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1
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in the search for metal - based chemotherapeutics with improved properties with respect to platinum - based drugs used in the clinic , ruthenium compounds have emerged as promising candidates . ruthenium complexes have certain characteristics that make them attractive as potential chemotherapeutics for different diseas...
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the following electronic databases were searched using the scopus abstract and citation database : the cochrane library ( issue 1 , 2010 ) , medline , embase , science citation index expanded , social sciences citation index , conference proceedings citation index science , and psycinfo . additional sources were hand s...
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more than 15% of the world 's population has no access to safe drinking water ( cauchie et al . , 2014 ) . waterborne parasitic protozoan diseases with worldwide distribution , result in four billion cases of diarrhoea , 1.6 million deaths annually ( www.who.int ) and 62.5 million disability adjusted life years ( dalys...
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describes the array of chemical modifications on dna and histone proteins that dynamically regulate gene expression . the complex set of reversible post - translational modifications ( ptms ) that decorate histones ultimately determines the overall state of chromatin , giving rise to the so - called histone code , a ce...
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proteins involved in chromatin modulation usually contain several functional regions that serve to recruit and tether binding partners , ultimately leading to the formation of large multiprotein complexes . a clear understanding of the function of these complexes will only be possible through the dissection of the inte...
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the debate over the adequacy of current evolutionary theory has again moved center stage ( laland et al . , 2014 ) . in essence , this controversy is about how to integrate recent empirical and theoretical advances within evolutionary biology and related fields into the core of evolutionary theory and how to broaden it...
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in the following section it will be seen that we do not yet understand what determines the gravitational potentials within the universe on scales from galaxies upwards . one suggestion is that the universe is full of material that does not emit electromagnetic radiation and which is thus hard to see. there are a tremen...
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dementia is a complex , progressive neurodegenerative disease that is difficult for both health - care professionals and family caregivers to manage . currently , 500,000 canadians have alzheimer s disease and other dementias ( adod ) . in one generation there is broad consensus that the early detection of adod benefit...
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inositol phosphates are important intracellular messengers that play a vital role in many cellular functions including cell growth , migration , differentiation , apoptosis , and endocytosis . to facilitate biochemical investigations , it is vital that efficient routes to these naturally occurring inositol phosphates a...
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metabolic homeostasis is an essential condition to sustain life , and metabolic derangements are at the origin of several debilitating diseases . obesity , a pathological condition characterized by excessive accumulation of body lipids , is by far the most prevalent metabolic disease affecting hundreds of millions of p...
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current endeavours to eliminate lymphatic filariasis have been hailed as a best buy in global health ( ottesen , 2008 , e317 ) and the most effective pro - poor public health programme ( molyneux , 2003 , p. 1 ) . they are part of an international agenda to rescue the bottom billion through the control of neglected tro...
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patients are often admitted into the intensive care unit ( icu ) due to the need for mechanical ventilatory support using a ventilator . cardiopulmonary tests could benefit icu patients significantly , because they could help to determine the most suitable ventilator settings , and help to avoid the common problem of v...
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slavery ( dulosis ) is the most spectacular form of social parasitism in ants and one of the most unusual interspecific relationships in the animal world ( e.g. wheeler , 1910 ; forel , 1928 ; buschinger , 1990 , 2009 ; hlldobler and wilson , 1990 ; dettorre and heinze , 2001 ) . slave - makers rob brood from colonies ...
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the major current use of genomic technology by the military is collecting dna from present and former members of the military in order to facilitate the identification of remains . the collection , called a biobank or biorepository , is the armed services repository of specimen samples for the identification of remains...
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there are two microinjection - based methods that can be used to measure the kinetics of mrna export in mammalian cells ; injection of in vitro synthesized mrna , or plasmid dna , which is transcribed in vivo into mrna . we describe both techniques and discuss the differences between the two approaches . in vitro trans...
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the era is characterized by rational worldviews and a unique self - identity , which were reflected in the philosophies that arose during this time , leading to the separation of the value spheres of science , art , and morals . selfhood in modernity has several attributes as noted by gebser in terms of the ability to ...
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parenting interventions hold great promise for the promotion of healthy children , healthy families , and healthy societies , in ways that comprehensively impact the social , physical , and mental dimensions of human wellbeing ( olds , sadler , & kitzman , 2007 ; panter - brick & leckman , 2013 ) . issues related to fa...
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sphingoid - type bases that contain vicinal amino alcohols are key structural and functional components of the plasma membranes of nearly all eukaryotic cells . the sphingolipids that they form play a crucial role in many physiological processes and are implicated in many common human diseases , including diabetes , ca...
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iron is an essential element for biological processes since it participates in multiple enzymatic reactions as a part of iron sulfur clusters , heme prosthetic groups , and other iron - containing centers , which makes it indispensable for almost all living organisms . however , iron oxygen interaction , which is a sou...
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neurotensin ( nt ) is a tridecapeptide ( glu - leu - tyr - glu - asn - lys - pro - arg - arg - pro - tyr - ile - leu ) that was identified 40 years ago from bovine hypothalamus . nt functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator demonstrating a range of biological actions . in the cns , nt is colocalized with and r...
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the skeletal muscles of mammals account for 40% of body weight and for 25% of the basal metabolic rate ( rolfe and brown , 1997 ) . approximately half of this muscle mass consists of slow - twitch fibers , and the other half consists of fast - twitch fibers ( also called type i and type ii fibers , respectively ) . sma...
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together with temperature , pressure , and ionic strength , ph is one of the key parameters that determine the structure and dynamics of proteins in solution . most notably , many proteins denature at low ph values,(1 ) and aggregation , such as formation of amyloid fibrils in alzheimer s disease(2 ) and insulin aggreg...
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for all cells , regulation of gene expression is a fundamental mechanism for development , homeostasis , and adaptation to the environment . in eukaryotes , every step in the process of gene expression is subject to dynamic regulation , including structural changes of chromatin , transcription of dna into rna , process...
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living with hiv is of daily concern for many south africans , and the challenges they face include adapting their lives to live with a chronic illness whilst continuing to achieve or meet social expectations including being economically independent , have intimate relationships , assessing risks , protecting others and...
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demography is the study of human populations with reference to size , diversity , growth , age , and other characterizing statistics . epidemiology is the study of the incidence , distribution , and determinants of disease frequency in groups of individuals who happen to have characteristics in common ( e.g. , gender ,...
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within the class of tetracycline antibiotics , viridicatumtoxin b ( 1 ) , viridicatumtoxin a ( 2 ) , and spirohexaline ( 3 ) ( chart 1 ) are unique in that they include in their structures a geranyl - derived subunit in the form of a spirobicyclic system ( ring system ef ) . in contrast to the majority of tetracyclines...
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transforming growth factor ( tgf ) is the prototype member of a highly evolutionary conserved secreted family of cytokines . the tgf family consists of tgf , activins , inhibins , nodals , anti - mullerian hormone ( amh ) and bone morphogenetic proteins ( bmps ) 1 , 2 . tgf family members affect various biological proc...
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monoclonal antibodies have become attractive clinical anti - cancer drugs in the last 3 decades due to their targeting specificity and suitable pharmacokinetic properties . they are now a major focus for drug development for cancer therapy since rituximab ( rituxan ) and trastuzumab ( herceptin ) received market approv...
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with the absence of a satisfactory quantum theory of gravity , a major puzzle in theoretical physics still remains unsolved . this article contains an overview and a comprehensive bibliography of past efforts to define a consistent theory of quantum gravity in four dimensions via an intermediate discretization . i will...
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protein synthesis is catalyzed by the ribosome in a process that consists of initiation , elongation , and termination . in bacteria , three initiation factors ( if1 , if2 , if3 ) and the shine - dalgarno sequence are sufficient to accurately pair the aug start codon in messenger rna ( mrna ) with the anticodon loop of...
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mothers and infants form a biological and social unit ; they also share problems of malnutrition and ill - health [ who , infant and young child nutrition : global strategy on infant and young child feeding . 2012 ] mothers and infants form a biological and social unit ; they also share problems of malnutrition and ill...
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conventional scanning transmission electron microscopy ( stem ) is limited by the range of specimens appropriate for analysis , specifically the dry and solid samples suitable for placement in a high vacuum . however , many scientific and technological questions concern nanoscale materials and processes in liquid envir...
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although the role of vaccines in mitigating morbidity and mortality attributable to infectious diseases in modern times is indisputable , we are witnessing a reemergence of infectious diseases previously declared eliminated in the united states . the centers for disease control , for instance , reports 154 cases of mea...
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the twentieth century was notable for the eradication of epidemics that had hitherto obliterated large numbers of mankind . this success was realised through widespread vaccination , the introduction of effective antibiotics , and improved nutrition as a result of the implementation of intensive farming . tragically , ...
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existing theories of public involvement embody certain assumptions and hypotheses about what public involvement interventions are made of ( their principal components ) and how they are expected to work ( their internal dynamic explaining outcomes).3640 three main theoretical constructs have been proposed to explain th...
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recent estimates suggest that in 2009 as many as 271 million people participated in drug use at least once worldwide , reflecting nearly 1 in 20 people aged between 1564 years of age . however these numbers do not include the use of 3,4-methylenedioxy - n - methylamphetamine ( mdma or ecstasy ) , hallucinogens , and in...
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( r)-n - benzyl 2-acetamido-3-methoxypropionamide ( lacosamide , ( r)-1 ) is a first - in - class antiseizure drug ( asd ) that is marketed worldwide for adjunctive treatment of partial - onset seizures . whole animal pharmacological studies showed that ( r)-1 displayed potent anticonvulsant activity in the maximal ele...
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breast cancer is the most common cause of death in female cancer sufferers in both developed and developing countries . the exact cause(s ) of the majority of breast cancers still remains unknown . by far the most effective way to tackle the disease is through early detection , precise identification of women at risk ,...
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nek2 is a serine / threonine kinase that plays a key role in cell division . it localizes to the centrosome and regulates spindle pole organization and separation through phosphorylation of substrates including c - nap1 , rootletin , and nlp.aaabbreviations : adp , adenosine diphosphate ; apc / c , anaphase - promoting...
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hilar cholangiocarcinoma , or klatskin tumor , is the most common malignant tumor affecting the extrahepatic bile duct . only a very few patients with unresectable , indolent , and slow - growing hilar cholangiocarcinoma can have long - term survival . the prognosis of most patients with unresectable tumor is poor beca...
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the endoplasmic reticulum ( er ) stress response is a cytoprotective mechanism activated in response to proteotoxic burden and is crucial for homeostatic regulation . disruption in the stoichiometric balance , transport , or processing of intracellular proteins leads to the activation of three distinct pathways mediate...
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systems biology is an emerging academic field aiming at system - level understanding of biological systems . recent progress in molecular biology has enabled us to gain information on the interactions among the underlying molecules from comprehensive experimental data sets . in general , a system - level understanding ...
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globally , the prevalence of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections ( stis ) is disproportionately higher among transgender women ( tw ) , particularly ethnic minority and younger tw . because hiv - related surveillance data are not uniformly collected by gender identity , data on hiv infection among tw are lack...
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photoswitchable glycoconjugates have recently received increasing attention for their potential of spatial and temporal control of carbohydrate recognition . this is because photoisomerization of such sweet switches allows for a reversible shifting between two structurally different states in which carbohydrate orienta...
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several neuropsychiatric disorders , including parkinson s disease , huntington s disease , attention - deficit hyperactivity disorder ( adhd ) , tourette s syndrome , schizophrenia , and obsessive - compulsive disorder , share the fronto - striatal circuits , also known as cortico - striatal - thalamic circuits , as t...
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toll - like receptor 4 ( tlr4 ) is a mammalian transmembrane receptor protein which , in complex with a myeloid differentiation factor 2 ( md-2 ) , detects picomolar concentrations of gram - negative bacterial endotoxin ( or lipopolysaccharide , lps ) ( figure 1a ) and initiates an inflammatory signaling cascade aimed ...
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proper levels of tyrosine phosphorylation , maintained by the reversible and coordinated actions of protein tyrosine kinases ( ptks ) and protein tyrosine phosphatases ( ptps ) , are critical for a wide range of cellular processes including growth , differentiation , metabolism , migration , and survival . aberrant tyr...
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model - based drug development represents an invaluable resource in pharmaceutical research and development . the recent introduction of regulatory requirements for the development of medicines for children will have a far - reaching impact on how evidence can be generated on the risk benefit ratio of novel treatments ...
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molecular oxygen ( o2 ) is required for aerobic metabolism to maintain intracellular bioenergetics and serves as an electron acceptor in many biochemical reactions . ambient air contains 21% of o2 ; however , most mammalian tissues exist at 29% o2 . hypoxia , usually defined as 2% o2 , occurs in a variety of pathologic...
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it is clear that weight gain is a ubiquitous side effect of antipsychotic drugs ( apds ; allison et al . , 1999 ) and that apds are also associated with an increased risk of complications related to obesity , including insulin resistance , hyperlipidemia , type 2 diabetes mellitus , and cardiovascular disease ( lieberm...
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the motion of a point electric charge in flat spacetime was the subject of active investigation since the early work of lorentz , abrahams , and poincar , until dirac produced a proper relativistic derivation of the equations of motion in 1938 . ( the field s early history is well related in . ) in 1960 dewitt and breh...
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since their discovery more than 70 years ago , wittig rearrangements have evolved into powerful tools for the isomerization of -metalated ethers into alkoxides . wittig rearrangements can proceed through a concerted , orbital - symmetry - allowed -sigmatropic shift ( scheme 1 , route a ) , or a stepwise -migration invo...
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black hole - neutron star ( bh - ns ) binaries are believed to be formed as a result of two supernovae in a massive binary system ( see for an alternative possibility ) . after their formation , the orbital separation decreases gradually due to the longterm gravitational radiation reaction ( i.e. , two objects are in a...
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it is known since the work of bardeen , bekenstein , carter and hawking [ 42 , 32 , 162 ] that black holes are thermodynamical systems equipped with a temperature and an entropy . in analogy to bolzmann s statistical theory of gases , one expects that the entropy of black holes counts microscopic degrees of freedom . u...
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it is my pleasure to review progress in numerical relativity based upon characteristic evolution . in the spirit of living reviews in relativity , we are now in an era in which einstein s equations can effectively be considered solved at the local level . several groups , as reported here and in other living reviews in...
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equilibrium black - hole solutions to einstein s equations have been known since the advent of general relativity . the most obvious reason such solutions are of physical interest is the expectation that they arise as the end state of catastrophic gravitational collapse of some suitably localised matter distribution . ...
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binaries composed of neutron stars ( nss ) and black holes ( bhs ) have long been of interest to astrophysicists . they provide many important constraints for models of massive star evolution and compact object formation , and are among the leading potential sources for detection by gravitational - wave ( gw ) observat...
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the rare sugar 2-acetamido-2-deoxyfucose ( fucnac ) is a constituent monosaccharide of several bacterial capsular polysaccharides ( cps ) . both d- and l - enantiomers are found in nature , and they can be linked through either - or -glycosidic linkages ( see chart 1 ) . for example , the repeating trisaccharide of the...
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the purity of new tested compounds was determined to be 95% by analytical hplc . hplc analyses were carried out on a waters 2695 alliance module equipped with a waters 2996 photodiode array detector ( 210350 nm ) . the chromatographic system consisted of a hichrom guard column for hplc and a phenomenex synergi 4 max - ...
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numerical investigations of cosmological spacetimes can be categorized into two broad classes of calculations , distinguished by their computational goals : ( 1 ) geometrical and mathematical principles of cosmological models , and ( ii ) physical and astrophysical cosmology . in the former , the emphasis is on the geo...
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sunlight is the most abundant renewable energy resource and underpins life on our planet . nature has evolved complex photosynthetic processes to harvest this light for the generation of chemical energy . while chemical energy underpins the natural world , electrical energy is a more easily transmittable form in human ...
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glucocorticoids ( gcs ) are among the most effective drugs used in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies of the lymphoid lineage in virtue of their ability to induce apoptosis of these cancerous cells [ 13 ] . the main hematopoietic cancer types that respond well to gc therapy include t acute lymphoblastic leukem...
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dietary sugar intake , in the form of sucrose or high - fructose corn syrup ( hfcs ) , has dramatically increased and correlates with a rise in obesity , metabolic syndrome , and diabetes . because a broad range of physiological , behavioural , and neurological variables influences food choices and eating behaviour , i...
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toxicological risk assessment has historically relied on the use of animal models which , though fundamental in the life sciences , are also linked with shortcomings such as inconsistent translatability to humans and high cost . furthermore , there has been an increasing effort to find alternatives to animal testing in...
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the search for new antibacterial compounds is a challenging task as bacteria are continuously developing resistance to antimicrobial compounds ; however , infections due to such bacterial strains are infrequent although potentially fatal [ 13 ] . this ongoing problem has resulted in the search for newer , more effectiv...
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the innate immune response is the first line of defense against microbial pathogens such as viruses , bacteria , fungi , and protozoa . a critical component of the innate immune response is the nfb family of transcription factors . the toll - like receptors ( tlrs ) are critical components of the innate immune system t...
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to evaluate neuroradiological features of mps , including brain abnormal signal intensity and atrophy . the mucopolysaccharidoses ( mps ) are a group of heritable lysosomal storage disorders caused by a deficiency in glycosaminoglycan ( gag)-degrading enzymes . dermatan sulphate , heparan sulphate , keratan sulphate an...
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is an effort to manipulate the metabolism of an organism worthy and reasonable , knowing that this cellular process has been continuously modified and refined through evolution and natural selection for adapting , in the most convenient manner , to the ongoing environmental conditions ? the answer to this question seem...
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this mixed - methods study ( yin , 2003 ) seeks to more accurately identify perceptions of acceptance for various age- , race- , and sexual identity - based segments of the population within the gay and mainstream communities at a pivotal time in the evolution of both urban gay communities and mainstream societal attit...
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the latrunculins constitute a family of macrolide natural products isolated from the taxologically unique marine sponges cacospongia mycofijiensis and negombata magnifica ( figure 1 ) that have been widely studied given of both their reversible inhibition of actin polymerization and their cytotoxicity against several h...
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the tetracycline class of antibacterial agents has seen widespread clinical use for over 50 years due to its broad spectrum antibacterial activity.(1 ) tetracyclines inhibit bacterial growth by preventing protein biosynthesis through binding to the 30s ribosome , thereby blocking the binding of aminoacyl - trna to the ...
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the heat shock protein 70 ( hsp70 ) is a molecular chaperone which plays an important function in protein homeostasis as well as in cell signaling and survival . some of its functions include folding newly synthesized peptides , refolding misfolded proteins , assembling multiprotein complexes , and transporting protein...
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pregnancy and the postpartum can be times of joy and positive expectations but also of stress and difficulties . pregnancy and delivery bring many physiological and psychosocial changes , and both mothers and fathers are required to face several new challenges during this period . consequently , pregnancy and the post ...
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taken together , malaria ( caused by plasmodium species ) , human african trypanosomiasis ( hat , caused by trypanosoma brucei ) , chagas disease ( caused by t. cruzi ) , and leishmaniasis ( caused by leishmania species ) represent diseases with an estimated combined burden of over 87 million disability - adjusted life...
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methods for ether synthesis are overwhelmingly based upon the attack of nucleophilic oxygen on electrophilic carbon . our lab has been interested in expanding the scope of an umpoled strategy based upon reaction of carbanions with electrophilic oxygen . the reaction of dialkyl peroxides with carbanions , while long kno...
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since their discovery in 1967 , radio pulsars have provided insights into physics on length scales covering the range from 1 m ( giant pulses from the crab pulsar ) to 10 km ( neutron star ) to kpc ( galactic ) to hundreds of mpc ( cosmological ) . pulsars present an extreme stellar environment , with matter at nuclear...
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the tumor suppressor function of p53 is compromised in essentially all human cancers . in about half of human cancers , tp53 , the gene encoding p53 protein , is mutated or deleted , and this inactivates the tumor suppressor function of p53 . in the remaining 50% , p53 retains its wild - type status but its function is...
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leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease that is prevalent across the globe with 350 million people in 88 countries at risk of acquiring leishmaniasis . a recent effort by the world health organization to provide a current estimate of the incidence of leishmaniasis concluded that between 0.2 and 0.4 million cases of vis...
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the endocrine cells of the pancreas , located in the islets of langerhans , are responsible for blood glucose homeostasis , secreting hormones with differing and even opposing effects on blood glucose disposal . beta - cells , the most numerous islet cells , secrete the hormone insulin which reduces blood glucose level...
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according to the 2014 report from the world health organization , 39% of the world 's adult population is overweight , and 13% is obese . in the near future an important feature of obesity and aging is dysregulation of fat in relation to morbidity and mortality . adipokines , proteins secreted by the adipose tissue ( a...
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in particular , osteoimmunology investigates how the immune system impacts on bone turnover in physiological and pathological conditions through the immunoskeletal interface . researchers recently hav - egained better understanding of the dialogue between immune and bone cells and a new reading register of bone remodel...
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the columnar organization of neocortex at the minicolumnar ( 2050 m ) and macrocolumnar ( 300600 m ) scales has long been known ( see mountcastle , 1997 ; horton and adams , 2005 for reviews ) . minicolumn - scale organization has been demonstrated on several anatomical bases ( lorente de no , 1938 ; defelipe et al . ,...
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micrornas ( mirnas ) play a key role in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression by guiding the association between the rna - induced silencing complex ( risc ) and target rnas ( reviewed in fabian et al . , 2010 ) . human cells express more than 1,000 mirnas , each potentially binding to hundreds of messe...
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the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract contains a multitude of regulatory peptides that transmit information not only to the intestine and associated organs , but to other systems , such as the central nervous system ( cns ) and the cardiovascular system . at the beginning of the 20th century , experiments were carried out ...
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molecular simulations of biomolecules are expressions of their underlying force fields , sampling the interactions of chemically bonded atoms through newtonian approximations of the quantum systems . the typical model , given in eq 1 , is well - known . it approximates the energy of a molecular system as a thoroughly d...
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epigenetics are widely implicated in tumor initiation and progression by different modifications of dna and histones . there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of histone modification in silencing tumor suppressor genes . among the various histone modifiers , histone acetyltransferases ( hats ) ...
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relativistic thermodynamics is needed , because in relativity the mass of a body depends on how hot it is and the temperature is not necessarily homogeneous in equilibrium . but unlike classical thermodynamics the relativistic theory can not be constructed on the intuitive notions of heat and work , because our intuiti...
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it was a blend of 19th century american metaphysical culture . in that cultural milieu , metaphysics had to do with the individual and universe communing through energetic and spiritual harmony . the combination of worldviews and the practices that went along with them are often described in terms of colliding worldvie...
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lung cancer is the most deadly cancer disease with an estimated 27% of all cancer deaths , . a large part of patients with lung cancer undergoes radiotherapy . tracking tumor motion poses a significant challenge for precise dose delivery in lung cancer radiotherapy , due to respiratory motion of up to 3.5 cm for primar...
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anxiety and depression have strong and independent associations with the mental health domain in cancer patients . studies depict that cancer patients with a low level of optimism and a high level of pessimism are at risk of higher levels of anxiety and depression in addition to lowered health - related quality of life...
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the amide bond is widely prevalent in both naturally occurring and synthetic compounds . it is increasingly important in pharmaceutical chemistry , being present in 25% of available drugs , with amidation reactions being among the most commonly used reactions in medicinal chemistry . there is considerable interest in t...
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the opioid receptors ( , , , and the opioid - like receptor orl-1 ) belong to the super family of g - protein coupled receptors ( gpcrs ) that possess seven helical trans - membrane spanning domains in their architecture . the majority of research efforts focused upon this group of proteins has been directed toward the...
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the udder is the milk - producing organ of dairy animals ; hence , for optimal production , it should be healthy . mastitis is the inflammatory response of the mammary gland ( mg ) tissue to physiological and metabolic changes , traumas , and allergies and , most frequently , to injuries caused by various microorganism...
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p - glycoprotein ( p - gp , abcb1 or mdr1 ) is a cell membrane atp - binding cassette ( abc ) transporter that is linked with the development of multidrug resistance ( mdr ) in cancer cells . resistance to chemotherapy in cancer cells is a serious issue which can arise due to numerous mechanisms , including the overexp...
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targeted drug delivery guided by molecular imaging approaches is a burgeoning area of clinical research , particularly for the treatment of cancer . this approach involves an optimized delivery of a therapeutic molecule and an imaging probe to the disease site , thereby using selective diagnosis and effective pharmacot...
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a great variety of animal viruses encode for proteases that accomplish crucial functions during the biological cycle of the virus . usually , the main function of these proteases is to proteolyze viral polypeptide precursors to render mature viral proteins that form part of viral capsids or participate in virus vegetat...
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on the somewhat nominal date of 31 october 2011 , the world human population was deemed to have reached 7 billion ( 7 10 ) , prompting speculation as to whether everyone on the planet can be adequately fed . that currently a poor job of it is being made is not in dispute : the number of people estimated to be undernour...
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tumor - associated cell cycle defects , manifesting in unscheduled proliferation , and the associated genomic and chromosomal instabilities are mediated by misregulation of cyclin - dependent kinases ( cdks ) . because of the main role in the division cycle , cdks have been recognized as targets for anticancer therapy ...
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in previous papers , we have shown that heteroatom - substituted chiral [ d1]methyllithiums , the smallest organometallic compounds , can be prepared in homochiral form by tin lithium exchange from the respective tributylstannyl derivatives at low temperatures . they differ in their chemical as well as in their macro- ...
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the development of efficient catalytic methods for the formation of bonds between main group elements is of considerable interest for the continued development of main group chemistry . such processes enable new discoveries to be made in the promising application areas that main group species are now occupying , such a...