problem with most of the elegant proofs here - tetris is not just a problem of tiling a rectangle. below is his proof that the conjecture is, in fact, false. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
to be honest the line between the two is almost gone nowadays and there are processors that can be classified as both ( ad blackfin for instance ). generally speaking : microcontrollers are integer math processors with an interrupt sub system. some may have hardware multiplication units, some don't, etc. point is they ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
project as i was doing it solo, i got to do the system design, schematic, pcb layout and firmware. now i could have done the entire thing with an single bulky arm core, i only needed about 50mips of dsp work on 24bit fixed point numbers per zone. but because i knew this system would operate for an extremely long time a... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
it is true that, from an outside perspective, nothing can ever pass the event horizon. i will attempt to describe the situation as best i can, to the best of my knowledge. first, let's imagine a classical black hole. by " classical " i mean a black - hole solution to einstein's equations, which we imagine not to emit h... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
. ) now, this idea seems a bit weird ( to me and i think to you as well ) because if nothing ever passes the event horizon, how can there ever be a black hole in the first place? my friendly cosmologist's answer boiled down to this : the black hole itself is only ever an approximation. when a bunch of matter collapses ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
first part it won't decide the issue but the organic chemistry text by clayden, greeves, warren and wothers also mentions that the matter might not be as clear - cut as the majority of your textbooks make it seem. this might strengthen the position of the textbook you're using a bit. but again, there are no references ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
iodo - 3 - hydroxy compound, but when $ \ ce { incl3 } $ is added, the major product is the 3 - iodo - 2 - hydroxy carboxylic acid. $ { } ^ { 1236 } $ references : $ { } ^ { 1231 } $ sartillo - piscil, f. ; quinero, l. ; villegas, c. ; santacruz - juarez, e. ; de parrodi, c. a. tetrahedron lett. 2002, 43, 15. $ { } ^ {... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you need to add a couple of more questions - - ( c ) what dielectric should i use and ( d ) where do i place the capacitor in my layout. the amount and size varies by application. for power supply components the esr ( effective series resistance ) is a critical component. for example the mc33269 ldo datasheet lists an ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the moving average filter ( sometimes known colloquially as a boxcar filter ) has a rectangular impulse response : $ $ h [ n ] = \ frac { 1 } { n } \ sum _ { k = 0 } ^ { n - 1 } \ delta [ n - k ] $ $ or, stated differently : $ $ h [ n ] = \ begin { cases } \ frac { 1 } { n }, & & 0 \ le n < n \ \ 0, & & \ text { otherw... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
omega n / 2 } } { e ^ { j \ omega / 2 } - e ^ { - j \ omega / 2 } } \ end { align } $ $ this may not look any easier to understand. however, due to euler's identity, recall that : $ $ \ sin ( \ omega ) = \ frac { e ^ { j \ omega } - e ^ { - j \ omega } } { j2 } $ $ therefore, we can write the above as : $ $ \ begin { a... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
a form of a dirichlet kernel. it is sometimes called a periodic sinc function, because it resembles the sinc function somewhat in appearance, but is periodic instead. anyway, since the definition of cutoff frequency is somewhat underspecified ( - 3 db point? - 6 db point? first sidelobe null? ), you can use the above e... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
heap just guarantees that elements on higher levels are greater ( for max - heap ) or smaller ( for min - heap ) than elements on lower levels, whereas bst guarantees order ( from " left " to " right " ). if you want sorted elements, go with bst. source : heap is better at findmin / findmax ( o ( 1 ) ), while bst is go... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
classic torgerson's metric mds is actually done by transforming distances into similarities and performing pca ( eigen - decomposition or singular - value - decomposition ) on those. [ the other name of this procedure ( distances between objects - > similarities between them - > pca, whereby loadings are the sought - f... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
is shown in red dots. iterative or " true " mds aims straight to reconstruct pairwise distances between objects. for it is the task of any mds. various stress or misfit criteria could be minimized between original distances and distances on the map : $ \ | d _ o - d _ m \ | _ 2 ^ 2 $, $ \ | d _ o ^ 2 - d _ m ^ 2 \ | _ ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
the starch forms a loosely bonded network that traps water vapor and air into a foamy mass, which expands rapidly as it heats up. starch is made of glucose polymers ( amylopectin is one of them, shown here ) : some of the chains are branched, some are linear, but they all have $ \ ce { - oh } $ groups which can form hy... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
trapping the water inside to form what is called a sol - gel, or more specifically, a hydrogel. gluten in wheat is another example, although in this case the bonds are disulfide bonds. gluten networks are stronger than hydrogen - bonded polysaccharide networks, and are responsible for the elasticity of bread ( and of p... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
let me offer one reason and one misconception as an answer to your question. the main reason that it is easier to write ( seemingly ) correct mathematical proofs is that they are written at a very high level. suppose that you could write a program like this : function maximumwindow ( a, n, w ) : using a sliding window,... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
retracted, whose status is relayed from mouth to ear among experts. | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you can prove it by explicitly calculating the conditional density by brute force, as in procrastinator's link ( + 1 ) in the comments. but, there's also a theorem that says all conditional distributions of a multivariate normal distribution are normal. therefore, all that's left is to calculate the mean vector and cov... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
{ align * } e ( { \ bf x } _ 1 | { \ bf x } _ 2 ) & = e ( { \ bf z } - { \ bf a } { \ bf x } _ 2 | { \ bf x } _ 2 ) \ \ & = e ( { \ bf z } | { \ bf x } _ 2 ) - e ( { \ bf a } { \ bf x } _ 2 | { \ bf x } _ 2 ) \ \ & = e ( { \ bf z } ) - { \ bf a } { \ bf x } _ 2 \ \ & = { \ boldsymbol \ mu } _ 1 + { \ bf a } ( { \ bolds... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
( { \ bf x } _ 1 + { \ bf a } { \ bf x } _ 2 ) \ \ & = { \ rm var } ( { \ bf x } _ 1 ) + { \ bf a } { \ rm var } ( { \ bf x } _ 2 ) { \ bf a }'+ { \ bf a } { \ rm cov } ( { \ bf x } _ 1, { \ bf x } _ 2 ) + { \ rm cov } ( { \ bf x } _ 2, { \ bf x } _ 1 ) { \ bf a }'\ \ & = \ sigma _ { 11 } + \ sigma _ { 12 } \ sigma ^ {... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
one approach to this is to use whatever data you have to iteratively update the reference genome. you can keep chain files along the way so you can convert coordinates ( e. g. in gff files ) from the original reference to your new pseudoreference. a simple approach might be : align new data to existing reference call v... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
homological algebra. let $ a, b $ be abelian groups ( or more generally objects of an abelian category ) and consider the set of isomorphism classes of abelian groups $ c $ together with an exact sequence $ 0 \ to b \ to c \ to a \ to 0 $ ( extensions of $ a $ by $ b $ ). it turns out that this set has a canonical grou... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
to reduce complicated games to simpler ones, in fact in theory to a trivial one - pile nim game. even the restriction to finite ordinal numbers gives an interesting group law on the set of natural numbers $ \ mathbb { n } $ ( see jyrki's answer ). all this can be found in the fantastic book winning ways... by conway, b... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
causality indicates that information only flows forward in time, and algorithms should be designed to exploit this fact. time stepping schemes do this, whereas global - in - time spectral methods or other ideas do not. the question is of course why everyone insists on exploiting this fact - - but that's easy to underst... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
short answer yes, men and women's brains are different before birth. background first off, learning effects versus genetic differences is the familiar nature versus nurture issue. several genes on the y - chromosome, unique to males, are expressed in the pre - natal brain. in fact, about a third of the genes on the y -... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
voltage rating if a device says it needs a particular voltage, then you have to assume it needs that voltage. both lower and higher could be bad. at best, with lower voltage the device will not operate correctly in a obvious way. however, some devices might appear to operate correctly, then fail in unexpected ways unde... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
s requirements. for example, if a unlabeled device was powered from a 9 v and 1 a supply, you can replace it with a 9 v and 1 or more amp supply. advanced concepts the above gives the basics of how to pick a power supply for some device. in most cases that is all you need to know to go to a store or on line and buy a p... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
at manufacturers, professionals, or at least hobbyists that should know the difference. for example, jameco has wide selection of power supplies. their wall warts are specifically divided into regulated and unregulated types. however, unless you go poking around where the average consumer shouldn't be, you won't likely... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
smoke. however, nowadays, the most likely response is that the supply will drop its output voltage to whatever is necessary to not exceed the output current. this is called current limiting. often the current limit is set a little higher than the rating to provide some margin. the " 12 v 1 a " supply might limit the cu... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
you can do this easily with bioawk, which is a version of awk with added features facilitating bioinformatics : bioawk - c fastx'{ print $ name " \ t0 \ t " length ( $ seq ) }'test. fa - c fastx tells the program that the data should be parsed as fasta or fastq format. this makes the $ name and $ seq variables availabl... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
menthol it self gives a cold feeling in the mouth because it is active at the same receptor ( an ion channel ) on the tongue that cold temperature triggers. interestingly, although they act at the same receptor, they act at different sites, so that provides the intensified response when eating a mint and then drinking ... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
some general information on side - chain oxidation in alkylbenzenes is available at chemguide : an alkylbenzene is simply a benzene ring with an alkyl group attached to it. methylbenzene is the simplest alkylbenzene. alkyl groups are usually fairly resistant to oxidation. however, when they are attached to a benzene ri... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
( slow ) } } \ \ \ ce { [ phcr2 ^. + hmno3 + ] & - > phcr2oh + mn ^ v } & & \ text { ( fast ) } \ \ \ ce { phcr2oh + mn ^ { vii } & - > aldehyde or ketone } & & \ text { ( fast ) } \ \ \ ce { aldehyde + mn ^ { vii } & - > benzoic acid } & & \ text { ( fast ) } \ \ \ ce { ketone + mn ^ { vii } & - > benzoic acid } & & \... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
short answer : your confusion about whether ten is special may come from reading aloud " every base is base 10 " as " every base is base ten " — this is wrong ; not every base is base ten, only base ten is base ten. it is a joke that works better in writing. if you want to read it aloud, you should read it as " every b... | https://api.stackexchange.com |
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