Datasets:
spadeMIA
/
pubmed_preprocessed

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xet
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int64
input_ids
list
attention_mask
list
cleaned_text
string
0
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the basic helix - loop - helix ( bhlh ) family of transcriptional regulators are key players in a wide array of developmental processes in metazoans , including neurogenesis , myogenesis , hematopoiesis , sex determination and gut development ( reviewed in ) . the bhlh domain is approximately 60 amino acids long and co...
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it is well - known that crystalline materials obtain their fundamental physical properties from the molecular arrangement within the solid , and altering the placement and / or interactions between these molecules can , and usually does , have a direct impact on the properties of the particular solid.(1 ) currently , s...
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many electronic properties of molecules and materials are determined by and understood through the energetics of the valence electrons , which are often probed experimentally using photoemission spectroscopy ( pes ) . via measurement of the kinetic energy of photoemitted electrons , pes provides direct experimental acc...
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aida v4 ( accessible freely at http: / / www.2aida.org ) is a downloadable program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose ( bg ) profiles for teaching / demonstration / self - learning / research purposes . the software incorporates a compartmental / physiological model describing g...
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the online version of this article ( doi:10.1186 / s13321 - 015 - 0089-z ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users . recent work has demonstrated the power of network - based approaches in drug discovery [ 13 ] . we have shown previously that a large semantic network of drug target inte...
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the introduction of prostate - specific antigen ( psa ) screening over the last two decades has resulted in stage migration of prostate cancer . radical prostatectomy ( rp ) for organ - confined prostate cancer is an effective treatment option but can result in erectile dysfunction ( ed ) and incontinence in a signific...
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the growing use of high - throughput screening ( hts ) as a discovery tool in academic translational centers has resulted in the pursuit of assay artifacts , promiscuous bioactive compounds , and screening actives with major absorption , distribution , metabolism , excretion , and toxicological ( admet ) liabilities . ...
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two proven vector control strategies are currently advocated to reduce transmission of malarial disease in africa , namely indoor residual spraying ( irs ) [ 1 - 5 ] and insecticide - treated bednets ( itns ) [ 6 - 9 ] . both methods are based on the use of residual insecticides in the intra - domiciliary domain and ta...
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imbalances in proinflammatory and anti - inflammatory immunomodulatory pathways can promote autoimmune responses that manifest as chronic inflammatory conditions . diarthrodial joints ( those with cartilage - capped surfaces , an intervening space filled with viscous fluid , and a synovium - lined capsule ) are one maj...
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the european horse meat scandal of 2013 , in which undeclared horse meat was found in a number of supermarket beef products , highlights the need for testing methods capable of detecting and measuring food fraud in meat . several technologies have been explored , especially enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay ( elisa )...
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malaria , a major tropical disease for which no long - term sustainable treatment is available , continues to affect large parts of the world . according to the latest world malaria report , 3.2 billion people in 96 countries are at risk of being infected . in 2015 alone , 214 million cases were reported globally resul...
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all animal procedures were performed in accordance with recommendations in the arvo statement for the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research , in the guide for the care and use of laboratory animals by the national institutes of health , and under an approved protocol from the institutional animal care and us...
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rna molecules lacking 5 and 3 ends and shaped as covalently closed circular rnas ( circrnas ) were described decades ago in a variety of model systems , but they were considered rare events ( sanger et al . , 1976 , capel et al . , 1993 ) . however , recent studies report that these molecules are commonly produced by t...
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among striking developments in history writing towards the end of the twentieth century were the moves to the spatial and the visual in the reconstruction of historical consciousness . global history , accelerated through american hype on globalisation , and visual culture studies propelled by society s increasing reli...
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natural product ( np ) research is a demanding science , requiring an in - depth knowledge of many aspects of organic , analytical , and biological chemistry , including separation science , spectroscopy , biosynthesis , and pharmacology , as well as the biology and taxonomy of the investigated phyla . nonetheless , mo...
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bacterial infections as well as the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens are serious public health problems in hospital and community settings across the globe . new strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections are needed , including methods to overcome antibacterial resistance that ...
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the basic concept of this technique is maintaining phase information into the final image , discarding phase artefacts and keeping just the local phase of interest . sensitivity to susceptibility effects increases , progressing from fast spin - echo ( se ) to conventional se to gradient - echo ( ge ) sequences , from t...
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at the 2011 annual business meeting of the canadian geriatrics society ( cgs ) , an ad hoc work group ( wg ) was struck and asked to submit a report at the time of the 2012 annual meeting of the cgs on physician resource needs in geriatrics . a voluntary lead for each province and territory was to be found who would be...
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in computational geometry , many fundamental properties of finite point sets do not depend on the actual coordinates of each point in real space , but rather on the relative position of the points among each other . in their landmark paper , goodman and pollack capture this idea by defining the order type of a point se...
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non - alcoholic fatty liver disease ( nafld ) is now regarded as the most common liver condition in the developed world , affecting up 30% of the population . it is closely linked with metabolic syndrome and its component parts including obesity , type ii diabetes mellitus , and dyslipidemia . numerous pharmacological ...
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5-ht3a receptor constructs and transfection of cdnas cdnas encoding human wild - type and mutant 5-ht3a receptor subunits were cloned into pgw1 ( 17 ) . point mutations were introduced using standard molecular biological techniques ( 31 ) , and all cdnas were sequenced to confirm fidelity . wild - type and mutant recep...
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over the last few decades , a dramatic worldwide increase in infection rates by multidrug - resistant ( mdr ) pathogens has occurred , which is acknowledged as a public health crisis . management of infections caused by these pathogens is often difficult due to the scarcity of available active drugs . the last report o...
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prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men and the second - leading cause of cancer death in men , with 241,740 new diagnoses and 28,170 deaths projected in the us in 2012.1 advanced prostate cancer has a penchant to metastasize to bone , possibly due to osteomimicry or altered adhesion molecules.2,3 among patien...
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there are three principal reasons to develop methods for the asymmetric synthesis of chiral palladacycles , an area in which many examples are metallocene - based planar chiral complexes . first is the use of these metallacycles as catalysts for the synthesis of non - racemic organic compounds . conspicuous success has...
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fifty years ago , experiments have demonstrated that perinatal asphyxia could induce brain injury in primates . since then , different patterns of brain injury have been established , which were dependent on the severity and duration of the hypoxic these findings in animal studies were comparable to postmortem findings...
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an -transaminase catalyzes the deamination of a primary amine ( amine donor ) and the concomitant amination of a ketone or aldehyde ( amine acceptor ) , which results in a reaction in which an amino moiety is transferred between two molecules ( scheme 1 ) . unlike -transaminases , -transaminases are not restricted to -...
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mid october 2009 general practitioner sandra bijl published an article in the dutch doctors journal medisch contact . she described one of the many dilemmas she faced since the introduction of marketized health care in the netherlands . doctor bijl s practice consists of many immigrant patients , with a low education a...
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embryonic development relies upon the precise control of genetic programs to create complex tissues and organs . mutagenesis screens and the sequencing of multiple genomes have revealed an extensive list of patterning genes , many of which are expressed in a tissue - specific manner within the developing embryo . one o...
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for the first half of the twentieth century the clandestine abortion industry seems to have been tacitly accepted by south african law enforcement officials . generally abortionists , medical and untrained alike , were prosecuted only in the aftermath of a woman s death when the police could no longer look the other wa...
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unless specified , all the reactions were done in oven - dried or flame - dried glassware in an atmosphere of dry argon gas using standard schlenk techniques . the anhydrous solvents were purchased from acros and aldrich chemical companies and used in the reactions without further purification . all workup and chromato...
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ribonucleotide reductases ( rnrs ) perform an essential function in all organisms , catalyzing the conversion of ribonucleotides into deoxynucleotides and providing the monomeric precursors required for dna synthesis and repair ( chart 1 ) . all rnrs initiate nucleotide reduction via a transient protein - based thiyl r...
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hundreds of genes have been implicated in alzheimer 's disease , many of which can be grouped into discrete signalling networks and pathways relevant to the various subpathologies , risk factors , and biochemistry of alzheimer 's disease . many of the environmental risk factors associated with alzheimer 's disease , in...
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since it first appeared as a clinical syndrome in central africa in the late 1970s , ebola hemorrhagic fever , now termed ebola virus disease , has intrigued infectious disease physicians , virologists , and epidemiologists because of the striking clinical presentation associated with the end stage of the disease , its...
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the combined dynamic derivative , also called diamond- ( ) dynamic derivative ( ) , was introduced as a linear convex combination of the well - known delta and nabla dynamic derivatives on time scales . by a time scale using the delta and nabla derivatives , the notions of delta and nabla integrals were defined ( see )...
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coronary artery disease ( cad ) is the leading cause of death in western countries [ 1 , 2 ] . multi detector computed tomography ( mdct ) , a non - invasive imaging modality featuring large scan coverage up to 320 detector system rows , sub - millimetre spatial resolution up to 0.23 mm , and high temporal resolution u...
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parental drug misuse and its effects on children and families are policy priorities in the uk and elsewhere ( flavin & paltrow , 2010 ; hm government , 2010 ) . polydrug use is the norm among drug users in the uk , and benzodiazepine use is common ( bird & robertson , 2011 ; department of health ( england ) , 2007 ; ha...
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subarachnoid haemorrhage ( sah ) is caused by aneurysmal rupture in 7085% of patients [ 1 , 2 ] . in a systematic review , intraarterial digital subtraction angiography ( ia - dsa ) has been the main technique for detecting and characterizing intracranial aneurysms and remains the gold standard . however , ia - dsa is ...
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sodium - ion batteries ( nibs ) are of great interest as a complementary technology to lithium - ion batteries in applications such as grid - storage , where cost and sustainability are of greater importance than high energy density . however , graphite , the anode of choice for lithium - ion batteries , shows almost n...
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alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) is the most common form of dementia with a progressive course . ad pathology evidences neuronal damage in specific vulnerable brain regions and circuits involved in memory and language , namely , the hippocampus and cerebral cortex , which appears to be preceded by synaptic and neuronal dysf...
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patients with retinal degeneration ( n = 5 ) and subjects with healthy vision ( n = 5 ) participated in this study ( table ) . all subjects had complete clinical ocular examinations , including best - corrected visual acuity . all testing was performed with dilated pupils . the tenets of the declaration of helsinki wer...
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in accordance with the recent increases in human life expectancy and income , the medicalhealthcare paradigm is gradually expanding to include post - treatment , prevention , and health management . it has become a serious challenge to meet the rise in expectations regarding medical services , while there is a lack of ...
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this report describes the design , implementation , and feasibility of the interstitial cystitis : elucidation of psychophysiologic and autonomic characteristics ( icepac ) study . interstitial cystitis / bladder pain syndrome ( ic / bps ) causes severe bladder pain and afflicts about 2.5% of the population.1 the autho...
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this review was based on a systematic comprehensive search of six databases : ovid medline ( 1950 to october week 4 , 2010 ) ; pubmed ( january 1 , 2008 , to november 16 , 2010 ) ; ovid embase ( january 1 , 1980 , to 2010 week 44 ) ; ovid psycinfo ( january 1 , 1987 , to november week 1 , 2010 ) ; cinahl ( january 1 , ...
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although fish farming in iraq started in 1955 with a small pond in al - zaafaraniya , south of baghdad city , an advance was achieved in fish farming industry in iraq during the seventies and early eighties of the last century when many fish farms were established especially in the middle of iraq . however , such achie...
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malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus plasmodium and is a world health crisis of paramount urgency . malaria was responsible for over 200 million cases and 1 million deaths in 2010 alone , primarily affecting developing countries and children under the age of 5 . although five species of pla...
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in this article , we describe a new computational tool to determine nearly optimal folding pathways between two given secondary structures of an rna sequence . our tool , rnatabupath , and related web server , rnapathfinder , have potential applications in synthetic biology ; in particular , our work can be used to hel...
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rheumatoid arthritis ( ra ) is a chronic , autoimmune , systemic , inflammatory disease mainly affecting the joints characterized by pain , swelling , and stiffness , resulting in progressive joint destruction , deformity , and loss of function . it is less prevalent in mainland china and in hong kong , with a reported...
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conformer generation has been a topic of considerable interest to the modeling community for a number of years , and a large number of methods for conformer generation have been presented . these methods have utilized a wide variety of approaches to the problem , including systematic enumeration , knowledge - based rul...
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the lack of hepatic g6pase was obtained by a specific deletion of g6pc exon 3 in the liver using a cre - lox strategy in mice , which was recently described by mutel et al . male adult ( 68 weeks old ) b6.g6pc.sa and c57bl / 6j mice ( charles rivers laboratories ) were injected intraperitoneally once daily with 100 l o...
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the human brain changes itself in response to different types of experience through the reorganisation of its neuronal connections . it is suggested that it involves firstly a short - term modulation in the strength of existing pathways and that , over time , with prolonged exposure , such modulation might be followed ...
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chronic myelogenous leukemia ( cml ) represents about 1520% of all cases of adult leukemia in western populations . cml is a clonal myeloproliferative disease characterized by the presence in > 95% of patients of the t(9;22)(q34;11 ) translocation known as the philadelphia chromosome . this translocation causes express...
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interacting with other human beings is a basic element of daily life , yet not a trivial challenge . many joint actions between adults are highly sophisticated , but are performed with apparent ease ( knoblich and jordan 2003 ; sebanz et al . 2006 ) . cooking a meal with friends , lifting a heavy bag together , or danc...
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unlike the more stereotypical development of the body s main blood vessels , the formation of the capillary networks responsible for tissue perfusion is an adaptive process primarily governed by the metabolic needs of the target tissues ( fraisl et al . , 2009 ; the plastic nature of this adaptive angiogenesis is furth...
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mobile health ( mhealth ) is a promising means of improving adherence to medication and clinic appointments thereby potentially improving clinical outcomes . mobile technology allows health care providers to communicate remotely with patients and more easily reach rural populations with poor or challenging transportati...
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characteristic features of atopic asthma are circulating specific ige antibodies , positive skin tests to common allergens , and infiltration of the bronchial mucosa with eosinophils and th2 cells . the resulting pulmonary inflammation leads to bronchoconstriction , airway hyper - responsiveness , and ultimately to air...
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the study group consisted of 50 children born very preterm ( i.e. , gestational age 30 weeks , established by weeks and days after the mother s last menstrual period ) , and 50 controls . for the purposes of the current study , our very preterm sample was consecutively and randomly acquired from the total population of...
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significant changes in response to environmental conditions are expected to take place through the proteins situated within these membranes . membrane protein - associated changes may occur in the form of abundance level , protein protein interactions , post - translational modifications and even mutations . to underst...
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as a consequence of the availability of whole - genome expression methodologies , regulation of gene expression is at the core of current post - genomic studies . once a set of genes is clustered on the basis of similar expression profiles , a logical next step is that of searching their upstream regions for potential ...
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the fact that exercise and physical activity have positive effects on health is well known . most of the research on exercise - induced changes carried out during the past years has mainly focussed on its impact on cardiovascular and musculoskeletal diseases . only recently it has been noted , that exercise also leads ...
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information for this review article was derived from the extensive one health community records of the ohc and the ohi autonomous pro bono team , one health web searches conducted in the fall of 2016 , and the professional contacts and experiences of the authors . both the ohc ( since 2009 ) and ohi ( since 2006 ) have...
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alzheimer s disease ( ad ) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder starting with mild memory loss and manifesting in severe cognitive decline . neuropathologically , the disease is characterized by an extensive deposition of amyloid ( a ) peptides in extracellular amyloid plaques and by intracellular neurofibrillar...
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cobalamins ( figure 1 ) consist of a six - coordinate low - spin co(iii ) ion that is ligated equatorially by the four nitrogens of a tetrapyrrole macrocycle , known as the corrin ring . the lower axial position is occupied by a nitrogen from the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole ( dmb ) base that is part of an intramolecular ...
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the pursuit for a global and self - consistent conceptual , mechanistic , and theoretical framework within which to discuss the denaturing properties and behaviors of cosolvents such as urea and guanidinium chloride ( gdmcl ) continues to garner a significant amount of scientific curiosity and effort . the quest for a ...
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according to the world allergy organisation about 1.9%4.9% of children suffer from cow 's milk allergy , with the prevalence in adults much lower ; less than 0.5% . it is known that perceived food allergy could be 10 times higher [ 3 , 4 ] than that confirmed by appropriate tests . although a large number of foods are ...
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diabetic retinopathy ( dr ) is a one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes . in 2012 , there are more than 371 million people suffering from diabetes , and it is being projected that the number of diabetic patients will reach 550 million in 2030 ( http: / / www.eatlas.idf.org / ; assessed 29-nov-20...
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this study regards itself as a supplement to the common melancholy of failed expectations , contrary effects , unfulfilled promises and the generally deplorable state of affairs lamented in much of the mainstream anthropological and historical literature . it aims to achieve a more dynamic perspective by asking when , ...
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the majority of the protein structures deposited in the protein data bank are determined either by x - ray crystallography or solution - state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( nmr ) . while x - ray crystal structures are derived from electron density data and are often of higher accuracy , protein nmr structur...
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bovine eyes ( from 3-year - old animals ) were obtained from a local slaughterhouse within 3 hours of death . the eye globe was dissected from its anterior aspect , the cornea and iris were removed , and the front face of the ciliary processes was exposed . the lens , zonule , and ciliary body were released from the ey...
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the whole school , whole community , whole child ( wscc ) model ( figure 1 ) , developed by ascd ( formerly the association for supervision and curriculum development ) and the us centers for disease control ( cdc ) , provides a framework and a call for the health and education sectors to work toward greater alignment ...
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radical chemistry has always taken a backseat to ionic chemistry . in the basic undergraduate curriculum of organic synthesis , the aldol reaction , grignard addition , and pericyclic transformations like the diels alder reaction are at the forefront . more advanced texts highlight the vital modern - day use of cross -...
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numerical investigations of cosmological spacetimes can be categorized into two broad classes of calculations , distinguished by their computational ( or even philosophical ) goals : 1 ) geometrical and mathematical principles of cosmological models , and 2 ) physical and astrophysical cosmology . in the former , the e...
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percutaneous coronary intervention ( pci ) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating patients with advanced coronary artery disease . with this technique , a catheter system is introduced into patients circulation system through their femoral or radial artery under local anesthesia . a preshaped guiding catheter i...
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the principal types of cells present in the blood are red blood cells ( rbc ) , wbcs , and platelets . the percentage of wbc subtypes observed in human blood normally ranges between the following values : neutrophils 50 - 70% , eosinophils 1 - 5% , basophils 0 - 1% , monocytes 2 - 10% , lymphocytes 20 - 45% . the obser...
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the main purpose of restorative dentistry is to restore and maintain tooth health by an adequate restorative treatment in order to protect and re - establish pulp function . pulp plays an important role in the formation and nutrition of dentin as well as in the inervation and defense of the teeth ( figure 1 ) . the pri...
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due to the increasing number of multilinguals in modern society , the incidence of language impairments induced by brain lesions ( aphasia ) in this population is growing rapidly [ 1 , 2 ] . the rehabilitation of multilingual aphasic patients represents an important challenge for clinicians because ( i ) since the repr...
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sponges play an important role in the benthic - pelagic coupling on coral reefs ( lesser 2006 ) . the sponge community sequesters and processes organic matter and as such conserve energy and nutrients for the reef ecosystem . it is generally assumed that sponges on the fore - reef slope mainly trap allochthonous organi...
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-adrenoceptor ligands comprise one of the most commonly used classes of drugs in clinical practice . -agonists have been used since the 1940s for their beneficial effects in respiratory disease and -antagonists ( -blockers ) since the 1960s for the control of cardiovascular disease , and both classes remain among the m...
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evidence and awareness of climate change has led to an increasing need to adapt our use of land and other resources to limit risks and vulnerabilities that originate from global change ( adger et al.2005 ; foley et al.2005 ) . changes in precipitation and temperature give rise to changes in the hydrology of river syste...
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the online version of this article ( doi:10.1007 / s10393 - 010 - 0324-z ) contains supplementary material , which is available to authorized users . each new introduction of the highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus ( hpai h5n1 hereafter ) is a novel natural experiment providing clues about conditions that prom...
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according to the international diabetes federation in 2013 , 328 million people are currently diagnosed with diabetes and there is a projected rise of 55% to 592 million people in the world living with diabetes by the year 2035.1 the greatest rise is projected to occur in africa , the middle east , southeast asia , and...
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the level of the genetic diversity is pivotal for world food security and survival of human civilization on earth . historically , humans exploited plant species for their livelihoods that resulted in domestication of many of them as improved cultivars to produce food for the better supply of the human diet . presently...
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we identified key actors by applying a snowball method starting with key actors in our own networks . because the netherlands is a relatively small country , this was a feasible method of reaching sufficient people . the interviews were conducted by two researchers who had not published any research on threatening comm...
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the university of british columbia clinical research ethics board ( certificate nos . h07 - 01707 and h03 - 70046 ) approved the collection of blood , and informed consent was received from nondiabetic control and type 1 diabetic subjects . complete blood - cell counts were performed on fresh blood using a sysmex xe-21...
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autism spectrum disorder ( asd ) is a highly heterogeneous disorder , diagnosed on the basis of behavioral criteria . from the neurobiological perspective , asd can be considered an umbrella term that may encompass multiple distinct neurodevelopmental etiologies ( geschwind and levitt , 2007 ) . since any given cohort ...
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neurosurgery is characterized by the delicate balance between surgical success and potential for devastating side effects . thanks to multiple technological improvements , the morbidity of neurosurgical interventions has substantially decreased over the last decades , allowing for the resection of previously inoperable...
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as a result of a massive scale - up in malaria control programs by the who as part of the millennium development goals , the number of malaria deaths decreased worldwide by about 20% between 2000 and 2009 1 . although this represents some progress in reducing the disease burden , malaria nevertheless remains a major gl...
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the fungal kingdom encompasses an enormous diversity of taxa with varied ecological niches , life - cycle strategies , and morphologies . of the 1.5 million species estimated to belong to this kingdom , only about 5% were formally classified . plant pathogenic fungi are able to cause extensive damage and losses to agri...
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a plausible prebiotic synthesis of the canonical nucleotides has long been a major goal in origins of life research . the oligomerization of hydrogen cyanide one of the major products of spark discharge in atmospheres containing methane and nitrogen to furnish the hcn tetramer diaminomaleonitrile ( 1 ) , its near - qua...
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a survey of more than 500 total syntheses shows that lithium diisopropylamide ( lda ) is the most frequently used reagent in organic synthesis . it is this prominence that piqued our interest in structural and mechanistic studies of lda studies that have now spanned more than 25 years . for several practical reasons , ...
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all rabbits were treated in accordance with the association for research in vision and ophthalmology statement on the use of animals in ophthalmic and vision research , and the experimental protocol was approved by the animal care committee of the massachusetts eye and ear infirmary . all experiments were carried out o...
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voltage - dependent ion channels underlie the electrical signaling that allows for neurotransmission within neurons , and allow for various modes of ca influx critical to coupling this electrical activity to diverse physiological events ( hille , 2001 ) . as such , voltage - gated ion channel activity neuronal ion chan...
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frequent episodic and chronic childhood tension - type headache ( tth ) is a prevalent and debilitating situation for the child and family . after clarifying the diagnosis in an interdisciplinary setting , because many parents are reluctant to choose preventive medication for their child , patient education is an impor...
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over the past decade , dementia with lewy bodies ( dlbs ) has arguably become the second most common form of neurodegenerative dementia behind alzheimer 's disease ( ad ) . in addition to progressive decline in cognition , dlb is characterized by fluctuations in cognition with variations in attention and alertness , re...
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trypanosoma brucei , trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania major are unicellular protozoa of considerable medical importance since they are the etiologic agents of sleeping sickness ( african trypanosomiasis ) , chagas disease ( american trypanosomiasis ) and leishmaniasis , respectively . the geographic range of these para...
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cd47 ( originally named integrin - associated protein ( iap ) ) is a cell surface protein of the immunoglobulin ( ig ) superfamily , which is heavily glycosylated and expressed by virtually all cells in the body . cd47 was first recognized as a 50 kda protein associated and copurified with the v 3 integrin in placenta ...
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mesenchymal stem cells ( mscs ) , also referred to as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells , have been a focus of recent research , partially because they are an extraordinary model for investigating the biological mechanisms that allow a cellular population to generate diverse cell types and because they are a potent...
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accurate and automatic assessment of retinal images has been considered as a powerful tool for the diagnosis of retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy , hypertension , and arteriosclerosis . blood vessels have varying contrast due to which the darker vessels ( thick vessels ) can be extracted easily using stand...
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the hydrated excess proton is in fact a unit of net positive charge due to a missing electron that can be passed between and among biomolecules in a seemingly simple dance of charge neutralization . however , the molecular nature of this dance is complicated , involving a dynamic charge delocalization between molecules...
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leishmaniases are a set of vector - borne diseases caused by a flagellate protozoan transmitted by the bite of an insect vector , the phlebotomine sandfly . this group of diseases affects 98 countries with three distinct entities : cutaneous , mucocutaneous , and visceral leishmaniasis . various clinical outcomes are d...
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infectious diseases are a major reason for the health disparity between rich and poor countries ( stiglitz and jayadev , 2010 ) . they kill 14 million people worldwide every year , predominantly affecting members of poor populations in developing countries [ world health organization ( who ) , 2001 ] . in fact , these ...