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1
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acute bronchiolitis , a common lower respiratory tract infection most seriously affecting infants and the elderly , is predominately caused by the highly infectious human respiratory syncytial virus ( hrsv ) . the virus belongs to the paramyxovirus family , which also includes mumps and measles viruses ; however , unli...
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the human fetal membranes play a critical role as defensive barriers against infectious agents in order to maintain normal pregnancy . the proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokines produced by the fetal membranes have been postulated to play a central role in the physiology of normal parturition and the pathology o...
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the main role of the cell cycle is to enable error - free dna replication , chromosome segregation , and cytokinesis . surveillance mechanisms , the checkpoint pathways , monitor passage through the cell cycle at several stages . during mitosis , the spindle assembly checkpoint ( sac ) prevents anaphase onset until the...
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in this review we consider the problem of detection of deterministic gravitational - wave signals in the noise of a detector and the question of estimation of their parameters . the examples of deterministic signals are gravitational waves from rotating neutron stars , coalescing compact binaries , and supernova explos...
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alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) , and mild cognitive impairment ( mci ) that precedes it , has become a huge medical problem . there are currently about 5 million cases of ad and a similar number of cases of mci . we are in the us , so we are most familiar with us numbers , but there is a similar high incidence in europe a...
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dysregulation of the dopaminergic system is implicated in several pathological conditions including schizophrenia , parkinson s disease , depression , and addiction . dopaminergic signaling is mediated through two types of receptors termed d1-like ( d1 , d5 ) and d2-like ( d2 , d3 , d4 ) receptors . among the various a...
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mu - opioid receptor ( mor ) agonists , such as morphine , are the gold standard in the treatment of moderate to severe pain , however , their therapeutic use is often limited due to serious side effects including tolerance , dependence , respiratory depression , and constipation . numerous studies have shown promise f...
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described in 1874 by the french neurologist charcot , amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) is a neurodegenerative disease where no effective treatment exists today . riluzole is the only palliative drug approved by the u.s . food and drug administration ( fda ) , which moderates disease progression by extending surviv...
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binaries containing white dwarfs , neutron stars , and black holes in compact orbits are over - represented in globular clusters compared with their population in the galactic field . from this population come a host of exotic objects such as ultracompact cataclysmic variables , non - flickering x - ray and uv sources ...
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blood component therapy became the standard of care in transfusion medicine throughout the industrialized world in the latter half of the twentieth century . the widespread adoption and retention of component therapy were driven by innovations in refrigeration , blood bag design , anticoagulant and preservative solutio...
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over the last half - century , social , economic , and cultural changes have made the transition to adulthood more dynamic , complex , and diversified in western countries ( cordn 1997 ; in addition to extended post - secondary education and delayed marriage and childbearing , there has been a steady increase in the sh...
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adolescent behavioural health problems are on the rise worldwide particularly for impulse control disorders ( icds ) including substance abuse , delinquency , obesity , delinquency , and hiv / stds . contributing to these developmental issues are children growing up in homes of substance abusing , depressed , highly st...
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the generation of voids ( cavities ) is usually observed in two different circumstances : during isothermal crystallization [ 19 ] and during tensile deformation [ 1014 ] . to my knowledge , so far , both cases have been analyzed and described separately . the reason of cavitation during isothermal crystallization is t...
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this article examines the extent to which neuroscientific evidence is used in the courtroom by those accused of criminal offenses in england and wales . over recent years , there has been a considerable amount written about the use of neuroscientific evidence in the courtroom . however , much of the debate has focussed...
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gr is about geometries , and not fields , in a given space - time . that is , the theory solutions are not metric tensors -or possible other matter tensors- but rather the equivalence class of these tensors under arbitrary smooth relabeling of points in space - time . one is used to evolving tensor fields , in fact ten...
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this paper discusses laboratory research involving the modulation of optical isomer ( optical isomer : a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image ) activity by use of homeopathic ( potentized ( potency : a medicinal preparation used in homeopathy which has been prepared by serial dilution with succussion...
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cancer is now believed to result from perturbations in cell cycle that result in unlimited proliferation and an inability of a cell to undergo differentiation and / or apoptosis . the cell cycle is typically divided into four phases , g1 , s , g2 , and m , and it is apparent that the order and timing of each phase is c...
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parasitic helminths infect up to one - third of the global population due to having evolved numerous strategies to balance their survival with that of the host . one mechanism employs secretion of molecules that subtly modulate the host immune response ( review ref ( 2 ) ) to prevent clearance of the parasite without l...
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schizophrenia is a complex mental illness characterized by positive ( hallucinations , paranoia , disorganized behavior ) and negative symptoms ( social withdrawal , anhedonia , flat affect ) as well as cognitive dysfunction ( deficits in attention , learning , and memory ) . current treatments , including typical and ...
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the development of sulfonamides is a fascinating and informative area in medicinal chemistry [ 13 ] . its functional group has a long and rich history in organic chemistry and drug discovery [ 4 , 5 ] . the p - toluenesulfonamide and benzenesulfonamides have been widely explored in synthetic chemistry [ 4 , 5 ] ; howev...
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conjugated shape - persistent macrocycles and , in particular , arylene ethynylene macrocycles ( aems ) have received much attention in recent years because advances in synthetic techniques have made them more accessible , and they have potential in many applications . aems are relatively thermally , photolytically , a...
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in a series of papers [ 110 ] , it has been shown that methyl p - dimethylaminobenzoate ( i ) and its ortho derivatives ( och3 ( ii ) and oh ( iii ) ) exhibit dual fluorescence in polar solvents , i.e. , the normal ( locally excited ( le ) ) fluorescence s1(le ) s0(le ) and the twisted intramolecular charge transfer fl...
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research data repositories based on platforms such as dspace were introduced about 10 years ago , and their use in domains such as chemistry and molecular sciences has gradually increased [ 2 , 3 ] . their importance has recently come to the fore with funding agencies in the usa , europe and asia all indicating that op...
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recent attention has focused on how contemporary bioeconomies may be characterized by practices of bioprospecting and biobanking that generate new forms of biovalue from human tissue . the ways in which bodily tissues such as skin , bone , eyes , brains , oocytes , embryos , fetal tissue and umbilical cord blood may be...
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fr901464 ( 1 ) was isolated from a fermentation broth of the bacterium pseudomonas sp . no . it showed enhancement of activity of a promoter of the sv40 dna tumor virus at 10 nm concentration in m-8 cells . it also displayed dominant cytotoxicity against multiple human cancer cell lines with ic50 values ranging from 0....
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parkinson s disease ( pd ) is a progressive age - related neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system that is characterized by gradual loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain . it is estimated that pd affects 12% of the people older than 65 years of age . according to a sta...
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during the last decade , breakthroughs in dna manipulation techniques have generated a wide range of advances in several areas of science : genetics , biology , medicine , but also nanoengineering and computer science . regarding computer science in particular , several new directions of research have been established ...
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life in the ocean is dependent on fixation of carbon ( c ) and nitrogen ( n ) by planktonic microalgae , ranging in diameter from < 1 to > 100 m . these phytoplankton consist of eukaryotic algae , which photosynthetically fix carbon dioxide ( co2 ) into organic matter , and cyanobacteria that fix co2 and also fix di - ...
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endothelial cell dysfunction ( ecd ) is a broad term which implies dysregulation of endothelial cell functions , including impairment of the barrier functions of endothelial cells , vasodilation , disturbances in proliferative capacities , migratory as well as tube formation properties , angiogenic properties , attenua...
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the first one is the capability of self - movement ; namely , a living organism is able to pursue autonomously the direction of its own motion , whereas a nonliving object can be only pushed or pulled by an externally applied force . the second difference is that the dynamics of each component depends on the simultaneo...
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malaria is a deadly disease that has plagued human civilization down through recorded history and has been responsible for the deaths of millions , particularly infants , young children , and expectant mothers . while progress has been made over the past decade to lessen the impact of the disease on global health , wid...
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copd is a major worldwide public health problem that affects the quality of life of patients and causes physical disability and great socioeconomic impact.1 worldwide , 210 million people suffer from copd,2 which has been estimated to be the third - leading cause of death.3 unlike ischemic heart disease and cerebrovasc...
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the structural similarity of plant - derived isoflavones to human 17 estradiol has stimulated significant interest in their importance to women 's health ( balk et al . 2006 ) , with some evidence that dietary isoflavones can influence hormonal levels in pre- and post - menopausal women ( hooper et al . , 2009 ) . howe...
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all compounds 1 - 33 were synthesised by following scheme 1 and substituents are illustrated in table 1 . melting points were determined in an electrothermal melting point apparatus ( stuart scientific , staffordshine , stis , smp3 , uk ) and were uncorrected . follow up of the chemical reactions was carried out by tlc...
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all the chemicals used were of analytical grade and purified by standard methods prior to use . the melting points were measured using a stuart scientific melting point apparatus smp3 ( uk ) and are uncorrected . the nmr spectra were taken using bruker dpx 300 mhz instrument at organic chemistry institute , bonn , germ...
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at every level of athletic competition , the drive to succeed is a natural competitive instinct that requires an appropriate amount , type , and timing of exercise training and nutrient intake . this balance is important because the difference between winning and losing largely depends on the training and nutritional s...
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how do we perceive where our limbs are in space without having to look at them continuously ? although this question is fundamental to the understanding of both perception and motor control , it is far from resolved . investigations of the neurophysiological basis of kinesthesis have produced many relevant findings , b...
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dopamine ( da ) is a monoamine that is best known for its neurotransmitter function , and like other neurotransmitters , its effects are not limited to the central nervous system ( cns ) . several studies support the notion that da is a coregulator of the immune system ( is ) [ 17 ] , tissues and organs , such as adipo...
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titanium - based reagents have been investigated for their use as anticancer agents for more than a decade and have been shown to have significant potential against solid tumours . in fact , budotitane ( [ cis - diethoxybis(1-phenylbutane-1,3-dionato)titanium ( iv ) ] ) which was designed by following cisplatin models ...
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the recent discovery of a light scalar h by atlas and cms has been a major step forward in our understanding of electroweak symmetry breaking . the first run of the lhc has established its mass with an accuracy of better than 1% and has provided evidence for its scalar nature with spin - parity 0 + . furthermore , deca...
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amoeba is a general name that is used for protists that form a large and diverse assemblage of eukaryotes that are characterized by various types of pseudopodia [ 1 , 2 ] . some amoebae are pathogenic and even parasitic to human and other vertebrate hosts . the four amoebae that are dealt with in this paper have been c...
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the centers for disease control and prevention ( cdc ) has declared vaccination and the control of infectious diseases to be among the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century . vaccines afford protection by the induction of immune responses , both humoral and cellular , specifically directed against the...
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the palladium(ii)-mediated oxidative heck reaction with an organoborane substrate was first reported by dieck and heck in 1975,(1 ) but it was not until the development of a catalytic protocol(2 ) that this reaction began to receive more attention.(3 ) initially the cu(oac)2 reoxidant(4 ) was used to regenerate pd(ii )...
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recently , dna chip or microarray technology has been developed that allows researchers to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously over different time points , different experimental conditions or different tissue samples . it is based on the hybridization of dna or rna molecules with a libra...
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transcatheter intervention is an emerging technology for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases . in recent years , more and more computer vision techniques have been used in all the phases of the transcatheter intervention procedures . the purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive background ...
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all animals have an innate immune system that differentiates self from nonself by using diverse , genome - encoded pattern recognition receptors ( prrs ) ( hoffmann et al . prrs recognize and bind to characteristic molecules that identify whole classes of microorganisms ( janeway and medzhitov 2002 ) ; these are termed...
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human african trypanosomiasis ( hat ) or african sleeping sickness is a serious life threatening disease . around 60 million people in 36 african countries are currently in constant threat of infection . although the reported number of cases has dropped over recent years , the actual number of unreported cases is estim...
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with increasing oil prices and forecasts of a future lack of availability , renewable non - petrochemical - based alternatives to materials synthesis could become more important . polysaccharides are the products of a natural carbon - capture process , photosynthesis , followed by further biosynthetic modifications . s...
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their bulk properties restrict the proposed possible equations of state for densities larger than nuclear density . their oscillations can become unstable , producing gravitational waves that could be detectable , providing thereby a new way of probing the interior of neutron stars . recent research has considerably ad...
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many critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit ( icu ) enter a state of negative energy balance during the first 34 days following admission [ 1 , 2 ] . this energy deficit often progresses during their icu stay and may result in malnutrition and adverse outcomes . multiple factors contribute to energ...
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the human immune system can be conceived of as comprising two mutually nonexclusive subsystems : the innate and adaptive immune limbs work cooperatively to afford protection from numerous pathogenic microorganisms and toxins . toll - like receptors ( tlrs ) are important pattern recognition receptors ( prrs ) of the in...
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the ability of proteins to interact with different partners is essential to the life of the cell . indeed , the withdrawal or damage of proteins with a high number of connections in protein protein interaction ( ppi ) networks ( hubs ) is often lethal or associated with disease . binding to multiple partners can be pro...
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the use of stereovision is a natural way of determining the distance by the humans . the simplified model of human sight can be presented as two parallel cameras , and this model ( named parallel stereovision system ) will be considered in this . the above - mentioned systems have been widely applied in numerous fields...
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nurse turnover is a costly problem that will continue as healthcare faces the impending nursing shortage ; a new generation of nurses enters the workforce , and incentives provided to nurses to work for institutions increase . a variety of factors influence the retention of nurses in adult care settings , including wor...
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infections of the human gastrointestinal tract with enteric pathogens are among the leading causes of disease , suffering , and death worldwide . enteric pathogens are ingested with contaminated water and food and pass through the entire gastrointestinal tract . after establishment in a host , the infection spread to n...
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it has been well over 100 years since spines on dendrites of cerebellar purkinje cells of hen were first discovered by ramon y cajal in 1888 [ 1 , 2 ] . subsequently he identified dendritic spines and filopodia in other neurons including cortical and hippocampal pyramidal cells , cerebellar basket and golgi cells , and...
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in the post - genomic era , emphasis is placed on understanding how various biological macromolecules specifically interact and assemble , either through protein protein or protein ligand associations , to orchestrate dynamic responses that influence physiologic decision - making . this impetus has sparked new methods ...
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the neglected disease human african trypanosomiasis ( hat ) , or african sleeping sickness , is caused by two subspecies of the protozoan parasite trypanosoma brucei . if not successfully treated , hat is fatal , and it is estimated to be responsible for about 30000 deaths each year in sub - saharan africa.(1 ) there i...
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akin to developments spurred by the rapid expansion of computer power around 2000 , the burgeoning capacity provided by programmable graphics processing units ( gpus ) has extended the utility of molecular simulations as a practical tool for assessing biophysical processes . notably , gpu - accelerated computing has en...
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the objective pursued in this note is to frame the research on the immune system as part of data science . such research is naturally complex and articulated and our contribution intends to be here along the lines of seeing it as a viable candidate for topological data analytics and an example of the s[b ] paradigm for...
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functional connectivity ( fc ) , broadly defined , is correlations between remote neurophysiological events . there are a number of approaches for the detection of fc from blood - oxygen level dependent ( bold ) signals measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fmri ) of the brain . a commonly implemented app...
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almost 40 years after the first report of their existence , intense activity aimed at the chemical synthesis of the chlorosulfolipids ( 15 , figure 1 ) began independently and essentially simultaneously in at least four research groups around the world . apparently purely coincidental , this confluence of research migh...
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latin america and the caribbean have the second highest urbanization level in the world . for every 13 persons there are in the region , 10 of them live in cities ( 78.3% in 2007 ) ; and 20 of the region 's largest cities are home to nearly 20% of its population . jamaica is a predominantly afro - caribbean society , 7...
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as energy demand of these muscle tissues varies by several orders of magnitude , energy metabolism has to be tightly regulated in order to meet varying energy requirement . in this review , we shall first describe the physiology of energy metabolism in muscle , and then deal with different myopathies caused by inborn e...
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the spine can be involved in most inflammatory disorders encompassing rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) , seronegative spondyloarthritides ( spa ) , juvenile arthritides and less frequent disorders such as pustulotic arthro - osteitis and sapho ( synovitis , acne , pustulosis , hyperostosis , osteitis ) syndrome . during the...
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in the past two decades , interest in porphyrins with aromatically extended -systems has been steadily on the rise . today areas of their application encompass optical limiting , organic light - emitting diodes ( oleds ) and other electronic devices , upconversion by sensitized triplet progress in all of these areas de...
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during the past 30 years , research in the theory of black holes in general relativity has brought to light strong hints of a very deep and fundamental relationship between gravitation , thermodynamics , and quantum theory . the cornerstone of this relationship is black hole thermodynamics , where it appears that certa...
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two of the most significant threats to the health of australian defence force ( adf ) personnel are vector - borne diseases such as malaria [ 13 ] and environmental or operational stress , which can cause a variety of psychiatric disorders [ 46 ] . the adf commits extensive resources to address these risks including th...
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brachytherapy ( bt ) is an established treatment modality that places the radiation source within or in close contact with the patient . through the positioning of needles or applicators , it is possible to deliver dose distributions with bt that are more conformal than possible with external - beam radiotherapy ( ebrt...
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glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve ( on ) that is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cell ( rgc ) somas and axons . in 2013 , it was estimated that approximately 65 million people had glaucoma , making it the leading cause of blindness in the world . an array of pathologic events appe...
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in recent years , medical anthropologists have been turning their ethnographic attention to issues of science and technology , including how science is produced , where it is produced , by whom , and when . anthropologists have also highlighted how scientific and technological advancements spread around the world , gra...
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nalidixic acid a byproduct of chloroquine synthesis was marketed during the 1960s for oral treatment of urinary tract infections and is still available by prescription . several quinolones were invented since then , including flumequine bearing a fluorine atom at position c-6 , which was active against nalidixic acid r...
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contemporary methods in neuroscience research , ranging from multielectrode recordings , through optical imaging , to fmri , eeg and meg allow the collection of large volumes of multichannel data in a single experiment . such data can be highly informative about the underlying neuronal machinery , as it can reveal its ...
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in mammalian organisms , the circadian machinery ( ie , the biological time - keeping mechanisms which maintain 24-hour oscillations in cellular and physiological processes ) is organized as a hierarchical , interconnected network of clocks . the peripheral clocks are distributed across all cells and need to be synchro...
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cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen which causes severe infections in immunocompromised individuals , for example , aids patients and patients going through organ transplantation.1 c. neoformans is surrounded by capsular polysaccharides ( cpss ) , primarily the glucuronoxylomannan ( gxm)polysaccharide comprisi...
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cannabinoids are a unique family of terpenophenolic active constituents of cannabis sativa ; 9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( thc ) is the most relevant member , owing to its psychoactive effects and a wide variety of pharmacological effects . the isolation and characterization of thc allowed for the identification of two dist...
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the vli method allows an analyst to assess highly variable manual lifting jobs in which the task characteristics vary from lift to lift during a shift . the variability of task characteristics , such as the weight of the load being lifted and the geometry of the lift ( e.g. , horizontal reach , vertical height , etc . ...
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although shock is defined in terms of a critically low blood pressure , a more generally accepted and physiology - based definition of shock is : the inability of the circulation to sustain the cellular respiration needed to maintain normal organ function . although intensivists are aware of the physiology - based mech...
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targeted spontaneous reporting ( tsr ) is a novel method of pharmacovigilance that integrates elements from cohort event monitoring and spontaneous reporting.we found there is minimal information about facility characteristics that may contribute to pharmacovigilance activities.most facilities explored , including thos...
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since the herbicide glyphosate ( n-(phosphonomethyl)glycine ) was commercialized in 1974 , it has become the most widely used herbicide in the world , due largely to the wide scale adoption of transgenic , glyphosate - resistant ( gr ) crops after their introduction in 1996 ( figure 1 ) . in gr crops , this relatively ...
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ubiquitination is an important posttranslational modification that regulates diverse processes , including protein degradation , intracellular trafficking , transcription , kinase activation , and the dna damage response ( hershko and ciechanover , 1998 ; komander and rape , 2012 ) . this variety of functions is mediat...
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aromatic ketones , aromatic aldehydes , -bromo acids and ethyl - vinyl ether were reagent grade and were purchased from sigma - aldrich or fluka . hydrochloric acid , subsequently washed with distilled water , ethanol , acetone and ether , dried for 2 hours at 120 c and finally dried in the presence of cacl2 under the ...
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have been identified : endothelial nos ( enos , also referred as nos3 ) , neuronal nos ( nnos , also referred as nos1 ) , and inducible nos ( inos , also referred as nos2 ) . neuronal nos is constitutively expressed as well and primarily located in the central nervous system and skeletal and heart muscle cells . induci...
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this translocation juxtaposes the abl gene ( chromosome 9 ) and the bcr gene ( chromosome 22 ) , creating a bcr the resulting chimeric protein is a constitutively active abl tyrosine kinase ( hehlmann et al . knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of cml has allowed the development of molecular - targeted therapy , wh...
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the mammalian intestinal tract comprises a highly complex population of microorganisms reaching up to 10 bacteria in the large intestine . starting off as a sterile system at birth , microbial colonization of the intestine develops in a successive manner in which bacteria predominate along with lower numbers of archae ...
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methods for analysis of cdna microarray data include those that cluster hierarchically by principles of self - organization or by k - means . these methods yield enormous amounts of information about similarities of cell state and coordination of gene regulation , and are useful for grouping genes or transcriptional pr...
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in 2012 , the world health organization documented 8.6 million cases of tuberculosis , of which 450 000 were multidrug - resistant ( mdr tb ) ; of these , 171 000 cases were fatal . in cases of mdr tb , the use of alternative , less effectual therapies is required when the first - line drugs are no longer effective . t...
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stroke therapists perceive that self - management is appropriate for encouraging ownership of rehabilitation post stroke . these included : professional models , practices and expectations ; institutional demands and perceived wishes of stroke survivors . for self - management to be effectively implemented by stroke th...
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the indiana ao - oct system used in this study has been described by liu et al . relevant to this study , the ao - oct system used a single light source , a superluminescent diode with central wavelength of 790 nm and bandwidth of 42 nm , for ao - oct imaging and wavefront sensing . nominal axial resolution of the syst...
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as individuals reach middle age , their risk of experiencing major health problems increases dramatically . for example , 15 percent of males between 45 and 64 years of age suffer from chronic heart disease , compared with only 2.6 percent of males under 45 years of age , while 23 percent of individuals between 45 and ...
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constituents of the endocannabinoid biosignaling system include two principal cannabinoid g - protein - coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) 1 and 2 ( cb1r and cb2r , respectively ) , their main endogenous cannabinergic ligands ( anandamide , aea ; 2-arachidonoylglycerol , 2-ag ) , and enzymes responsible for endocannabinoid bi...
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echinopines a and b ( 1 and 2 ) were isolated in 2008 from the roots of echinops spinosus and feature an unprecedented -membered - ring tetracyclic skeleton ( scheme 1 ) , which probably originates biosynthetically from a guaiane precursor . this complex carbon framework holds five contiguous stereogenic centers , two ...
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melting points were determined in open capillary tubes on a boetius melting point apparatus and are uncorrected . the h , c nmr , cosy , noesy , hsqc , hmbc spectra were recorded on a bruker ascend 600 spectrometer at 600 mhz in deuteriochloroform with tetramethylsilane as the internal standard . electron impact mass s...
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carpal tunnel syndrome ( cts ) is caused by median nerve ( mn ) compression at the wrist [ 1 , p. 67 ] the carpal tunnel ( ct ) is a narrow unyielding space that entraps the mn between the transverse carpal ligament ( tcl ) ventrally and carpal bones dorsally . vigorous or repetitive finger activity can also contribute...
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a recent issue of nature described the problem of infertility in sub - saharan africa to be rampant on the continent.1 for the purpose of this discussion , we shall adopt as a definition of infertility that set forth in the guidelines of the royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists ( uk ) : failure to conceive...
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the role of animals in diverting mosquitoes from feeding on , and transmitting disease to humans has long been appreciated . the concept of diverting insect blood feeding from humans to other animals has been named zooprophylaxis and has been regarded as an important tool in environmental management of vector - borne d...
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus ( hiv ) . reverse transcriptase ( rt ) , protease ( pr ) , and integrase ( in ) are the three viral enzymes that are required for viral replication and all three have been targeted by anti - aids therapeutics...
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in all domains of life , nucleotide - based second messengers allow a rapid integration of external and internal signals into fine - tuned regulatory pathways that control cellular responses to changing conditions . as a unifying theme , a basic second messenger control module consists of two distinct enzymes for synth...
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fungi form a large and heterogeneous eukaryotic group of living organisms characterized by their lack of photosynthetic pigment and their chitinous cell wall . it has been estimated that the fungal kingdom contains more than 1.5 million species , but only around 100,000 have so far been described , with yeast , mold , ...
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malaria remains one of the world 's leading causes of morbidity and mortality with an estimated 600 000 deaths and 200 million cases annually ( world health organization 2014 ) . there are several plasmodium spp . that cause malaria in humans , with plasmodium falciparum accounting for the majority of severe malaria an...