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Vapochromism strongly overlaps with solvatochromism since vapochromic systems are ones in which dyes change colour in response to the vapour of an organic compound or gas. Vapochromic devices are the optical branch of electronic noses. The main applications are in sensors for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a variety of environments, including industrial, domestic and medical areas. An example of such a device is an array consisting of a metalloporphyrin (Lewis acid), a pH indicator dye and a solvatochromic dye. The array is scanned with a flat-bed recorder, and the result are compared with a library of known VOCs. Vaporchromic materials are sometimes Pt or Au complexes, which undergo distinct color changes when exposed to VOCs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28541067
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Mechanochromism The change of colour which occurs when chemicals are put under stress in the solid state by mechanical grinding, crushing and milling; by friction and rubbing; or in the solid or solution state by high pressure or sonification is covered by the generic term mechanochromism. Specifically colour change under pressure is known as piezochromism and under grinding or attrition tribochromism. 1. Bamfield, Peter and Hutchings, Michael G, Chromic Phenomena: the technological applications of colour chemistry, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge UK, pages 104-5, 2010. .
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28557957
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Complex systems biology (CSB) is a branch or subfield of mathematical and theoretical biology concerned with complexity of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with emphasis being placed on the complex interactions of, and within, bionetworks, and on the fundamental relations and relational patterns that are essential to life. CSB is thus a field of theoretical sciences aimed at discovering and modeling the relational patterns essential to life that has only a partial overlap with complex systems theory, and also with the systems approach to biology called systems biology; this is because the latter is restricted primarily to simplified models of biological organization and organisms, as well as to only a general consideration of philosophical or semantic questions related to complexity in biology. Moreover, a wide range of abstract theoretical complex systems are studied as a field of applied mathematics, with or without relevance to biology, chemistry or physics. A complete definition of complexity for individual organisms, species, ecosystems, biological evolution and the biosphere has eluded researchers, and still is an ongoing issue
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28564320
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Complex systems biology Most complex system models are often formulated in terms of concepts drawn from statistical physics, information theory and non-linear dynamics; however, such approaches are not focused on, or do not include, the conceptual part of complexity related to organization and topological attributes or algebraic topology, such as network connectivity of genomes, interactomes and biological organisms that are very important. Recently, the two complementary approaches based both on information theory, network topology/abstract graph theory concepts are being combined for example in the fields of neuroscience and human cognition. It is generally agreed that there is a hierarchy of complexity levels of organization that should be considered as distinct from that of the levels of reality in ontology. The hierarchy of complexity levels of organization in the biosphere is also recognized in modern classifications of taxonomic ranks, such as: biological domain and biosphere, biological kingdom, Phylum, biological class, order, family, genus and species
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28564320
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Complex systems biology Because of their dynamic and composition variability, intrinsic "fuzziness", autopoietic attributes, ability to self-reproduce, and so on, organisms do not fit into the 'standard' definition of general systems, and they are therefore 'super-complex' in both their function and structure; organisms can be thus be defined in CSB only as 'meta-systems' of simpler dynamic systems Such a meta-system definition of organisms, species, 'ecosystems', and so on, is not equivalent to the definition of a "system of systems" as in Autopoietic Systems Theory,; it also differs from the definition proposed for example by K.D. Palmer in meta-system engineering, organisms being quite different from machines and automata with fixed input-output transition functions, or a continuous dynamical system with fixed phase space, contrary to the Cartesian philosophical thinking; thus, organisms cannot be defined merely in terms of a quintuple "A" of "(states, startup state, input and output sets/alphabet, transition function)", although 'non-deterministic automata', as well as 'fuzzy automata' have also been defined. Tessellation or cellular automata provide however an intuitive, visual/computational insight into the lower levels of complexity, and have therefore become an increasingly popular, discrete model studied in computability theory, applied mathematics, physics, computer science, theoretical biology/systems biology, cancer simulations and microstructure modeling
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28564320
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Complex systems biology Evolving cellular automata using genetic algorithms is also an emerging field attempting to bridge the gap between the tessellation automata and the higher level complexity approaches in CSB. The following is only a partial list of topics covered in complex systems biology:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28564320
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ESO 137-001 is a barred spiral galaxy located in the constellation Triangulum Australe and in the cluster Abell 3627. As the galaxy moves to the center of the cluster at 7 million kilometers per hour, it is stripped by hot gas thus creating a 260,000 light-year long tail. This is called ram pressure stripping. The intergalactic gas in the Abell 3627 is 180 million degrees Fahrenheit which causes star formation in the tails. The galaxy was discovered by Dr. Ming Sun in 2005. The stripping of gas is thought to have a significant effect on the galaxy's development, removing cold gas from the galaxy, shutting down the formation of new stars in the galaxy, and changing the appearance of inner spiral arms and bulges because of the effects of star formation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28568686
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TN J0924-2201 is the second most distant radio galaxy known to date. It was discovered by Wil van Breugel in 1999.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28568900
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ISOHDFS 27 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Tucana, and was discovered in the Hubble Deep Field South survey. It is the most massive spiral galaxy found in the survey, measuring in diameter. It is located approximately from Earth and has a mass of solar masses (), about four times as massive as the Milky Way.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28569410
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Dead-ice occurs when a glacier or ice sheet ceases to move and melts in situ. After the ice has melted it leaves behind a hummocky terrain produced by the deposition of glacio-fluvial sediments and ablation till as the ice melted. Such features include kettle holes. Landscape forming Veiki moraines in northern Sweden and Canada have been ascribed as the result of ablation of extensive bodies of till-covered dead-ice.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28578885
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Dilmun (Titan) Dilmun is a region of high albedo on Titan, Saturn's natural satellite. Dilmun is located near the equator, centered on 15°N and 175 ° W. The large dark area of Shangri-la is located in the south. Dilmun was discovered in the images transmitted by the "Cassini" spacecraft. It received the name of Dilmun, the garden paradise in Sumerian mythology.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28631172
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Geoscientist (magazine) Geoscientist is a monthly magazine produced for the Fellowship of the Geological Society of London. The magazine was first published in 1990. It is editorially independent of the Geological Society's administration. It has a print run of 10,000 and is freely available to all Fellows.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28637561
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Antibody-drug conjugate Antibody-drug conjugates or ADCs are a class of biopharmaceutical drugs designed as a targeted therapy for treating cancer. Unlike chemotherapy, ADCs are intended to target and kill tumor cells while sparing healthy cells. As of 2019, some 56 pharmaceutical companies were developing ADCs. ADCs are complex molecules composed of an antibody linked to a biologically active cytotoxic (anticancer) payload or drug. Antibody-drug conjugates are examples of bioconjugates and immunoconjugates. ADCs combine the targeting capabilities of monoclonal antibodies with the cancer-killing ability of cytotoxic drugs. They can be designed to discriminate between healthy and diseased tissue. An anticancer drug is coupled to an antibody that specifically targets a certain tumor antigen (e.g. a protein that, ideally, is only to be found in or on tumor cells). Antibodies attach themselves to the antigens on the surface of cancerous cells. The biochemical reaction between the antibody and the target protein (antigen) triggers a signal in the tumor cell, which then absorbs or internalizes the antibody together with the linked cytotoxin. After the ADC is internalized, the cytotoxin kills the cancer. This targeting, limits side effects and gives a wider therapeutic window than other chemotherapeutic agents. ADC technologies have been featured in many publications, including scientific journals. Drugs that would target tumor cells and ignore others was conceived in 1900 by German Nobel laureate Paul Ehrlich
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28646624
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Antibody-drug conjugate In 2001 Pfizer/Wyeth's drug Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (trade name: Mylotarg) was approved. However, after a request from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the company withdrew it in June 2010. It was re-introduced into the US market in 2017. Brentuximab vedotin (trade name: Adcetris, marketed by Seattle Genetics and Millennium/Takeda) was approved for relapsed HL and relapsed sALCL by the FDA on August 19, 2011 and received conditional marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency in October 2012. Trastuzumab emtansine (ado-trastuzumab emtansine or T-DM1, trade name: Kadcyla, marketed by Genentech and Roche) was approved in February 2013 for the treatment of people with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) who had received prior treatment with trastuzumab and a taxane chemotherapy. The European Commission approved Inotuzumab ozogamicin as a monotherapy for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory CD22-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on June 30, 2017 under the trade name Besponsa® (Pfizer/Wyeth), followed on August 17, 2017 by the FDA. The first immunology antibody-drug conjugate (iADC), ABBV-3373, is undergoing clinical trials for participants with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis
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Antibody-drug conjugate In July 2018, Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited and Glycotope GmbH have inked a pact regarding the combination of Glycotope's investigational tumor-associated TA-MUC1 antibody gatipotuzumab and Daiichi Sankyo's proprietary ADC technology for developing gatipotuzumab antibody drug conjugate. In 2019 AstraZeneca agreed to pay up to US$6.9 billion to jointly develop DS-8201 with Japan's Daiichi Sankyo. It is intended to replace Herceptin for treating breast cancer. DS8201 carries eight payloads, compared to the usual four. Eight ADCs have received market approval – all for oncotherapies. A stable link between the antibody and cytotoxic (anti-cancer) agent is a crucial aspect of an ADC. A stable ADC linker ensures that less of the cytotoxic payload falls off before reaching a tumor cell, improving safety, and limiting dosages. Linkers are based on chemical motifs including disulfides, hydrazones or peptides (cleavable), or thioethers (noncleavable). Cleavable and noncleavable linkers were proved to be safe in preclinical and clinical trials. Brentuximab vedotin includes an enzyme-sensitive "cleavable linker" that delivers the antimicrotubule agent monomethyl auristatin E or MMAE, a synthetic antineoplastic agent, to human-specific CD30-positive malignant cells. MMAE inhibits cell division by blocking the polymerization of tubulin. Because of its high toxicity MMAE cannot be used as a single-agent chemotherapeutic drug
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Antibody-drug conjugate However, MMAE linked to an anti-CD30 monoclonal antibody (cAC10, a cell membrane protein of the tumor necrosis factor or TNF receptor) was stable in extracellular fluid. It is cleavable by cathepsin and safe for therapy. Trastuzumab emtansine is a combination of the microtubule-formation inhibitor mertansine (DM-1) and antibody trastuzumab that employs a stable, "non-cleavable linker". The availability of better and more stable linkers has changed the function of the chemical bond. The type of linker, "cleavable" or "noncleavable", lends specific properties to the cytotoxic drug. For example, a "non-cleavable" linker keeps the drug within the cell. As a result, the entire antibody, linker and cytotoxic (anti-cancer) agent enter the targeted cancer cell where the antibody is degraded into an amino acid. The resulting complex – amino acid, linker and cytotoxic agent – is considered to be the active drug. In contrast, "cleavable linkers" are detached by enzymes in the cancer cell. The cytotoxic payload can then escape from the targeted cell and, in a process called "bystander killing", attack neighboring cells. Another type of cleavable linker, currently in development, adds an extra molecule between the cytotoxin and the cleavage site. This allows researchers to create ADCs with more flexibility without changing cleavage kinetics. Researchers are developing a new method of peptide cleavage based on Edman degradation, a method of sequencing amino acids in a peptide
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28646624
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Antibody-drug conjugate Also under development are site-specific conjugation (TDCs) and novel conjugation techniques to further improve stability and therapeutic index, α emitting immunoconjugates, antibody-conjugated nanoparticles and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates. The first generation uses linking technologies that conjugate drugs non-selectively to cysteine or lysine residues in the antibody, resulting in a heterogeneous mixture. This approach leads to suboptimal safety and efficacy and complicates optimization of the biological, physical and pharmacological properties. Site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids generates a site for controlled and stable attachment. This enables the production of homogeneous ADCs with the antibody precisely linked to the drug and controlled ratios of antibody to drug, allowing the selection of a best-in-class ADC. An "Escherichia coli"-based open cell-free synthesis (OCFS) allows the synthesis of proteins containing site-specifically incorporated non-natural amino acids and has been optimized for predictable high-yield protein synthesis and folding. The absence of a cell wall allows the addition of non-natural factors to the system to manipulate transcription, translation and folding to provide precise protein expression modulation. The majority of ADCs under development or in clinical trials are for oncological and hematological indications. This is primarily driven by the inventory of monoclonal antibodies, which target various types of cancer
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Antibody-drug conjugate However, some developers are looking to expand the application to other important disease areas.
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Scottish Meteorological Society The was founded in 1855 by David Milne-Home with private funding, particularly from wealthy landowners who wished to compile meteorological records in order to improve agriculture. The Society founded the observatory on Ben Nevis, officially opened in 1883. In 1921, the Society amalgamated with the Royal Meteorological Society.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28672960
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NGC 7840 is an unbarred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is the last numerical entry in the New General Catalogue. For observing from Earth's surface, it has a magnitude of 15.5 in the early 21st century. One observing guide recommended a telescope with a least 1 foot aperture for observations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28700095
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NGC 7777 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Pegasus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28700903
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Alexander Kashlinsky Alexander (Sasha) Kashlinsky (born 1957 in Riga) is an astronomer and cosmologist working at NASA Goddard-Space-Flight-Center, known for work on dark flow and the cosmic infrared background.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28706924
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Libration (molecule) Libration (from the Latin verb "librare" "to balance, to sway"; cf. "libra" "scales") is a type of reciprocating motion in which an object with a nearly fixed orientation repeatedly rotates slightly back and forth. In physics and chemistry, a molecule (or other group of atoms) can undergo libration if it is subject to external forces or constraints that restrict its orientation. For example, in liquid water, any given water molecule is attracted to neighboring molecules, so that it has a preferred orientation and cannot freely rotate. (Of course, over time, the neighboring molecules move around and the preferred orientation changes.) However, it can undergo librational motions, which are measureable in an infrared absorption spectrum and contribute to motional narrowing of other peaks, for instance the OH stretch. Another example is a molecular crystal: Each molecular unit has a preferred orientation due to interactions with the nearby molecules, but they have librational modes corresponding to small rotations about this preferred orientation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28723369
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Yaroslav Starobogatov Yaroslav Igorevich Starobogatov (; 13 July 1932 – 3 December 2004) was a Russian zoologist, professor and chief scientist at the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. His research was on invertebrate zoology, particularly on molluscs (malacology) and crustaceans (carcinology). He also was a major contributor to the higher systematics of living organisms, to mirco- and macroevolution and to Soviet and world-wide biogeography. He described a great number of new animal species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28738167
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Oxalyl The oxalyl cation, also known as "oxalic", has the chemical formula [CO]. It is the cation derived from oxalic acid. Chemical compounds containing the oxalyl cation include:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28756463
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John Lodge Cowley (1719, United Kingdom – buried 1797, United Kingdom) was an English cartographer, geologist and mathematician. John Cowley was a professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, London, for a number of years between 1761 and 1773. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in April, 1768. His mathematical methods were famous, but he was also an important geographer as well as Cartographer Royal to King George II. He specialised in maps that depicted the counties of the United Kingdom from which arose his most famous work, "Counties of England". Cowley published several maps, many of minute detail, and on them often appeared his name although on others appeared the name of Emanuel Bowen acting as engraver. Another one of his works of some note, but less famous than "The Counties", was "A new and easy introduction to the study of geography" which was published by Thomas Cox and James Hodges. The work was structured as questions and answers with decorative maps added later. His maps contained longer titles than those usually found on the standard miniature maps. John Cowley collaborated with Robert Dodsley for several years in the creation of his maps which explains why the maps were ascribed to Dodsley/Cowley. Among his works are remembered the superb engravings representing the constellation drawn on glass globes created by Thomas Heath
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28758257
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John Lodge Cowley He also published a number of introductory works on solid geometry incorporating fold-up figures: "Geometry Made Easy" (1752), "An Appendix to Euclid's Elements" (1758) and "The Theory of Perspective Demonstrated" (1765). He taught geometry to subscribers of the St. Martin's Lane Academy, a drawing school established by William Hogarth and John Ellys. Cowley died in Walworth, Surrey. He had a daughter called Mrs Johnstone who inherited her father's passion for science and over the years instructed many members of the British nobility in the use of globes and maps.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28758257
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Walfordite is a very rare tellurite mineral that was discovered in Chile in 1999. The mineral is described as orange with orange-yellow streak, and is determined to have a chemical formula of Fe,TeTeO with minor titanium and magnesium substitution resulting in an approximate empirical formula of (Fe,Te,Ti,Mg)(Te)O. The only reported occurrence is in the Wendy open pit, El Indio-Tambo mining district of the Coquimbo Region, northern Chile where it occurs in oxidized breccia associated with a tellurium-bearing gold deposit. Associated minerals include: alunite, rodalquilarite, native gold, emmonsite, jarosite and pyrite. The mineral was named for mine geologist Phillip Walford (1945— ) who first noted the mineral.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28763648
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Microviscosity Microviscosity, also known as microscopic viscosity, is the friction experienced by a single particle undergoing diffusion because of its interaction with its environment at the micrometer length scale. The concept of microviscosity is intimately related to the concept of single particle diffusion and can be measured using microrheology. Understanding microviscosity requires an understanding of viscosity and diffusion i.e. macroscopic viscosity and bulk diffusion and where their assumptions break down at the micro to nanometer scale where physicists are still trying to replace phenomenological laws with physical laws governing the behavior of single particle mobility. In the field of biophysics, a typical microviscosity problem is understanding how a biomolecule's mobility is hindered within a cellular compartment which will depend upon many factors such as the size, shape, charge, quantity and density of both the diffusing particle and all members of its environment. can be probed by measuring the rotational correlation time of a probe molecule using either fluorescence correlation spectroscopy or the linewidths of the probe's electron spin resonance. The friction experienced by a single particle can be thought of as a microscopic viscosity (microviscosity) and should not necessarily agree with the bulk viscosity since it is a measure of the probe's local friction whereas bulk viscosity analogously would be the measure of an infinitely large probe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28775600
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Microviscosity Both the crowding density and relative size of each co-solute in a mixture will contribute to the measured microviscosity as assessed by altered translational mobility.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28775600
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Falanja (فلنجه) is a red seed (perhaps the seed of cubeb) used in the making of perfumes. It was used to make perfumes by women in the court of Jahangir.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28778853
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Pyrromethene is a dye used in solid-state dye lasers. As a structural motif it is similar to the naturally occurring tetrapyrrole class of compounds.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28797488
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Roaldite is a rare meteorite mineral containing iron, nickel and nitrogen ((Fe,Ni)N). It was first described in 1981 for an occurrence in the Youngedin meteorite, Avon, Western Australia. It was named after Roald Norbach Nielsen (born 1928), a Danish expert in electron microprobe. The mineral has also been reported from the Jerslev meteorite, Sjaelland, Denmark, and the Canyon Diablo meteorite of Meteor Crater in Arizona.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28798298
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Raspite is a mineral, a lead tungstate; with the formula PbWO. It forms yellow to yellowish brown monoclinic crystals. It is the low temperature monoclinic dimorph of the tetragonal stolzite. It was discovered in 1897 at Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia, it was named for Charles Rasp (1846–1907), German-Australian prospector, discoverer of the Broken Hill ore deposit.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28799185
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AlgaePARC Wageningen UR (University & Research centre) has constructed (Algae Production And Research Centre) at the Wageningen Campus. The goal of is to fill the gap between fundamental research on algae and full-scale algae production facilities. This will be done by setting up flexible pilot scale facilities to perform applied research and obtain direct practical experience. It is a joined initiative of BioProcess Engineering and Food & Biobased Research of the Wageningen University. facility uses four different photobioreactors comprising 24 m ground surface: an open pond, two types of tubular reactors and a plastic film bioreactor, and a number of smaller systems for the testing of new technologies. This facility is unique, because it is the first facility in which the productivity of four different production systems can be compared during the year under identical conditions. At the same time, knowledge is gained for the development of new photobioreactors and the design of systems on a production scale. For the construction of the facility 2.25 M€ has been made available by the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (1.5 M€) and the Provincie Gelderland (0.75 M€). Microalgae Microalgae are currently seen by some persons as a promising source of biodiesel and chemical building blocks, which can be used in paint and plastics. Biomass from algae offers a sustainable alternative to products and fuels from the petrochemical industry
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28808092
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AlgaePARC When fully developed this contributes to a biobased economy as algae help to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO) and make the economy less dependent on fossil fuels. research The costs of biomass produced from algae for biofuels are still ten times too high to be able to compete with today’s other fuels. Within the business community, the question being asked is how it could be produced more cheaply, making it economically viable. Companies within the energy, food, oil and chemical sectors, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature & Food Quality, the Provincial Government of Gelderland, Oost NV and Wageningen UR are all working together in or contributing to the algae research centre in order to answer that question.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28808092
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Markarian 231 (UGC 8058) is a Type-1 Seyfert galaxy that was discovered in 1969 as part of a search of galaxies with strong ultraviolet radiation. It contains the nearest known quasar, and in 2015 it was shown that the powerful active galactic nucleus present in the center of the galaxy may in fact be a supermassive binary black hole. It is located about 581 million light years away from Earth. The galaxy is now undergoing an energetic starburst. A nuclear ring of active star formation has been found in the center with a rate of formation greater than 100 solar masses per year. It is one of the most ultraluminous infrared galaxies with power derived from an accreting black hole in the center, and the closest known quasar. A 2015 study has found that the central black hole, estimated to be 150 million times the mass of our Sun, has a black hole companion weighing in at 4 million solar masses, and the duo completes an orbit around each other every 1.2 years. Subsequently, that model has been definitively shown to be unfeasible. Another study has shown evidence of presence of molecular oxygen (O) by using submillimetre astronomy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28809921
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LBG-2377 is the most distant galaxy merger discovered, as of 2008, at a distance of 11.4 billion light years. This galaxy merger is so distant that the universe was in its infancy when its light was emitted. It is expected that this galaxy proto-cluster will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster. Observations were conducted with the Keck Telescope in Hawaii by Jeff Cooke, a McCue Postdoctoral Fellow in physics and astronomy at UCI. While looking for single galaxies, Cooke found something that at first appeared like a bright, single object. However, further analysis of wavelengths of the emitted light proved that they were three galaxies merging, and likely two smaller galaxies.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28811075
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Johan Stenflo (born 1940) is a Swedish chemist and teacher. He received his M.D. in 1968 and his Ph.D. in 1973 at Lund University, where he later became a professor of clinical chemistry. In 1985, he became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. In 1975, he published a classic paper on the biosynthesis of prothrombin.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28813107
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Holographic sensor A holographic sensor is a device that comprises a hologram embedded in a smart material that detects certain molecules or metabolites. This detection is usually a chemical interaction that is transduced as a change in one of the properties of the holographic reflection (as in the Bragg reflector), either refractive index or spacing between the holographic fringes. The specificity of the sensor can be controlled by adding molecules in the polymer film that selectively interacts with the molecules of interest. A holographic sensor aims to integrate the sensor component, the transducer and the display in one device for fast reading of molecular concentrations based in colorful reflections or wavelengths. Certain molecules that mimic biomolecule active sites or binding sites can be incorporated into the polymer that forms the holographic film in order to make the holographic sensors selective and/or sensitive to certain medical important molecules like glucose, etc. The holographic sensors can be read from a fair distance because the transducer element is light that has been refracted and reflected by the holographic grating embedded in the sensor. Therefore, they can be used in industrial applications where non-contact with the sensor is required. Other applications for holographic sensors are anti-counterfeiting Some of the metabolites detected by a holographic sensor are:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28822858
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Aber Dinlle Fault The is a SW-NE trending fault in North Wales. It forms part of the Menai Strait Fault System, with the Berw and Dinorwic Faults. It lies close to the epicentre of the 1984 Llŷn Peninsula earthquake, although it is not thought to have been responsible for that event. The fault was active during deposition of Ordovician rocks in the Welsh Basin. It was reactivated as a normal fault in the Carboniferous with a downthrow to the northwest and again reactivated as a reverse fault during Late Carboniferous inversion associated with the Variscan Orogeny.
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Bala Fault The is a SW-NE trending geological fault in Wales that extends offshore into Cardigan Bay. In the offshore area it is a major normal fault and forms the bounding structure to the Cardigan Bay Basin, with a fill including about of Lias Group. At its northeastern end it links to the similarly orientated Llanelidan Fault. The fault is believed to have had two separate stages of movement. The horizons between the upper Carboniferous sequence and the underlying Jurassic sequence are parallel, so little rotational movement occurred. The second stage of movement happened in the middle-to-late Jurrasic period, when strong rotation happened, up to 24 degrees.
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Beddgelert Fault First reported in a Memoir of the British Geological Survey activity ref. Ramsay 1881. It is a SW-NE trending volcanotectonic fault in North Wales that formed part of a graben system within the collapsed Snowdon caldera structure. It was a focus for later felsic intrusions and hydrothermal activity.
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Benton Fault The is a geological fault in southern Pembrokeshire in Wales that was active as a normal fault during the deposition of the Old Red Sandstone during the Devonian period, forming a thick half graben. During the Carboniferous, the was strongly inverted as part of the Variscan Orogeny.
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Berw Fault The is a SW-NE trending fault in North Wales. It forms part of the Menai Strait Fault System, with the Dinorwic Fault and the Aber Dinlle Fault. It has a long history of movement with early ductile fabrics preserved from a sinistral (left lateral) strike-slip sense shear zone active at the end of the Precambrian and into the early Cambrian. Any Caledonian deformation is unclear but the fault zone was reactivated in the Carboniferous as a NW-throwing normal fault with seismic reflection data showing the formation of a half-graben in its hanging wall. There are no indications of inversion during the Variscan Orogeny, but the fault was reactivated in a normal sense during the Permian and Triassic and again during the Cenozoic with a sinistral strike-slip sense.
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Bronnant Fault The is a geological fault affecting the lower Palaeozoic rocks of the counties of Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire in West Wales. The feature is mapped over part of its length as the Zone and is closely associated with the Glandyfi Lineament, a similarly aligned zone of faulting and folding. The rocks of the Aberystwyth Grits Group dating from the Llandovery epoch of the Silurian period thicken markedly to the west of the fault suggesting it was active at the time of their deposition. North of Lledrod its alignment is affected by cross-cutting east-west faults, including the Ystwyth Fault Zone. Its alignment is sub-parallel to the coast of Cardigan Bay thus curving from a north-south alignment in the north through a northeast-southwest alignment until it merges with broadly east-west aligned faults in northeast Pembrokeshire.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836805
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Bryneglwys Fault is a geological fault in Wales.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836822
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Carmel Head Thrust The is a geological fault on the northern part of the island of Anglesey in North Wales, where rocks of the Precambrian Mona Complex are thrust over Lower Paleozoic sedimentary rocks.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836851
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Ceibwr Bay Fault The is a WSW-ENE trending fault zone that cuts Ordovician rocks of the Ashgill Nantmel Mudstones Formation and the Caradoc Dinas Island Formation. The fault is exposed on the south side of Cardigan Bay in Wales and forms part of the Fishguard-Cardigan Fault Zone. It extends from the coast at Ceibwr Bay at its western end to the coast at Aberporth at its eastern end. The fault zone is thought to have been active as a normal fault throughout the deposition of the Ordovician sequence.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836864
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Claerwen Fault The is a major SW-NE trending fault in central Wales. It was active as a normal fault during deposition of Late Ordovician to mid-Silurian sedimentary rocks, downthrowing to the northwest. The estimated throw on the fault increases from about 100 m at a shallow level to about 1000 m at depth. There is no discernible change in the grade of metamorphism associated with the Caledonian Orogeny across the fault, suggesting that it was not reactivated later.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836876
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Cwm Llwyd Fault The is a fault in the west of the Black Mountain of South Wales. It runs north, parallel to the A4069 road, for over 4 km from near Brynaman to meet the Carreg Cennen Disturbance near Brest Cwm Llwyd. It moved as a sinistral (left lateral) strike-slip fault during the Variscan Orogeny. Together with the Llwyn Celyn Fault it formed a left-stepping offset that created a pull apart structure, which preserved the Cwm Llwyd Outlier of Namurian rocks.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836923
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Cwm Pennant Fault The is a SSW-NNE trending normal fault system in North Wales. It forms part of the structures that bound the Snowdon graben. The main faults of the Cwm Pennant fault system throw down to the east.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28836924
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Naldrettite is a mineral with a chemical formula of PdSb. It is named after Anthony J. Naldrett (born 1933), a professor at the University of Toronto, who has made significant contributions to the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). is a new intermetallic mineral from the Mesamax Northwest deposit, Ungava region, Québec, Canada. Mineralization takes place around the base of basaltic dyke margins. is economically important because of its chemical composition (PdSb). The sample in which the new mineral was discovered had high platinum group elements (PGEs) with palladium enrichment. occurs as anhedral grains that are commonly attached to sulfide minerals and are associated with clinochlore. It belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system and is a part of the pyramidal class. This means that all of the edge lengths (a,b,c) of the unit cell are different in length and intersect at right angles to each other. The mineral is metallic, opaque, appears bright creamy white under plane polarized light, has weak bireflectance, and does not exhibit internal reflections.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28838195
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BIA Separations is a biotechnology company focused on the production of methacrylate monolithic HPLC columns and developing industrial purification processes and analytical methods. was formed in 1998 by a group of scientists in Ljubljana, Slovenia to commercialize a new chromatographic resin based on monolith technology. Monolithic resin was developed independently by three different laboratories in late 1980s led by Hjertén, Švec and Tennikova. The company was one of the few Slovenian companies to receive venture capital funding at that time-Horizonte Venture Management realizing the potential of monoliths made the initial investment in the company. During that year, released its first commercial product marketed under the trade name of CIM (Convective Interaction Media). The new technique was named HPMC (High Performance Monolith Chromatography). During the 1999 and 2000s, the company promoted this new platform technology to the scientific and business community and registered several patents. In 2007 the company headquarters moved to Villach, Austria. In 2011 entered a strategic partnership with Japan Synthetic Rubber Corporation, a Japanese company producing synthetic materials. A strategic partnership agreement with Showa Denko K.K. (SDK) was signed in 2012. CIM monoliths are made of porous methacrylate polymers composed of interconnected channels that range in size from 1-6 μm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28843311
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BIA Separations It is these channels that account for the media separation power and flow characteristics and ability to purify large biomolecules, such as large proteins, immunoglobulins, plasmid DNA and viruses with their activity intact. Components to be separated are conveyed to the active groups located on the surface of the channels by bulk flow of the mobile phase. Since the channels are interconnected, there is no diffusion, no dead end pores, no void volume and no stagnant zones to slow down the transport between the stationary and mobile phase. Consequently, monolithic columns have flow independent resolution and binding capacity. They exhibit low back pressure, even at very high flow rates. In this way, the purification time can be significantly decreased, resulting in a pronounced reduction of the purification process costs. Depending on the column size, CIM monolithic columns are primarily used for the purification or analysis of large biomolecules which are being used for cancer gene therapy, treatment of viral infectious diseases and treatment of genetic diseases. Some types of molecules that can be successfully purified using CIM columns are pDNA, IgM, inter-alpha inhibitors, virus like particles, and diverse viruses; adenoviruses, bacteriophages, feline calicivirus, hepatitis A, lentivirus, influenza A and B, rabies virus, rotavirus, tomato and pepino mosaic virus. Since 2004, has organized and hosted the Monolith Summer School and Symposium (MSS) which takes place every 2 years
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28843311
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BIA Separations MSS was established as there were no dedicated conferences to this technology and to bring together the top international scientists and researchers in the area of monolith chromatography to share their experiences and innovative applications.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28843311
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2MASS 1507−1627 2MASS J15074769−1627386 (also abbreviated to 2MASS 1507−1627) is a brown dwarf in the constellation Libra, located about 23.9 light-years from Earth. It was discovered in 2000 by I. Neill Reid et al. It belongs to the spectral class L5; its surface temperature is 1300 to 2000 kelvins. As with other brown dwarfs of spectral type L, its spectrum is dominated by metal hydrides and alkali metals. Its position shifts due to its proper motion by 0.9031 arcseconds per year. It has a parallax of (136.4 ± 0.6) milliseconds of arc.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28846445
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ADL astronomical society ADL, Astronomsko društvo Labod (Slovenian for Cygnus Astronomical Society) is the most active Slovenian astronomical society. It organises astronomy camps, lectures for youths and similar events.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28846952
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Bayldonite (BAIL-done-ite) is a rare secondary mineral with the chemical formula PbCu(AsO)(OH). It was first discovered in Penberthy Croft Mine, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is named after its discoverer, John Bayldon (1837(8) – 1872). Specimens are also found in Tsumeb, Namibia, and Arizona, United States. It is sometimes used as a gemstone.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28847536
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Schäferite is a rare vanadate mineral with chemical formula CaNaMg[VO]. is isometric, which means that it has three axes of equal length and 90° angles between the axes. is isotropic, meaning that the velocity of light is the same no matter which direction the light passes through. It was named after Helmut Schäfer (born 1931) who discovered it in a quarry on the Bellerberg Volcano in Germany. It is found only in the Eifel Mountains volcanic area near Mayen, Laacher See district of Germany. It occurs within a xenolith in a leucite tephrite. It is the magnesium analogue of palenzonaite and is a member of the garnet structural group.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28848078
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Roselite is a rare arsenate mineral with chemical formula: Ca(Co,Mg)[AsO]·HO. It was first described in 1825 for an occurrence in the Rappold mines of Schneeberg, Saxony, Germany and named by Armand Lévy after German mineralogist Gustav Rose. It occurs in cobalt bearing hydrothermal environments and was associated with veins of quartz and chalcedony in the type locality. It has also been reported from Italy, Morocco, Chile, British Columbia and several locations in Germany. The pleochroism of roselite depends on chemical composition with darker rose colored varieties being higher in cobalt content and lighter rose colored varieties are higher in calcium and magnesium content (Palache et al., 1960). This gives rise to two different pleochroism schemes, one for dark rose and one for light rose. Dark rose varieties have X: dark rose, Y: pale rose, Z: paler rose. Light rose varieties have X: pale rose, Y: paler rose, Z: palest rose.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28850305
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Keyite is a mineral with the chemical formula (As) · 2O. The name comes from Charles Locke Key (born 1935), an American mineral dealer who furnished its first specimens. is monoclinic-prismatic, meaning its crystal form has three unequal axes, two of which have 90° angles between them and one with an angle less than 90°. belongs to the biaxial optical class, meaning it has more than one axis of anisotropy (optic axis), in which light travels with zero birefringence, and three indices of refraction, nα = 1.800, nβ, and nγ = 1.870. Being a very rare cadmium copper arsenate, keyite is only found in Tsumeb, Namibia in the Tsumeb mine, a world-famous copper mine known for its abundance of rare and unusual minerals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28851892
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Sweetite has a general formula of Zn(OH). The name is given after a curator of mineral department of The British Museum, Jessie May Sweet (1901–1979). It occurs in an oxidized vein in limestone bedrock with galena, ashoverite, wülfingite, anglesite, cerussite, hydrocerussite, litharge, fluorite, palygorskite and calcite. is tetragonal, which means crystallographically it contains one axis of unequal length and two axes of equal length. The angles between three of the axes are all 90°. It belongs to the space group 4/m. Some crystals show evidence of a basal plane and a few are tabular. In terms of its optical properties, sweetite has two indices of refraction, 1.635 along the ordinary ray and 1.628 along the extraordinary ray. The index of refraction is the velocity of light in a vacuum divided by the velocity of light in medium. It also has the birefringence of 0.007. The birefringence means the decomposition of light into two rays when passing through a mineral. is 1.64 - 1.65 in relief, which is medium to high in intensity and means a measure of the relative difference between the index of refraction of a mineral and its surrounding medium. is mostly found from a limestone quarry 200–300 m northwest of Milltown, near Ashover, Derbyshire, England.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28854252
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SIMP J013656.5+093347 SIMP J013656.5 +093347 (SIMP0136) is a brown dwarf or planetary mass object at 19.9 light-years from Earth in the constellation Pisces. It belongs to the spectral class T2.5 and its position shifts due to its proper motion annually by about 1.24 arcsec in the right ascension. This brown dwarf provided the first evidence for periodic variability flux variations among T dwarfs. This has been interpreted as a signature of weather patterns coming in and out of view over the object's 2.4h rotation period. The shape of this lightcurve evolves over timescales of days, which has been interpreted as a sign of evolution of the cloud patterns in its atmosphere. In 2017, it was announced that the object's mass may be as low as 12.7 Jupiter masses and might be considered a rogue planet rather than a brown dwarf as it seems to be a member of the relatively young, 200 million-year-old Carina-Near stellar moving group. In 2018, astronomers noted, "Detecting SIMP J01365663+0933473 with the VLA through its auroral radio emission, also means that we may have a new way of detecting exoplanets, including the elusive rogue ones not orbiting a parent star ... This particular object is exciting because studying its magnetic dynamo mechanisms can give us new insights on how the same type of mechanisms can operate in extrasolar planets - planets beyond our Solar System ... We think these mechanisms can work not only in brown dwarfs, but also in both gas giant and terrestrial planets
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28855394
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SIMP J013656.5+093347 " During the observation with the VLA only one pulse was detected for SIMP0136.The magnetic flux of SIMP0136 was estimated to be 3.2 kG.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28855394
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2MASS 0036+1821 2MASS J00361617+1821104 (abbreviated to 2MASS 0036+1821) is a brown dwarf, located in 28.6 light-years from Earth in the constellation Pisces. It was discovered in 2000 by I. Neill Reid et al. is of spectral type L3.5, the surface temperature is 1300-2000 Kelvin. As with other brown dwarfs of spectral type L, its spectrum is dominated of metal hydrides and alkali metals. Its position shifts due to its proper motion by 0.9071 arcseconds per year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28855777
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Welan gum is an exopolysaccharide used as a rheology modifier in industrial applications such as cement manufacturing. It is produced by fermentation of sugar by bacteria of the genus "Alcaligenes". The molecule consists of repeating tetrasaccharide units with single branches of L-mannose or L-rhamnose. In solution, the gum exhibits viscosity retention at elevated temperature, and is stable in a wide pH range, in the presence of calcium ion, and with high concentration of glycols.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28860449
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PGC 39058 is a dwarf galaxy located 14 million light-years away in the constellation Draco. The galaxy is faint and obscured by HD 106381, a star in the foreground making it difficult to observe.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28870123
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Han Nijssen (1935– 2013) was a Dutch ichthyologist. Nijssen was born in Amsterdam and obtained his PhD at the University of Amsterdam in May 1970 with the dissertation "Revision of the Surinam catfishes of the genus Corydoras". Later he was a curator at Zoölogisch Museum in Amsterdam. Nijssen worked extensively with fish from South America, and was the author of several species, e.g. "Corydoras weitzmani" and "Corydoras xinguensis". Collaborating with Isaäc Isbrücker he described, among others, the group "Hypancistrus" and the species "Hypancistrus zebra" and "Corydoras panda". He also collaborated with Sven O. Kullander. The species "Corydoras nijsseni" and "Apistogramma nijsseni" are named after him.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28883944
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Arp 271 is a pair of similarly sized interacting spiral galaxies, NGC 5426 and NGC 5427. It is not certain whether the galaxies are going to eventually collide or not. They will continue interacting for tens of millions of years, creating new stars as a result of the mutual gravitational attraction between the galaxies, a pull seen in the bridge of stars already connecting the two. Located 90 million light-years away, the pair is about 130,000 light-years across. It was originally discovered in 1785 by William Herschel. It is speculated,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28915306
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Lithalsa is a frost-induced raised land form in permafrost areas with mineral-rich soils, where a perennial ice lens has developed within the soil. The term sometimes also refers to palsas and pingos.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28924376
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Early Palaeozoic Icehouse The was a cool period that interrupted the greenhouse temperatures of the Ordovician and Silurian periods, culminating in the Hirnantian glaciation and the Ordovician extinction event. The icehouse was formerly thought only to consist of the Hirnantian glaciation itself, but has now been recognized as a longer, more gradual event. Over an interval of 30 million years, seven glacial maxima were recorded in the sedimentary record:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28929736
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Coreshine is an astronomical term for infrared light scattered by unusually large grains of dust in the denser core regions of molecular clouds and which evidently begin their growth before the start of cloud collapse. These clouds which are opaque to visible light, are a mixture of gas and dust and are the regions where stars are formed. offers a new tool for observing the earliest phases of star formation, a process effectively hidden up to now. The scattered mid-infrared light, found throughout our galaxy, could reveal the origins of the cloud material, the size and density of the dust particles, the age of the core region, the distribution of the dust and gas, and the chemical processes taking place deep inside the cloud. The phenomenon was first studied seriously with NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. Researchers Laurent Pagani (CNRS, Paris Observatory), Jürgen Steinacker (Max Planck Institute for Astronomy) and colleagues from the California Institute of Technology and "Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de l’Observatoire de Grenoble", discovered surprisingly bright mid-infrared radiation from the core of the molecular cloud L183 in the constellation Serpens Cauda 360 light-years away. Using computer simulations, it became clear that they were observing light scattered by particles of around 1 micrometer in diameter. In a follow-up they studied 110 molecular clouds, at distances between 300 and 1300 light-years, and which had been part of previous Spitzer surveys
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28935016
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Coreshine The results showed that coreshine is a widespread phenomenon and was present in about half the clouds studied. Clouds in the southern constellation Vela show no coreshine and it is thought that this has been brought about by recorded supernova explosions in the region, blowing away or destroying larger dust particles. will lead to new projects for both the Spitzer and James Webb Space Telescope, the latter of which is due to be launched in 2021.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28935016
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Smoluchowski factor The Smoluchowski factor, also known as von Smoluchowski's f-factor is related to inter-particle interactions. It is named after Marian Smoluchowski.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28937040
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Pre-stellar core Pre-stellar cores are the nurseries of new stars, and are an early phase in the formation of low-mass stars, before gravitational collapse produces a central protostar. The spatial distribution of pre-stellar cores shows the history of their formation, and their sensitivity to the physics controlling their creation. Most of our Galaxy's star formation takes place in clusters and groups within large molecular clouds. These clouds are often turbulent, showing supersonic line widths and complex magnetic fields which play crucial roles in cloud physics. The properties of pre-stellar cores within molecular clouds aid understanding of the large-scale physical processes dictating star formation.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28945767
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Lothar Forcart Lothar Forcart, full name Lothar Hendrich Emil Wilhelm Forcart-Müller, abbreviated as Lothar H. E. W. Forcart, (1902-1990) was a zoologist, malacologist, and herpetologist from Switzerland. He is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of snake, "Calamaria forcarti".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28947287
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Miogeocline A miogeocline is an area of sedimentation which occurs along the passive margin of a continent. The deposits occur as typically shallow water clastic sediments which thicken seaward to form a clastic wedge parallel to a tectonically quiescent coast. Modern examples include the continental shelf of the northern Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic coast of North and South America. The term was coined in 1966 by Dietz and Holden from the "miogeosyncline" concept of the outdated geosynclinal theory. Dietz and Holden modified the term to miogeocline as the sedimentary deposits described were not synclinal in form. Ancient miogeoclines such as the Neoproterozoic to Cambrian Cordilleran miogeocline of the southwestern U. S., the Paleozoic Appalachian miogeocline, the Precambrian Belt Supergroup of Montana and Idaho and the Huronian sediments of Canada which were involved in the Grenville Orogeny. The Devonian to Mississippian northern Cordilleran miogeocline of northern Yukon and Northwest Territories of Canada represents an area of current research in Arctic geology. The ancient miogeoclinal sediments become attached to or accreted onto the adjacent continent following later continental collisions or orogenies. Thus the sediments of the Appalachian miogeocline became part of the Appalachian Mountains during the Appalachian orogeny.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28964081
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Annaheim meteorite Annaheim is an iron meteorite recovered in 1916 in Canada. The meteorite was discovered by a farmer, William Huiras, in his field. It was linked to a fireball reported in the area in 1914. It is a medium octahedrite, IAB-sLL. Measuring by , it is now held by the Canadian Meteorite Collection, in Ottawa.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28987418
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Backshore The backshore area of a beach extends from the limit of high water foam lines to dunes or extreme inland limit of the beach. It is only affected by waves during exceptional high tides or severe storms. Sediments in this area are well-sorted and well-rounded. Its grain sizes are mainly coarse sand and medium sand, which are larger than that in littoral barrier dune. The sedimentary structures include parallel bedding and low-angle cross-bedding.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28994544
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Tinaja is a term originating in the American Southwest for surface pockets (depressions) formed in bedrock that occur below waterfalls, are carved out by spring flow or seepage, or are caused by sand and gravel scouring in intermittent streams (arroyos). Tinajas are an important source of surface water storage in arid environments. These relatively rare landforms are important ecologically, because they support unique plant communities and provide important services to terrestrial wildlife.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28997060
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Macron (physics) In physics, macrons are microscopic (dust-sized) particles, accelerated to high speeds. The term was first used in the late 1960s, when it was believed that macrons could be accelerated cheaply in small particle accelerators as a way of achieving low-cost fusion power.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29002911
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Whorl (biology) In biology, a whorl is a cluster of cells or tissue that surrounds another and wraps around another in an expanding circular pattern. Whorls occur at the ends of different structures or in the middle of structures. Structures of some organs are often described as whorls and used in the aid of identification. The Hassall's corpuscle, formed from type VI epithelial reticular cells in the thymus, is an example of a whorl-shaped structure.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29004985
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Whorl (botany) In botany, a whorl or verticil is an arrangement of leaves, sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels that radiate from a single point and surround or wrap around the stem or stalk. A leaf whorl consists of at least three elements; a pair of opposite leaves is not called a whorl. The morphology of most flowering plants is based on four types of whorls: A flower lacking any of these floral structures is said to be "incomplete" or "imperfect". Not all flowers consist of whorls since the parts may instead be spirally arranged, as in the family Magnoliaceae. For leaves to grow in whorls is fairly unusual except in plant species with very short internodes. Leaf whorls occur in some trees such as "Brabejum stellatifolium" and other species in the family Proteaceae (e.g., in the genus "Banksia"). In plants such as these, crowded internodes within the leaf whorls alternate with long internodes between the whorls.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29005044
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Vladimirite is a rare calcium arsenate mineral with a formula of Ca(HAsO)(AsO)·5HO. It is named after the Vladimirovskoye deposit in Russia, where it was discovered in the 1950s. is monoclinic-prismatic, which means crystallographically, it contains three axes of unequal length and the angles between two of the axes are 90 degrees, and one is less than 90 degrees. It belongs to the space group P2/c. The mineral also has an orthorhombic polytype. In terms of its optical properties, vladimirite is anisotropic which means the velocity of light varies depending on direction through the mineral. Relief is a diagnostic characteristic of a mineral in plane polarized light that refers to the various ways different minerals "stand out". Vladimirite's calculated relief is 1.65-1.661, which is moderate. It is colorless in plane polarized light, and it is weakly pleochroic. Pleochroism is the variety of colors under plane polarized light displayed by crystals at various angles. was first described in 1953 at two deposits in Russia, the Khovu-Aksy nickel-cobalt deposit, Tuva Republic, and the Vladimirovskoye cobalt deposit, Altai Mountains, Altaiskii Krai, Siberia. It is a secondary mineral in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing ore deposits. It occurs with picropharmacolite, erythrite and aragonite. It has been reported from the Richelsdorf Mountains, Hesse, Germany; the Bou Azzer district, Morocco and the Mohawk mine, Keweenaw County, Michigan.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29010776
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GEOBASE is a database, multidisciplinary in scope, which indexes bibliographic information and abstracts for the Geographical, Earth, and Ecological sciences, published by Engineering Information, a subsidiary of Elsevier. The broad subject coverage includes earth sciences, ecology, geomechanics, human geography, physical geography, social geography and oceanography. Development studies are also included in this database. Coverage includes 2000 peer reviewed journal, and trade journal titles. Other journal titles and books are included in the archival coverage of this database. With more than 2 million records, it has temporal coverage from 1980 to the present. Each year, at least 100,000 additional citations and abstracts are added, and it is updated every two weeks. Access is covered through both online (internet), and CD-ROM. Other types of publications indexed in this database are magazine articles, product reviews, directories and all related materials. International literature coverage pertains to Non-English language papers, and lesser available books, conference proceedings and reports. Subject coverage also includes cartography, hydrology, climatology, meteorology, energy, paleontology, environment, petrology, geochemistry, photogrammetry, geomorphology, sedimentology, geophysics, and volcanology. The database is covered in print, in the following abstracts journals: This database is published monthly, and contains abstracts from 2000 journals. It provides bibliographic coverage of each abstracted journal
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29013335
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GEOBASE "Geographical Abstracts: Physical Geography", and "Fluid Abstracts: Civil Engineering" are considered to be of related interest. This database was formed by the union of the following abstracts journals: This database is published monthly, and contains abstracts from 2000 journals. It provides bibliographic coverage of each abstracted journal.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29013335
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Black-oil equations The black-oil equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe fluid flow in a petroleum reservoir, constituting the mathematical framework for a black-oil reservoir simulator. The term "black-oil" refers to the fluid model, in which water is modeled explicitly together with two hydrocarbon components, one (pseudo) oil phase and one (pseudo-)gas phase. This is in contrast with a compositional formulation, in which each hydrocarbon component (arbitrary number) is handled separately The equations of an extended black-oil model are where formula_4 is a porosity of the porous medium, formula_5 is a water saturation, formula_6 are saturations of liquid ("oil") and vapor ("gas") phases in the reservoir, formula_7 are Darcy velocities of the liquid phase, water phase and vapor phase in the reservoir. The oil and gas at the surface (standard conditions) could be produced from both liquid and vapor phases existing at high pressure and temperature of reservoir conditions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29044095
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Black-oil equations This is characterized by the following quantities: formula_8 is an oil formation volume factor (ratio of some volume of reservoir liquid to the volume of oil at standard conditions obtained from the same volume of reservoir liquid), formula_9 is a water formation volume factor (ratio of volume of water at reservoir conditions to volume of water at standard conditions), formula_10 is a gas formation volume factor (ratio of some volume of reservoir vapor to the volume of gas at standard conditions obtained from the same volume of reservoir vapor), formula_11 is a solution of gas in oil phase (ratio of volume of gas to the volume of oil at standard conditions obtained from some amount of liquid phase at reservoir conditions), formula_12 is a vaporized oil in gas phase (ratio of volume of oil to the volume of gas at standard conditions obtained from some amount of vapor phase at reservoir conditions).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29044095
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Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center The ORNL DAAC (Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center) for Biogeochemical Dynamics is a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) data center managed by the Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) Project. Established in 1993, the ORNL DAAC is operated by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, under an interagency agreement between NASA and the Department of Energy (DOE). Within the ORNL, the ORNL DAAC is part of the Remote Sensing and Environmental Informatics Group of the Environmental Sciences Division (ESD) and a contributor to the Climate Change Science Institute (CCSI). EOSDIS data centers process, archive, and distribute data collected during Earth Observing System (EOS) satellite and field missions. They also develop tools for accessing data, provide user services, promote data usage, and collect metrics on the use of data and user satisfaction. The ORNL DAAC specializes on data and information relevant to terrestrial biogeochemistry, ecology, and environmental processes, which are critical to understanding the dynamics of Earth's biological, geological, and chemical components. As provided on the website, The ORNL DAAC is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories and is a Regular Member of the ISC World Data System.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29056004
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P ring The forms part of the basal body of the bacterial appendage known as the flagellum. It is known to be embedded in the peptidoglycan cell wall. Together with the L ring, it has the function of anchoring the flagellum to the cell surface.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29071142
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Heterologous expression refers to the expression of a gene or part of a gene in a host organism, which does not naturally have this gene or gene fragment. Insertion of the gene in the heterologous host is performed by recombinant DNA technology. After being inserted in the host, the gene may be integrated into the host DNA, causing permanent expression, or not integrated, causing transient expression. can be done in many type of host organisms. The host organism can be a bacterium, yeast, mammalian cell, or plant cell. This host is called the "expression system". Homologous expression, on the other hand, refers to the overexpression of a gene in a system from where it originates. Genes are subjected to heterologous expression often to study specific protein interactions. "E. coli", yeast ("S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris"), immortalized mammalian cells, and amphibian oocytes (i.e. unfertilized eggs) are commonly for studies that require heterologous expression.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29071957
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North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) is the fourth largest college in the university and one of the largest colleges of its kind in the nation, with nearly 3,400 students pursuing associate, bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees and 1,300 on-campus and 700 off-campus faculty and staff members. With headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, the college includes 16 academic departments, the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and the North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. The college dean is Dr. Richard Linton. The research service is the state's principal agency of agricultural and life sciences research, with close to 600 projects related to more than 70 agricultural commodities, related agribusinesses and life science industries. Scientists work not only on the college campus in Raleigh but also at 18 agricultural research stations and 10 field laboratories across the state. The extension service is the largest outreach effort at North Carolina State University, with local centers serving all 100 of North Carolina's counties as well as the Eastern Band of the Cherokee Indians. Cooperative Extension's educational programs, carried out by state specialists and county agents, focus on agriculture, food and 4-H youth development. About 43,000 volunteers and advisory leaders also contribute to Extension's efforts. The college staffs the Plants for Human Health Institute at the N.C
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29098971
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North Carolina State University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Research Campus in Kannapolis with faculty from the departments of horticultural science; food, bioprocessing and nutrition sciences; plant biology; genetics; and agricultural and resource economics. The college's Department of Plant Pathology helps sponsor the Bailey Memorial Tour each year. This tour is offered to prospective agriculture students and gives them a broad based taste of the work of agricultural pathology, and is named after Dr. Jack Bailey, late pioneering Professor of Plant Pathology. The college has the following departments: CALS offers more than 60 bachelor's, master's, Ph.D. and associate degree programs in a wide array of disciplines. Undergraduate majors are as follows:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29098971
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Peter von Bitter is an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Geology at the University of Toronto and he holds a post at the Royal Ontario Museum. His research has been wide-ranging but focused on conodonts. His most noted work was his examination of the well preserved fossil vent communities in Lower Carboniferous strata of western Newfoundland.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29099088
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Comley limestone The Comley Limestone is an Early Cambrian Lagerstätte exposed in Comley, Shropshire, England. It is known for its phosphatic microfossils, which can be extracted by acid maceration and are preserved in three dimensions in a similar fashion to the Orsten fossils. It represents around 10 million years of deposition, and was deposited from 519 to 501 million years ago.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29119228
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Immunosurgery is a method of selectively removing the external cell layer (trophoblast) of a blastocyst through a cytotoxicity procedure. The protocol for immunosurgery includes preincubation with an antiserum, rinsing it with hES derivation media to remove the antibodies, exposing it to complement, and then removing the lysed trophoectoderm through a pipette. This technique is used to isolate the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. The trophoectoderm's cell junctions and tight epithelium "shield" the ICM from antibody binding by effectively making the cell impermeable to macromolecules. can be used to obtain large quantities of pure inner cell masses in a relatively short period of time. The ICM obtained can then be used for stem cell research and is better to use than adult or fetal stem cells because the ICM has not been affected by external factors, such as manually bisecting the cell. However, if the structural integrity of the blastocyst is compromised prior to the experiment, the ICM is susceptible to the immunological reaction. Thus, the quality of the embryo used is imperative to the experiment's success. In addition, when using complement derived from animals, the source of the animals matters. They should be kept in a specific-pathogen-free environment to increase the likelihood that the animal has not developed natural antibodies against the bacterial carbohydrates present in the serum (which can be obtained from a different animal)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29127124
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Immunosurgery Solter and Knowles developed the first method of immunosurgery with their 1975 paper ""of Mouse Blastocyst"". They primarily used it for studying early embryonic development. Though immunosurgery is the most prevalent method of ICM isolation, various experiments have improved the process, such as through the use of lasers (performed by Tanaka, "et al.") and micromanipulators (performed by Ding, "et al."). These new methods reduce the risk of contamination with animal materials within the embryonic stem cells derived from the ICM, which can cause complications later on if the embryonic stem cells are transplanted into a human for cell therapy.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29127124
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Earth Learning Idea (ELI) provides free Earth-related teaching ideas, designed to be practical science and geography resources for secondary and primary teachers and teacher-trainers and trainees across the world. It is run on a voluntary basis by three teachers from the Earth Science Education Unit (ESEU). was set up in May 2007, for the International Year of Planet Earth, with the intention of reaching as many children throughout the world as possible, particularly those who suffer from lack of resources and from lack of thought-provoking teaching. The aim is to foster a better knowledge of the natural world and how it works, encouraging the joy of knowledge about the Earth in those who may not otherwise have the opportunity to receive it. Earth Learning Ideas enhance learning by being fun to carry out and so enjoyable for pupils and teachers. All ELIs are directed at teachers to encourage maximum pupil participation. One of the main aims is to encourage interactive teaching and the development of thinking and investigational skills in pupils. It is a global effort offering unique teaching resources. All activities are free to download in pdf format and all are accompanied by ´back-up´ notes for teachers. The activities range widely from ´Rock cycle in wax´, ´Craters on the Moon´ to ´Quakeshake´, an investigation into why some buildings survive in an earthquake and others do not. Other popular activities are ´Trapped! Why can't oil and gas escape from their underground prison?´ and ´How to weigh a dinosaur´
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29155096
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Earth Learning Idea ELIs are popular in schools especially when earthquakes, volcanoes or tsunamis have been in the news. A rich collection of exciting and imaginative activities covering a wide range of Earth-related topics can be found on the website. Each week an activity is posted on the ELI blog. New activities are publicised here and comments and suggestions are encouraged. The suggestions are incorporated into ´Extension´ ideas for the activities. At 10 January 2019, more than 4,000,000 activities in PDF format have been downloaded worldwide. activities are written on a voluntary basis and, with the exception of Norwegian, they have been translated voluntarily too. The Norwegian team received a small grant. ELI activities are now available in the following languages:-
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29155096
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