Split (2)

train · 219k rows

question stringlengths 3 301	answer stringlengths 9 7.04k	context listlengths 7 7
how do they fix power lines when a tree falls on them?	They shut off power to the line and then rebuild it. Power lines are kind of like tinker toys. You just replace the parts that need replaced. Everything from the wire to transformers. If a pole is broken, they cut it off and plant another one.	[ "Areas with large trees and branches falling on lines are a problem for aerial bundled cables as the line degrades over time. Due to the very large strain forces cracking and breaking insulation can lead to short circuit failures which can then lead to ground fires due to dripping of molten insulation.\n", "Trees...
Where does rust go?	This depends on the metal! When iron combines with oxygen in the atmosphere, the resulting iron oxide compounds take up much more space than just the metal did, but more importantly they don't have much structural strength. This means that the growing layer of rust on the outside cracks and flakes, creating gaps that l...	[ "Rust is a mixture of iron(III) oxide and oxide-hydroxide that usually forms when iron metal is exposed to humid air. Unlike the passivating oxide layers that are formed by other metals, like chromium and aluminum, rust flakes off, because it is bulkier than the metal that formed it. Therefore, unprotected iron obj...
Can gravitational lenses (or a series of them) turn a light source back on itself?	This can happen near black holes, where the path of light can be bent so much that it passes the event horizon. However, to modify the path of a distant star back to its direction of origin would require the perfect setup of perfectly placed black holes which is so unlikely as to never happen.	[ "A gravitational lens is a distribution of matter (such as a cluster of galaxies) between a distant light source and an observer, that is capable of bending the light from the source as the light travels towards the observer. This effect is known as gravitational lensing, and the amount of bending is one of the pre...
how american football divisions and pre games work (not the rules of the sport)	Pregame, are just exhibition games. They are sometimed used to help determine who gets the last few spots on a team's roster. Divisions are groups of 4 teams. There are 4 divisions per conference. Every team in a division plays eachother twice, as well as 8 teams outside of their division. This is how you get big divis...	[ "Brackets are commonly found in major North American professional sports leagues and in U.S. college sports. Often, at the end of the regular season, the league holds a post-season tournament (most commonly called a playoff) to determine which team is the best out of all of the teams in the league. This is done bec...
Am I seeing the history of the sun?	Yes but using that logic you are seeing the history of everything. because there is a delay between the object you are looking at and the light hitting that object, reflecting off, and hitting your eye. Similarly there is a delay between when your nerves endings in your eye or skin are triggered and your brain processe...	[ "\"The Sun\" first gained notice for its central role in the Great Moon Hoax of 1835, a fabricated story of life and civilization on the Moon which the paper falsely attributed to British astronomer John Herschel and never retracted. On April 13, 1844, \"The Sun\" published as factual a story by Edgar Allan Poe now...
why does putting clear (scotch/packing) tape on a frosted window let you see through it?	Frosted glass is simply glass with a (chemically) roughened surface which causes the light passing through the pane to diffuse in all directions, instead of letting straight through. (Scotch) tape is essentially a clear plastic surface coated with a thin layer of transparent adhesive. When you stick it to frosted glas...	[ "brwhy this tape sounds the way it does.bralthough it could be argued that the tape sounds this way because I'm dumb, I would prefer you think it's because rooms, recording tape and tape machines are not invisible.br-- Al.\n", "To prevent the recording on the tape from being erased, there is a small write-protect...
During the American Revolutionary War, 42,000 English Redcoats deserted. Where did they go? What happened to such deserters stranded in foreign territory?	Can you please link this because I can not find that 42,000 English redcoats deserted from an army that averaged about 39,000 soldiers in the colonies during the war?	[ "During the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War), the Acadians were expelled from Grand-Pré during the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). There were various British soldiers who kept a journal of the deportation from Grand-Pré such as Lt. Col. John Winslow and Jeremiah Bancroft. The...
what, if any, consensus is there on michael jackson's multiple charges of alleged child molestation?	The evidence is really much the same as it was before, which is to say that there is not enough evidence to convict someone beyond a reasonable doubt.	[ "In 2005, Jackson was criminally tried for several counts of child molestation charges following concerns raised in the 2003 documentary \"Living with Michael Jackson\". He was seen holding hands in the documentary with 12-year-old Gavin Arvizo and talked about sharing a bed. Jackson was acquitted of all charges. I...
what causes the "helicopter blades" sound effect when i'm driving down the freeway at a certain speed with a window open a certain amount?	Pressure oscillations. The incoming air compresses the air inside the cab. But because of inertia of the moving air, it compresses it more than the air in the cab can handle, so the inside air rebounds like a spring. This happens over and over and you get the whup-whup-whup-whup of the oscillation.	[ "HSI noise is caused by transonic flow shock formation on the advancing rotor blade, and is distinct from loading noise. The source of HSI noise is the flow volume around the advancing blade tip, hence it cannot be captured by examining only the acoustic sources on the surface of the blade, HSI noise is typically d...
How do we determine the habitable zone of a star that is lightyears away?	We can calculate the average temperature of a planet given its size, [albedo](_URL_0_), distance from the star and the star's luminosity. The habitable zone is simply defined as the range of radii in which water would be liquid at this temperature.	[ "The habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet, is at a radius of 0.26–0.56 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.\n", "The habitable zone for this star, defined as the locations where liquid water could be present...
When and how came humans to the concept of right and left?	There are actually cultures, because of their language, that do not use left, right, etc. and only use cardinal directions, like North, South, etc. One of these is an aboriginal tribe that speak,"Guugu Yimithirr". A bunch of deaf kids in Nicaragua invented their own sign language that didn't include terms for left and ...	[ "The terms \"left\" and \"right\" were not used to refer to political ideology per se, but only to seating in the legislature. After 1848, the main opposing camps were the \"democratic socialists\" and the \"reactionaries\" who used red and white flags to identify their party affiliation. With the establishment of ...
Has a childless hereditary ruler ever died while his wife was pregnant?	Succession laws [were not uniform across medieval Europe](_URL_0_). Disclaimer: not a historian.	[ "If the King were to die without a male Heir his wife not being pregnant, or if she were pregnant but the pregnancy was not to result in an Heir to the Throne, then the Crown would be retained by His Royal Highness Prince Al-Hassan Al-Rida who would become the origin of future successions to continue through His li...
where exactly is dna?	So DNA it's in the nucleus of a cell, all of the Eukaryotic organisms, that's all of the animals, plants, fungi, have their DNA stored in the nucleus, think of DNA as a really long wire, actually 3 football fields kind of big (if my genetics professor is to be believed) and it's super thin, all of that encodes the prot...	[ "Natural DNA is a molecule carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one ...
why does someone get cold right after turning off the shower, but can be out in real cold weather when out of a jacuzzi?	As someone who spent part of a winter vacation in an outdoor hot tub in Garmisch, Germany... it's still ridiculously cold when you get out.	[ "Water left stagnant in the pipes of showers can be contaminated with pathogens that become airborne when the shower is turned on. If a shower has not been used for some time, it should be left to run at a hot temperature for a few minutes before use.\n", "If, for example, someone flushes a toilet while the showe...
how is it so many poor countries are expensive.	I'm pretty sure it's not normal to "eat out" outside the US. It's for rich people and tourists.	[ "BULLET::::- Probably the main economic benefit that workers in rich countries obtain directly from poor countries is cheap consumer goods, but in fact the monetary value of these goods is statistically only a small part of their \"total\" budget. The big ticket foreign-made items in working class budgets are forei...
Why do dispersion affects differents colours in different ways?	Frequency cannot change at an interface, that would mean you have a discontinuity in energy flow. See for example an animation like this: _URL_1_ If frequency changed at an interface then the black lines, representing a maximum of the electric field and thus a maximum in the energy of the wave, would be discontinuou...	[ "The most commonly seen consequence of dispersion in optics is the separation of white light into a color spectrum by a prism. From Snell's law it can be seen that the angle of refraction of light in a prism depends on the refractive index of the prism material. Since that refractive index varies with wavelength, i...
What did Pre-Columbian Native America trade routes look like? Where were they, what goods did they carry, how far were goods traded, and who did the traveling along with the goods?	While you wait for an answer you might be interested in the ["Pre-Columbian Trade and Contact"](_URL_1_) section of our [FAQ on Native American History](_URL_3_). In particular, you may be interested in [this answer](_URL_2_) by myself, /u/Mictlantecuhtli and /u/retarredroof, [this answer](_URL_4_) by /u/Cozijo, and ...	[ "There is common academic agreement that significant systems of trading existed between the cultures of Mesoamerica, Aridoamerica and the American Southwest, and the architectural remains and artifacts share a commonality of knowledge attributed to this trade network. The routes stretched far into Mesoamerica and r...
can a rigid blimp only be inflated with hydrogen, or will helium work too?	Both will work. Hydrogen will work better because it can fill the same volume with less weight, but it will also be worse because it is prone to explosions when exposed to oxygen and sources of ignition (see: Hindenburg). Helium is preferred when available, but in the Hindenburg's case the Germans were not able to se...	[ "Methane (density 0.716 g/L at STP, average molecular mass 16.04 g/mol), the main component of natural gas, is sometimes used as a lift gas when hydrogen and helium are not available. It has the advantage of not leaking through balloon walls as rapidly as the smaller molecules of hydrogen and helium. Many lighter-t...
why do so many public drinking fountains just dribble water out?	low water pressure. the lower fountain works better because the pipe supplying the water is shorter, so it has less distance to travel.	[ "Drinking fountains are used especially during the summer, yet a lot of people are reluctant to drink the water due to fear of disease. According to the Public Health Office of Slovakia (), all drinking water fountains supply the same tap water as residents have in their homes and the water is safe to drink. Drinki...
what is the purpose of the "circular net" in front of microphones of recording studios?	Pop filter. Stops bilabial sounds like "b" or "p" from sounding like loud pops. If you've ever heard a low quality youtube video, you know the pop I mean. Basically it smooths out the audio.	[ "A microphone splitter is a device with an input from a microphone and multiple outputs. It is also known as a \"rathouse\" due to the large amount of cabling involved. A splitter is often used at larger venues to provide feeds from microphones or other sources to both a front of house mixing desk and a monitor des...
why is ireland not united? and do most irish want it to be?	There has been about 100 years of fighting over this very question. Very simplified history here: Northern Ireland was created in 1921 after an uprising of Irish Republicans lead to a peace treaty between Ireland and the UK which partitioned the country between the Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) wh...	[ "United Ireland (also referred to as Irish reunification) is the proposition that all of Ireland should be a single sovereign state. At present, the island is divided politically; the sovereign Republic of Ireland has jurisdiction over the majority of Ireland, while Northern Ireland is part of the United Kingdom. A...
Who was enslaving and who was trading 6th century Anglo-Saxons?	So while the exact veracity of this anecdote is impossible to verify, I can talk a little bit about the slave trade in Northern Europe at this time in history. Slavery was an integral part of the Anglo-Saxon world, as well as other cultures and groups in the North Sea world. Scandinavians, Saxons, Frisians, the Iri...	[ "As German rulers of Saxon dynasties took over the enslavement (and slave trade) of Slavs in the 10th century, Jewish merchants bought slaves at the Elbe, sending caravans into the valley of the Rhine. Many of these slaves were taken to Verdun, which had close trade relations with Spain. Many would be castrated and...
Why do we freeze for a split second when something startles us or makes us jump?	The freezing response is mediated by a circuit involving the amygdala and a part of the brainstem, the periaqueductal gray. This circuit can coordinate the typical motor output: freezing, jumping, yelping, etc. Anyone can come up with plausible-sounding evolutionary "explanations," but this can easily spiral into just...	[ "Freezing behavior or the freeze response is a reaction to specific stimuli, most commonly observed in prey animals. When a prey animal has been caught and completely overcome by the predator, it may respond by \"freezing up\" of in other words by staying complety still. Studies typically assess a conditioned freez...
How did the people of England respond to the Declaration of Independence?	I read a paper a while ago from Stephen Conway that deals with changing perceptions of the relationship between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies during and after the War of Independence. Bear in mind that while his perspective is useful in answering your question, it may not represent the full picture. _URL_0_ Esse...	[ "The United States Declaration of Independence was approved there on July 4, 1776, and the Declaration was read aloud to the public in the area now known as Independence Square. This document unified the colonies in North America who declared themselves independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain and explained thei...
why do snail shells grow with them, but hermit crabs have to keep trading up?	Snail shells are actually a part of the snail. The more calcium they eat, the quicker they grow. Hermit crabs aren’t born with a shell, so they have to move into a new one as they grow	[ "As the hermit crabs grow, they must exchange their shell for a larger one. Since intact gastropod shells are not an unlimited resource, there is frequently strong competition for the available shells, with hermit crabs fighting over shells. The availability of empty shells depends on the abundance of the gastropod...
I was once watching a TV documentary about Rome with my dad. One of the experts started to talk about the orderly way Romans did combat, my dad turn to me & said it reminded him of how the riot police used to operate back when he was one in the 1980s. Is it just a confidence the two are similar?	I'm not really sure what you are asking. Are you asking if modern riot tactics can be traced back to the idea of a body of infantry moving as a tight group? Or are you asking if modern riot tactics are deliberately modeled after Roman formations, as in someone sat down and said "let's emulate Roman heavy infantry on pu...	[ "The film focuses on the life of a group of riot control force policemen, the \"Celerini\", and their life in Rome \"cleansing\" stadiums of Ultras, public demonstrations, evictions and everyday family life.\n", "BULLET::::- \"Rome\": A historical drama set in Ancient Rome that primarily chronicles the lives and ...
How thick does a layer of gold need to be to be fully opaque?	Gold has a resistivity of about 2.44 x 10^-8 ohm-meters. Visible light has frequencies between about 400 and 700 THz. So, using a [skin depth calculator](_URL_0_) the skin depth is only a few nm. For "fully opaque" you probably want somewhere between 3 and 5 skin depths. So 100 nm is probably overkill. They might have...	[ "Very thin crystals of MoTe can be made using sticky tape. When they are thin around 500 nm thick red light can be transmitted. Even thinner layers can be orange or transparent. An absorption edge occurs in the spectrum with wavelengths longer than 6720 Å transmitted and shorter wavelengths heavily attenuated. At 7...
how small is an atom?	There are more atoms in a grain of sand than there are grains of sand on every beach on earth. I feel using anything but an analogy makes it very hard to understand	[ "Atomic dimensions are thousands of times smaller than the wavelengths of light (400–700 nm) so they cannot be viewed using an optical microscope. However, individual atoms can be observed using a scanning tunneling microscope. To visualize the minuteness of the atom, consider that a typical human hair is about 1 m...
what has caused such a divide between u.s. citizens and their police force?	An uneducated public who only reads 144 character tweets for the entire story. A lack of understanding that a few officers fucking up doesn't make us all evil, heartless, bastards with a God complex. The medias refusal to show POSITIVE stories and constant push to make every single story negative or "juicy" or racia...	[ "Concerns about the militarization of police have been raised by both ends of the political spectrum in the United States, with both the right-of-center/libertarian Cato Institute and the left-of-center American Civil Liberties Union voicing criticisms of the practice. The Fraternal Order of Police has spoken out i...
why do humans hear a musical "beat" in repetitive sounds?	The human brain is highly adapted to pattern recognition. Our neurons like to overlay “filters” over things to see patterns from random noise. Do a repetitive sound will sound like a beat and rows of different colours look like stripes.	[ "Music is the only form of communication that saves us from an overwhelming amount of small talk. This is not only a human phenomenon, but happens throughout the animal world. Thomas makes examples of animals from termites and earthworms to gorillas and alligators that perform some sort of rhythmic noise making tha...
how come the human genetic code can fit roughly in ~1.5gb of data yet we turn out such complex organisms? furthermore, the code that separates us from other mammals can fit on o floppy disk.	A few key differences between the genetic sequence and a computer sequence: 1. Computers run in binary. Genes run in quaternary (4 types of nucleic acids). That immediately increases the amount of data you can store exponentially. One step further, gene sequences build amino acids. There are 21 total amino acids that c...	[ "In many species, only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein. For example, only about 1.5% of the human genome consists of protein-coding exons, with over 50% of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences. The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryoti...
why didn't evolution make females just as 'horny' as men.	as far as i know women are just as horny as men. evolution is great, isnt it?	[ "Male animals are typically more elaborately ornamented than females. The classic sexual selection theory notes that because sperm are cheaper to produce than eggs, and because males generally compete more intensely for reproductive opportunities and invest less in parental care than females, males can obtain great...
the difference between pixel- and vector-based images	Raster images (those made up of pixels) have a fixed size. It's like taking a piece of graph paper and coloring in the squares. If you want to make a picture bigger, you only have as much information as was in the original pixels. This makes the image blocky or fuzzy when you zoom in or try to blow it up. Vector im...	[ "As opposed to the raster image formats above (where the data describes the characteristics of each individual pixel), vector image formats contain a geometric description which can be rendered smoothly at any desired display size.\n", "Vector graphics formats are complementary to raster graphics. Raster graphics...
how does an artist “go platinum” in today’s world of spotify/apple music?	They changed the rules for platinum, so now a certain number of digital track purchases, or a larger number of digital on-demand plays, counts as equal to 1 album sale.	[ "In a June interview with Hypebot, Wallach reported that $180 million of royalties was paid out in 2011 and 70% of Spotify's revenue consisted of royalty payments. Spotify's growth meant that the per-stream royalty rate doubled between the service's inception and mid-2012. He said that, at the time, compared to iTu...
why does everyone believe everything snowden leaks as truth?	When Snowden started releasing information, the US government got very upset. You know how sometimes you get upset, even though you don't mean to? Usually it's because there is some truth there. If somebody said something ridiculous, like your brother is a raptor, you wouldn't be mad because you can prove it's not ...	[ "In the aftermath of Snowden's revelations, The Pentagon concluded that Snowden committed the biggest theft of U.S. secrets in the history of the United States. In Australia, the coalition government described the leaks as the most damaging blow dealt to Australian intelligence in history. Sir David Omand, a former...
What were Nazi Germany's plans post-WWII in the case of an (unlikely) Axis victory?	Territories in the east were to be governed as something like German colonial provinces called Reichkommissariaten, whose inhabitants would be mostly killed off by an engineered famine called the [Hunger Plan](_URL_0_), with the survivors being used as slave labour on German farms or forcibly relocated. The Nazis p...	[ "With the signing of the Tripartite Pact on September 27, 1940, creating the Axis of Germany, Japan, and Italy, Decoux had new grounds for worry: the Germans could pressure the homeland to support their ally, Japan.\n", "In February 1942, Raeder presented Hitler with the \"Great Plan\", a grand strategic design f...
fast fourier transform (fft), and/or discrete fourier transform	Not sure if you're after an explanation of what it does or how it works - I don't think I quite get the maths enough to explain the latter.... I always think about an orchestra. If you have never heard any of the instruments before when you listen to the orchestra you will still hear the sound they make but they're al...	[ "A fast Fourier transform (FFT) is an algorithm that computes the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of a sequence, or its inverse (IDFT). Fourier analysis converts a signal from its original domain (often time or space) to a representation in the frequency domain and vice versa. The DFT is obtained by decomposing a ...
the reason and use of the serial numbers on cash bills/currencies and why coins do not have such	The printers on currency use the numbers to keep track of how much is printed, so workers can't wander off with some of the product. Coins are heavy, and the amount that could be pocketed wouldn't be worth nearly as much.	[ "In contracts and other documents, the numbers written were not actual numbers of the coins, but their value in a standard system: for example, the standard often used the gold system, but the payments were done with the local silver coins. \n", "The first U.S. currency with a series year was printed on United St...
how/why do migraines make your eyes extremely sensitive to light?	Migraine sufferers have a problem with a specific part of the nervous system the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve that causes pain around the eye. Eli5 translation: The brain has 12 major wires. And one specific wire(trigeminal) which also has small wires connected to it: opthalmic(around the eye), mandibula...	[ "Some studies attribute migraine headaches to overly intense light, while others linked it with certain spectral distributions. In one survey bright light was the number two trigger (affecting 47% of respondents) for causing a migraine episode. \n", "These cause permanent obstruction of aqueous outflow. In some c...
Was the Holocaust rational enlightenment carried out to its most twisted ends?	> I feel as though the Holocaust has its roots in something other than antipathy towards Jewish people. Why do you feel this way? What's your justification for this idea? > I can elaborate on this more, You should - as it is, it doesn't really follow at all. > but placing more blame on the enlightenment helps...	[ "In their analysis of contemporary western society, \"Dialectic of Enlightenment\" (1944, revised 1947), Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer developed a wide and pessimistic concept of enlightenment. In their analysis, enlightenment had its dark side: while trying to abolish superstition and myths by 'foundationalist...
What's the earliest recorded condemnation of racism anywhere in the world?	From Muhammad's final sermon, March 9th 632 "Indeed, there is no superiority of an Arab over a non-Arab, nor of a non-Arab over an Arab, nor of a white over a black, nor a black over a white, except by taqwa (piety). " Tirmidhi Hadith, Hadith #159 It is a fairly concise sermon, focused on giving advice to the M...	[ "Francisco Bethencourt is Charles Boxer professor at King's College London. Bethencourt's research centres on the history of racism, Portuguese and European expansion from the 15th to the 19th centuries, missions and religious history in the Catholic world, and identities and cultural exchange in Iberia. Bethencour...
With advances in many fields of Medicine including the transplant of synthetic hearts and 3d printing of various body parts making cheap prosthetics possible, why haven't we seen significant advances in prosthetic cartilage for damaged joints and herniated disks?	Ok, first things first : The synthethic hearts are not too good. In most cases they are used as "bridge-to-transplant" solution, not as an endgame. People don't survive too long on them. Also 3d printing body parts is highly experimental and pretty far from being a standard. Now, yes we do use mechanical heart valves...	[ "3D printing for the manufacturing of artificial organs has been a major topic of study in biological engineering. As the rapid manufacturing techniques entailed by 3D printing become increasingly efficient, their applicability in artificial organ synthesis has grown more evident. Some of the primary benefits of 3D...
why/how one can hear the voices of the actors on a tv show/movie so clearly without any extraneous noises in the background. can it really all be edited out?	The actors have mics following them everywhere on the set. The mics pick up the dialogue and from the tape made, the sound man can edit out background noises and modify the actor's voice. The recordings are made in multiple tracks and fixing the voices is not much different than how artists record songs. When you see...	[ "In film, the filmmaker places the sound of a human voice (or voices) over images shown on the screen that may or may not be related to the words that are being spoken. Consequently, voiceovers are sometimes used to create ironic counterpoint. Also, sometimes they can be random voices not directly connected to the ...
What would it look like if I constructed a cube made of one-way mirrors, so a person could see into the cube but the inner walls were reflective?	The way one-way mirrors works is that the glass reflects part of the light, while transmitting some. This work _both ways_. The reason it _acts_ as a one-way mirror is because the side that looks like a mirror is much brighter than the other side. (For example, the interrogation room is brightly lit, while the observat...	[ "There are also two pairs of mirrors in the museum, that are placed at an angle of 90 degrees in such a way that one cannot see one's own face but others can see. It was used by the Nawab to prevent predators from harming him, and was kept at a place so that the predator cannot see his face and think a mirror to be...
What calendar is used for older dates?	Practicing historian here. (Moving a lower level comment up and expanding some) I work in the period both before and after the Gregorian calendar was adopted in the Spanish Empire (1582). Yes you could adjust dates for events occurring under the Julian calendar but then you would be using different dates than thos...	[ "A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the Coptic Orthodox and Ethiopian Orthodox churches have their own Christian eras). The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the \"epoch\" of the...
Where can I find a truly complete history of the British Isles?	The task is certainly massive. Just one comment, as you say there are many and based on my experience I find myself better off with a good generic history that typically would awake my interest in certain periods worth going deeper. To start with? BBC has a good history program. _URL_0_ Others may contribute somethin...	[ "British Isles – A Natural History is an eight-part documentary series produced by the BBC Natural History Unit and presented by Alan Titchmarsh. Originally broadcast in the UK on BBC1 from September to November 2004, it took viewers on a journey from the formation of what is now the British Isles some 3 billion ye...
Why do my leftovers stick if I don't wash my plate soon after eating?	The moisture in the leftovers kept them from adhering to the plate. When you leave it out, they dry up and stick to the surface. Basically, on a very small scale your plate is not a smooth surface, it has peaks and valleys and such. With moist things like sauce, the food particles flow all over these peaks and valleys...	[ "Regionally, the tradition varies from not wasting food on one's plate, to only eating what one feels like and leaving the rest. However, in some regions, leaving food as an offering is common; some consider this as a method of only wishing to consume pure spirits of the food and the discarded food will represent t...
why 720p hd is 1280x720 but hdtvs are 1366x768	1024x768 panels already exist. It's cheaper to just cut them longer at 1366 than to make 720 ones. Most 720 screens seem to actually be 768.	[ "BULLET::::- First, the HDTV-standard 1280720 (otherwise commonly described as \"720p\"), which offers an exact 16:9 aspect with square pixels; naturally, it displays standard 720p HD video material without stretching or letterboxing and 1080i/1080p with a simple 2:3 downscale. This resolution has found some use in...
how do major airports recover from mass flight cancellations?	It's not the airport that has to recover, it's the airlines. That makes a big difference and aids in explaining the issue. Let's say Delta has one flight per day between two cities. On Monday, they cancel the flight, stranding 250 passengers. Tuesday's flight has 15 open seats, so they re-book 15 people. Their partn...	[ "Flights that have not departed their airport of origin will be delayed or cancelled. Airlines are required to manage their aircraft at all airports to minimize the impact to passengers affected by the ground stop.\n", "The airport was supposed to be demolished to make way for a housing estate, but that plan was ...
how does metadata work and what is written behind files?	Metadata depends on the file. For recordings, such as pictures and video, metadata will typically include things like date, time, and camera settings. Metadata in other files such as application ZIP files and movie files will often contain copyright, licensing, and distribution information. Cameras, for instance, may...	[ "Metadata can be found in many types of files such as documents, spreadsheets, presentations, images, and audio files. They can include information such as details on the file authors, file creation and modification dates, location (GPS), document revision history, thumbnail images and comments.\n", "Sometimes, m...
what are the differences between the xbox one and ps4?	Sony is a hardware company. Microsoft is a software company.	[ "The PlayStation 4 (or PS4) is a video game console from Sony Computer Entertainment. Billed as the successor to the PlayStation 3, the PlayStation 4 was officially announced at a press conference on February 20, 2013. The fourth home console in Sony's PlayStation series, it was launched on November 15, 2013 in Nor...
how solar power works, from the pv to the inverter and the lightbulb lighting up!	A PV cell converts light energy into DC electrical energy. An inverter converts DC to AC, by switching the DC off and on 60 (or 50) times /second. It usually uses a transformer to convert the chopped AC to 120 (or 240) volts. If you are using only DC you may not need an inverter, but most situations have one to con...	[ "Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the pho...
what is fantasy football and how is it different from video games and gambling?	Fantasy football is not like a video game mainly because you don't physically play. It is a lot like betting on horse races. In the beginning of the season you join a league. With friends or with random people. There may be a buy in or some other kind of ante or there might not. You then draft football players. There ...	[ "Fantasy football is a genre of board game or wargame which normally involves two teams of fantasy races (such as elves, dwarves or orcs) competing in an extremely violent variant of gridiron football. Often the only resemblance to gridiron football for many fantasy football games is to get the ball into an end zon...
how can we listen to the sound of two black holes colliding if there is no sound in space?	That sound was generated based on other emissions, and is an artificial approximation. Think "how it could be heard if that was sound waves" kind of thing.	[ "A sonic black hole, sometimes called a dumb hole, is a phenomenon in which phonons (sound perturbations) are unable to escape from a fluid that is flowing more quickly than the local speed of sound. They are called sonic, or acoustic, black holes because these trapped phonons are analogous to light in astrophysica...
What happens at the limit of a laser pointer's reach?	The '2 mile reach' is very arbitrary. I would imagine they define 'reach' as the largest distance without appreciable divergence of the beam. Beyond 2 miles the photons will still continue their journey at the same angles they left the pointer at. I guess there will be a small amount of scattering and absorption by th...	[ "A Class 2 laser is considered to be safe because the blink reflex (glare aversion response to bright lights) will limit the exposure to no more than 0.25 seconds. It only applies to visible-light lasers (400–700 nm). Class-2 lasers are limited to 1 mW continuous wave, or more if the emission time is less than 0.25...
how come d-day came as a surprise to the nazis?	Deception on a scale never before seen. Double agents. False radio transmissions. Fake armies. And even then, the Germans still knew an invasion was coming. But they were greatly misled as to when it would be, where it would be, and how many troops would be a part of it. [Operation Bodyguard](_URL_0_) is the term...	[ "Planning for the operation began in 1943. In the months leading up to the invasion, the Allies conducted a substantial military deception, codenamed Operation Bodyguard, to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings. The weather on D-Day was far from ideal, and the operation had to...
If oxygen can bond with 2 other atoms, how can ozone exist?	What you are thinking of is a very simplified picture of lewis-dot structure type bonding, where O has 2 unpaired electrons. Lewis structures are only really a simple tool to get a handle on more complicated concepts. Using the idea of resonance you can help explain ozone. See here: _URL_0_ But again, as stated before...	[ "Three forms (or allotropes) of oxygen are involved in the ozone-oxygen cycle: oxygen atoms (O or atomic oxygen), oxygen gas ( or diatomic oxygen), and ozone gas ( or triatomic oxygen). Ozone is formed in the stratosphere when oxygen molecules photodissociate after absorbing ultraviolet photons. This converts a sin...
Is it impossible for a planet the size of Jupiter to not be a gas planet?	Yes, a large enough planet will be a gas giant. All planets are made out of star-stuff which is mostly hydrogen (~90%) and helium (~9%) (the same stuff in gas giants). Rocky (terrestrial) planets will lose a large fraction of hydrogen and helium, as the light elements move faster at a given temperature and [have a la...	[ "Given the planet's high mass, it is likely that 47 Ursae Majoris b is a gas giant with no solid surface. Because the planet has only been detected indirectly, properties such as its radius, composition, and temperature are unknown. Due to its mass it is likely to have a surface gravity 6–8 times that of Earth. Ass...
Popular history YouTuber Feature History claims that "Hutu" and "Tutsi" were originally class distinctions rather than ethnic ones. How much merit does this claim have?	here's an answer from another thread that answers your question _URL_0_ credits to /u/gplnd	[ "A contrasting picture of human cultural diversity was recorded in the early Rwandan oral histories, ritual texts, and biographies, in which the terms Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa were quite rarely used and had meanings different from those conceived by the Europeans. In those, the term Tutsi was equivalent to the phrase \...
How did the Thirty Year's War and the Paraguay War lead to such a huge loss of life?	First: a loss of population from pre-war levels is a very different thing than direct counts of casualties. The Holy Roman Empire's population was roughly two-thirds in 1650 of what it was in 1615 (although some regions suffered much more directly), but much of the population loss were simply refugees, loss of territor...	[ "The losses of the century of war were enormous, particularly owing to the plague (the Black Death, usually considered an outbreak of bubonic plague), which arrived from Italy in 1348, spreading rapidly up the Rhone valley and thence across most of the country: it is estimated that a population of some 18–20 millio...
when microwaving food, why does it seem to get more soggy rather than crunchy?	Microwaves specialize in heating up moisture specifically. The heated up moisture just tends to steam and diffuse making crunchy things less crunchy and more damp(soggy). Feel free to fact check.	[ "Eating deteriorated food could not be considered safe due to mycotoxins or microbial wastes. Some pathogenic bacteria, such as \"Clostridium perfringens\" and \"Bacillus cereus\", are capable of causing spoilage.\n", "The spoilage of food products caused by microbes is a concern for many sub-sectors of the food ...
Are there solar systems that are not contained in galaxies? How would our solar system be different if that were the case?	So you can contrive to have a situation where it might occur. Stars can be lost from a host galaxy via a few different means. (Mergers, Supernovae, Scattering off hard binaries, etc. Generally anything that can throw stars into different orbits.) If you have a very tight solar system, say a star and a hot jupiter, it ...	[ "Based on observations from the \"Hubble Space Telescope\", there are between 125 and 250 billion galaxies in the observable universe. It is estimated that at least ten percent of all Sun-like stars have a system of planets, i.e. there are stars with planets orbiting them in the observable universe. Even if it is a...
Would the Lorica Segmentata have been a good choice of armor in medieval times? Could it have retained its effectiveness on the battlefield, let's say, around 1000 AD?"	The threats on the battlefield of 1,000 AD weren't really much different to those of 100 AD; spears and arrows for the most part, with slingshot, battleaxes and swords also being fairly common. Lorica Segmentata offered adequate protection against all of those, so in that sense it was as good as ever. However, Lorica ...	[ "\"Lorica segmentata\": Modern tests have shown that this \"lorica\" provided better protection to weapon-blows and missile-strikes than the other types of metal armour commonly used by Roman troops, mail (\"hamata\") or scale (\"squamata\"), being virtually impenetrable by ancient weapons. However, historical re-e...
as a non-american; what is the carpool lane and why does it exsists?	A restricted traffic lane reserved at peak travel times or longer for the exclusive use of vehicles with a driver and one or more passengers, often used as an incentive to share cars and reduce congestion/pollution, as they should lead to faster travel times.	[ "In Pittsburgh driving lore, the tunnels are notorious, most notably for several accidents when tractor-trailers that are too tall to safely travel through the tunnel get stuck against the roof of the tunnel. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation raised the ceiling of the Squirrel Hill Tunnels to eliminate ...
why are some insects (such as flies) extremely skittish towards humans whereas others (such as ladybugs) are extremely docile towards humans, despite having similar flight abilities?	Ladybugs are toxic (or something like that) to most predators, as indicated by their flashy colors. They know that predators know not to eat them, so they have no need to run away. Flies, on the other hand, rely on their mobility to escape from predators, so they need to be jumpy.	[ "Some species, such as deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are agile fliers; \"Hybomitra\" species have been observed to perform aerial manoeuvres similar to those performed by fig...
how exactly does water ruin electronics, assuming that they are turned off after and dried throughly, what damage to hardware is done that is irreparable?	Different components react differently to water. Most ICs, for example, will dry just fine, but may end up with residual water stuck underneath the chip, unable to dry. Capacitors can corrode from the inside out, and transistors do weird things when exposed to water, but immediate drying and cleansing with alcohol wi...	[ "Damage to structures and other objects can take a number of forms, such as fire damage caused by the effects of burning, water damage done by water to materials not resistant to its effects, and radiation damage due to ionizing radiation. Some kinds of damage are specific to vehicles and mechanical or electronic s...
why doesn't the u.s. have standardized education across the board? wouldn't that make everything easier?	The US has a history of federalism and local control. It's much bigger and more diverse than Japan or the UK, so it's harder to get everyone to agree. Common Core was an attempt at standardized education, and it met major backlash pretty much across the board.	[ "Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and...
what's the difference between oled, amoled and super amoled displays?	Short answer: It's complicated. OLED is display technology that involves the use of pixels made of organic material. AMOLED display technology combines the properties of OLED technology with a pixel-modulating matrix and thin-film transistors, essentially providing a transistor and capacitor to each pixel in the disp...	[ "\"Super AMOLED\" is a marketing term created by device manufacturers for an AMOLED display with an integrated digitizer: the layer that detects touch is integrated into the screen, rather than overlaid on top of it. The display technology itself is not improved. According to Samsung, Super AMOLED reflects one-fift...
why do male dogs pee with one leg up and female dogs don't ?	Males are marking their territory...the higher they pee, the less likely someone can pee over it. My Labrador used to also poop on top of boulders to mark his territory.	[ "Domestic dogs mark their territories by urinating on vertical surfaces (usually at nose level), sometimes marking over the urine of other dogs. When one dog marks over another dog's urine, this is known as \"counter-marking\" or \"overmarking\". Male dogs urine-mark more frequently than female dogs, typically begi...
why don't legitimate banks offer up competitive alternatives to paypal?	They would have the same fraud issues as PayPal and be just as hated.	[ "Thiel, a founder of PayPal, has stated that PayPal is not a bank because it does not engage in fractional-reserve banking. Rather, PayPal's funds that have not been disbursed are kept in commercial interest-bearing checking accounts.\n", "In 2003, PayPal voluntarily ceased serving as a payment intermediary betwe...
why does audio feedback always sound like a high squealing noice?	There are 2 things happening here. In a feedback loop, the microphone is picking up some of the amplified sound (because it "hears" it from the speaker) and sends it back around. This is why it gets very loud, very fast. The high-pitched squeal happens for a different reason. If the microphone and the speaker are...	[ "Feedback is almost always considered undesirable when it occurs with a singer's or public speaker's microphone at an event using a sound reinforcement system or PA system. Audio engineers use various electronic devices, such as equalizers and, since the 1990s, automatic feedback detection devices to prevent these ...
If yellow teeth are supposedly healthy and natural, why do we find pearly white teeth attractive?	I'm surprised to hear that yellow teeth are healthy. Normally, one would think discoloration signifies rot or oral disease. Do you have a source for that fact? As a layman, I would speculate that white teeth are considered a sign of good hygiene, and logically so. A person that cares about keeping his teeth white care...	[ "Sometimes white or straight teeth are associated with oral hygiene, but a hygienic mouth may have stained teeth and/or crooked teeth. For appearance reasons, people may seek out teeth whitening and orthodontics.\n", "In Australia, jelly confectionery in the shape of teeth has been very popular since the 1930s. T...
how the big bang theory and the intelligent observer co-exist in science.	Simple: science does not say the universe requires an intelligent observer. One may or may come into existence at some point.	[ "One of the major successes of the Big Bang theory has been to provide a prediction that corresponds to the observations of the abundance of light elements in the universe. Along with the explanation provided for the Hubble's law and for the cosmic microwave background, this observation has proved very difficult fo...
What happened to pre-Columbian dog breeds? Did they die off from diseases brought by European dogs?	There are several breeds of domestic dogs that were developed in North America. Some are breeds are still around, while others are extinct. Among those that are still popular pets today you can find huskies and Malamute and their relatives, which have Old World counterparts in the Eurasian Arctic as well. Chihuahuas t...	[ "The Spanish conquest of Peru nearly caused the extinction of the breed. The dogs survived in rural areas where the people believed that they held a mystical value, and because of their reputation to treat arthritis. \n", "Dogs were present in pre-Columbian America, presumably brought by early human migrants from...
Has anyone ever looked into waste heat from cars and buildings being a factor in global temperature increase?	If you look at oil, it produces about [5.6 million BTU per barrel](_URL_2_) when burned. There are about 3.5e10 barrels in a cubic mile, and we know that globally [we consume about 3 cubic miles of oil _equivalent](_URL_1_) each year, so that's about 10.5e10 barrels, producing about 5.9e17 BTU, or about 6.2e20 joules. ...	[ "A 2012 study by researchers at Concordia University included variables similar to those used in the Stanford study (e.g., cloud responses) and estimated that worldwide deployment of cool roofs and pavements in cities would generate a global cooling effect equivalent to offsetting up to 150 gigatonnes of carbon dio...
How was Irish culture change by the settling of Vikings?	It's well attested to that raiders and settlers from Scandinavia had a substantial impact on Irish society. In some instances we can still be point to this influence in contemporary Ireland. First, a brief history of Viking contact with Ireland. The first recorded reference is from 795, when it was reported that they ...	[ "The influx of Viking raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including Cork, Dublin, Limerick, and Waterford (earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings...
bonus in basketball	You have a certain number of fouls before you hit bonus. Teams under this are considered as having fouls to give. A bonus allows one free throw and if you make it, you get another one, regardless of the foul (non shooting fouls), and a double bonus allows 2 whether you make the first one or not. [Source](_URL_0_) Ed...	[ "Bonuses usually have multiple parts that are related by some common thread and may or may not be related to corresponding tossup. A team is usually rewarded with 10 points upon correctly answering each bonus part. Usually, only the team that answered the tossup correctly can answer the bonus questions, though some...
As the first European city founded in California, why didn't San Diego become as prominent as San Francisco or Los Angeles?	Without answering your question precisely, I'd like to point out that being the first city doesn't always make it important. For example, Jamestown, though the first English colony in America, no longer even exists even though it was the capital for 80 or so years. Terrain and resources make a larger impact on the su...	[ "San Diego has been called \"the birthplace of California\". Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain, forming the basis for the s...
what is the psychological reason for intentionally revisiting memories/photos/things/experiences that have hurt us?	It's an attempt to heal wounds that still ache. What you are referring to is benign, but repetition compulsion drives people to get into therapy for harmful relationship patterns. _URL_0_	[ "The prospect of memory erasure or alteration raises ethical issues. Some of these concern identity, as memory seems to play a role in how people perceive themselves. For example, if a traumatic memory were erased, a person might still remember related events in their lives, such as their emotional reactions to lat...
How deep can an open pit mine be?	Not a complete answer, but it's something: Bingham Canyon Mine, located near Salt Lake City, is the world's deepest man-made open pit excavation. The mine is 2.75 miles (4,5km) across and 0.75 mile (1,2km) deep. Since mining operations started in 1906, Bingham Canyon Mine has been the granddaddy of all copper mines. ...	[ "The Hranice Abyss (), the English name adopted by the local tourist authorities, is the deepest flooded pit cave in the world. It is a karst sinkhole located near the town of Hranice (Přerov District). The greatest confirmed depth (as of 27 September 2016) is 473 m (404 m under the water level), which makes it the...
How accurate is the movie Gandhi (1982)? I read some articles slamming Gandhi (the actual person), and I don't know what to make of them.	The problem here is that there is a vast disjuncture between Gandhi the historical figures versus the popular mythology that has built around him. The 1982 biopic is a reflection of this latter aspect of Gandhi's image. The film presents Gandhi and his world in starkly Manichean of light versus dark. Note that Kingsley...	[ "\"Gandhi\" was released in India on 30 November 1982, in the United Kingdom on 3 December, and in the United States on 10 December. It was nominated for Academy Awards in eleven categories, winning eight, including Best Picture and Best Director for Attenborough, Best Actor for Ben Kingsley, and Best Screenplay Wr...
Did Germany pay reparations for World War I during WWII?	Nazi Germany did not pay reparations during WWII. Reparations had been suspended for one year by the Hoover Moratorium in 1930, and were suspended indefinitely at the Lausanne Conference in 1932. When WWII ended, the allies assessed a value equivalent to 16 Billion dollars, that Germany was to pay to complete the repar...	[ "World War I reparations owed by Germany were stated in gold marks in 1921, 1929 and 1931; this was the victorious Allies' response to their fear that vanquished Germany might try to pay off the obligation in paper marks. The actual amount of reparations that Germany was obliged to pay out was not the 132 billion m...
Who decided north is up and south is down?	u/terminus-trantor and u/qed1 worked on a similar question just a few days ago: [Was North always on the top of maps?](_URL_0_)	[ "The visible rotation of the night sky around the visible celestial pole provides a vivid metaphor of that direction corresponding to up. Thus the choice of the north as corresponding to up in the northern hemisphere, or of south in that role in the southern, is, prior to worldwide communication, anything but an ar...
What was the technique for harvesting ice on the Great Lakes for iceboxes/traincars, etc...	I used to work at [Dundurn Castle](_URL_0_) (it's not really a castle). In the side hall, where we had visitors wait for the next tour, hung a print depicting a 19th century ice harvest. It showed horse teams on the ice and groups of men using long saws (like a traditional lumberjack saw, but with a handle only on on...	[ "Hand-cranked machines' ice and salt mixture must be replenished to make a new batch of ice cream. Usually, rock salt is used. The salt causes the ice to melt and lowers the temperature in the process, below fresh water freezing, but the water does not freeze due to the salt content. The sub-freezing temperature he...
what's the definition between a fetish and a kink in the bedroom?	I've always heard that a kink is something you enjoy while a fetish is something you have to have in order to get off.	[ "In human sexuality, kinkiness is the use of non-conventional sexual practices, concepts or fantasies. The term derives from the idea of a \"bend\" (cf. a \"kink\") in one's sexual behaviour, to contrast such behaviour with \"straight\" or \"vanilla\" sexual mores and proclivities. It is thus a colloquial term for ...
how video games loop music so seamlessly?	The person composing the music does that manually, most likely. A truly seamless transition means that the end and the beginning are similar and fit together. There's not much magic to it, you just arrange the instruments at both ends to match up.	[ "The musical loop is one of the most important features of video game music. It is also the guiding principle behind devices like the several Chinese Buddhist music boxes that loop chanting of mantras, which in turn was the inspiration of the Buddha machine, an ambient-music generating device. The Jan Linton album ...
why do the effects of novocaine stay relatively close to the injection site?	Dentists generally use lidocaine these days, not novocaine. It's a much safer anaesthetic all around. It's not injected into the bloodstream, it's a topical anaesthetic. The most common use is something called a 'nerve block,' where the lidocaine is injected into the nerve in the jaw and disrupts that nerve's ability ...	[ "BULLET::::- Chelation: The presence of di- or trivalent cations can cause the chelation of certain drugs, making them harder to absorb. This interaction frequently occurs between drugs such as tetracycline or the fluoroquinolones and dairy products (due to the presence of Ca).\n", "On October 15, the FDA issued ...
Before Israelite conquered it, who ruled Jericho and where is Jericho mentioned outside the bible?	This is a good question, but I want to start by clearing up a couple of things. Firstly, some definitions: 'Canaan' is usually used to refer to the area from the Eastern Mediterranean coast to the hill country that's farther inland, and often comes with an implied sense of 'not Israel and Judah'. I'll use it here to me...	[ "According to the story in the biblical book of Joshua, Jericho was the first Canaanite city to fall to the Israelites as they began their conquest of the Promised Land - an event which the Bible's internal chronology places at around 1406 BC, based on the early 15th century BC exodus-conquest model. This is based ...
When Russian troops sacked Berlin near the end of World War II, did they kill civilians? What exactly happened?	The population of Berlin at the end of the war was disproportionately comprised of Women and children, with most of the men fighting in the army, or being drafted into the Volkssturm at the last minute. Most of the violence directed to Berliners was looting and rape. Rape was endemic at the time, with girls as young...	[ "When the Russians besieged the Chechen capital, thousands of civilians died from a week-long series of air raids and artillery bombardments in the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the destruction of Dresden. The initial assault on New Year's Eve 1995 ended in a major Russian defeat, resulting in heavy cas...
Is it true that Emporor Hirohito barely spoke normal japanese, and as such a large amount of citizens could not understand when he surrendered on air?	Not to discourage further responses, but u/aonoreishou answered a similar question [here](_URL_0_).	[ "Hirohito's surrender broadcast was a profound shock to Japanese citizens. After years of being told about Japan's military might and the inevitability of victory, these beliefs were proven false in the space of a few minutes. But for many people, these were only secondary concerns since they were also facing starv...
What were the military advantages that helped Cromwell and the New Model Army win the English Civil Wars?	Three main reasons, money, money, and yet more money. There were other reasons as well. Parliament controlled not only the most prosperous and most populous parts of Britain at the start of the Civil War, which meant that their war chest was far bigger than the king's (more, and more prosperous people who were able to ...	[ "The most successful parliamentary cavalry commander had been Oliver Cromwell, and Cromwell now approached the Committee of Both Kingdoms with a proposal. Cromwell had come to the conclusion that the current military system was untenable because it relied on local militias defending local areas. Cromwell proposed t...
do people lose in sensitivity to adrenaline if exposed to it repetitively ?	Neurobiology student. Ok, so the first thing I thought reading this question was "Nah, I don't think so", but I still looked to be sure. Well apparently yeah, you can have some receptors, called B-adrenergic receptors, lose their sensibility if constantly exposed to a drug that activate them. And one drug tha activate...	[ "Adverse reactions to adrenaline include palpitations, tachycardia, arrhythmia, anxiety, panic attack, headache, tremor, hypertension, and acute pulmonary edema. The use of epinephrine based eye-drops, commonly used to treat glaucoma, may also lead to buildup of adrenochrome pigments in the conjunctiva, iris, lens,...
Did the Founding Fathers frame the Constitution solely for their economic self-interest?	First off, I don't know of a single historical work written that long ago that still holds up on its own today. The entire profession has been reformed and then reformed again since. Of course books like his can still be influential, but you can't look at single works, let alone works that old, and then proclaim "Aha! ...	[ "Frank Bourgin's study of the Constitutional Convention and subsequent decades argues that direct government involvement in the economy was intended by the Founding Fathers. The reason for this was the economic and financial chaos the nation suffered under the Articles of Confederation. The goal was to ensure that ...
why does a computer need to be cooled?	Because every electrical current causes warmth due to resistance.	[ "Cooling may be designed to reduce the ambient temperature within the case of a computer, such as by exhausting hot air, or to cool a single component or small area (spot cooling). Components commonly individually cooled include the CPU, Graphics processing unit (GPU) and the northbridge.\n", "Computer cooling is...
how is mass extinction humans fault?	> Considering most people at that time and prior loved in mud huts HA! Humans had already been farming for 9,500 years, living in cities for most of that, China had been a sprawling empire for 4,500 years, Rome had risen and fallen. Just because we hadn't built a steam engine yet didn't mean we weren't causing ch...	[ "There is still debate about the causes of all mass extinctions. In general, large extinctions may result when a biosphere under long-term stress undergoes a short-term shock. An underlying mechanism appears to be present in the correlation of extinction and origination rates to diversity. High diversity leads to a...
Why did "White Australia" use a dictation test instead of a criterion openly based on ancestry?	Enforcing the policy through a subjective test allowed it to be expanded to exclude politically undesirable people. The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) required immigrants to be able to "write out at dictation and sign in the presence of the officer, a passage of 50 words in length in a European language directed...	[ "Because of opposition from the British government, a more explicit racial policy was avoided in the legislation, with the control mechanism for people deemed undesirable being a dictation test, which required a person seeking entry to Australia to write out a passage of fifty words dictated to them in any European...
what is a snap election, and why doesn't it exist in the us?	Often times in parliamentary systems of government the prime minister or other head of government must have elections every set number of years, just like in the US system, but they also allow for them to call for elections at a time of their choosing prior to the normal time between elections. This is very useful for...	[ "In the Philippines, the term \"snap election\" usually refers to the 1986 presidential election, where President Ferdinand Marcos called elections earlier than scheduled, in response to growing social unrest. Marcos was declared official winner of the election but was eventually ousted when it was alleged that he ...
after world war ii, what changes did germany make to it's own political system to ensure a dictator figure could never take power again?	My answer won't fully describe your question, but one of the main reasons dictators weren't allowed to rise immediatley, and for the 40 or so years after the fall of Hitler, is the fact that Germany was split into two. The eastern half was controlled by the USSR, and the west was controlled by the western allies. The...	[ "The Government of Nazi Germany was a dictatorship run according to the \"Führerprinzip\". As the successor to the government of the Weimar Republic, it inherited the government structure and institutions of the previous state. Although the Weimar Constitution technically remained in effect until Germany's surrende...
Was New Zealand really forced out of the British Empire?	I think your professor's language is a bit harsh, but he is trying to emphasize a point. New Zealand (along with Canada, Australia, and a few other countries) didn't achieve independence in an abrupt manner in the same way India and the USA did. These countries made a gradual shift towards self-governance. The bigge...	[ "The British were reluctant administrators and continued pressure was applied to them from New Zealand and from European residents of the islands to pass the Cook Islands over to New Zealand. The first British Resident was Frederick Moss, a New Zealand politician who tried to help the local chiefs form a central go...
what is behind the american fascination with japanese style tattoos?	Because it is foreign and mysterious and aesthetically pleasing. A kanji looks cool and invites people to wonder about the meaning. This mystery implies that the owner has important secrets. Plus, if the viewer doesn't know the kanji then you can lie about what it means depending on your mood.	[ "At the beginning of the Meiji period the Japanese government, wanting to protect its image and make a good impression on the West and to avoid ridicule, outlawed tattoos, and irezumi took on connotations of criminality. Nevertheless, fascinated foreigners went to Japan seeking the skills of tattoo artists, and tra...

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