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Molecular diagnostics is a collection of techniques used to analyse biological markers in the genome and proteomethe individual's genetic code and how their cells express their genes as proteinsby applying molecular biology to medical testing. The technique is used to diagnose and monitor disease, detect risk, and decide which therapies will work best for individual patients. By analysing the specifics of the patient and their disease, molecular diagnostics offers the prospect of personalised medicine. These tests are useful in a range of medical specialisms, including infectious disease, oncology, human leucocyte antigen typing (which investigates and predicts immune function), coagulation, and pharmacogenomicsthe genetic prediction of which drugs will work best. They overlap with clinical chemistry (medical tests on bodily fluids). The field of molecular biology grew in the late twentieth century, as did its clinical application. In 1980, Yuet Wai Kan "et al". suggested a prenatal genetic test for Thalassemia that did not rely upon DNA sequencingthen in its infancybut on restriction enzymes that cut DNA where they recognised specific short sequences, creating different lengths of DNA strand depending on which allele (genetic variation) the fetus possessed. In the 1980s, the phrase was used in the names of companies such as "Molecular Diagnostics Incorporated" and "Bethseda Research Laboraties Molecular Diagnostics"
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Molecular diagnostics During the 1990s, the identification of newly discovered genes and new techniques for DNA sequencing led to the appearance of a distinct field of molecular and genomic laboratory medicine; in 1995, the "Association for Molecular Pathology" (AMP) was formed to give it structure. In 1999, the AMP co-founded "The Journal of Medical Diagnostics". Informa Healthcare launched "Expert Reviews in Medical Diagnostics" in 2001. From 2002 onwards, the HapMap Project aggregated information on the one-letter genetic differences that recur in the human populationthe single nucleotide polymorphismsand their relationship with disease. In 2012, molecular diagnostic techniques for Thalassemia use genetic hybridization tests to identify the specific single nucleotide polymorphism causing an individual's disease. As the commercial application of molecular diagnostics has become more important, so has the debate about patenting of the genetic discoveries at its heart. In 1998, the European Union's Directive 98/44/ECclarified that patents on DNA sequences were allowable. In 2010 in the US, AMP sued Myriad Genetics to challenge the latter's patents regarding two genes, BRCA1, BRCA2, which are associated with breast cancer. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court partially agreed, ruling that a naturally occurring gene sequence could not be patented. The industrialisation of molecular biology assay tools has made it practical to use them in clinics
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Molecular diagnostics Miniaturisation into a single handheld device can bring medical diagnostics into the clinic and into the office or home. The clinical laboratory requires high standards of reliability; diagnostics may require accreditation or fall under medical device regulations. , some US clinical laboratories nevertheless used assays sold for "research use only". Laboratory processes need to adhere to regulations, for example Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments, Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Good Laboratory Practice, and Food and Drug Administration specifications in the United States. Laboratory Information Management Systems help by tracking these processes. Regulation applies to both staff and supplies. , twelve US states require molecular pathologists to be licensed; several boards such as the American Board of Medical Genetics and the American Board of Pathology certify technologists, supervisors, and laboratory directors. Automation and sample barcoding maximise throughput and reduce the possibility of error or contamination during manual handling and results reporting. Single devices to do the assay from beginning to end are now available. uses "in vitro" biological assays such as PCR-ELISA or Fluorescence in situ hybridization. The assay detects a molecule, often in low concentrations, that is a marker of disease or risk in a sample taken from a patient. Preservation of the sample before analysis is critical. Manual handling should be minimised
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Molecular diagnostics The fragile RNA molecule poses certain challenges. As part of the cellular process of expressing genes as proteins, it offers a measure of gene expression but it is vulnerable to hydrolysis and breakdown by ever-present RNAse enzymes. Samples can be snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen or incubated in preservation agents. Because molecular diagnostics methods can detect sensitive markers, these tests are less intrusive than a traditional biopsy. For example, because cell-free nucleic acids exist in human plasma, a simple blood sample can be enough to sample genetic information from tumours, transplants or an unborn fetus. Many, but not all, molecular diagnostics methods based on nucleic acids detection use polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to vastly increase the number of nucleic acid molecules, thereby amplifying the target sequence(s) in the patient sample. PCR is a method that a template DNA is amplified using synthetic primers, a DNA polymerase, and dNTPs. The mixture is cycled between at least 2 temperatures: a high temperature for denaturing double-stranded DNA into single-stranded molecules and a low temperature for the primer to hybridize to the template and for the polymerase to extend the primer. Each temperature cycle theoretically doubles the quantity of target sequence.Detection of sequence variations using PCR typically involves the design and use oligonucleotide reagents that amplify the variant of interest more efficiently than wildtype sequence
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Molecular diagnostics PCR is currently the most widely used method for detection of DNA sequences. The detection of the marker might use real time PCR, direct sequencing, , microarray chipsprefabricated chips that test many markers at once, or MALDI-TOF The same principle applies to the proteome and the genome. High-throughput protein arrays can use complementary DNA or antibodies to bind and hence can detect many different proteins in parallel. Molecular diagnostic tests vary widely in sensitivity, turn around time, cost, coverage and regulatory approval. They also vary in the level of validation applied in the laboratories using them. Hence, robust local validation in accordance with the regulatory requirements and use of appropriate controls is required especially where the result may be used to inform a patient treatment decision. Conventional prenatal tests for chromosomal abnormalities such as Down Syndrome rely on analysing the number and appearance of the chromosomesthe karyotype. tests such as microarray comparative genomic hybridisation test a sample of DNA instead, and because of cell-free DNA in plasma, could be less invasive, but as of 2013 it is still an adjunct to the conventional tests. Some of a patient's single nucleotide polymorphismsslight differences in their DNAcan help predict how quickly they will metabolise particular drugs; this is called pharmacogenomics. For example, the enzyme CYP2C19 metabolises several drugs, such as the anti-clotting agent Clopidogrel, into their active forms
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Molecular diagnostics Some patients possess polymorphisms in specific places on the 2C19 gene that make poor metabolisers of those drugs; physicians can test for these polymorphisms and find out whether the drugs will be fully effective for that patient. Advances in molecular biology have helped show that some syndromes that were previously classed as a single disease are actually multiple subtypes with entirely different causes and treatments. can help diagnose the subtypefor example of infections and cancersor the genetic analysis of a disease with an inherited component, such as Silver-Russell syndrome. are used to identify infectious diseases such as chlamydia, influenza virus and tuberculosis; or specific strains such as H1N1 virus. Genetic identification can be swift; for example a loop-mediated isothermal amplification test diagnoses the malaria parasite and is rugged enough for developing countries. But despite these advances in genome analysis, in 2013 infections are still more often identified by other meanstheir proteome, bacteriophage, or chromatographic profile. are also used to understand the specific strain of the pathogenfor example by detecting which drug resistance genes it possessesand hence which therapies to avoid. A patient's genome may include an inherited or random mutation which affects the probability of developing a disease in the future
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Molecular diagnostics For example, Lynch syndrome is a genetic disease that predisposes patients to colorectal and other cancers; early detection can lead to close monitoring that improves the patient's chances of a good outcome. Cardiovascular risk is indicated by biological markers and screening can measure the risk that a child will be born with a genetic disease such as Cystic fibrosis. Genetic testing is ethically complex: patients may not want the stress of knowing their risk. In countries without universal healthcare, a known risk may raise insurance premiums. Cancer is a change in the cellular processes that cause a tumour to grow out of control. Cancerous cells sometimes have mutations in oncogenes, such as KRAS and CTNNB1 (β-catenin). Analysing the molecular signature of cancerous cellsthe DNA and its levels of expression via messenger RNAenables physicians to characterise the cancer and to choose the best therapy for their patients. As of 2010, assays that incorporate an array of antibodies against specific protein marker molecules are an emerging technology; there are hopes for these multiplex assays that could measure many markers at once. Other potential future biomarkers include micro RNA molecules, which cancerous cells express more of than healthy ones. Cancer is a disease with excessive molecular causes and constant evolution. There’s also heterogeneity of disease even in an individual. Molecular studies of cancer have proved the significance of driver mutations in the growth and metastasis of tumors
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Molecular diagnostics Many technologies for detection of sequence variations have been developed for cancer research. These technologies generally can be grouped into three approaches: polymerase chain reaction (PCR), hybridization, and next-generation sequencing (NGS). Currently, a lot of PCR and hybridization assays have been approved by FDA as in vitro diagnostics. NGS assays, however, are still at an early stage in clinical diagnostics. To do the molecular diagnostic test for cancer, one of the significant issue is the DNA sequence variation detection. Tumor biopsy samples used for diagnostics always contain as little as 5% of the target variant as compared to wildtype sequence. Also, for noninvasive applications from peripheral blood or urine, the DNA test must be specific enough to detect mutations at variant allele frequencies of less than 0.1%. Currently, by optimizing the traditional PCR, there’s a new invention, amplification-refractory mutation system (ARMS) is a method for detecting DNA sequence variants in cancer. The principle behind ARMS is that the enzymatic extension activity of DNA polymerases is highly sensitive to mismatches near the 3′ end of primer. Many different companies have developed diagnostics tests based on ARMS PCR primers. For instance, Qiagen therascreen, Roche cobas and Biomerieux THxID have developed FDA approved PCR tests for detecting lung, colon cancer and metastatic melanoma mutations in the KRAS, EGFR and BRAF genes
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Molecular diagnostics Their IVD kits were basically validated on genomic DNA extracted from FFPE tissue. There’s also microarrays that utilize hybridization mechanism to do diagnostics of cancer. More than a million of different probes can be synthesized on an array with Affymetrix's Genechip technology with a detection limit of one to ten copies of mRNA per well. Optimized microarrays are typically considered to produce repeatable relative quantitation of different targets. Currently, FDA have already approved a number of diagnostics assays utilizing microarrays: Agendia's MammaPrint assays can inform the breast cancer recurrence risk by profiling the expression of 70 genes related to breast cancer; Autogenomics INFNITI CYP2C19 assay can profile genetic polymorphisms, whose impacts on therapeutic response to antidepressants are great; and Affymetrix's CytoScan Dx can evaluate intellectual disabilities and congenital disorders by analyzing chromosomal mutation. In the future, the diagnostic tools for cancer will likely to focus on the Next Generation Sequencing(NGS). By utilizing DNA and RNA sequencing to do cancer diagnostics, technology in the field of molecular diagnostics tools will develop better. Although NGS throughput and price have dramatically been reduced over the past 10 years by roughly 100-fold, we remain at least 6 orders of magnitude away from performing deep sequencing at a whole genome level
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Molecular diagnostics Currently, Ion Torrent developed some NGS panels based on translational AmpliSeq, for example, the Oncomine Comprehensive Assay. They are focusing on utilizing deep sequencing of cancer-related genes to detect rare sequence variants. tool can be used for cancer risk assessment. For example, the BRCA1/2 test by Myriad Genetics assesses women for lifetime risk of breast cancer. Also, some cancers are not always employed with clear symptoms. It is useful to analyze people when they do not show obvious symptoms and thus can detect cancer at early stages. For example, the ColoGuard test may be used to screen people over 55 years old for colorectal cancer. Cancer is a longtime-scale disease with various progression steps, molecular diagnostics tools can be used for prognosis of cancer progression. For example, the OncoType Dx test by Genomic Health can estimate risk of breast cancer. Their technology can inform patients to seek chemotherapy when necessary by examining the RNA expression levels in breast cancer biopsy tissue. With rising government support in DNA molecular diagnostics, it is expected that an increasing number of clinical DNA detection assays for cancers will become available soon. Currently, research in cancer diagnostics are developing fast with goals for lower cost, less time consumption and simpler methods for doctors and patients.
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Piggyback basin A piggyback basin (also piggy-back, thrust-sheet-top, detached, or satellite basin) is a minor sedimentary basin developed on top of a moving thrust sheet as part of a foreland basin system. Piggyback basins form in the wedge-top depositional zone of a foreland basin system as new thrusts in the foreland cut up through the existing footwall containing the eroded wedge-top basins in the old thrust sheet. The basin is separated from the foredeep by an anticline or syndepositional growth structures. The piggyback basin is named after its tendency to be carried passively toward the hinterland with the old thrust sheet in response to the compressive forces of the new thrust sheet. Sedimentary fill for the basin come from the hanging wall ramp of the older thrust sheet, from the foreland orogeny or from the sides of the basin. Drainage into the basin may come from highs associated with the thrust sheets or the basin may be filled from longitudinal flows across the basin. The Po Basin of Italy was the example basin used to initially describe the tectonics and occurrence of piggyback basins. The Tannheim-Losenstein basin in the Eastern Alps is also a piggyback basin system.
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Mark A. Johnson is an American physical chemist and a professor of chemistry at Yale University. He received his Ph.D at Stanford University in 1983. Since 2011, Johnson is co-editor-in-chief of "Annual Review of Physical Chemistry". He became a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 1999, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2005, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and a Fellow of the American Chemical Society in 2010. He received the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Research Award in 2012. He is the 2014 recipient of the Irving Langmuir Award.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40451305
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IC 2560 is a spiral galaxy lying over 110 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Antlia. It has a distinct bar structure in the center. The supermassive black hole at the core has a mass of .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40458248
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High-Flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor The (HANARO) (하나로) is a 30 MW multi-purpose research reactor located at Daejeon, Republic of Korea. It was designed by Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) as a facility for research and development on the neutron science and its applications. HANARO has been playing a significant role as a national facility in the area of neutron science, the production of key radioisotopes, material testing for power reactor application, neutron transmutation doping (NTD), neutron activation analysis, and neutron radiography. After the installation of a cold neutron source in 2010, it has been also serving as a regional and international facility for neutron science.
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NGC 6134 is an open cluster in the constellation Norma.
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UGC 2885 (Rubin's Galaxy , nicknamed "Godzilla galaxy") is a large barred spiral galaxy of type "SA(rs)c" in the constellation Perseus. It is from Earth and measures across, making it one of the largest known spiral galaxies. It is also a possible member of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster. is a spiral galaxy with a relatively low surface brightness. The central bulge is the most prominent feature of this galaxy, where a faint bar crosses its center. is classified as a field galaxy—a class of galaxies found in remote, under-dense and “vacant” sections of space, far from other major galaxies. NASA has reported that the theorized main source for disk growth for came from the accretion of intergalactic hydrogen gas, rather than through the repeated process of galactic collision, as most galaxies are thought to grow. The lack of interaction is evident from the near-perfect structure of the spiral arms and disk, lack of tidal tails, and modest rate of star formation—approximately 0.5 solar masses/year. Additionally, despite being originally classified as an unbarred spiral galaxy, new Hubble images clearly show the presence of a small bar cutting across the ring structure of the core. This is peculiar, as most bars are thought to form through minor gravitational perturbations brought on by satellite and neighboring galaxies, which is something this galaxy lacks
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UGC 2885 This galaxy highlights that bars are able to form in spiral galaxies without the influence of another galaxy—this indicates that other forces, such as interactions between stars, gas and dust, as well as the gravitational influence of dark matter, might play a role in their development. On 17 January 2002, the explosion of a type II supernova was detected as SN 2002F.
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ESO 146-5 (ESO 146-IG 005) is the designation given to a giant interacting elliptical galaxy in the center of the Abell 3827 cluster. It is well noted due to its strong gravitational lensing effect, measurements of which show the galaxy to be one of the most massive in the known universe, IC 1101 still being an estimated 3 times as massive. This interacting galaxy was found 1.4 billion light years away in the center of Abell 3827. A huge halo of stars is surrounding its interacting nuclei. It has immense gravity that holds the cluster together due to its mass. Its unusual shape has led to the conclusion that each one of the nuclei was formed from multiple collisions of smaller galaxies, and now the nuclei are merging to form a single huge elliptical galaxy. Gravitational lensing calculations appeared to show that there is a large dark matter mass lagging the top left nucleus, possibly explained by it being self-interacting dark matter. However, this finding has since been discounted based on further observations and modelling of the cluster. Observations from the Gemini South Telescope has shown that has gravitationally lensed two galaxies, a galaxy 2.7 billion light years away, and the other, 5.1 billion light years away. Using Einstein's theory of general relativity, it was measured to be approximately 30 trillion solar masses, making it the one of the most massive galaxies in the known universe, IC 1101 being at least 3 times as massive at 100 trillion solar masses.
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Synergistes jonesii is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols. It is obligately anaerobic, gram-negative and rod-shaped.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40485358
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Thermodesulfobacterium commune is a species of Sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is small, Gram-negative, straight rod-shaped, obligately anaerobic and has an optimum growth temperature of . Its type strain is YSRA-1.
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Thermodesulfobacterium hydrogeniphilum is a species of Sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic, non-spore-forming, marine species, with type strain SL6 (=DSM 14290 =JCM 11239).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40485654
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PGC 10922 is a lenticular galaxy located 200 million light years from the Earth.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40518955
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Spiroplasma citri is a bacterium species and the causative agent of Citrus stubborn disease. Its genome has been partially sequenced. The restriction enzyme SciNI, with the 5' GCGC / 3' CGCG, can be found in "S. citri". "Euscelis plebejus" can be used as a vector of the bacterium to experimentally infect white clover ("Trifolium repens").
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40521029
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Specific mechanical energy is the mechanical energy of an object per unit of mass. Similar to mechanical energy, the specific mechanical energy of an object in an isolated system subject only to conservative forces will remain constant. It is defined as: formula_1 where In the gravitational two-body problem, the specific mechanical energy formula_4 is given as: formula_5 where When calculating the specific mechanical energy of a satellite in orbit around a celestial body, the mass of the satellite is assumed to be negligible: formula_12 where formula_13 is the mass of the celestial body.
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Specific potential energy is potential energy of an object per unit of mass of that object. In a gravitational field it is the acceleration of gravity times height, formula_1. Specific mechanical energy
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Emil Tietze Emil Ernst August Tietze (15 June 1845, Breslau – 4 March 1931, Vienna) was an Austrian geologist. He received his education at the Universities of Breslau and Tübingen. Afterwards, he joined the Geological Survey of Austria (1870), an agency that Tietze would be associated with until his retirement in 1918. In 1902 he became its director. Primarily known for his geological surveys of Eastern Europe (the Carpathian Mountains, Galicia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro), he also conducted important research involving the stratigraphy and tectonics in the Elburz Mountains of Persia. Tietze was interested in the processes of erosion that were responsible for modern-day land formations, in particular karst topography. Tietze's wife, Rosa von Hauer, was the daughter of another notable Austrian geologist, Franz Ritter von Hauer. Their son, Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze, became a mathematician.
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Entomoplasma is a mollicute bacteria genus. "freundtii" can be isolated from the green tiger beetle ("Cicindela campestris", Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
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Mesoplasma is a genus of bacteria belonging to the class Mollicutes. is related to the genus Mycoplasma but differ in several respects.
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Entomoplasma freundtii is a mollicute bacteria species that can be isolated from the green tiger beetle ("Cicindela campestris", Coleoptera: Cicindelidae).
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Equid alphaherpesvirus 9 Equine alphaherpesvirus 9 (EHV-9) is a species of virus in the genus "Varicellovirus", subfamily "Alphaherpesvirinae", family "Herpesviridae", and order "Herpesvirales". It was first isolated from a case of epizootic encephalitis in a herd of Thomson's gazelle ("Gazella thomsoni") in 1993. Fatal encephalitis was reported from Thomson's gazelle, giraffe, and polar bear in natural infections. The virus was reported in an aborted Persian onager and a polar bear.
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NGC 4866 is a lenticular galaxy located 80 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. It was first observed by British astronomer Sir William Herschel on January 14, 1787.
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Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 (Bulbul-CoV HKU11) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA "Deltacoronavirus" of avian origin found in Chinese bulbuls.
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Jonathan Coleman (physicist) Jonathan Coleman is the Professor of Chemical Physics in the School of Physics and a Principal Investigator in CRANN at Trinity College Dublin. He received both his BA in Physics and his PhD from Trinity College Dublin. The theme of his research is the production and processing of nanomaterials in liquids. The main focus is liquid exfoliation of layered crystals such as graphite and inorganic layered compounds. This produces liquid suspensions of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, BN, MoS or MoO. Such liquid processing allows the production of coatings, thin films and composites. These structures are useful in a range of applications in areas such as: reinforced composites, transparent conductors, sensors, optoelectronic devices and electrodes for batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, etc. He has also performed research on other nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and metallic nanowires. He was named the 2011 Science Foundation Ireland Researcher of the Year and was awarded the Kroll Medal from the Institute of Materials in 2012. In 2011, he was named among the top 100 Materials Scientists of the previous decade by Thompson Reuters.
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Ballas or shot bort is a term used in the diamond industry to refer to shards of non-gem-grade and -quality diamonds. It comprises small diamond crystals that are concentrically arranged in rough spherical stones with a fibrous texture. is hard, tough, and difficult to cleave. It is mostly found in Brazil and South Africa.
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2MASS 1503+2525 2MASS J15031961+2525196 (2MASS 1503+2525) is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type T5.5, located in constellation Boötes at approximately 20.7 light-years from Earth. was discovered in 2003 by Adam J. Burgasser "et al." in wide-field search for T dwarfs using the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). Currently the most precise distance estimate of is a trigonometric parallax, published by Dupuy and Liu in 2012: 157.2 ± 2.2 mas, corresponding to a distance 6.36 ± 0.09 pc, or 20.7 ± 0.3 ly. distance estimates
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Calico (company) Calico LLC is an American research and development biotech company founded on September 18, 2013 by Bill Maris and backed by Google with the goal of combating aging and associated diseases. In Google's 2013 Founders' Letter, Larry Page described Calico as a company focused on "health, well-being, and longevity". The company's name is an acronym for "California Life Company". In 2015, Google restructured into Alphabet Inc., making Calico a subsidiary of the new company along with Google and others. In September 2014, it was announced that Calico, in partnership with AbbVie, would be opening up an R&D facility focused on aging and age-related diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer. Initially, each company will invest $350 million, with an option for each to add an extra $500 million later on. In the same month, Calico announced a partnership with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and 2M Companies regarding drug development for neurodegenerative disorders. In 2015, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard announced a partnership with Calico to "advance research on age-related diseases and therapeutics", a further partnership also was announced with the Buck Institute for Research on Aging. Also in 2015, Calico announced a partnership with QB3 based on researching the biology of aging and identifying potential therapeutics for age-related diseases and one with AncestryDNA based on conducting research into the genetics of human lifespan
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Calico (company) At the end of 2017 and the beginning of 2018, Calico lost two top scientists; in December 2017 Hal Barron, its head of R&D, left for GlaxoSmithKline, and in March 2018 Daphne Koller, who was leading their AI efforts, left to pursue a venture in applying machine learning techniques to drug design.
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Kate Robb is an Australian zoologist, molecular genetist, and founding director & principal researcher of the Australian Marine Mammal Conservation Foundation, who, along with colleagues, declared in 2011 a new species of the genus "Tursiops", and formally named it "Tursiops australis".
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George Büchi George Hermann Büchi (August 1, 1921 – August 28, 1998) was organic chemist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Paternò's reaction", known since the early twentieth century, was renamed to the "Paternò–Büchi reaction" based on enhancements made to it by Büchi's research group.
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BCFW recursion The Britto–Cachazo–Feng–Witten recursion relations are a set of on-shell recursion relations in quantum field theory. They are named for their creators, Ruth Britto, Freddy Cachazo, Bo Feng and Edward Witten. The method is a way of calculating scattering amplitudes. This technique is widely used in analytic calculations due the relative conciseness of the resulting expressions, when compared to the more traditional methods. The principal property of the is that at every stage of the calculation it involves exclusively real (on-shell) particles, as opposed to the virtual (off-shell) particles that propagate inside conventional Feynman diagrams.
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Gas-flushing In chemistry, sparing, also known as gas flushing in metallurgy, is a technique which involves bubbling a chemically inert gas, such as nitrogen, argon, or helium, through a liquid. This can be used to remove dissolved gases (e.g. oxygen) from the liquid.
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2MASS J03552337+1133437 (2MASS J0355+11) is a nearby brown dwarf of spectral type L5γ, located in constellation Taurus at approximately 29.8 light-years from Earth. 2MASS J0355+11 was discovered in 2006 by Reid "et al."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40617271
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Friedrich Thurau (1843–1913) was a German entomologist. He specialised in butterflies. His collection of Palearctic lepidoptera is in Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin. partial list
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Trabecular cartilage Trabecular cartilages (trabeculae cranii, sometimes simply trabeculae, prechordal cartilages) are paired, rod-shaped cartilages, which develop in the head of the vertebrate embryo. They are the primordia of the anterior part of the cranial base, and are derived from the cranial neural crest cells. The trabecular cartilages generally appear as a paired, rod-shaped cartilages at the ventral side of the forebrain and lateral side of the adenohypophysis in the vertebrate embryo. During development, their anterior ends fuse and form the "trabecula communis". Their posterior ends fuse with the caudal-most parachordal cartilages. Most skeletons are of mesodermal origin in vertebrates. Especially axial skeletal elements, such as the vertebrae, are derived from the paraxial mesoderm (e.g., somites), which is regulated by molecular signals from the notochord. Trabecular cartilages, however, originate from the neural crest, and since they are located anterior to the rostral tip of the notochord, they cannot receive signals from the notochord. Due to these specialisations, and their essential role in cranial development, many comparative morphologists and embryologists have argued their developmental or evolutionary origins. The general theory is that the trabecular cartilage is derived from the neural crest mesenchyme which fills anterior to the mandibular arch (premandibular domain)
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Trabecular cartilage As clearly seen in the lamprey, Cyclostome also has a pair of cartilaginous rods in the embryonic head which is similar to the trabecular cartilages in jawed vertebrates. However, in 1916, Alexej Nikolajevich Sewertzoff pointed out that the cranial base of the lamprey is exclusively originated from the paraxial mesoderm. Then in 1948, reported the detail of the skeletogenesis of the lamprey, and showed that the “trabecular cartilages” in lamprey appear just beside the notochord, in a similar position to the parachordal cartilages in jawed vertebrates. Recent experimental studies also showed that the cartilages are derived from the head mesoderm. The “trabecular cartilages” in the Cyclostome is no longer considered to be the homologue of the trabecular in the jawed vertebrates: the (true) trabecular cartilages were firstly acquired in the Gnathostome lineage. The trabecular cartilages were first described in the grass snake by at 1839. In 1874, Thomas Henry Huxley suggested that the trabecular cartilages are a modified part of the splanchnocranium: they arose as the serial homologues of the pharyngeal arches. The vertebrate jaw is generally thought to be the modification of the mandibular arch (1st pharyngeal arch). Since the trabecular cartilages appear anterior to the mandibular arch, if the trabecular cartilages are serial homologues of the pharyngeal arches, ancestral vertebrates should possess more than one pharyngeal arch (so-called "premandibular arches") anterior to the mandibular arch
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Trabecular cartilage The existence of premandibular arch(es) has been accepted by many comparative embryologists and morphologists (e.g., Edwin Stephen Goodrich, Gavin de Beer). Moreover, reported premandibular arches and the corresponding branchiomeric nerves by the reconstruction of the Osteostracans (e.g., "Cephalaspis"; recently this arch was reinterpreted as the mandibular arch) However, the existence of the premandibular arch(es) has been rejected, and the trabecular cartilages are no longer assumed to be one of the pharyngeal arches.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624269
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Phil S. Baran (born 1977) is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Scripps Research Institute and Member of the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology. He received his B.S. in chemistry from New York University in 1997 and his Ph.D. from The Scripps Research Institute in 2001, under the supervision of K.C. Nicolaou. He did his postdoctoral fellowship in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate E. J. Corey at Harvard University. Baran has authored over 130 published scientific articles. He has several patents. His work is focused on synthesizing complex organic compounds, the development of new reactions, and the development of new reagents.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40624593
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Charles Le Doux (17 October 1876 – ?) was a German entomologist. Le Doux was born in Berlin. He specialised in Lepidoptera especially the genus "Acraea". His butterfly collections are held by Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin and his African Coleoptera by the National Museum of Natural History in Washington D.C., United States. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40646553
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Tony Bradshaw Anthony David Bradshaw FRS (17 January 1926 - 21 August 2008) was a British evolutionary ecologist He was born the son of an architect in Kew, Surrey and educated at St Pauls School, Hammersmith. He read Botany at Jesus College, Cambridge and in 1947 moved to the University College of Wales, first as a research student in Aberystwyth and then as a lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Botany at Bangor. There he worked on the adaptation of plants to heavy metal pollution, demonstrating the ability of natural selection to bring about rapid evolutionary changes in natural grasses, even in very localised situations. In 1958 he accepted the Chair of Botany at the University of Liverpool where he pioneered novel ideas of restoration ecology to help recover polluted sites without the need to cover them in imported topsoil. His work on the revegetation of china clay tips in Cornwall formed the basis of the techniques behind the Eden Project. In 1982 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was President of the British Ecological Society for 1982–83 and the Inaugural President of the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management in 1991–94. In 1991 he delivered the Croonian Lecture to the Royal Society on "Genostasis and the limits to Evolution". He married Betty Alliston and had 3 daughters.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40655036
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Isla Vista virus (ILV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA orthohantavirus species of the "Bunyavirales" order. It is a novel New World microtine rodent hantavirus discovered in the California vole ("M. californicus") in Santa Barbara County, California, near Isla Vista. It is similar to Prospect Hill virus, which has been isolated from a meadow vole ("Microtus pennsylvanicus").
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40659526
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Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey The (CANDELS) is the largest project in the history of the Hubble Space Telescope, with 902 assigned orbits (about four consecutive months) of observing time. It was carried out between 2010 and 2013 with two cameras on board Hubble – WFC3 and ACS – and aims to explore galactic evolution in the early Universe, and the very first seeds of cosmic structure at less than one billion years after the Big Bang. CANDELS is designed to document the first third of galactic evolution – on the redshifts from – via deep imaging of more than 250,000 galaxies. Another goal is to find the first Type Ia supernova beyond and establish their accuracy as standard candles for cosmology. Additional "daytime" WFC3/UV/Vis exposures in the GOODS-N field were conducted to take advantage of its continuous viewing zone opportunity. CANDELS' main instrument is the Wide Field Camera 3, a near-infrared camera installed on Hubble in May 2009. WFC3 works in tandem with the visible-light Advanced Camera for Surveys, which together gives unprecedented panchromatic coverage of galaxies from optical wavelengths to the near-infrared.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40676777
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Fritz Ludwig Otto Wichgraf (born 9 May 1853) was a German entomologist. Wichgraf's Lepidoptera collection was purchased by James John Joicey. His collections of "Acraea", Lasiocampidae and Bombycidae are in the Natural History Museum, London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40681348
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Dichorhavirus is a genus of negative sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of plants within the family "Rhabdoviridae". Dichorhaviruses have segmented genomes and their short bacilliform virions are not enveloped. Dichorhaviruses are transmitted by mites. Table legend: "*" denotes type species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40686103
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Abbas Wasim Efendi ʿAbbās Wasīm Efendi (born 1689, Bursa, Turkey – died 1760 in Istanbul) was an Ottoman astronomer who wrote translations and commentaries used by astronomers and timekeepers of the Ottoman state. His most important work is a Turkish commentary on Ulugh Beg's "Zij".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40687430
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Al-Adami ʿAbū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad al‐Ādamī (flourished in Baghdad, c. 925) was a maker of scientific instruments who wrote an extant work on vertical sundials. According to al-Biruni, al-Adami was the first to construct a "disc of eclipses", an instrument which demonstrates solar and lunar eclipses. He should not be confused with his son Ibn al-Adami.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40695634
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Ibn al-Adami Ibn al‐Ādamī (flourished in Baghdad, c. 925), was a 10th-century Islamic astronomer who wrote an influential work of zij based on Indian sources. The book, now lost, uses the Indian methods found in the "Sindhind". The 11th-century historian Sa'id al-Andalusi informs us that the theory of trepidation that became known to Europe and was ascribed to Thabit ibn Qurra can be found instead in the Zij of Ibn al-Adami, who himself may have known of this theory from Thabit's grandon, Ibrahim ibn Sinan. is also the source for the story of how Indian astronomy reached the court of Caliph al-Mansur in the early 770s in Baghdad. Presumably, he is the son of Al-Adami.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40695880
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Dan Lubin is a research physicist and senior lecturer at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography since 1990. He is a member of the American Geophysical Union, as well as Sigma Pi Sigma. He was a member of the National Ozone Expedition, and also participated in SHEBA. The general area of his research focuses on polar remote sensing and using global climate models to simulate climate change in the Arctic. In addition to a large number of scientific papers, he has written a textbook about the interactions between polar ice packs and the atmosphere. On October 17, 2012, Lubin gave a talk about solar activity and climate change at the SETI Institute.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40721919
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Actin nucleation core An actin nucleation core is a protein trimer with three actin monomers. It is called a nucleation core because it leads to the energetically favorable elongation reaction once a tetramer is formed from a trimer. Actin protein dimers and trimers are energetically unfavorable.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40733699
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Neochlamydia hartmannellae is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a bacterial endocytobionts of "Hartmannella vermiformis", hence its name.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40739183
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Halo mass function In cosmology, the halo mass function is a mass distribution of dark matter halos. Specifically, it gives the number density of dark matter halos per mass interval.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40744545
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Edwards Lifesciences is an American medical technology company headquartered in Irvine, CA, specializing in artificial heart valves and hemodynamic monitoring. It is most well-known for its SAPIEN transcatheter aortic heart valve made of bovine tissue within a collapsible stainless-steel stent, deployed via catheter. It is the first such FDA-approved, commercially-available device to replace a defective aortic valve without the need for open-heart surgery. The company has manufacturing facilities at the Irvine headquarters, as well as in Draper, Utah; Costa Rica; the Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; and Singapore; and is building a new facility due to be completed in 2021 in Limerick, Ireland. Edwards' competitors include Boston Scientific and Abbott Laboratories. Edwards was originally founded by engineer Miles “Lowell” Edwards in 1958. Edwards and Dr. Albert Starr, a surgeon at the University of Oregon Medical School, designed, developed, tested and successfully placed in a patient the first Starr-Edwards mitral valve in 1960. As a result of the successful heart surgery, Edwards Laboratories was founded in Santa Ana, California that same year. In 1966, Edwards Laboratories was purchased by American Hospital Supply Corporation and became American Edwards Laboratories, which was later acquired by Baxter International in 1985. On April 3, 2000, Edwards was spun off from Baxter as an independent, publicly held corporation and began trading on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “EW”
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40749862
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Edwards Lifesciences Edwards now has a presence in approximately 100 countries with 13,000 employees around the world. On January 25, 2017, Edwards completed the acquisition of Valtech Cardio for $340 million. The deal had been first announced the previous November. On December 6, 2017, Edwards acquired Harpoon Medical of Baltimore, Maryland for $100 million. Harpoon, founded in 2013, developed a minimally invasive heart surgery product for mitral valve repair to treat degenerative mitral regurgitation. At the time of the acquisition, the product was not available on any market. On April 18, 2019, Edwards completed the acquisition of CAS Medical Systems of Branford, Connecticut for ~$100 million. Edwards SAPIEN 3 and SAPIEN 3 Ultra Transcatheter Heart Valve systems were FDA-approved on August 16, 2019. These products are used to treat patients with severe aortic stenosis without utilizing open-heart surgery. designs, develops, manufactures, and markets products to treat cardiovascular disease. Its products are categorized into three areas: Surgical Heart Valve Therapy, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, and Critical Care. Edwards serves customers worldwide. The Surgical Heart Valve Therapy business segment includes tissue heart valves and heart valve repair products for the surgical replacement or repair of a patient's heart valve
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40749862
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Edwards Lifesciences The portfolio also includes a diverse line of cardiac surgery systems used during minimally invasive surgical procedures, as well as cannulae, embolic protection devices and other products used during cardiopulmonary bypass. The Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement business segment includes technologies designed to treat heart valve disease using catheter-based approaches as opposed to open surgical techniques. The Critical Care business segment includes pulmonary artery catheters, disposable pressure transducers and advanced hemodynamic monitoring systems. The portfolio also includes a line of balloon catheter-based vascular products, surgical clips and inserts.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40749862
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Fuzzy cold dark matter is a hypothetical form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem. It would consist of extremely light scalar particles with masses on the order of formula_1 eV; so a Compton wavelength on the order of 1 light year. halos in dwarf galaxies would manifest wave behavior on astrophysical scales, and the cusps would be avoided through the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The wave behavior leads to interference patterns, spherical soliton cores in dark matter halo centers, and cylindrical soliton-like cores in dark matter cosmic web filaments. is a limit of scalar field dark matter without self-interaction. It is governed by the Schrödinger-Poisson equation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40749885
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Meta-cold dark matter Meta"-cold dark matter, also known as m"CDM, is a form of cold dark matter proposed to solve the cuspy halo problem. It consists of particles "that emerge relatively late in cosmic time (z ≲ 1000) and are born non-relativistic from the decays of cold particles".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40750190
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Polish Astronomical Society The (Polish: "Polskie Towarzystwo Astronomiczne, PTA") is science society in Poland, founded in 1923, with headquarters in Warsaw. Members of PTA are professional astronomers. Purpose of the association is promoting the development of astronomical science, their teaching and outreach in community. PTA is involved in publishing astronomical books, as well as popular science magazine Urania - Postępy Astronomii. PTA is also a producer of a TV series Astronarium about astronomy and space. The society organizes conferences and contests. Current President of PTA is Marek Sarna and number of members is around 280. is a member of the European Astronomical Society. Since 2003, the has been presenting scientists with the Bohdan Paczyński Medal for significant contributions to astronomy and astrophysics as well as the Włodzimierz Zonn Prize (since 1983) for popularizing the knowledge of the universe.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40753064
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Novel virus refers to a virus not seen before. It can be a virus that is isolated from its natural reservoir or isolated as the result of spread to an animal or human host where the virus had not been identified before. It can be an emergent virus, one that represents a new virus, but it can also be an extant virus, one that has not been previously identified.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40755473
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Holophaga foetida is a bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is a homoacetogenic bacterium degrading methoxylated aromatic compounds. It is gram-negative, obligately anaerobic and rod-shaped, with type strain TMBS4 (DSM 6591). Its genome has been sequenced. It is known for its ability to anaerobically degrade aromatic compounds and the production of volatile sulfur compounds through a unique pathway. 3.) Kreft, J.-U., & Schink, B. (1994). O-Demethylation by the homoacetogenic anaerobe studied by a new photometric methylation assay using electrochemically produced cob(I)alamin. European Journal of Biochemistry, 226(3), 945–951. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00945.x
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40758946
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Critical community size The critical community size (CCS) is the minimum size of a closed population within which a human-to-human, non-zoonotic pathogen can persist indefinitely. When the size of the closed population falls below the critical community size level, the low density of infected hosts causes extinction of the pathogen. This epidemiologic phenomenon was first identified during measles outbreaks in the 1950s. The critical community size depends on:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40763725
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Silicyne Silicynes are allotropes of silicon. 1-dimensional silicyne is analogous to the carbon allotrope carbyne, being a long chain of silicons, instead of carbons. It is amorphous silicon with "sp" hybridization of the valence electrons. is a single linear molecule composed of just silicon atoms. One of the manners they are bonded to each other in a succession of double-bonded silicons, analogous to the situation of carbon found in cumulene. The other manner they may be bonded to each other is a succession of alternating single and triple-bonded silicons, analogous to the situation of carbon found in polyyne. 2-dimensional silicyne is analogous to the carbon allotrope graphyne, and similar to the silicon allotrope silicene, being a sheet of silicon atoms. In this form, the silicyne chains that link the silicene hexagons use disilyne bonding alternating with disilane bonding, analogous to polyyne.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40772919
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Kalahari High The is an anticyclone that forms in winter over the interior of southern Africa, replacing a summer trough. It is part of the subtropical ridge system and the reason the Kalahari is a desert. It is the descending limb of a Hadley cell.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40774203
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Józef Lubański Józef Kazimierz Lubański (1914 – 8 December 1946) was a Polish theoretical physicist. Lubanski obtained the degree of magister philosophies at Wilna in 1937. He then worked for two years as an assistant in theoretical physics at Polish universities, and obtained a grant in order to travel to Holland and to work under Prof. H. A. Kramers at Leyden. His original intention was to go to Copenhagen in the following year, although the Second World War prevented this. Lubanski worked with Léon Rosenfeld at Utrecht, and dating from this period he wrote a number of papers on the properties of mesons mainly in the journal "Physica", one in the "Arkiv för matematik, astronomi och fysik". Around 1937 in Kraków, he collaborated with Myron Mathisson and Weyssenhoff's colleagues on the motion of spinning particles in linearized gravitational fields according to general relativity, and under Mathisson's lead, published a paper on the derivation of the Mathisson–Papapetrou–Dixon equations. He developed the Pauli–Lubanski pseudovector in relativistic quantum mechanics. He also worked at the laboratory of Delft University of Technology in aerodynamics and hydrodynamics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40781220
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Semicircle law (Quantum Hall) The Semicircle law states that for transport (extended states) of 2D electron gas in a magnetic field, the macroscopic conductivity tensor σ satisfies the semicircle law. with formula_2
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40782363
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Abel Dufrane (8 May 1880, Frameries – 29 December 1960 Mons) was a Belgian entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera. Dufrane studied the butterfly fauna of the Lake Kivu area of Central Africa. He was a member of the Royal Belgian Entomological Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40783865
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Karl Grünberg (died 1921, in Rostock) was a German entomologist specialising in Lepidoptera. was a professor at the University of Rostock. He wrote the Palearctic Notodontidae section of Adalbert Seitz's "Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde" and named several African butterflies. Partial list
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40784448
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Alfred Wyndham Lushington (22 September 1860 – 25 March 1920) was an Anglo-Indian dendrologist born in Allahabad, India and who worked as a forest officer in the Madras Presidency.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40793163
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NGC 1433 is a barred spiral galaxy with a double ring structure located in the constellation of Horologium. It is at a distance of 30 million light years from Earth. It has an active galactic nuclei, and is a Seyfert galaxy that's also known as PGC 13586 which is named Miltron's Galaxy. The central region of the galaxy portraits intense star formation activity, with an irregular star-forming ring of 5" (or 0.3 kpc) radius and weak radio wave emission. Star formation is also noticeable in the spiral arms but not the bar of the galaxy. is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS). A jet of material flowing away from the central black hole of the galaxy extending for only 150 light-years has been found. It is the smallest molecular outflow ever observed in a galaxy beyond our own. was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826. One supernova has been observed in NGC 1433, SN 1985 P, type II with apparent magnitude 13.5 at discovery, on 10 October 1985. is member of the Dorado Group.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40825792
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Liquid-impregnated surface A liquid-impregnated surface consists of two distinct layers. The first is a highly textured or porous substrate with features spaced sufficiently close to stably contain the second layer which is an impregnating liquid that fills in the spaces between the features. The liquid must have a surface energy well-matched to the substrate in order to form a stable film. These surfaces bioimitate the carnivorous Venezuelan Pitcher Plant, which uses microscale hairs to create a water slide that causes ants to slip to their death. Slippery surfaces are finding applications in commercial products, anti-fouling surfaces, anti-icing and biofilm-resistant medical devices. LiquiGlide is a commercial example of a liquid-impregnated surface, invented at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. SLIPS type surfaces have a number of advantages over traditional lotus based superhydrophobic surfaces. The free flowing liquid allows for the creation of a smooth surface with the ability to self-repair. This smooth surface often results in a low sliding angle for both high and low surface tension liquids. Finally, SLIPS surfaces can be made optically transparent unlike many traditional superhydrophobic surfaces that scatter light due to having structure on the same order as visible light. However, the longevity of SLIPS for prolonged anti-icing applications have been of concern. In this regard, replacing the lubricant in SLIPS with a phase switching liquid (PSL) can yield promising results
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40828503
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Liquid-impregnated surface PSLs are a class of phase change materials, which are in liquid state under ambient conditions and have a melting point higher than the freezing point of water. Thus the PSL changes into solid phase in a cold environment before water freezing can happen. While PSL impregnated textured surface behave as a traditional SLIPS in ambient conditions, when operated below the melting point of PSL, they resist PSL displacement out of surface texture by water, engendering enhanced icephobicity even on hydrophilic substrates.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40828503
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Dynamic balance is the branch of mechanics that is concerned with the effects of forces on the motion of a body or system of bodies, especially of forces that do not originate within the system itself, which is also called kinetics. is the ability of an object to balance while in motion or switching between positions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40831187
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Doris Kermack Doris Mary Kermack FLS (née Carr; 1923 – 2003) was a British paleontologist and marine zoologist at Imperial College London. She completed her PhD thesis entitled 'The anatomy and physiology of the gut of "Arenicola marina" L.' at University College London in 1953. In 1988 she was awarded the Linnean Gold Medal for outstanding service to the society. She had two sons with her husband and fellow paleontologist Kenneth Kermack. The species name "Bridetherium dorisae" is named in her honour. Together with her husband and Frances Mussett she was the first to formally describe the early mammal-like 'symmetrodont' "Kuehneotherium praecursoris".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40843534
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Kenneth Kermack Kenneth A. Kermack (1919 – 2000) was a British palaeontologist at University College London most notable for his work on early mammals with his wife, Doris Mary Kermack. Among Kermack's other significant contributions was the observation that "Diplodocus" could not have had an aquatic lifestyle because sheer water pressure alone on its chest would have prevented it breathing whilst submerged. He first described the early mammal "Aegialodon dawsoni" from a molar tooth and the docodont "Simpsonodon oxfordensis". He was also interested in astronomy, elected a member of the British Astronomical Association 1966 February 23, a member until his death.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40844467
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Billie Lee Turner (botanist) Billie Lee Turner (born 1925 in Yoakum, Texas) is an American botanist and the father of a geographer Billie Lee Turner II. He was a professor of botany at the University of Texas at Austin Where he also directed the botany research programme and herbarium. His main interest is spermatophyte plants. He worked extensively on the flora of Mexico. He focused on the composites and legumes. Plants named in his honor include "Lophospermum turneri". His last research article was in 2010.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40849320
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Gossip from the Forest (Maitland book) Gossip from the Forest: the Tangled Roots of our Forests and Fairytales is a 2012 book by Sara Maitland about the connections between forests and fairytales in Northern Europe. It is structured around accounts of walks through 12 forests in Scotland and England, one per month of the year, and 12 associated retellings of traditional fairytales, and was published by Granta (). Maitland has described the book as "a hybrid book ... history and photographs and nature and politics and science and anthropology and fiction (my own retellings of 12 Grimm stories) and, indeed, gossip."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40850094
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Aleksei Lotman (also known as Alex Lotman and Aleks Lotman; born 6 May 1960 in Leningrad) is an Estonian biologist, environmentalist and politician. From 2010 to 2011 Lotman served as the leader of political party Estonian Greens. From 2007 to 2011, Lotman was a member of Estonian parliament Riigikogu, representing the Estonian Greens. He was also leader of the parliamentary group for Tibet. In the 2011 election, the Greens lost all their parliamentary representation. Since then he has worked for the Estonian Fund for Nature. He was awarded the Order of the National Coat of Arms, 5th Class, by the President of Estonia on 6 February 2006. graduated from the Tartu Miina Härma Secondary School No 2 in 1978, and the Tartu State University as a biologist in 1985. 1991–2000, Lotman served as the vice director of the Matsalu National Park. Alex Lotman is the son of literary scholar, semiotician, and cultural historian Juri Lotman and literary scientist Zara Mints. His brothers are literature researcher and politician Mihhail Lotman and artist Grigori Lotman. Alex Lotman is married to environmentalist Kaja Lotman, they have two daughters and a son.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40850116
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J1000+0221 was the most distant gravitational lens galaxy known (up until the discovery of the IRC 0218 lens galaxy), and remains the most distant quad-image lens galaxy discovered so far. The measured distance the light has traveled, including the lensed deflection, is 9.4 billion light years. A very recent discovery by a group of astronomers led by Dr Arjen Van der Wel from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, the results of which are accepted for publication on October 21, 2013 in the "Astrophysical Journal Letters" (arXiv.org). Using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, the astronomers discovered this quadruple gravitational lens dubbed which would provide a further test for Einstein's theory of general relativity. These gravitational lenses also serve as light magnification tools that help astronomers to look at distant galaxies thus acting as a natural telescope.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40855383
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Swell (geology) A swell in geology is a domed area of considerable areal extent. According to Leser, it is also called a sill (geology), and is a gently arched landform of various orders of size in topographic, sub-glacial or sub-hydric geology. It may be as small as a rock formation in a river or may assume continental scale.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40861149
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Biological computation The concept of biological computation proposes that living organisms perform computations, and that as such, abstract ideas of information and computation may be key to understanding biology, As a field, biological computation can include the study of the systems biology computations performed by biota the design of algorithms inspired by the computational methods of biota, the design and engineering of manufactured computational devices using synthetic biology components and computer methods for the analysis of biological data, elsewhere called computational biology or bioinformatics. According to Dominique Chu, Mikhail Prokopenko, and J. Christian J. Ray, "the most important class of natural computers can be found in biological systems that perform computation on multiple levels. From molecular and cellular information processing networks to ecologies, economies and brains, life computes. Despite ubiquitous agreement on this fact going back as far as von Neumann automata and McCulloch–Pitts neural nets, we so far lack principles to understand rigorously how computation is done in living, or active, matter". Logical circuits can be built with slime moulds. Distributed systems experiments have used them to approximate motorway graphs. The slime mould "Physarum polycephalum" is able to solve the Traveling Salesman Problem, a combinatorial test with exponentially increasing complexity, in linear time. Fungi such as "Basidiomycetes" can also be used to build logical circuits
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40861214
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Biological computation In a proposed fungal computer, information is represented by spikes of electrical activity, a computation is implemented in a mycelium network, and an interface is realized via fruit bodies..
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40861214
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Replicate (biology) In the biological sciences, a replicate is an exact copy of a sample that is being analyzed, such as a cell, organism or molecule, on which exactly the same procedure is done. This is often done in order to check for experimental or procedural error. In the absence of error replicates should yield the same result. However, replicates are not independent tests of the hypothesis because they are still the same sample, and so do not test for variation between samples. Replicates are often created to test the quality and repeatability of a procedure, or for a destructive procedure where preserving the original sample is desirable. They are also sometimes inappropriately used to inflate the apparent number of observations in a sample, creating an illusion of statistical significance.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40861730
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Sky Map is an Android planetarium software application. was designed and developed by a group of Google engineers in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as part of their 20% time. It's now "donated and open-sourced". On January 20, 2012, Google announced a student development partnership with Carnegie Mellon University and released under the Apache 2.0 open source license. The project is presently available in the form of a GitHub repository.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40868671
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J. Alan Holman was an American paleontologist, herpetologist, professor and Michigan State University Museum curator well known for his 1995 work called "Pleistocene Amphibians and Reptiles in North America" which was published by Oxford Press. He graduated from Franklin College, Franklin, Indiana in 1953 with a degree of "Distinction in Biology" and a passion for research and field work. He went on to earn his MS and PhD degrees from the University of Florida at Gainesville in 1957 and 1961, respectively. Holman spent his career as an educator and researcher. He was named Emeritus Professor of Geological Sciences and Zoology and Emeritus Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at Michigan State University after retiring in 1997. He authored more than 260 publications in paleoherpetology, herpetology, and vertebrate paleontology and is considered the leading authority of New World fossil snakes. Holman authored twelve books, including two monographs (Pleistocene Amphibians; Reptiles in North America; Pleistocene Amphibians; Reptiles in Britain and Europe) and field guides, such as: Michigan Snakes, Michigan Turtles, Lizards, Michigan Frogs, Toads and Salamanders. The book, "The Michigan Roadside Naturalist", was co-authored with Margaret B. "Peg" Holman, his wife. His accomplishment include, Honorary Lifetime membership in the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. Holman died at his cottage in Fife Lake, MI on August 12, 2006. Holman died before finishing his new book, "The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michigan"
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J. Alan Holman His colleague and friend, Jim Harding, helped complete some details so the book could be published. "The Amphibians and Reptiles of Michigan", which includes 54 creatures, was included on the 2013 list of Michigan Notable Books—20 Michigan oriented books that include photography, poetry, memoirs, novels and reference works.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40883623
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Max Beier (6 April 1903 in Spittal an der Drau – 4 July 1979 in Vienna) was an Austrian arachnologist and entomologist. He studied zoology at the University of Vienna, and obtained his PhD there in 1927. He took up a post at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, in the same year, developing an expertise in pseudoscorpions. He was appointed Director of the zoological department of the Vienna Museum in 1962, and retired in 1968. A list of Beier's 398 scientific papers was published, with an obituary, in "Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien". 252 were on pseudoscorpions. He was editor of the "Orthopterorum Catalogus" and an updated edition of the volume on insects in the "". Beier was granted the German Entomological Society's Fabricius Medal in January 1967. In July 1968 he was granted an honorary doctorate by the University of Innsbruck. Beier and his wife, Irmgard were married in 1931. His death on 4 July 1979 was unexpected.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27527910
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Cryosuction is the concept of negative pressure in freezing soil resulting from transformation of liquid water to ice in the soil pores whereby water migrates through soil pores to the freezing zone (through capillary action). Fine-grained soils such as clays and silts enables greater negative pressures than more coarse-grained soils due to the smaller pore size. In periglacial environments, this mechanism is highly significant and it is the predominant process in ice lens formation in permafrost areas. Several models for ice-lens formation by cryosuction exist, among others the Hydrodynamic model and the Pre-melting model, many of them based on the Clausius–Clapeyron relation with various assumptions, yielding cryosuction potentials of 11 to 12 atm per degree Celsius below zero depending on pore size.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27554979
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Ibragimov (crater) Ibragimov is a crater on Mars. It is named after the Azerbaijani and Soviet astrophysicist Nadir Baba Ogly Ibragimov. Ibragimov crater is located in the eastern part of Thaumasia Planum. Its diameter is 87 km.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27564906
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Mieczysław Mąkosza Mieczysław Józef Mąkosza (born 16 November 1934) is a Polish chemist specializing in organic synthesis and investigation of organic mechanisms. Along with Jerzy Winiarski he is credited for the discovery of the aromatic vicarious nucleophilic substitution, VNS. He also contributed to the discovery of phase transfer catalysis reactions. From 1979 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27566285
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Dick Jefferies Richard P.S. Jefferies was a paleontologist famous for developing the Calcichordate Theory of the origin of chordates, now widely discredited. Jefferies joined the British Museum in 1960, and was largely based there for the remainder of his career. Jefferies first came into contact with some carpoid material in February 1964; some mitrates that had been brought into the museum from Shropshire, and by 1967 he published a paper entitled "Some chordates with Echinoderm affinities" with regards the mitrates, which are commonly viewed as apentameral echinoderms. Over the years, he continuously added to the theory, which was modified later such that each chordate evolved from its own mitrate and as such are paraphyletic.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27588249
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Henry Van Peters Wilson (1863–1939) was a professor at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Biology. In 1907 he demonstrated that silicate sponges have the ability to re-form into functional creatures after the individual cells have been dissociated from one another by mechanical means (sieving through a fine silk mesh).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27607861
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Alexey A. Petrov Alexey A Petrov is an American physicist known for his theoretical research in the area of physics of heavy quarks. Currently, he is a Professor of Physics at Wayne State University. He is the first particle theorist in the State of Michigan to receive National Science Foundation's CAREER award Alexey Petrov graduated from the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University in Saint Petersburg, Russia, with a Diploma in physics in 1994. In 1997, he graduated from the University of Massachusetts Amherst, with a Doctor of Philosophy in theoretical physics under the direction of John F. Donoghue. He went on to do postdoctoral research at Johns Hopkins University (1997-2000), and Cornell University (2000-2001) before joining the faculty of Wayne State University in 2001. Petrov received National Science Foundation CAREER Award in 2005. He was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2015 “for contributions to heavy flavor physics, in particular studies of charm quarks and contributions to indirect searches for physics beyond the Standard Model.” He was among the first professors to be awarded a Comenius Guest Professorship (2015–16) at the University of Siegen in Siegen, Germany.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27610028
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