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Potential magnetic field A potential magnetic field is a special case of a force-free field. Potential field configurations occupy space that contains no electric current at all.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27634846
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Auricle (botany) In botany, an auricle is a small ear-like projection from the base of a leaf or petal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27635655
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Hans-Arwed Weidenmüller (born 26 July 1933 in Dresden) is a German theoretical physicist, who works primarily in the field of nuclear physics. Weidenmüller studied in Bonn and from 1956 to 1957 in Heidelberg under J. Hans D. Jensen, who was his doctoral thesis advisor for his thesis on stripping reactions (Zeitschrift für Physik Bd.150, 1958, 389), in which the nuclei used as projectiles lose nucleons to the nuclei used as targets. He was from 1963 professor for theoretical physics at the University of Heidelberg. From 1968 he worked at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics and was director there from 1972 until his 2001 retirement. Weidenmüller is known above all for his work in the theory of nuclear reactions. He examined nuclear reactions in the shell model under inclusion of continuum states and developed a microscopic statistical theory of nuclear reactions; this statistical theory (now known as transport theory) had applications to the interpretation of the particle accelerator experiments with heavy ions as well as on highly excited compound nuclei. He also examined chaotic dynamism in atomic nuclei and nuclear reactions (as well as Bose–Einstein condensates) with the help of the method of random matrices. Weidenmüller has an honorary doctorate from the Weizmann Institute (1991) and membership in the Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina and in the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27651959
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Bishop's Frome Limestone The (or Bishops Frome Limestone) is a rock unit within the Raglan Mudstone Formation of the Old Red Sandstone occurring in the border region between England and South Wales. This limestone is a calcrete, that is to say it originated as a soil during a break in deposition rather than being an original marine deposit. It is perhaps the most significant of all of the calcretes which occur within the uppermost Silurian and lower Devonian sequence of rocks which constitute the Old Red Sandstone of the Anglo-Welsh Basin. It defines the boundary within the basin between the Silurian and the Devonian periods. The rock was formerly known as the Psammosteus Limestone after a characteristic fossil fish recorded from it; "Psammosteus anglicus". The fossil remains were subsequently shown to have been wrongly identified and belong in fact to "Traquairaspis symondsi". Its modern name derives from the Herefordshire village of Bishop's Frome. Its thickness is variable ranging from 2m up to 8m.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27653700
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Menace reflex The menace response is one of three forms of blink reflex. It is the reflex blinking that occurs in response to the rapid approach of an object. The reflex comprises blinking of the eyelids, in order to protect the eyes from potential damage, but may also include turning of the head, neck, or even the trunk away from the optical stimulus that triggers the reflex. Stimulating the menace reflex is used as a diagnostic procedure in veterinary medicine, in order to determine whether an animal's visual system, in particular the cortical nerve, has suffered from nerve damage. Cortical damage, particularly cerebral lesions, can cause loss of the menace reflex while leaving the other blink reflexes, such as the dazzle reflex, unaffected. The presence or absence of the menace reflex, in combination with other reflexes, indicates a locus of damage. For example, an animal with polioencephalomalacia will lack the menace reflex, but will still have the pupillary light reflex. Polioencephalomacia damages the visual cortex, impairing the menace reflex, but leaves the optic nerve, oculomotor nucleus, and oculomotor nerve intact, leaving the pupillary light reflex unaffected. Contrastingly, an animal with ocular hypovitaminosis-A will suffer from degeneration of the optic nerve, and such an animal presents with a lack of both reflexes. Testing the menace reflex has to be done with care
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27653952
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Menace reflex Waving an object close to an animal's eyes or face does not necessarily demonstrate a functioning menace reflex, in part because the animal can sense such objects and react to them via senses other than sight. Clinical testing of the menace reflex usually involves precautions such as waving an object from behind a sheet of glass, so as to shield the animal from any drafts caused by the motion of the object through the air, which it might otherwise sense. Such reactions to non-visual stimuli are a widespread cause of false positives and false negatives when pet owners test their own animals for the presence of the menace reflex. The neural pathway of the menace reflex comprises the optic (II) and facial (VII) nerves. It is mediated by tectobulbar fibres in the rostral colliculi of the midbrain passing from the optic tract to accessory nuclei, and thence to the spinal cord and lower motor neurones that innervate the head, neck, and body muscles affected by the reflex. The facial nerve is mediated through a corticotectopontocerebellar pathway.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27653952
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Counterion condensation The counterion condensation phenomenon is commonly described by Manning's theory (Manning 1969), which assumes that counterions can condense onto polyions until the charged density between neighboring monomer charges along the polyion chain is reduced below a certain critical value. In the model the real polyion chain is replaced by an idealized line charge, where the polyion is represented by a uniformly charged thread of zero radius, infinite length and finite charge density, and the condensed counterion layer is assumed to be in physical equilibrium with the ionic atmosphere surrounding the polyion. The uncondensed mobile ions in the ionic atmosphere are treated within the Debye–Hückel (DH) approximation. The phenomenon of counterion condensation now takes place when the dimensionless Coulomb coupling strength where formula_2 represents the Bjerrum length and formula_3 the distance between neighboring charged monomers. In this case the Coulomb interactions dominate over the thermal interactions and counterion condensation is favored. For many standard polyelectrolytes, this phenomenon is relevant, since the distance between neighboring monomer charges typically ranges between 2 and 3 Å and formula_4 7 Å in water. The Manning theory states that the fraction of "condensed" counter ions is formula_5, where "condensed" means that the counter ions are located within the Manning radius formula_6
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27657824
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Counterion condensation At infinite dilution the Manning radius diverges and the actual concentration of ions close to the charged rod is reduced (in agreememt with the law of dilution). The counterion condensation originally only describes the behaviour of a charged rod. It competes here with Poisson-Boltzmann theory, which was shown to give less artificial results than the counterion condensation theories.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27657824
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Meganuclease Meganucleases are endodeoxyribonucleases characterized by a large recognition site (double-stranded DNA sequences of 12 to 40 base pairs); as a result this site generally occurs only once in any given genome. For example, the 18-base pair sequence recognized by the I-SceI meganuclease would on average require a genome twenty times the size of the human genome to be found once by chance (although sequences with a single mismatch occur about three times per human-sized genome). Meganucleases are therefore considered to be the most specific naturally occurring restriction enzymes. Among meganucleases, the LAGLIDADG family of homing endonucleases has become a valuable tool for the study of genomes and genome engineering over the past fifteen years. Meganucleases are "molecular DNA scissors" that can be used to replace, eliminate or modify sequences in a highly targeted way. By modifying their recognition sequence through protein engineering, the targeted sequence can be changed. Meganucleases are used to modify all genome types, whether bacterial, plant or animal. They open up wide avenues for innovation, particularly in the field of human health, for example the elimination of viral genetic material or the "repair" of damaged genes using gene therapy. Meganucleases are found in a large number of organisms – "Archaea" or archaebacteria, bacteria, phages, fungi, yeast, algae and some plants. They can be expressed in different compartments of the cell – the nucleus, mitochondria or chloroplasts
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Meganuclease Several hundred of these enzymes have been identified. Meganucleases are mainly represented by two main enzyme families collectively known as homing endonucleases: intron endonucleases and intein endonucleases. In nature, these proteins are encoded by mobile genetic elements, introns or inteins. Introns propagate by intervening at a precise location in the DNA, where the expression of the meganuclease produces a break in the complementary intron- or intein-free allele. For inteins and group I introns, this break leads to the duplication of the intron or intein at the cutting site by means of the homologous recombination repair for double-stranded DNA breaks. We know relatively little about the actual purpose of meganucleases. It is widely thought that the genetic material that encodes meganucleases functions as a parasitic element that uses the double-stranded DNA cell repair mechanisms to its own advantage as a means of multiplying and spreading, without damaging the genetic material of its host. There are five families, or classes, of homing endonucleases. The most widespread and best known is the LAGLIDADG family. LAGLIDADG family endonucleases are mostly found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic unicellular organisms. The name of this family corresponds to an amino acid sequence (or motif) that is found, more or less conserved, in all the proteins of this family. These small proteins are also known for their compact and closely packed three-dimensional structures
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Meganuclease The best characterized endonucleases which are most widely used in research and genome engineering include I-SceI (discovered in the mitochondria of baker's yeast "Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), I-CreI (from the chloroplasts of the green algae "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii") and I-DmoI (from the archaebacterium "Desulfurococcus mobilis"). The best known LAGLIDADG endonucleases are homodimers (for example I-CreI, composed of two copies of the same protein domain) or internally symmetrical monomers (I-SceI). The DNA binding site, which contains the catalytic domain, is composed of two parts on either side of the cutting point. The half-binding sites can be extremely similar and bind to a palindromic or semi-palindromic DNA sequence (I-CreI), or they can be non-palindromic (I-SceI). The high specificity of meganucleases gives them a high degree of precision and much lower cell toxicity than other naturally occurring restriction enzymes. Meganucleases were identified in the 1990s, and subsequent work has shown that they are particularly promising tools for genome engineering and gene editing, as they are able to efficiently induce homologous recombination, generate mutations, and alter reading frames. However, the meganuclease-induced genetic recombinations that could be performed were limited by the repertoire of meganucleases available
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Meganuclease Despite the existence of hundreds of meganucleases in nature, and the fact that each one is able to tolerate minor variations in its recognition site, the probability of finding a meganuclease able to cut a given gene at the desired location is extremely slim. Several groups turned their attention to engineering new meganucleases that would target the desired recognition sites. The most advanced research and applications concern homing endonucleases from the LAGLIDADG family. To create tailor-made meganucleases, two main approaches have been adopted: These two approaches can be combined to increase the possibility of creating new enzymes, while maintaining a high degree of efficacy and specificity. The scientists from Cellectis have been working on gene editing since 1999 and have developed a collection of over 20,000 protein domains from the homodimeric meganuclease I-CreI as well as from other meganucleases scaffolds. They can be combined to form functional chimeric tailor-made heterodimers for research laboratories and for industrial purposes. Precision Biosciences, another biotechnology company, has developed a fully rational design process called Directed Nuclease Editor (DNE) which is capable of creating engineered meganucleases that target and modify a user-defined location in a genome. In 2012 researchers at Bayer CropScience used DNE to incorporate a gene sequence into the DNA of cotton plants, targeting it precisely to a predetermined site
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Meganuclease One recent advance in the use of meganucleases for genome engineering is the incorporation of the DNA binding domain from transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors into hybrid nucleases. These "megaTALs" combine the ease of engineering and high DNA binding specificity of a TAL effector with the high cleavage efficiency of meganucleases. In addition, meganucleases have been fused to DNA end-processing enzymes in order to promote error-prone non-homologous end joining and to increase the frequency of mutagenic events at a given locus. As stated in the opening paragraph, a meganuclease with an 18-base pair sequence would on average require a genome twenty times the size of the human genome to be found once by chance; the calculation is 4/3x10 = 22.9. However, very similar sequences are much more common, with frequency increasing quickly the more mismatches are permitted. For example, a sequence that is identical in all but one base pair would occur by chance once every 4/18x3x10 = 0.32 human genome equivalents on average, or three times per human genome. A sequence that is identical in all but two base pairs would on average occur by chance once every 4/(18C2)x3x10 = 0.0094 human genome equivalents, or 107 times per human genome. This is important because enzymes do not have perfect discrimination; a nuclease will still have some likelihood of acting even if the sequence does not match perfectly
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Meganuclease So the activity of the nuclease on a sequence with one mismatch is "less" than the no-mismatch case, and activity is even less for two mismatches, but still not zero. Exclusion of these sequences, which are very similar but not identical, is still an important problem to be overcome in genome engineering. DNA methylation and chromatin structure affect the efficacy of meganuclease digestion. A thorough consideration of the genetic and epigenetic context of a target sequence is therefore necessary for the practical application of these enzymes. In December 2014, the USPTO issued patent 8,921,332 covering meganuclease-based genome editing in vitro. This patent was licensed exclusively to Cellectis.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27720533
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Hemeroby Hemeroby, or hemerochora is a term used in botanical and ecological sciences. It is often associated to naturalness as the complementary term, with a high degree of hemeroby equating to a high human influence on a natural environment. However, the two terms are not inversely related. The term is derived from the Greek "hémeros" and "bíos". The word hemero-, hemer- means tame, cultivated. Bios is life. literally means "tamed life". Various scales for quantifying hemeroby have been devised.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27728261
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Ingo Sick (born 1939) is a Swiss experimental nuclear physicist. Sick earned his PhD in 1968 at the University of Basel. In 1983, he became an "ausserordentlicher Professor" (professor without chair) for Experimental Physics at Basel. In 1993, he succeeded Eugene Baumgartner and became an "ordentlicher Professor". In 2004 he retired as an emeritus professor. He works primarily on electron scattering from atomic nuclei and nucleons. In 1987 he received with Bernard Frois the Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27730581
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Keathley Canyon is an undersea canyon in the United States Exclusive Economic Zone in the Gulf of Mexico. The canyon is named for the hydrographic survey ship USNS "Sergeant George D. Keathley" (T-AGS-35). The Canyon is rich in oil fields. The major oilfields at the are Tiber, Kaskida, Lucius, and Buckskin. Many oil companies, including Chevron Corporation, BP, Anadarko Petroleum, ExxonMobil, Repsol, Shell, Devon Energy, BHP Billiton, Eni, Navitas Petroleum and Total S.A. have leased the rights to drill for oil in this area. In June, 2011, ExxonMobil announced two major oil and gas discoveries in blocks 918, 919, and 964 (Hadrian field) southwest of New Orleans, with combined estimated reserves of . The find was "the company’s first deepwater exploration well following a U.S. moratorium" after the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in the Gulf in 2010 and "one of the largest discoveries in the Gulf ... in the last decade." "Exxon holds a 50% working interest in four ... blocks. Units owned by Petrobras and Eni SPA hold a 25% interest in three of the blocks. Petrobras also owns 50% of one of the blocks."
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27754776
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Lars Bergström (physicist) Lars Bergström (born 1952) is a Swedish professor of theoretical physics specializing in astroparticle physics at Stockholm University, AlbaNova campus. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and since 2004 serves as the secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physics. Bergström received his PhD 1981 from the Royal Institute of Technology, with a thesis by the title of ``Aspects of bound states in hadron physics". After a postdoctoral fellowship at CERN, he was nominated docent in theoretical physics at the Royal Institute of Technology. Afterwards, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics at Uppsala University, before becoming associate professor at Stockholm University in 1995. From 2008 to 2014 he has served as director of the Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics. Bergström has worked at the interface of particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. He has collaborated in numerous international experiments, including AMANDA, IceCube and Fermi. His contributions have been exceptionally important in the field of dark matter indirect detection, through the search of annihilation products of dark matter in the Universe. Together with Paolo Gondolo, Joakim Edsjö, Piero Ullio, Mia Schelke and Edward Baltz, he developed DarkSUSY, a famous numerical package for neutralino dark matter calculations. Bergström has also contributed importantly to the field of supersymmetry, particularly studying supersymmetric dark matter candidates
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27775027
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Lars Bergström (physicist) Bergström has published over 100 papers in peer-reviewed journals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27775027
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Radó von Kövesligethy (in Hungarian usage, Kövesligethy Radó) (Verona, Austria, Austro-Hungarian Empire, 1 September 1862 – Budapest, Hungary 11 October 1934), was a Hungarian physicist, astronomer and geophysicist. The first successful spectral equation of black body radiation was the theory of the continuous spectra of celestial bodies by Rado von Kövesligethy, published 15 years before Planck, in 1885 in Hungarian and in 1890 in German. He derived a spectral equation with the following properties: the spectral distribution of radiation depends only on the temperature, the total irradiated energy is finite (15 years before Planck!), the wavelength of the intensity maximum is inversely proportional to the temperature (eight years before Wien!). Using his spectral equation, he estimated the temperature of several celestial bodies, including the Sun. He also formulated laws to establish the epicenters of earthquakes. He was an assistant to Loránd Eötvös. In 1895, he was elected as a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and later (1909) as a full member. His first and most outstanding disciple was the astrophysicist Béla Harkányi.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27793814
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Superconducting steel is a concept in materials science, referring to the idea of a steel alloy that would behave as a superconductor. The term has appeared primarily in discussions of designs of imagined devices involving nuclear fusion or processes with still higher densities of power. In reporting results of geological surveys in Afghanistan in June 2010 in its on-line edition, the "Times" described niobium -- whose actual major economic uses include structural steel, non-ferrous alloys, and non-ferrous superconducting magnets -- as "a soft metal used in producing superconducting steel", and was widely quoted, often including the phrase "superconducting steel". Two "Times" readers publicly contested this information, respectively labeling it as "wildly wrong" and saying "There is no such thing as 'superconducting steel.' " , no correction to the article has been appended by the "Times".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27801351
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Dzhalindite is a rare indium hydroxide mineral discovered in Siberia. Its chemical formula is In(OH). It was first described in 1963 for an occurrence in the Dzhalinda tin deposit, Malyi Khingan Range, Khabarovskiy Kray, Far-Eastern Region, Russia. It has also been reported from Mount Pleasant, New Brunswick, Canada; the Flambeau mine, Ladysmith, Rusk County, Wisconsin, US; in the Mangabeira tin deposit, Goiás, Brazil; Attica, mines of the Lavrion District, Greece; Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany; the Krušné Hory Mountains of Bohemia, Czech Republic; the Chubu Region, Honshu Island, Japan; and the Arashan Massif of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27868007
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Cyprus Museum of Natural History The is a natural history museum on the outskirts of Nicosia, Cyprus. The museum was founded by the Photos Photiades Charity, Scientific and Cultural Foundation, and is the largest museum of its kind in Cyprus. Its exhibits include stuffed animals of various sorts, fossils, shells, rocks, and minerals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27879377
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Gustav Eberhard Gustav E. Eberhard (10 August 1867 – 3 January 1940) German astrophysicist. Eberhard published numerous investigations on spectroscopy and on photographic photogrametry. The photographic "Eberhard effect" (belonging to the edge effects family) is named after him and was published in 1926.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27880038
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James Ballantyne Hannay FRSE(1855–1931) was a Scottish chemist who believed he had synthesized diamond in 1880. However, modern testing showed that the surviving samples from his experiments were natural diamond, not synthetic. While his techniques were conducive to diamond formation, modern diamond production – not achieved until the 1950s – requires capabilities not available in Hannay's time. Hannay was also known for making precision instruments. was born at 22 Monteith Row in Glasgow on New Year's Day, 1855. His father was Alexander Hannay, tool-maker, who owned property in Helensburgh and who was the proprietor of the Prince of Wales Theatre, later rebuilt as the Grand Theatre, in Cowcaddens, Glasgow. James Hannay became a chemist and was a prolific innovator. He published several scientific papers and took out over 70 patents in Britain, Europe and the USA. He also formed his own patents company in Glasgow. His most controversial scientific work, which was also his best known, related to his claim, made in 1880, that he had successfully synthesised diamonds. These claims have been investigated by a number of scientists including Sir Robert Robertson, (1869–1949) the first person to establish that two types of natural diamond existed, who took a great personal interest in them. In 1876 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Thomas Edward Thorpe, William Dittmar, William Thomson, Lord Kelvin and Alexander Crum Brown
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James Ballantyne Hannay In the later years of his life Hannay turned away from scientific investigation and moved his attention to examining aspects of the origin and development of religion and published a number of works critical of the Hebrew Scriptures. died in 1931. A collection of archives relating to Hannay was collected by Sir Robert Robertson. These were given to the University of Dundee by Sir Robert's son, Robert H. S. Robertson, who himself carried out much research into the life and career of James Hannay. These records are now held by the University's Archive Services. The University also holds the archives of his father Alexander Hannay. Heritage: The Case of the Hannay Diamonds. New Scientist, 21 February 1980, p. 591.
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Nimbahera stone is a kind of limestone which is found near Nimbahera city in the Chittorgarh district of Rajasthan, India. It is blue in colour and inferior to Kota Stone. It is used as major raw material in cement plants; in fact, there are a lot of cement plants in Chittorgarh district and specially in Nimbahera because of the stone's availability in the region. Major Cement Plants in the District and nearby:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27896224
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Connect (biotechnology organization) Connect is a non-profit serving the San Diego and Southern California region. Connect elevates innovators and entrepreneurs throughout their growth journey by providing educational programming, mentorship, networking events, and access to capital. The current CEO is Mike Krenn. Founded at the University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego), Connect spun out of the university in 2005. Connect was founded in 1985 by Irwin M. Jacobs, co-founder and board member of Qualcomm Incorporated; Richard Atkinson, president emeritus, University of California (and former chancellor, UC San Diego); Lea Rudee, founding dean, UC San Diego School of Engineering; Mary Lindenstein Walshok, associate vice chancellor of extended studies and public programs at UC San Diego; Buzz Woolley, president of Girard Capital/Girard Foundation; David Hale, chairman of Hale BioPharma Ventures LLC; Dan Pegg, former president and CEO of San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation; and Bob Weaver of Deloitte & Touche. In 1986 UC San Diego recruited William (Bill) Otterson, chairman and CEO of Cipher Data Products, to head Connect. Over the following 13 years, Otterson built Connec by bringing together local entrepreneurs, academics and out of area venture capitalists through a variety of programs centered on innovation. Today CONNECT is an internationally renowned program that has now been modeled in almost 40 regions around the world including New York City, the UK, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Australia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27900884
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Connect (biotechnology organization) In May 2019, Connect merged with San Diego Venture Group (SDVG), led by then SDVG President, Mike Krenn. Connect offers programs in the areas of research institution support, access to capital, entrepreneur mentorship, business development, and education on capital structure. Connect's lead program is Springboard, which offers free hands-on mentoring by veterans for innovators at the innovation, technology transfer, commercialization, transition and international expansion stages. Springboard has been recognized as a model by the "New York Times", and "Entrepreneur Magazine". Today the organization focuses on five initiatives including: representing the interests of innovators in Washington, D.C. to ensure that federal legislation fosters innovation including employing a federal policy advocate in D.C., and publication of research papers fostering new models through organizations such as the Kauffman Foundation; expanding San Diego's academic and research community which numbers almost 50 research institutions; securing funding for a regional loan program to provide intellectual property protection and seed fund loans for research organizations; increasing access to capital for early stage companies, supporting the growth of newer technology clusters in San Diego including wireless health, sport innovation, cyber security and robotics, and outsourcing service providers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27900884
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Connect (biotechnology organization) In 2005 CONNECT was a co-founder of the Wireless Life Sciences Alliance, in 2008 CONNECT founded CleanTECH San Diego, and in 2009 founded San Diego Sport Innovators, now headed by Bill Walton. San Diego Sport Innovators was created in 2008 by Camille Sobrian and Marco Thompson by partnering with sponsor Dick Kintz from Shepard Mulin law firm. Sports industry veterans, Peter "PT" Townsend, Ludo Boinnard and Jim Stroesser were added as the founding boarding members. Other board members include: Dana Shertz, Michael Brower, Bob Rief, Tony Finn, Mark Schmid, John Sarkisian, Brian Enge, Dave Nash, John Wilson, Dave Down, Jeff Kearl, and Kevin Flanagan. Former NBA great, Bill Walton, was brought in as the chairman in 2009. The highest award CONNECT gives entrepreneurs is the Entrepreneur Hall of Fame Award. This award is given to those Connect deems community leaders through influence in life science and technology based businesses in San Diego. These businesses are viewed by Connect as significant contributions to San Diego's economy and quality of life, relying on the "Hall of Fame" entrepreneurs for their success
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Connect (biotechnology organization) Those given the award include: Irwin Jacobs, co-founder, board member and former chairman and CEO, Qualcomm Incorporated; Walter Zable, co-founder, chairman and CEO of Cubic Corporation; Robert Beyster, founder and former chairman and CEO of SAIC and chairman of The Foundation for Enterprise Development; Ivor Royston, co-founder of Hybritech (San Diego's first biotechnology company) and managing member of Forward Ventures; William Rastetter, former president and CEO of IDEC Pharmaceuticals (merged with Biogen to become Biogen Idec, the third largest biotechnology company in the world); and Neal Blue, chairman and CEO of General Atomics (GA), Linden Blue, vice chairman of GA and chairman of Spectrum Aeronautical, and Peter Preuss, founder of ISSCO.
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Climate of East Anglia The climate of East Anglia is generally dry and mild. The region is among the driest in the United Kingdom with many areas receiving less than 700mm of rainfall a yearand locations such as Lowestoft less than 600 mm on average. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. Maximum temperatures range from 5–10 °C (41–50 °F) in the winter to 20–25 °C (68–77 °F) in the summer, although temperatures have been known to reach 35 °C (95 °F). Sunshine totals tend to be higher towards the coastal areas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27906852
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Gauss–Bonnet gravity In general relativity, Gauss–Bonnet gravity, also referred to as Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity, is a modification of the Einstein–Hilbert action to include the Gauss–Bonnet term (named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Pierre Ossian Bonnet) formula_1 This term is only nontrivial in 4+1D or greater, and as such, only applies to extra dimensional models. In 3+1D, it reduces to a topological surface term. This follows from the generalized Gauss–Bonnet theorem on a 4D manifold In lower dimensions, it identically vanishes. Despite being quadratic in the Riemann tensor (and Ricci tensor), terms containing more than 2 partial derivatives of the metric cancel out, making the Euler–Lagrange equations second order quasilinear partial differential equations in the metric. Consequently, there are no additional dynamical degrees of freedom, as in say f(R) gravity. has also been shown to be connected to classical electrodynamics by means of complete gauge invariance with respect to Noether's theorem. More generally, we may consider term for some function "f". Nonlinearities in "f" render this coupling nontrivial even in 3+1D. Therefore, fourth order terms reappear with the nonlinearities.
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Endothermic gas is a gas that inhibits or reverses oxidation on the surfaces it is in contact with. This gas is the product of incomplete combustion in a controlled environment. An example is hydrogen gas (H), nitrogen gas (N), and carbon monoxide (CO). The hydrogen and carbon monoxide are reducing agents, so they work together to shield surfaces from oxidation. is often used as a carrier gas for gas carburizing and carbonitriding. An endothermic gas generator could be used to supply heat to form an endothermic reaction. Synthesised in the catalytic retort(s) of endothermic generators, the gas in the endothermic atmosphere is combined with an additive gas including natural gas, propane (CH) or air and is then used to improve the surface chemistry work positioned in the furnace. There are two common purposes of the atmospheres in the heat treating industry: Principal Components of Endothermic Gas Generators : Chemistry of Endothermic Gas Generators: Applications of Endothermic Gas Generators: It is relatively simple to operate and maintain endothermic gas generators, however, maintenance such as the burnout process is often overlooked. Troubleshooting the Endothermic Gas Generator (Cracking at 1040°C):
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Minisuperspace In quantum gravity, the phase space is infinite dimensional as we are dealing with a field theory. An approximation which is sometimes taken is to only consider the largest wavelength modes of the order of the size of the universe when studying cosmological models. This is the minisuperspace approximation. The validity of this approximation holds as long as the adiabatic approximation holds. An example would be to only consider the scale factor and Hubble constant for a Friedman–Robertson–Walker model in minisuperspace model the small true vacuum bubble which is nearly spherical with one single parameter of the scalar factor a is described as minisuperspace. It plays a significant role in the explanation of the origin of universe as a bubble in quantum cosmological theory.
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Zultanite is a gem variety of the mineral diaspore, mined in the İlbir Mountains of southwest Turkey at an elevation of over 4,000 feet. Depending on its light source, zultanite’s color varies between a yellowish green, light gold, and purplish pink.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27937678
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John Senex (1678, Ludlow, Shropshire – died 1740, London) was an English cartographer, engraver and explorer. He was also an astrologer, geologist, and geographer to Queen Anne of Great Britain, editor and seller of antique maps and most importantly creator of the pocket-size map of the world. He owned a business on Fleet Street, where he sold maps. He was one of the principal cartographers of the 18th century. He started his apprenticeship with Robert Clavell, at the Stationers Company, in 1692. Senex is famous for his maps of the world, some of which have added elevations, and which feature minuscule detailed engravings. Many of these maps can be found in museum collections; rarely, copies are available for private sale. Some copies are held in the National Maritime Museum; many of his maps are now in the possession of Trinity College Dublin. Having worked and collaborated with Charles Price, Senex created a series of engravings for the London Almanacs and in 1714 he published together with Maxwell an English Atlas. In 1719 he published a miniature edition of "Britannia" by John Ogilby. He became particularly interested in depicting California as an island instead of part of mainland North America, a trait which makes many of his maps appealing to collectors. In 1721 he published a new general atlas. He used the work of cartographer Guillaume de L’Isle as an influence. In 1728 Senex was elected into the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27954240
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MN zonation The (from Mammal Neogene) is a system used to correlate mammal-bearing fossil localities in the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of Europe. It consists of sixteen consecutive zones (numbered MN 1 through MN 17; MN 7 and 8 have been joined into MN 7/8) defined through reference faunas, well-known sites that other localities can be correlated with. The zones are as follows:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27959084
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QMCF Technology is an episomal protein production system that uses genetically modified mammalian cells and specially designed plasmids. QMCF plasmids carry a combination of regulatory sequences from mouse polyomavirus (Py) DNA replication origin which in combination with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA-1 protein binding site as nuclear retention elements ensure stable propagation of plasmids in mammalian cells. In addition the vectors carry the selection marker operational for selection of plasmid carrying bacteria and QMCF cells, bacterial ColE1 origin of replication, and cassette for expression of protein of interest. QMCF cell lines express Large-T antigen and EBNA-1 proteins which bind the viral sequences on the QMCF plasmid and hence support plasmid replication and maintenance in the cells. has several important differences compared to commonly known transient expression and stable cell line expression systems. Unlike in transient expression system, enables to maintain episomally replicating QMCF plasmids inside the cells for up to 50 days thus providing an option for production phase of 2–3 weeks. Therefore, the production levels of are higher (up to 1g/L). Another difference is the option of establishing expression cell banks within one week, which is not feasible with transient system. Compared to usage of stable cell line, QMCF technology is a rapid method leaving out time-consuming clone selection step during cell line development. can be used for:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27975505
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Jonas Acus-Acukas Jonas Asevicius-Acus-Acukas (July 29, 1885 in Jieznas – July 11, 1976 in Kaunas) was a Lithuanian army officer and chemist. From 1909 to 1918, he served in the Imperial Russian Army at Kaunas Fortress. He fought in the First World War and the Russian Civil War. In 1921 he returned to Lithuania and was mobilized into the Lithuanian Armed Forces, where he attained the rank of colonel (1927) and served until 1940. Acus graduated from Vytautas Magnus University in 1930. He lectured on chemistry and commodity science at Vytautas Magnus University (1934–1940), Vilnius University (1940–1950), and Lithuanian University of Agriculture (1951–1957). He wrote textbooks on foundations of commodity science (1949) and a short course in physical chemistry (1957). Acus was awarded the Commander's Crosses of the Order of Vytautas the Great (1938) and the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (1928).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27979791
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VAPOR (software) VAPOR (Visualization and Analysis Platform for Ocean, Atmosphere, and Solar Researchers) is a software package developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in collaboration with U.C. Davis and Ohio State University. It can produce images and movies from very large mesh-based datasets, such as wind velocity and other physical fields in two and three dimensions. VAPOR has its own input file format, VDF, but it supports conversion from other formats, such as NetCDF, in particular the files output by Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28001520
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Herch Moysés Nussenzveig (born January 16, 1933, São Paulo) is a Brazilian physicist, professor at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro and member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. He authored several textbooks, notably the collection "Curso de Física Básica" ("Course of Basic Physics"), winner of the Prêmio Jabuti in 1999 on the category "Ciências Exatas, Tecnologia e Informática" (Exact Sciences, Technology and Informatics). He was president of the Brazilian Society of Physics from 1981 to 1983. He is known, among other things, for explaining effects such as the glory, an optical phenomenon. In 1986, he was the recipient of the Max Born Award. The prize citation reads: "For distinguished and valuable contributions to the theory of Mie scattering and to the theories of the rainbow and the glory." His two brothers, wife, and three children are all scientists or physicians; one of his children is the mathematician Helena J. Nussenzveig Lopes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28002038
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Bi-scalar tensor vector gravity theory (BSTV) is an extension of the "tensor–vector–scalar gravity" theory (TeVeS). TeVeS is a relativistic generalization of Mordehai Milgrom's Modified Newtonian Dynamics MOND paradigm proposed by Jacob Bekenstein. BSTV was proposed by R.H.Sanders. BSTV makes TeVeS more flexible by making a non-dynamical scalar field in TeVeS into a dynamical one.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28005582
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Hiromichi Kono Hiromichi Kono
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28009987
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Derek Lowe (chemist) Derek Lowe is a medicinal chemist working on preclinical drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Lowe has published a blog about this field, "In the Pipeline", since 2002 and is a columnist for the Royal Society of Chemistry's "Chemistry World". Lowe (born in Harrisburg, Arkansas) got his BA from Hendrix College and his PhD in organic chemistry from Duke University on synthesis of natural products, before spending time in Germany on a Humboldt Fellowship. Lowe was the one of the first people to blog from inside the pharmaceutical industry, with the approval of his supervisor and the company legal department, and one of the first science bloggers. By 2006, his blog had between 3,000 and 4,000 visitors per day during the workweek; he covered business matters, trends and issues in medicinal chemistry, and legal matters like patent law and regulation. At that time he was working at a pharmaceutical chemistry doing hit to lead medical chemistry work. his blog received between 15,000 and 20,000 page views on a typical weekday. His response to a 2013 article in Buzzfeed that propagated chemophobia was widely cited. He serves on the editorial board of "ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters" and on the advisory board of "Chemical & Engineering News".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28017162
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Nitrospirae is a phylum of bacteria. It contains only one class, Nitrospira, which itself contains one order (Nitrospirales) and one family (Nitrospiraceae). It includes multiple genera, such as "Nitrospira", the largest. The first member of this phylum, "Nitrospira marina", was discovered in 1985. The second member, "Nitrospira moscoviensis", was discovered in 1995. The phylogeny based on the work of the All-Species Living Tree Project. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Notes: ♠ Strain found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28017775
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Vladimir Shcherbina Vladimir Vital'evich Shcherbina (1907–1978) was a prominent Soviet geochemist and mineralogist. He was a student of Alexander Fersman. In 1931, he led a team from the USSR Academy of Sciences in the mineralogical examination of the Lovozero Massif. Shcherbinaite, a naturally occurring mineral form of vanadium pentoxide, is named for him. MAIK Nauka has deemed him an "outstanding" geochemist, and in 1998 sponsored a memorial lecture in his honor.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28023107
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Weather Stress Index The Weather Stress Index, or WSI, is a relative measure of the weather conditions, often used as a comfort indicator. The index, a number between 0 and 100, represents the percentage of time in the past with temperatures below the current temperature, for a given location, day and time. This makes the index a local measure based in past weather conditions. For example, if for a given location, on the 25th of July at 13:00 UTC the WSI is 85 for a temperature of , this means that the temperature was inferior to 42 °C in 85% of the time in the past, on the same place, on the 25th of July at 13:00 UTC (and superior to 42 °C in 15% of the time on the same place, day and hour). In other words, the WSI gives the probability of finding a smaller temperature in the local weather history, at a given day and time, than that of the present measurement. Therefore, high values of WSI predict a relative discomfort from excessive heat for local inhabitants. The same WSI for different geographic points might not refer to the same temperature - a WSI of 99.99 for a given location near the North Pole might refer to a temperature that, in lower latitudes, could be rated with a WSI of 50 (an average temperature) for the same day and hour.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28023947
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Bursting Pulsar The (GRO J1744-28) is a low-mass x-ray binary with a period of 11.8 days. It was discovered in December 1995 by the Burst and Transient Source Experiment on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, the second of the NASA Great Observatories. The pulsar is unique in that it has a "bursting phase" where it emits gamma rays and X-rays peaking at approximately 20 bursts per hour after which the frequency of bursts drops off and the pulsar enters a quiescent phase. After a few months, the bursts reappear, though not yet with predictable regularity. The is the only known X-ray pulsar that is also a Type II X-ray burster.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28046777
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GRB 100621A was a gamma-ray burst observed on June 21, 2010, by the Swift spacecraft. It is the second brightest gamma-ray burst yet observed, after GRB 130427A. The distance is reported to be approximately five billion light years, far outside our own Milky Way Galaxy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28047228
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Mohammed Sultan Khan Ghauri is a biologist specialist of Hemiptera.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28072231
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Flora of China The flora of China is diverse. More than 30,000 plant species are native to China, representing nearly one-eighth of the world's total plant species, including thousands found nowhere else on Earth. China contains a variety of several many forest types. Both northeast and northwest reaches contain mountains and cold coniferous forests, supporting animal species which include moose and Asiatic black bear, along with some 120 types of birds. Moist conifer forests can have thickets of bamboo as an understorey, replaced by rhododendrons in higher montane stands of juniper and yew. Subtropical forests, which dominate central and southern China, support an astounding 146,000 species of flora. Tropical rainforest and seasonal rainforests, though confined to Yunnan and Hainan Island, contain a quarter of all the plant and animal species found in China. The flora of China has an online database which gives both a taxon's description and its taxonomy. (see also, List of electronic floras.)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28075326
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Carbon carousel A carbon carousel uses panels that, after being depleted of CO in the regeneration chamber, exit this chamber and enter the carousel. The carousel rotates the CO-sorbent panels through the air, collecting CO all the while, until the CO-saturated panels reach the point of entry to the regeneration chamber. The regeneration process provides new panels for the exit to the recovery process.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28081325
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Statistical fluctuations are fluctuations in quantities derived from many identical random processes. They are fundamental and unavoidable. It can be proved that the relative fluctuations reduce as the square root of the number of identical processes. are responsible for many results of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, including phenomena such as shot noise in electronics. When a number of random processes occur, it can be shown that the outcomes fluctuate (vary in time) and that the fluctuations are inversely proportional to the square root of the number of processes. As an example that will be familiar to all, if a fair coin is tossed many times and the number of heads and tails counted, the ratio of heads to tails will be very close to 1 (about as many heads as tails); but after only a few throws, outcomes with a significant excess of heads over tails or vice versa are common; if an experiment with a few throws is repeated over and over, the outcomes will fluctuate a lot. An electric current so small that not many electrons are involved flowing through a p-n junction is susceptible to statistical fluctuations as the actual number of electrons per unit time (the current) will fluctuate; this produces detectable and unavoidable electrical noise known as shot noise.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28084980
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Coulomb excitation is a technique in experimental nuclear physics to probe the electromagnetic aspect of nuclear structure. In coulomb excitation, a nucleus is excited by an inelastic collision with another nucleus through the electromagnetic interaction. In order to ensure that the interaction is electromagnetic in nature — and not nuclear — a "safe" scattering angle is chosen. This method is particularly useful for investigating collectivity in nuclei, as collective excitations are often connected by electric quadrupole transitions.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28117700
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Alexander Strauch (born 1 March 1832 in Saint Petersburg – died 14 August 1893 in Wiesbaden, Germany) was a Russian naturalist, most notably a herpetologist. In 1861 he started work as a curator of the zoological museum at the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. From 1879 to 1890 he was director of the museum. He is credited with establishing St. Petersburg as a major world center in regard to herpetology. Taxa with the specific epithet of "strauchi" or "strauchii" commemorate his name, five examples being: "Nota bene": A Taxon author in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a different genus. His zoologist author abbreviation is Strauch.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28119069
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Tension zone A tension zone is a transitional zone between two distinctive zones, the zones may be influenced by climatic factors, and geological variation. creating a floristic tension zone. A marine tension zone may be affected by variables such as depth, climate or salinity. In a tension zone there is the increased probability of hybridization between species of the separate zones and thus the tension zone may also be a hybrid zone. Historically tension zones were entirely natural in origin, however human activity has altered the tension zones in a variety of areas all over the world.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28120387
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Handbook of Australian Soils The is a soil classification system developed for Australian soils. The first edition was published in 1968 and is based on the great soil group classification system published by J. A. Prescott in 1931. It has since been superseded by the Australian Soil Classification.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28121639
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Joseph Pallithanam Joseph Mathen Pallithanam (1915–1984) was an Indian botanist. He was born to Mathachan (Vachaparampil) and Mariamma (Pallithanam) in Kainadyvillage of Kuttanadu. He belongs to a traditional agricultural family. His maternal uncle Pallithanthu Mathai Luka (Pallithanathu Kochu Mathan) pioneered the backwater kayal cultivation in Kuttanadu. After his education, he became a priest in the Society of Jesus. He then completed a doctorate in botany, and became an instructor at St. Xaviers College, Tirunelveli Tamil Nadu, and then at St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirapalli. He dedicated his time to taxonomic studies and the compilation of florae. Pallithanam was one of the first Indian Jesuit botanists. Though he had done considerable work in field of taxonomy, very little has been published; however, along with Father Balam of St. Joseph's College, he inspired scores of students to study the botany of India. His book "A Pocket Flora of the Sirumalai Hills South India" is still considered as a notable work on South Indian flora; it is still cited in the scientific literature.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28129453
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Hellenic Trench The is a hemispherical-scale long narrow depression in the Ionian Sea. The Hellenic trench is roughly to 5,300 metres (17,388 feet) deep, placing it in the abyssal zone. The names of the three major parts of the Hellenic trench are: Matapan Deep System or Matapan–Vavilov Deep, roughly , the Kithera–Antikithera System, , and the Zakinthos–Strofadhes system, . The Calypso Deep, located in the Matapan–Vavilov Deep, is roughly deep and is the deepest point in the Mediterranean Sea. The Hellenic trench region is an ecosystem to sperm whales and other aquatic life and has been used by marine biologists to study the behaviour of various aquatic species. This is the trench where several earthquakes, including the 365 Crete earthquake, occurred.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28158585
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Veiki moraine A (Swedish: Veikimorän) is a type of moraine found in northern Sweden, Troms og Finnmark in Norway, and parts of Canada. This moraine is characterized by forming a hummocky landscape of irregular moraine plateaus with elevated rims that are intercalated with ponds. Gunnar Hoppe was the first to define the concept in 1952, naming it after a locality consisting of two farms located about 10 kilometers north of Gällivare and Malmberget. To the east in Finnish Lapland, a moraine type similar to but smaller is known as Pulju moraine since 1967. The disposition of the Veiki moraines reflects the last glacier movements before an ice sheet retreats, and their final form is given by the melting of dead-ice and the development and sedimentation of glacial lagoons between dead-ice cored rims during interstadial periods. In the case of the Veiki moraines of Sweden, the interstadial during which the lagoons sedimented is believed to have occurred in the early Weichsel glaciation. Thus, the Veiki moraines of Sweden are a relict landform that has largely survived later glacier action.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28161932
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Pulju moraine A (Swedish: Pulju-morän) is a type of moraine found in northern Finland. Pulju moraines were first identified as distinct moraine type in 1967 by Finnish geologist Raimo Kujansuu who noticed moraines that resembled Veiki moraines as those described by Gunnar Hoppe in 1952 but were smaller. Raimo Kujansuu described Pulju moraines with the following words: Together with Veiki moraines Pulju moraines form landscapes of the type "ice-walled lake plains".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28162279
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Natural Sciences Museum Sabiha Kasimati Natural Sciences Museum "Sabiha Kasimati" (in Albanian: "Muzeu i Shkencave të Natyrës "Sabiha Kasimati"") is a natural science museum in Tirana, Albania. Established in 1948, the museum is affiliated with the University of Tirana and has branches in zoology, botany and geology. On 8 March 2018, the museum was named after Sabiha Kasimati, first Albanian scientist to make major contributions to the study of freshwater fish. Kasimati was killed in February 1951 by the Communist regime, accused of being part of a group of 22 Albanian intellectuals who had detonated a bomb in the Russian embassy in Tirana. In 1991, all victims were rehabilitated by the new government and awarded posthumously by the Order of Honour of the State. The museum is composed of seven pavilions that collect 3,000 items related to the rich Albanian biodiversity, including animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects and aquatic invertebrates) and plants. The institution is the largest scientific, educational, educational and cultural complex in the country, and the only study centre on biodiversity and the Albanian environment.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28169529
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Copernicus Foundation for Polish Astronomy The is a Polish scientific foundation which aim is to support Polish astronomy by: financing research, founding stipends, propagation of an astronomical knowledge in the society and activation and stimulation of the astronomical community. The Copernicus foundation is headquartered in Warsaw, Poland and Prof. Marcin Kubiak is the chairman of the organization. The Copernicus Foundation is a publisher of an Acta Astronomica - a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering astronomy and astrophysics.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28174244
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Strong confinement limit In physics, the strong confinement limit, or "festina lente" limit, is a mode of an atom laser in which the frequency of emission of the Bose–Einstein condensate is less than the confinement frequency of the trap.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28222173
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Swarts fluorination is a process whereby the chlorine atoms in a compound – generally an organic compound, but experiments have been performed using silanes – are replaced with fluorine, by treatment with antimony trifluoride in the presence of chlorine or of antimony pentachloride. The active species is antimony trifluorodichloride, which is produced in situ; this compound can also be produced in bulk, according to a patent of John Weaver The process was initially described by Frédéric Jean Edmond Swarts in 1892:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28235575
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Photosynthetic capacity (A) is a measure of the maximum rate at which leaves are able to fix carbon during photosynthesis. It is typically measured as the amount of carbon dioxide that is fixed per metre squared per second, for example as μmol m sec. is limited by carboxylation capacity and electron transport capacity. For example, in high carbon dioxide concentrations or in low light, the plant is not able to regenerate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate fast enough (also known RUBP, the acceptor molecule in photosynthetic carbon reduction). So in this case, photosynthetic capacity is limited by electron transport of the light reaction, which generates the NADPH and ATP required for the PCR (Calvin) Cycle, and regeneration of RUBP. On the other hand, in low carbon dioxide concentrations, the capacity of the plant to perform carboxylation (adding carbon dioxide to Rubisco) is limited by the amount of available carbon dioxide, with plenty of Rubsico left over.¹ Light response, or photosynthesis-irradiance, curves display these relationships. Recent studies have shown that photosynthetic capacity in leaves can be increased with an increase in the number of stomata per leaf. This could be important in further crop development engineering to increase the photosynthetic efficiency through increasing diffusion of carbon dioxide into the plant.²
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28243573
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Cnidariologist A cnidariologist is a zoologist specializing in Cnidaria, a group of freshwater and marine aquatic animals that include the sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28244703
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Sunfleck Sunflecks are brief increases in solar irradiance that occur in understories of an ecosystem when sunlight is able to directly reach the ground. They are caused by either wind moving branches and/or leaves in the canopy or as the sun moves during the day. Although each sunfleck only last for seconds or minutes at a time, they can be responsible more than 80% of the photons that reach plants in the understory, and up to 35% of carbon fixation. This makes them important sources of energy for plants in the understory of forests. The amount of energy that a sunfleck provides depends on their duration, size and shape and the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), which itself depends on the arrangement of vegetation in the canopy and the position of the sun in the sky. The abundance of sunflecks varies greatly both within and between ecosystems, generally the frequency and intensity of sunflecks decreases as tree {i.e., plant or canopy} height and the leaf area index increase. There is no clear distinction between sunflecks and sunpatches, although the latter tend to last for at least an hour and the intensity of PAR reaches the full level of sunlight, whereas the intensity of PAR in sunflecks rarely reaches this. Because the amount of diffuse sunlight reaching the forest floor varies depending on the type of forest, there is no way to quantify an intensity of direct sunlight that qualifies as a sunfleck.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28245768
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DNA condensation refers to the process of compacting DNA molecules "in vitro" or "in vivo". Mechanistic details of DNA packing are essential for its functioning in the process of gene regulation in living systems. Condensed DNA often has surprising properties, which one would not predict from classical concepts of dilute solutions. Therefore, "in vitro" serves as a model system for many processes of physics, biochemistry and biology. In addition, has many potential applications in medicine and biotechnology. DNA diameter is about 2 nm, while the length of a stretched single molecule may be up to several dozens of centimetres depending on the organism. Many features of the DNA double helix contribute to its large stiffness, including the mechanical properties of the sugar-phosphate backbone, electrostatic repulsion between phosphates (DNA bears on average one elementary negative charge per each 0.17 nm of the double helix), stacking interactions between the bases of each individual strand, and strand-strand interactions. DNA is one of the stiffest natural polymers, yet it is also one of the longest molecules. This means that at large distances DNA can be considered as a flexible rope, and on a short scale as a stiff rod. Like a garden hose, unpacked DNA would randomly occupy a much larger volume than when it is orderly packed. Mathematically, for a non-interacting flexible chain randomly diffusing in 3D, the end-to-end distance would scale as a square root of the polymer length
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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DNA condensation For real polymers such as DNA, this gives only a very rough estimate; what is important, is that the space available for the DNA "in vivo" is much smaller than the space that it would occupy in the case of a free diffusion in the solution. To cope with volume constraints, DNA can pack itself in the appropriate solution conditions with the help of ions and other molecules. Usually, is defined as "the collapse of extended DNA chains into compact, orderly particles containing only one or a few molecules". This definition applies to many situations in vitro and is also close to the definition of in bacteria as "adoption of relatively concentrated, compact state occupying a fraction of the volume available". In eukaryotes, the DNA size and the number of other participating players are much larger, and a DNA molecule forms millions of ordered nucleoprotein particles, the nucleosomes, which is just the first of many levels of DNA packing. In viruses and bacteriophages, the DNA or RNA is surrounded by a protein capsid, sometimes further enveloped by a lipid membrane. Double-stranded DNA is stored inside the capsid in the form of a spool, which can have different types of coiling leading to different types of liquid-crystalline packing. This packing can change from hexagonal to cholesteric to isotropic at different stages of the phage functioning. Although the double helices are always locally aligned, the DNA inside viruses does not represent real liquid crystals, because it lacks fluidity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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DNA condensation On the other hand, DNA condensed "in vitro", e.g., with the help of polyamines also present in viruses, is both locally ordered and fluid. Bacterial DNA is packed with the help of polyamines and proteins. Protein-associated DNA occupies about 1/4 of the intracellular volume forming a concentrated viscous phase with liquid crystalline properties, called the nucleoid. Similar DNA packaging exists also in chloroplasts and mitochondria. Bacterial DNA is sometimes referred to as the bacterial chromosome. Bacterial nucleoid evolutionary represents an intermediate engineering solution between the protein-free DNA packing in viruses and protein-determined packing in eukaryotes. Sister chromosomes in the bacterium "Escherichia coli" are induced by stressful conditions to condense and undergo pairing. Stress-induced condensation occurs by a non-random, zipper-like convergence of sister chromosomes. This convergence appears to depend on the ability of identical double-stranded DNA molecules to specifically identify each other, a process that culminates in the proximity of homologous sites along the paired chromosomes. Diverse stress conditions appear to prime bacteria to effectively cope with severe DNA damages such as double-strand breaks. The apposition of homologous sites associated with stress-induced chromosome condensation helps explain how repair of double-strand breaks and other damages occurs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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DNA condensation Eukaryotic DNA with a typical length of dozens of centimeters should be orderly packed to be readily accessible inside the micrometer-size nucleus. In unicellular eukaryotes known as dinoflagellates, it is possible to distinguish liquid-crystalline chromosomal ordering, that they do not contain easily detectable histones, until recently it was thought that they were completely absent and that dinoflagellates were mesokaryotic though this is no longer the case and they are now classified as alveolates. In other eukaryotes, DNA is arranged in the cell nucleus with the help of histones. In this case, the basic level of DNA compaction is the nucleosome, where the double helix is wrapped around the histone octamer containing two copies of each histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. Linker histone H1 binds the DNA between nucleosomes and facilitates packaging of the 10 nm "beads on the string" nucleosomal chain into a more condensed 30 nm fiber. Most of the time, between cell divisions, chromatin is optimized to allow easy access of transcription factors to active genes, which are characterized by a less compact structure called euchromatin, and to alleviate protein access in more tightly packed regions called heterochromatin. During the cell division, chromatin compaction increases even more to form chromosomes, which can cope with large mechanical forces dragging them into each of the two daughter cells
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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DNA condensation can be induced "in vitro" either by applying external force to bring the double helices together, or by inducing attractive interactions between the DNA segments. The former can be achieved e.g. with the help of the osmotic pressure exerted by crowding neutral polymers in the presence of monovalent salts. In this case, the forces pushing the double helices together are coming from entropic random collisions with the crowding polymers surrounding DNA condensates, and salt is required to neutralize DNA charges and decrease DNA-DNA repulsion. The second possibility can be realized by inducing attractive interactions between the DNA segments by multivalent cationic charged ligands (multivalent metal ions, inorganic cations, polyamines, protamines, peptides, lipids, liposomes and proteins). Condensation of long double-helical DNAs is a sharp phase transition, which takes place within a narrow interval of condensing agent concentrations.[ref] Since the double helices come very closely to each other in the condensed phase, this leads to the restructuring of water molecules, which gives rise to the so-called hydration forces.[ref] To understand attraction between negatively charged DNA molecules, one also must account for correlations between counterions in the solution.[ref] by proteins can exhibit hysteresis, which can be explained using a modified Ising model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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DNA condensation Nowadays descriptions of gene regulation are based on the approximations of equilibrium binding in dilute solutions, although it is clear that these assumptions are in fact violated in chromatin. The dilute-solution approximation is violated for two reasons. First, the chromatin content is far from being dilute, and second, the numbers of the participating molecules are sometimes so small, that it does not make sense to talk about the bulk concentrations. Further differences from dilute solutions arise due to the different binding affinities of proteins to condensed and uncondensed DNA. Thus in condensed DNA both the reaction rates can be changed and their dependence on the concentrations of reactants may become nonlinear.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28268694
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David W. Krause is a Canadian-born vertebrate paleontologist currently working as Senior Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, which he joined in 2016. Prior to that he was a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University, where he was employed for 34 years. His work primarily focuses on fossils from the Cretaceous period of Madagascar, and he often travels to the island to uncover new fossils. He is most famous for his discoveries of "Majungasaurus crenatissimus" and "Beezlebufo ampinga". Krause is also the founder of the Madagascar Ankizy Fund, which is dedicated to educating and providing healthcare for poor children in Madagascar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28273137
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Cloud fraction is the percentage of each pixel in satellite imagery or each gridbox in a weather or climate model that is covered with clouds. A cloud fraction of one means the pixel is completely covered with clouds, while a cloud fraction of zero represents a totally cloud free pixel. is important for the modeling of downward radiation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28283406
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Leonard Francis Lindoy Leonard Francis Lindoy, FAA, is an Australian chemist with interests in macrocyclic chemistry and metallo-supramolecular chemistry, and an Emeritus Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Sydney and James Cook University. He moved to the University of Sydney in 1996 to take up the departmental chair in inorganic chemistry vacated by Hans Freeman. He has been recognised for his professional achievements with Fellowships in the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI), the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), the Royal Society of New South Wales (RSN) and in 1993, the Australian Academy of Science (FAA). In 1995, Lindoy received both the H G Smith Memorial Medal and the Burrows Award, the premier award of the Inorganic Chemistry Division of the RACI. Lindoy's contributions were also recognised by the Australian Government in 2001 with a Centenary Medal for "service to Australian society and science in inorganic chemistry". In 2005, he was awarded an RACI Distinguished Fellowship and he went on to receive the 2008 Leighton Memorial Medal which is "the RACI's most prestigious medal and is awarded in recognition of eminent services to chemistry in Australia in the broadest sense." In 2009, he received both the Australian Academy of Science's Craig Medal and a Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Centenary Lectureship and Medal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28293620
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The Weather Company is a weather forecasting and information technology company that owns and operates weather.com and Weather Underground. has been a subsidiary of the Watson & Cloud Platform business unit of IBM since 2016. started as the Weather Channel in 1982. In 2012, the company created a broader holding company replaced the word "Channel" with "Company" to better reflect their growing lineup of digital products. was previously owned by a consortium made up of the Blackstone Group, Bain Capital, and NBCUniversal. That consortium sold the Weather Company's product and technology assets to IBM on January 29, 2016, but retained possession of The Weather Channel cable network until March 2018, when it was sold to Entertainment Studios. As part of the 2016 spin-off, the Bain/Blackstone/NBCUniversal consortium entered into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its weather data and "The Weather Channel" name and branding.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28318386
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Astroinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of study involving the combination of astronomy, data science, machine learning, informatics, and information/communications technologies. is primarily focused on developing the tools, methods, and applications of computational science, data science, machine learning, and statistics for research and education in data-oriented astronomy. Early efforts in this direction included data discovery, metadata standards development, data modeling, astronomical data dictionary development, data access, information retrieval, data integration, and data mining in the astronomical Virtual Observatory initiatives. Further development of the field, along with astronomy community endorsement, was presented to the National Research Council (United States) in 2009 in the "State of the Profession" Position Paper for the 2010 Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey. That position paper provided the basis for the subsequent more detailed exposition of the field in the Informatics Journal paper "Astroinformatics: Data-Oriented Astronomy Research and Education". as a distinct field of research was inspired by work in the fields of Bioinformatics and Geoinformatics, and through the eScience work of Jim Gray (computer scientist) at Microsoft Research, whose legacy was remembered and continued through the Jim Gray eScience Awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28326718
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Astroinformatics Although the primary focus of is on the large worldwide distributed collection of digital astronomical databases, image archives, and research tools, the field recognizes the importance of legacy data sets as well—using modern technologies to preserve and analyze historical astronomical observations. Some practitioners help to digitize historical and recent astronomical observations and images in a large database for efficient retrieval through web-based interfaces. Another aim is to help develop new methods and software for astronomers, as well as to help facilitate the process and analysis of the rapidly growing amount of data in the field of astronomy. is described as the "Fourth Paradigm" of astronomical research. There are many research areas involved with astroinformatics, such as data mining, machine learning, statistics, visualization, scientific data management, and semantic science. Data mining and machine learning play significant roles in as a scientific research discipline due to their focus on "knowledge discovery from data" (KDD) and "learning from data". The amount of data collected from astronomical sky surveys has grown from gigabytes to terabytes throughout the past decade and is predicted to grow in the next decade into hundreds of petabytes with the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope and into the exabytes with the Square Kilometre Array. This plethora of new data both enables and challenges effective astronomical research. Therefore, new approaches are required
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28326718
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Astroinformatics In part due to this, data-driven science is becoming a recognized academic discipline. Consequently, astronomy (and other scientific disciplines) are developing information-intensive and data-intensive sub-disciplines to an extent that these sub-disciplines are now becoming (or have already become) standalone research disciplines and full-fledged academic programs. While many institutes of education do not boast an astroinformatics program, such programs most likely will be developed in the near future. Informatics has been recently defined as "the use of digital data, information, and related services for research and knowledge generation". However the usual, or commonly used definition is "informatics is the discipline of organizing, accessing, integrating, and mining data from multiple sources for discovery and decision support." Therefore, the discipline of astroinformatics includes many naturally-related specialties including data modeling, data organization, etc. It may also include transformation and normalization methods for data integration and information visualization, as well as knowledge extraction, indexing techniques, information retrieval and data mining methods. Classification schemes (e.g., taxonomies, ontologies, folksonomies, and/or collaborative tagging) plus Astrostatistics will also be heavily involved. Citizen science projects (such as Galaxy Zoo) also contribute highly valued novelty discovery, feature meta-tagging, and object characterization within large astronomy data sets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28326718
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Astroinformatics All of these specialties enable scientific discovery across varied massive data collections, collaborative research, and data re-use, in both research and learning environments. In 2012, two position papers were presented to the Council of the American Astronomical Society that led to the establishment of formal working groups in and Astrostatistics for the profession of astronomy within the US and elsewhere. provides a natural context for the integration of education and research. The experience of research can now be implemented within the classroom to establish and grow data literacy through the easy re-use of data. It also has many other uses, such as repurposing archival data for new projects, literature-data links, intelligent retrieval of information, and many others. Additional conferences and conference lists:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28326718
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Characteristic length In physics, a characteristic length is an important dimension that defines the scale of a physical system. Often, such a length is used as an input to a formula in order to predict some characteristics of the system, and it is usually required by the construction of a dimensionless quantity, in the general framework of dimensional analysis and in particular applications such as fluid mechanics. In computational mechanics, a characteristic length is defined to force localization of a stress softening constitutive equation. The length is associated with an integration point. For 2D analysis, it is calculated by taking the square root of the area. For 3D analysis, it is calculated by taking the cubic root of the volume associated to the integration point. A characteristic length is usually the volume of a system divided by its surface: formula_1 For example, in calculating flow through circular and non-circular tubes, in order to examine flow conditions (i.e. the Reynolds number). In those cases, the characteristic length is the diameter of the pipe, or in case of non-circular tubes its hydraulic diameter formula_2: formula_3 Where formula_4 is the cross-sectional area of the pipe and formula_5 is its wetted perimeter. It is defined such that it reduces to a circular diameter of D for circular pipes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28329521
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Characteristic length For flow through a square duct with a side length of a, the hydraulic diameter formula_2 is: formula_7 For a rectangular duct with side lengths a and b: formula_8 For free surfaces (such as in open-channel flow), the wetted perimeter includes only the walls in contact with the fluid.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28329521
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NGC 4911 is a disturbed, warped spiral galaxy with a bright prominent central starburst ring and located deep within the Coma Cluster of galaxies, which lies 320 million light years away in the northern constellation Coma Berenices. is believed to be interacting with its warped, barred lenticular companion (or any of its many other nearby companions), producing the enhanced star formation and shell-like appearance seen in optical images. The galaxy contains rich lanes of dust and gas near its centre. The existence of clouds of Hydrogen within the galaxy indicates ongoing star formation. This is rare for a spiral galaxy to be situated at the heart of a cluster.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28330452
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Handbook of Electrochemistry The Handbook of Electrochemistry, edited by Cynthia Zoski, is a sourcebook containing a wide range of electrochemical information. It provides details of experimental considerations, typical calculations, and illustrates many of the possibilities open to electrochemical experimentators. The book has five sections: Fundamentals, Laboratory Practical, Techniques, Applications, and Data - and each contains a series of entries by a range of scholars.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28341407
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Heinrich Friese (Heinrich Friedrich August Karl Ludwig Friese, was born on 4 May, 1860 in Schwerin, and died 8 September, 1948 in Schwerin) was a German biologist and entomologist, specialist of bees (melittologist). Between 1883 and 1939 he described 1,989 new species and 564 new varieties or subspecies of insects, 99% of which were bees. He has published 270 scientific articles, including a 6-volume report on European bees (1895-1901). The bee genus "Eufriesea" is named after him, along with stingless bee (Meliponini) genus "Frieseomelitta", as well as a number of separate species such as "Megachile friesei" and "Sphecodes friesei".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28342026
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Tenacity (mineralogy) In mineralogy, tenacity is a mineral's behavior when deformed or broken. Brittleness:<br> The mineral breaks or powders easily. Most ionic-bonded minerals are brittle. Malleability:<br> The mineral may be pounded out into thin sheets. Metallic-bonded minerals are usually malleable. Ductility:<br> The mineral may be drawn into a wire. Ductile materials have to be malleable as well as tough. Sectility:<br> May be cut smoothly with a knife. Relatively few minerals are sectile. Sectility is a form of tenacity and can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance. Gold, for example, is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not. Elasticity:<br> If bent, will spring back to its original position when the stress is released. Plasticity:<br> If bent, will not spring back to its original position when the stress is released. It stays bent. In contrast, flexibility is the ability of a material to deform elastically and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28345476
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Louis Späth (fl. 1892) appears in the International Plant Names Index as the author of one or more botanical names. His specialism was spermatophytes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28349634
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DENIS J081730.0−615520 (also known as 2MASS 08173001−6155158) is a T brown dwarf approximately away in the constellation Carina. It was discovered by Etienne Artigau and his colleagues in April 2010. The star belongs to the T6 spectral class implying a photosphere temperature of about 950 K. It has a mass of about 15 M (Jupiter masses) or about 1.5% the mass of the Sun. DENIS J081730.0-615520 is the second-nearest isolated T dwarf to the Sun (after UGPS J0722−0540) and the fifth-nearest (also after ε Indi Bab and SCR 1845-6357B) if one takes into account T dwarfs in multiple star systems. It is also the brightest T dwarf in the sky (in the J-band); it had been missed before due to its proximity to the galactic plane.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28362507
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Polypetalae was a taxonomic grouping used in the identification of plants, but it is now considered to be artificial group, one that does not reflect evolutionary history. The grouping was based on similar morphological plant characteristics. was defined as including plants with the petals free from the base or only slightly connected.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28368683
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Vanishing scalar invariant spacetime In mathematical physics, vanishing scalar invariant (VSI) spacetimes are Lorentzian manifolds with all polynomial curvature invariants of all orders vanishing. Although the only Riemannian manifold with VSI property is flat space, the Lorentzian case admits nontrivial spacetimes with this property. Distinguishing these VSI spacetimes from Minkowski spacetime requires comparing non-polynomial invariants or carrying out the full Cartan–Karlhede algorithm on non-scalar quantities. All VSI spacetimes are Kundt spacetimes. An example with this property in four dimensions is a pp-wave. VSI spacetimes however also contain some other four-dimensional Kundt spacetimes of Petrov type N and III. VSI spacetimes in higher dimensions have similar properties as in the four-dimensional case.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28371877
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Kundt spacetime In mathematical physics, Kundt spacetimes are Lorentzian manifolds admitting a geodesic null congruence with vanishing optical scalars (expansion, twist and shear). A well known member of Kundt class is pp-wave. Ricci-flat Kundt spacetimes in arbitrary dimension are algebraically special. In four dimensions Ricci-flat Kundt metrics of Petrov type III and N are completely known. All VSI spacetimes belong to a subset of the Kundt spacetimes.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28411451
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Heteronuclear molecule A heteronuclear molecule is a molecule composed of atoms of more than one chemical element. For example, a molecule of water (HO) is heteronuclear because it has atoms of two different elements, hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). Similarly, a heteronuclear ion is an ion that contains atoms of more than one chemical element. For example, the carbonate ion (CO) is heteronuclear because it has atoms of carbon (C) and oxygen (O). The lightest heteronuclear ion is the helium hydride ion (HeH). This is in contrast to a homonuclear ion, which contains all the same kind of atom, such as the dihydrogen cation, or atomic ions that only contain one atom such as the hydrogen anion (H).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28426846
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Methylacetylene-propadiene gas Methylacetylene-propadiene (MPS) gas is a type of fuel gas used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting torches, comprising a mixture of several gases. An MPS gas is a mixture of two or more of propane, butane, butadiene, methylacetylene (propyne, CHC≡CH) and propadiene (CH=C=CH). They are marketed under different names including: "MPS", "Chem-O-Lean", "Apachi Gas", "FG-2 Gas", "Flamex" and "natural gas". The most commonly known type of MPS gas is the discontinued MAPP gas. As a fuel gas, it burns hotter than propylene, propane or natural gas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28466582
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Virbhadra–Ellis lens equation The relates angular positions of an unlensed source formula_1, the image formula_2, the Einstein bending angle of light formula_3, and the angular diameter lens-source formula_4 and observer-source formula_5 distances. This lens equation is useful for studying gravitational lensing in a strong gravitational field.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28472413
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Jaramillo normal event The is a period of normal polarity of Earth's magnetic field during the Matumaya Reversed Epoch. The is dated to 1.06 to 0.9 million years ago in the stratigraphic record of Pleistocene epoch rocks found near Jaramillo Creek in the Valles Caldera of New Mexico.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28482468
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HL23V was reputedly a type C RNA tumor virus first isolated in 1975 from cultured human acute myelogenous leukaemia peripheral blood leukocytes, which would have been the first cancer-causing retrovirus isolated from human sera. It was later shown to be a laboratory contaminant of three monkey viruses. The journal "Nature", which had published the original research, later retracted the article.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28499068
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Gasochromism is closely related to electrochromism. The process involves the interaction of an electrochrome, usually a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide, with an oxidizing or reducing gas, commonly oxygen and hydrogen, producing reversible color changes. The gasochromic technology is used commercially in reversible smart windows and gas sensing of oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide. Chromism
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28540674
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