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1
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the diterpenoid alkaloids ( see representative examples in figure 1 ) are a collection of complex alkaloids isolated from the ranunculaceae and rosaceae family of plants . these molecules are among the most architecturally complex natural products isolated to date . in addition to their imposing skeletal intricacy , th...
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microbial exopolysaccharides ( eps ) are a structurally highly diverse group of polymers that fulfill various biological functions . they usually are built of complex repeat units , which are distinguished by different types of monomers ( sugar , sugar derivatives , sugar acids ) , the bonds between these monomers and ...
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take generic initial data in general relativity , adjust any one parameter p of the initial data to the threshold of black hole formation , and compare the resulting spacetimes as a function of p. in many situations , the following critical phenomena are then observed : near the threshold , black holes with arbitrarily...
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the scale and intensity of researchers mobility and connectivity have reached an extraordinary level , contesting established ethical and legal boundaries between global and local research practice . in the health context , consider the explosive growth in biomedical research infrastructures biobanks , genetic database...
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the replacement of an atom , or group of atoms , or even an entire scaffold of a biologically active compound with a surrogate structure that exhibits broadly similar biological properties is a fundamental strategy of medicinal chemistry , known as isosteric or bioisosteric replacement . in general , for this approach ...
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in this paper i will develop a fair description of the structure of suicidal mental life and of lived self - determination from the first - person - perspective applying a phenomenological method . this should allow us to achieve a profound description of the intricate linkages between a person s sense of self - determ...
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in 1993 , communesin a ( 1a ) was isolated along with communesin b ( 1b ) from a strain of penicillium sp . found growing on a marine alga by the numata group ( figure 1 ) . communesins a ( 1a ) and b ( 1b ) exhibit antiproliferative activity against p-388 lymphocytic leukemia cells ( ed50 = 3.5 g / ml and 0.45 g / ml ...
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type 1 diabetes ( t1d ) is a t - cell - mediated autoimmune disease that involves the progressive destruction of pancreatic cells resulting in complete loss of insulin secretion . while a combination of genetic predisposition and autoimmune processes contributes to its development , inflammatory mediators and innate im...
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this is a direct continuation of the paper of ceccherini and woess but is to a very large extent independent of that reference . the interplay between combinatorial group theory and formal languages is a very natural one and has implicitly or explicitly been present ever since the beginning of the study of finitely gen...
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the mediator complex is a multiprotein assembly comprising at least 30 subunits that functions as a regulator of gene transcription in multiple contexts including stem cell function , the immune response , inflammation , cell adhesion , the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and development . the mediator complex - a...
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the four color theorem [ 1 , 2 ] asserts that every graph that is embeddable in the plane has chromatic number at most four . this question has been one of the driving forces in discrete mathematics and its theme has inspired many variations . for example , the chromatic number of graphs that are embedabble into a surf...
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mobility is essential to all living organisms , from organelle transport to movement of entire organisms . in many motile systems , actin and myosin filaments movement is performed by striated muscle , defined by highly regular arrangements of visible striations . the minimal contractile unit of striated muscle is the ...
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as a cell divides , it undergoes massive shape changes , culminating in the formation of a small structure , the midbody , where cleavage between daughter cells occurs ( eggert et al . , 2006b ) . traditionally , cell division research has focused primarily on the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons as determinants of ...
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nature has evolved the capacity to catalyze chemical reactions with remarkable rate acceleration and selectivity . the catalytic efficacy of enzymes stems , in part , from their well defined , folded structures . within the active site , catalytic residues are precisely oriented in space to accommodate well orchestrate...
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functionalized , nitrogen - containing heterocycles constitute a widespread structural motif in biologically active compounds(1 ) and an invaluable template for chiral auxiliaries(2 ) in asymmetric synthesis.(3 ) in particular , tetrahydroisoquinolines ( thiqs ) and indoles are common structural motifs in important com...
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craniovertebral junction ( cvj ) is osteoligamentous membranous complex formed around the transition zone of neuraxis between brain and spinal cord . layers of muscles , ligaments , and membranes support bony complex of occiput , atlas , and axis from all around which helps in adding mobility as well as stability to th...
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acute myeloid leukemia ( aml ) is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic myeloid cells that are blocked at different stages of maturation . aml cells accumulate in the bone marrow , leading to impaired hematopoiesis , which results in thrombopenia , lymphopenia and anemia . the c1498 mouse mod...
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translation initiation in eukaryotic cells is a highly regulated process and plays an important role in cell proliferation , differentiation , survival , and maintenance of homeostasis . disruption and / or perturbation of cap - dependent translation is associated with many pathophysiological processes such as wolcott ...
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yessotoxin ( 1 , ytx ) , a disulfated polycyclic ether natural product was first reported in 1987 by murate , yasumoto , and co - workers from the digestive gland of the scallop patinopecten yessoensis ( figure 1 ) . it was subsequently discovered that ytx is produced by the dinoflagellates protoceratium reticulatum , ...
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the fruit fly ( drosophila melanogaster ) compound eye is a great model system to investigate the functional organization of photoreceptor and interneuron arrays for neural image sampling and processing , and for animal vision . the system has the most complete wiring diagram and is amiable to genetic manipulations and...
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science is rarely tidy . we ultimately seek a unified explanatory framework characterized by elegance and simplicity ; along the way , however , our aesthetic impulses must occasionally be sacrificed to the desire to encompass the largest possible range of phenomena ( i.e. , to fit the data ) . it is often the case tha...
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adult sleep is comprised of non - rapid - eye - movement ( nrem ) and rapid - eye - movement ( rem ) states , which alternate approximately every 90 minutes of sleep . nrem sleep is divided into three stages , nrem1 , nrem2 , and nrem3 , which now includes what was earlier separated as nrem stage 4 . the proportions of...
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aziridines , the smallest saturated aza - heterocycles , are important and common synthetic intermediates in organic chemistry . the small bond angles and associated ring strain inherent in aziridines affords high reactivity toward ring - opening reactions with carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles , providing functionali...
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a general characteristic of members of the euphorbiaceae plant family , commonly referred to as spurges , is the milky latex that has been identified as a rich source of structurally complex and intriguing terpene - based natural products . over the past decades , phytochemists have shown great interest in the active i...
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tryptoline ( tetrahydro--carboline ) and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline ( thiq ) are substructures of numerous bioactive natural products that contain additional fused rings ( scheme 1 ) . the desire to build such highly substituted polycyclic compounds with complete stereocontrol has inspired the development of numero...
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fibromyalgia ( fm ) is a central pain disorder that seems to involve altered afferent processing , resulting in augmentation of peripheral stimuli , especially the nociceptive types . symptoms seen in fm and many other central sensitization disorders include multifocal pain , fatigue , insomnia , cognitive / memory pro...
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post - translational histone modifications , which include lysine or arginine methylation , play a pivotal role in maintaining chromatin architecture and regulating transcription . histone lysine methylation is a reversible process ; the removal of methyl groups is catalyzed by two classes of histone lysine demethylase...
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lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer - related deaths in the us . in 2012 , there were approximately 229,447 new cases of lung cancer and 159,124 related deaths . early diagnosis can improve the effectiveness of treatment and increase the patient 's chance of survival . positron emission tomography ( pet ) ,...
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the development of efficient methods for the generation of medium- and large - sized heterocycles is an important facet of screening campaigns for facilitating drug discovery . in particular , medium and macrocyclic lactams constitute an important class of molecules in compound collections derived from target - oriente...
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after decades of neglect , the search for novel , effective antimalarials has been revived primarily due to emergence of drug resistance . widespread resistance has been reported not only for 8-aminoquinolines but recent reports indicate the appearance of increased parasite tolerance to artemisinin analogues , potentia...
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coal tar pitch volatiles have been prominent agents for investigation in potrooms and carbon plants . more than 100 pahs have been identified in primary aluminum smelters , and most derive from the coal tar used as a binder in the carbon anodes.6 the composition of the anodes varies , with 25% to 30% pitch mixed with c...
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glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system ( cns ) , mediating fast synaptic transmission through ion channels , primarily the -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ( ampa ) and kainate ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes . the metabotropic glutamate ( mg...
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cyclin - dependent kinases ( cdks ) can generally be classified into two main groups based on whether their primary role is in the control of cell cycle progression or regulation of transcription . multiple cdks control the cell cycle and are considered essential for normal proliferation , development , and homeostasis...
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in the 34 years that have elapsed since the discovery of pulsars , rapidly rotating highly magnetised neutron stars , the study of these fascinating objects has resulted in many applications in physics and astronomy . striking examples include the confirmation of the existence of gravitational radiation as predicted by...
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although the statistical - mechanical foundations of free - energy calculations were laid a long time ago , their practical applications became possible only with the advent of modern computers . from the inception of computer - based free - energy calculations it has been clear to theorists that direct boltzmann sampl...
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scotland is consistently ranked as having one of the worst records for malignant cancers , lung cancer and respiratory disease in europe ( gillis et al . the west of scotland , in particular , is known for its high rates of coronary mortality and morbidity which has earned the city of glasgow titles such as the sick ma...
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relativistic binaries containing white dwarfs ( wds ) , neutron stars ( nss ) , and black holes ( bhs ) in compact orbits are over - represented in globular clusters compared with their population in the galactic field . observations of this population reveal a host of exotic objects such as ultracompact cataclysmic va...
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the associated techniques have had a huge impact in a range of fields , from computer science to neurology , from social science to statistical physics . however , it could be argued that epidemiology has embraced the potential of network theory more than any other discipline . there is an extremely close relationship ...
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prodiginines ( 13 , figure 1 ) are a family of red - pigmented natural products characterized by a 4-methoxy bipyrrole moiety linked to a variety of alkyl - substituted pyrroles . these compounds have been extensively studied for their intriguing biological activities ( antimicrobial , immunosuppressive , antitumor , a...
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heparan sulfate ( hs ) is a class of highly charged polysaccharides , which play important roles in a variety of biological events such as cell proliferation , viral infection , and cancer development . hs is made of disaccharide units of glucosamine -1,4-linked with a uronic acid . in nature , the backbone of hs can b...
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the structural complexity of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates is an integral part of their diverse biological activities , but it poses significant challenges in synthesis and the determination of structure activity relationships . in particular , stereoselective glycosylation is vital for producing carbohydrate de...
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in the 1970s , korean psychiatrists became puzzled by a malady commonly referred to as hwa - byung ( fire - illness ) ( min 2009a , pp.12 ) . they reported that most patients who sought treatment were poor , middle - aged women with little formal education . the patients had often been tormented by a demoralized husban...
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because coronary heart diseases often manifest as abnormalities of the ventricular geometry and wall kinematics , noninvasive cine medical imaging techniques are of significant clinical value , such as magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , to provide shape and motion information of the myocardium ( ) . in the past three...
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metals and their compounds are distributed in ecosystems as a result of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities . metals are used in their elementary form as well as in compounds for various human needs . therefore , a number of these metals enter our environment as a consequence of their widespread use i...
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obesity has reached global epidemic proportions with more than one billion adults affected by this chronic disorder . coronary artery disease , stroke , insulin resistance , type 2 diabetes , hypertension , and metabolic syndrome are well - known medical comorbidities associated with excess body weight . the metabolic ...
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coronary heart disease ( chd ) and stroke are leading causes of death in the usa and globally . elevated serum low - density lipoprotein ( ldl ) has been identified as a major risk factor for chd.1 epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between dietary cholesterol and chd risk , and early metabolic studies h...
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the wnt - dependent signaling pathways comprise several branches whose differential activation depends on the specificity of the wnt ligands and frizzled ( fzd ) isoforms involved , as well as the cellular context . these pathways and their implication in several disease states have attracted a lot of interest , both f...
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malaria continues its devastating impact on the health of human populations in tropical regions , with over 200 million cases of malaria and over 600 000 deaths from malaria each year . the most impacted region is sub - saharan africa , which accounts for an estimated 90% of all deaths , occurring primarily in children...
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let g be a finitely generated group and k a ( not necessarily finitely generated ) subgroup of g. we can choose a finite set ag of generators such that every element of g is of the form g = g1gn , where n0 and g1, ,gna . we shall say that ( g , k ) is context - free , if loosely spoken the language of all words over a ...
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ct findings in blunt renal injury must be evaluated considering their therapeutic consequences . some ct findings in blunt renal trauma are not included in the aast classification . renal injuries represent a relatively common event , involving 810 % of the patients admitted to an emergency department because of abdomi...
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several years ago , kitching and co - workers isolated two polymethylated docosanes from the cuticular extract of the cane beetle antitrogus parvulus . the compounds were identified as a 4,6,8,10,16,18-hexamethyldocosane and a 4,6,8,10,16-pentamethyldocosane ( figure 1 ) , and synthesis established the anti , anti , an...
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it is the active agent in front - line chemotherapeutic drugs used for treatment of a variety of cancers . because it is only minimally water - soluble , ptx is administered to humans as a drug formulation that is formed by its solubilization with an emulsifier [ a 1:1 ( v / v ) mixture of polyethoxylated castor oil an...
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tobacco was traded from north america to the world about 500 years ago . since then , tobacco use by smoking cigarettes , cigars , and pipes , or by chewing , has wreaked havoc on mankind . nearly 1.3 billion people are active smokers worldwide , who also pose a threat of indirect exposure to even more nonsmokers throu...
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in the most recent reorganisation of the pleistocene period ( 2.58 ma0.01 ma ) , the ionian is defined as a geological stage between the bruhnes - matuyama boundary at 781 ka ( end of the calabrian stage 1.810.78 ma ) and the beginning of marine isotope stage 5 interglacial period at 126 ka ( beginning of the upper ple...
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n bond in an aromatic system results in azaborines , heterocycles that retain most of the aromatic character and thermal stability associated with their c = c analogues . n bond desymmetrizes the heterocycle , allowing functionalization at various positions around the ring with complete regiochemical control . this per...
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the available portfolio of chemical transformations allows for the synthesis of almost any molecule ; however , the introduction of functional groups or substituents in a specific position often requires multistep synthesis , which naturally lowers atom efficiency . additionally , purification of the intermediates is t...
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the location and tissue characteristics on imaging studies are critical to narrow down the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses . the most frequent lesions encountered in the mediastinum are thymoma , neurogenic tumours and benign cysts , altogether representing 60% of patients with mediastinal masses . neuroge...
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thioglycosides are widely used as glycosyl donors in the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides because their stability , ease of activation , and flexibility in the tuning of glycosyl coupling conditions . numerous thioglycosyl donors have been developed , resulting in both technological advances and mechanistic insigh...
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the most obvious example of this is the community or retail pharmacy , where the metonymic term over - the - counter ( otc ) originates and is used to describe such medicines . such availability has been argued to offer benefits in terms of convenient access to , and choice of , medicines as well as involving individua...
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the rate of obesity has more than doubled over the past 20 years in most oecd countries . more than half of the adult population are overweight ( with body mass index ( bmi ) 2530 kg / m ) or obese ( with bmi 30 kg / m ) , and about 18% of both genders are obese . rates of overweight and obesity among children are also...
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hepatitis c virus ( hcv ) infection affects approximately 180 million people worldwide and is the main cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation in industrialized countries . among several infectious diseases , currently there is no vaccine against hcv , and therapy consists of a ns3 / 4a protease inh...
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smyd2 is a catalytic set domain containing protein methyltransferase reported to monomethylate lysine residues on histone and nonhistone proteins . its overexpression has been reported in cancer cell lines as well as in esophageal squamous carcinoma , bladder carcinoma , gastric cancer , and pediatric acute lymphoblast...
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although bloodstream infections ( bsi ) are frequently attributed to bacterial pathogens , fungal infections caused by candida species actually represent the fourth leading cause of bsi in the united states and present a specific risk for immune compromised patients . the incidence of candidiasis has increased dramatic...
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surgical therapy of acromegaly aims for elimination of the tumour and normalisation of both , growth hormone ( gh ) secretion and insulin - like growth factor-1 ( igf-1 ) concentration . using conventional criteria for complete remission ( gh below 1.0 g / l during oral 75-g glucose load ( ogtt ) and normal age- and se...
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the term neurodenegerative disorder is used to describe diseases characterized by the progressive breakdown of neuronal function and structure . this term encompasses disorders such as alzheimer s , parkinson s , and huntington s diseases , as well as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( als ) , among others , although neur...
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the synthesis of -amino acids has been a subject of great interest and importance for quite some time but especially because it was discovered that -peptides derived from -amino acids have many of the properties of -peptides but are much more proteolytically stable . there has been a decided uptick in the efforts to de...
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d - serine , a full agonist at the glycine modulatory site of the n - methyl - d - aspartate ( nmda ) receptor , has been actively explored as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of schizophrenia . several clinical studies with oral d - serine have shown promising results for the treatment of not only posit...
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the lipid kinase , sphingosine kinase ( sk ) , plays a myriad of roles in regulating cell survival , growth , and migration of mammalian cells through its product , sphingosine 1-phosphate ( s1p ) . s1p is a ligand for five cell - surface g - protein - coupled receptors and for several intracellular targets , such as h...
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antimalarial compounds consisting of two 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline ( 4,7-acq ) components linked by flexible tethers were identified as some of the first small molecule botulinum neurotoxin serotype a light chain ( bont / a lc ) inhibitors . shortly thereafter , we discovered that antimalarial agents composed of a 4,7-...
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n - phenyl - n-(2-chloroethyl)ureas ( 1 ) are members of a class of potent antiproliferative agents acting across a large panel of tumor cell lines and in several animal cancer models ( figure 1 ) . several subsets of these monoalkylating agents were shown to bind covalently to proteins such as ii - tubulin , thioredox...
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since its inception , it has been clear that general relativity has many striking similarities to gauge theories . both are based on the idea of local symmetry and therefore share a number of formal properties . nevertheless , their dynamical behavior can be quite different . while maxwell electrodynamics describes a l...
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lower - extremity peripheral arterial disease ( pad ) is estimated to affect between 8 million and 10 million americans . this prevalence is expected to increase , not only in the united states , but across the world as the population ages , cigarette smoking persists , and the epidemic of diabetes mellitus and obesity...
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the dopamine d2-like family of receptors , comprising the d2 , d3 , and d4 receptor subtypes ( d2r , d3r , and d4r , respectively ) , regulate physiological functions such as movement , emotion , and cognition . numerous medications for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders , such as schizophrenia , target this i...
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haptens are small molecules that elicit an immune response when bound to a carrier protein . haptens have been used to boost immune responses to antigens , to study acd and ibd , and to induce autoimmune responses , viral wart regression , and even antitumor immunity . for years , haptenated protein ( bovine serum albu...
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even though all nucleated cells contain the same genomic dna , multicellular organisms have developed a machinery of differentiation that maintains unique biological functions of specific cell types , tissues , and organs . growing evidence suggests that gene expression is a key component of cellular differentiation an...
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the chemokine receptors cxcr1 and cxcr2 are closely related members of the class a ( rhodopsin - like ) family of seven transmembrane g - protein - coupled receptors . the chemokine cxcl8 ( interleukin-8 , il8 ) activates the receptors cxcr1 and cxcr2 , whereas the chemokine cxcl1 ( growth related oncogene , gro ) is a...
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about two to three million cases of non - melanoma cancer and 132,000 melanoma cancers are reported annually worldwide . a staggering mortality rate of 75% is reported in the us alone due to skin cancer melanoma when compared to non - melanoma skin cancers , . an average increase of 2.6% deaths caused due to melanoma h...
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a hallmark of immanuel kant s philosophy is its openness towards all developments of empirical sciences ( watkins 2001 ) . in one of his earliest works , kant presented a theory of the formation of the planetary system on the basis of newton s laws of gravitation ( universal natural history and the theory of heavens , ...
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gold(i ) complexes are very active and selective catalysts for the addition of nucleophiles on 1,n - enynes . the most emblematic transformation in this area is the addition of alcohols and water on 1,6-enynes 1 ( alkoxy- or hydroxycyclization ) , which occurs stereospecifically to form adducts 3 in the presence of gol...
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the bc+ meson , formed of a c c quark , is an excellent laboratory to study qcd and weak interactions.1 the bc+ meson bound - state dynamics can be treated in a non - relativistic expansion by qcd - inspired effective models that successfully describe the spectroscopy of quarkonia . however , bc+ production and decay d...
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string theory was initially discovered in an attempt to describe the physics of the strong interactions prior to the advent of gauge field theories and qcd . today , it has matured to a very promising candidate for a unified quantum theory of gravity and all the other forces of nature . in this interpretation , gauge f...
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carboxylic acids are pervasive in nature and are produced industrially on a large scale . therefore , methods of employing them in organic preparations have received a lot of attention . hard uv ( 250 nm ) irradiations generate carbon - centered radicals but also induce much degradation . conventionally , decarboxylati...
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obsessive compulsive disorder ( ocd ) is an illness that is characterized by recurrent obsessions and compulsions that cause marked distress and impairment . it has a lifetime prevalence of 2 - 3% and is the fourth most prevalent psychiatric disorder . estimates suggest that it is the tenth leading cause of disability ...
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microtubules are key components of the cytoskeleton and are involved in a wide range of cellular functions , notably cell division where they are responsible for mitotic spindle formation and proper chromosomal separation.(1 ) consequently , microtubules have been for the past decades important targets for the design a...
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success stories of the post - war years childhood cancer . where once a diagnosis of leukaemia had meant the death of the child , by the late 1960s and 1970s the situation was very different . mortality from childhood leukaemia fell , children survived the disease longer and a new set of problems emerged around their l...
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glutamine ( gln ) is the most abundant amino acid in the muscle and plasma of humans . although gln is a nonessential neutral amino acid , it is necessary for optimal growth of mammalian cells in tissue culture and has important physiological functions . apart from providing nitrogen for protein synthesis , gln is a pr...
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the basic mechanisms of antisense ( as ) , ribozyme ( rz ) , and rna interference ( rnai ) approaches to ptgs will be presented here . a comparison of their properties is presented ( table 1 ) . as intended for clinical use is an oligodeoxynucleotide ( odn ) string with bases chosen to form watson crick annealing pairs...
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our society depends heavily on fossil fuels ( e.g. , oil , natural gas , coal , etc . ) . these resources are not sustainable energy sources and are being depleted at a rapidly increasing rate , leading to concerns regarding dwindling fossil - fuel resources , environmental consequences of co2 emission , and economic p...
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the accuracy of the measurement of the higgs - boson mass by the atlas and cms collaborations at the large hadron collider ( lhc ) has already reached the level of 300400 mev [ 1 , 2 ] and , being still dominated by statistics , is bound to improve further when the lhc restarts operations in 2015 . this puts new emphas...
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the more you know , or anyone knows , the better decisions can be made. vermont physician quoted in sorrell v. ims health inc . the history of the fda 's regulation of drug approval and promotion demonstrates the necessary and delicate balancing act that rests at the core of the agency 's mandate under the federal food...
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throughout this paper , let g=(v , e ) be a simple planar graph without loops , with finite vertex set v and thus a finite set of edges e. we use the natural understanding of a drawing of a graph . vertices are represented as points in the plane and edges as continuous and ( at least piecewise ) differentiable curves c...
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let h be a krull monoid with finite class group g and suppose that every class contains a prime divisor ( rings of integers in algebraic number fields are such krull monoids , and other examples will be given in section 2 ) . then every non - unit ah can be written as a finite product of atoms ( irreducible elements ) ...
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multibody systems allow the modeling of entire systems of rigid and flexible bodies connected by joints and driven by forces and actuators . the most common and widely used type of rotational coordinates in multibody systems that treat the orientation of either rigid or flexible bodies are euler angles . an alternative...
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in the 1960s jacobson asked , whether the number fields and are the only quadratic number fields such that each algebraic integer is the sum of distinct units . liwa solved this problem for quadratic number fields and showed that even no pure cubic number field has this property . these results were extended to cubic a...
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over the past several decades , combination chemotherapy has been serving as a primary treatment option for many types of cancers . compared to the use of a single cytotoxic agent , the use of two or more properly selected agents in combination can lead to a decrease in systemic toxicity and an increase in efficacy due...
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according to the food and agriculture organization , sustainable diets are protective and respectful of biodiversity and ecosystems , culturally acceptable , accessible , economically fair and affordable ; nutritionally adequate , safe , and healthy , while optimizing natural and human resources . efficiency , demand r...
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the extent to which the genome of one cell differs from that of any other cell from the same body is unclear . dna replication errors , mitotic recombination , aneuploidy , and transposable element activity can cause somatic mosaicism during ontogenesis and senescence . in humans , the consequences of somatic mosaicism...
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i review here the status of numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of the name i also invite authored contributions on items of relevance that i may have omitted because of lack of expertise . occasionally , i will point out where such contributions would be valuable and would make thi...
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as a member of the mitogen - activated protein kinase ( mapk ) family , the c - jun n - terminal kinases ( jnks ) regulate the serine / threonine phosphorylation of several transcription factors when they are activated in response to various stimuli such as oxidative stress , neurotoxins , cytokines , and fatty acids ....
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quality measure development follows a three - step process : ( 1 ) creating draft measures by integrating guidelines and literature , ( 2 ) refining and selecting final measures , and ( 3 ) testing the measures against a data source . here , we report on the first two steps and the results of early pilot testing . this...