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David Parry (biophysicist) David Anthony Dougall Parry, CNZM is a New Zealand biophysicist known for his work within the area of ultrastructure scleroprotein analysis. He is the former President of the International Union for Pure and Applied Biophysics and former Vice President of the International Council for Science (ICSU). His awards include an ICI Prize (1981), Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (1989), the Hercus Medal (2000), the Shorland Medal (2006), and the Rutherford Medal (2008). In 2007 he was made a Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit. Parry has a Bachelor of Science (1963) and a Doctor of Science (1982) from the University of London and a Doctor of Philosophy (1966) from King's College London. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Protein Chemistry division at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation in Melbourne, Australia from 1966 to 1969. From 1969 to 1971 he worked for the Children's Cancer Research Foundation in Boston, Massachusetts. Later he became a research scientist at the Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics at Oxford University from 1971 to 1973. He then worked for many years on the faculty of Massey University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26176503 |
Synthetic substance A "synthetic substance" or "synthetic compound" refers to a substance that is man-made by synthesis, rather than being produced by nature. It also refers to a substance or compound formed under human control by any chemical reaction, either by chemical synthesis or by biosynthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26184087 |
Ludovico di Caporiacco (22 January 1900, in Udine – 18 July 1951, in Parma) was an Italian arachnologist. Caporiacco took part in an expedition to the Jebel Uweinat, a mountain massif in the boundary region of Sudan, Libya, and Egypt. On the mission, he, together with Hungarian explorer László Almásy, discovered the prehistoric rock paintings of Ain Doua in 1933. In 1943 he was appointed professor of zoology to the faculty of sciences at the University of Parma. He was the author of numerous scientific papers on arachnids native to Italy and other Mediterranean regions. He also published articles on species found in East Africa, Central Asia (Himalayas and the Karakoram) as well as Central and South America. He was the taxonomic authority of numerous arachnid genera and species. Taxa with specific epithet of "caporiaccoi" are named in his honor, an example being the spider species "Zodarion caporiaccoi". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26184207 |
National Weather Service State College, Pennsylvania The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions in central Pennsylvania. Open since May 1993, the office serves 33 counties and has about 25 employees. The Weather Forecast Office (WFO) is located in State College in Centre County. The National Weather Service in State College Pennsylvania covers these counties in Pennsylvania: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26187625 |
National Weather Service Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions in western Pennsylvania, east-central Ohio, northern West Virginia and Garrett County in extreme western Maryland, encompassing 36 counties. The Pittsburgh Weather Forecast Office (WFO) is located near Pittsburgh International Airport in Moon Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The forecast office provides programming for nine NOAA Weather Radio stations in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26187670 |
Flip angle The flip angle is the rotation of the net magnetization vector by a radiofrequency pulse relative to the main magnetic field. To improve the signal when Magnetic Resonance imaging, the flip angle needs to be chosen using the Ernst angle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26195367 |
Dicke effect Dicke effect, also known as Dicke narrowing (or sometimes collisional narrowing) in spectroscopy, named after Robert H. Dicke, refers to narrowing of the Doppler broadening of a spectral line due to collisions the emitting species (usually an atom or a molecule) experiences with other particles. When the mean free path of an atom is much smaller than the wavelength of the radiative transition, the atom changes velocity and direction many times during the emission or absorption of a photon. This causes an averaging over different Doppler states and results in an atomic linewidth that is narrower than the Doppler width. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26205878 |
Drakonjina špilja (meaning "Dragon's cave"), also known as Zmajeva pećina ("Wurm's cave"), is called so because of the mysterious relief of a dragon found inside. It is located immediately above Murvica, on the island of Brač, in Croatia. The dragon was carved by unknown monk in the 15th century, when the monks lived in the caves and even built a chapel in them. As well as the dragon, there is also a carving of the moon and other ancient cult symbols. On the eastern side over the chapel, there are carved human figures and birds on their nests, indicating that this was a Christian sanctuary, which nevertheless had elements of pagan religions. The church which serves Murvica is in the former hermitage in Dračeva luka. The vaulting in this church, which dates from the 16th century, is formed by the natural rock of the cave. On the façade there is a characteristic portal and a rose window. A new, modern church was built in Murvica after the Second World War. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26214641 |
Pyrogenic flowering is the fire-stimulated flowering of plants in heathland and other fire-prone habitats. It is associated with species which have transient seed banks, as opposed to canopy or persistent soil seed banks. These species are mostly monocots, but it is also observed in several species of woody dicots. One of the most well known species to display this life cycle are those in the Waratah (Telopea) genus. With Telopea speciosissima being the floral emblem of the Australian state of New South Wales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26230760 |
Lawrence Witmer Lawrence M. Witmer (born October 10, 1959 at Rochester, New York) is an American paleontologist and paleobiologist. He is a Professor of Anatomy and a Chang Ying-Chien Professor of Paleontology at the Department of Biomedical Sciences at the Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine in Ohio University. Witmer is considered to be one of the world's foremost experts on soft-tissue anatomy of the skull in extinct animals such as dinosaurs and pterosaurs. One of Witmer's largest contributions to vertebrate paleontology was the creation of the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach to ancestral character state reconstruction. This methodology incorporates extensive comparative anatomy using physical and digital dissections of extant (not extinct) animals. He appeared in TV shows such as Jurassic Fight Club (History Channel, 2008), "Clash of the Dinosaurs" (Discovery Channel, 2009), "Bizarre Dinosaurs" (National Geograhic Channel, 2009), among others. Book The Search for the Origin of Birds (1995) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26233382 |
Pseudo-oxocarbon anion In chemistry, the term pseudo-oxocarbon anion is used to refer to a negative ion that is conceptually derived from an oxocarbon anion through replacement of one or more of the basic oxygen atoms by chemically similar elements or functional groups, such as sulfur (S), selenium (Se), or dicyanomethylene (=C(CN)). Typical examples are the anions 2-(Dicyanomethylene)croconate, croconate violet, and croconate blue, derived from the croconate anion by replacing one, two, or three oxygen atoms by dicyanomethylene groups: These anions retain many of the properties of the parent, including the delocalized bond in the ring and the delocalized charge in the atoms attached to the ring. Similar anions can be obtained from squarate . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26237210 |
Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences The Faculty of Natural Sciences is one of the three main faculties of Imperial College London in London, England. It was formed in 2001 from the former Royal College of Science, a constituent college of Imperial College which dated back to 1848, and the faculty largely consists of the original departments of the College. Undergraduate teaching occurs for all departments at the South Kensington campus, with research being split between South Kensington and the new innovation campus at White City. Students who study at the departments of the Faculty are represented by the Royal College of Science Union, a constituent union of the college union which caters specifically to students on natural science courses. Graduates who obtain an undergraduate degree, either BSc or MSci, from the faculty are awarded the Associateship of the Royal College of Science (ARCS) as an additional degree. The origins of the faculty lie in the Royal College of Chemistry, which, after being founded in 1845, moved to a new site in South Kensington in the early 1870s. Incorporated into the Normal School of Science, the college was later renamed the Royal College of Science in 1890, and in 1907 became a constituent college of the newly formed Imperial College of Science and Technology. In 2001, Imperial was restructured to form four new faculties, including the faculties of Physical Sciences and Life Sciences, which took over the role of the Royal College of Science | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26242611 |
Imperial College Faculty of Natural Sciences These faculties were later re-merged over the course of 2005-2006 to form the Faculty of Natural Sciences, which comprises the same departments as the original Royal College of Science. The faculty includes five academic departments: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26242611 |
Mohamed H.A. Hassan Mohamed H. A. Hassan (محمد حاج علي حاج الحسن ) is co-chair of IAP, the Global Network of Science Academies, and chairman of the Council of the United Nations University (UNU). He also serves on a number of Boards of international organizations worldwide, including the Board of Trustees of Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt; the Council of Science and Technology in Society (STS ) Forum, Japan; the Board of the International Science Programme, Sweden; the Board of the Science Initiative Group (SIG), USA; and the International Advisory Board of the Centre for International Development (ZEF), Germany. After obtaining his DPhil in Mathematics from the University of Oxford in 1974, he returned to Sudan and later became Professor and Dean of the School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Khartoum. He has a long list of publications in theoretical plasma physics and fusion energy, wind erosion, and dust and sand transport in dry lands. He has also published several articles on science and technology in the developing world. Dr. Hassan was the founding Executive Director of the Academy of Science for the Developing World (TWAS), President of the African Academy of Sciences, President of the Network of Academies of Science in Africa (NASAC) and Chairman, Honorary Presidential Advisory Council for Science and Technology, Nigeria. He also is a founding member of the Lebanese Academy of Sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26252591 |
Mohamed H.A. Hassan Among his honours: Comendator, Grand Cross, and National Order of Scientific Merit, Brazil; and Officer, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. He is a member of several merit-based academies of science, including TWAS; the African Academy of Sciences; Islamic World Academy of Sciences; Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Académie Royale des Sciences d’Outre-Mer, Belgium; Pakistan Academy of Sciences; Academy of Sciences of Lebanon; Cuban Academy of Sciences; and Academy of Sciences of South Africa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26252591 |
Group field theory (GFT) is a quantum field theory in which the base manifold is taken to be a Lie group. It is closely related to background independent quantum gravity approaches such as loop quantum gravity, the spin foam formalism and causal dynamical triangulation. It can be shown that its perturbative expansion can be interpreted as spin foams and simplicial pseudo-manifolds (depending on the representation of the fields). Thus, its partition function defines a non-perturbative sum over all simplicial topologies and geometries, giving a path integral formulation of quantum spacetime. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26254718 |
Alston Block The is a term used by geologists to describe the geological structure of the North Pennines of northern England and which forms a part of the Pennine Block & Basin Province which originated during the Carboniferous period. It is defined by the Stublick and Ninety Fathom faults to the north, the Pennine Fault to the west and the Stainmore Trough to the south. It is in essence a horst underlain by the Weardale Granite which provides sufficient buoyancy to maintain this piece of the upper crust as an area of raised relief. To its west lies the Vale of Eden and to its north is the half-graben of the Northumberland Trough. The area is also known for its mineral wealth. Geological Structure of Great Britain | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26255432 |
Askrigg Block The is the name applied by geologists to the crustal block forming a part of the Pennines of northern England and which is essentially coincident with the Yorkshire Dales. It is defined by the Dent Fault to the west and the Craven Fault System to the south whilst to the north it is separated from the Alston Block by the Stainmore Trough. It originated as a geological structure during the Carboniferous Period as a major element in the Pennine Block & Basin Province. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26255448 |
Josef Finger (1 January 1841 – 6 May 1925) was an Austrian physicist and mathematician. Joseph Finger was born the son of a baker in Pilsen. He attended high school in Pilsen. He studied mathematics and physics at Charles University in Prague from 1859 to 1862. In 1865 and for financial reason he acquired the qualification to teach mathematics and physics at secondary schools and went into the teaching profession. On 17 March 1875 Finger received his doctorate at the University of Vienna, in 1876 he was qualified for the subject of analytical mechanics. 1897 Finger publishes "On the internal virial of an elastic body". Finger was from 1888 to 1890 the Dean of the Chemical School, and from 1890 to 1891 he was rector of the Technische Hochschule in Vienna. In 1916 Finger was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Technical Sciences. Finger is considered a pioneer of continuum mechanics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26255748 |
Sven Ludvig Lovén Prof (6 January 1809 – 3 September 1895), was a Swedish marine zoologist and malacologist. The Sven Loven Centre for Marine Sciences at both and are named in his honour. He was born in Stockholm on 6 January 1809. He was first Keeper then Director of the Swedish National Museum in Stockholm. He was also Professor of Natural History at Stockholm University. He was made an honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1881 and a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1885. Several geographical locations at Svalbard are named after him. These include the headland Kapp Lovén at Nordaustlandet, the mountain Lovénberget in Ny-Friesland at Spitsbergen, the lake Lovénvatnet in Oscar II Land, and the glaciers Lovénbreane at Brøggerhalvøya. The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) lists 174 marine species named by Lovén. Many of these have become synonyms. Two species he named, the hydrozoan "Lovenella clausa" (Lovenellidae) and the crustacean "Lovenula falcifera" (now "Paradiaptomus"), were in genera named after him by other zoologists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26259261 |
Medsafe Medsafe, the New Zealand Medicines and Medical Devices Safety Authority, is the medical regulatory body run by the New Zealand Ministry of Health, administering the Medicines Act 1981 and Medicines Regulations 1984. employs approximately 60 staff members in two offices. The head office, based in Wellington, New Zealand, handles "centralised administrative functions, product approval, and standard settings." The Investigation and Border Control operates out of the Auckland office. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26279603 |
Coefficient of fractional parentage In physics, coefficients of fractional parentage (cfp's) can be used to obtain anti-symmetric many-body states for like particles. In a jj-coupling scheme they are defined by the following relation. The state formula_2 is normalized and totally anti-symmetric with respect to permutations of all its particles, while the state formula_3 is normalized and totally anti-symmetric with respect to all its particles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26288139 |
Parabiosis Parabiosis, meaning "living beside", is a technical term in various contexts in fields of study related to ecology and physiology. It accordingly has been defined independently in at least three disciplines, namely experimental or medical physiology, the ecology of inactive physiological states, and the ecology of certain classes of social species that share nests. derives most directly from new Latin, but the Latin in turn derives from two classical Greek roots. The first is "παρά" ("para") for "beside" or "next to". In modern etymology, this root appears in various senses, such as "close to", "outside of", and "different". The second classical Greek root from which the Latin derives is "βίος" ("bios"), meaning "life". In the field of experimental physiology, parabiosis is a class of techniques in which two living organisms are joined together surgically and develop single, shared physiological systems, such as a shared circulatory system. Through surgically connecting two animals, researchers can prove that the feedback system in one animal is circulated and affects the second animal via blood and plasma exchange. Total blood volume is exchanged approximately ten times per day in rat experiments using parabiosis. One limitation of the experiments is that outbred rats cannot be used because it can lead to a significant loss of pairs due to intoxication of the blood supply from a dissimilar rat. In the mid-1800s, parabiotic experiments were pioneered by Paul Bert | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis He postulated that surgically connected animals could share a circulatory system. Bert was awarded the Prize of Experimental Physiology of the French Academy of Science in 1866 for his discoveries. Parabiotic experiments were scarcely revisited until the 20th century. Many of the parabiotic experiments since 1950 involve research regarding metabolism. One of these experiments was published in 1959 by G. R. Hervey in the "Journal of Physiology". This experiment was to support the theory that damage to the hypothalamus, particularly the ventromedial hypothalamus, leads to obesity caused by the overconsumption of food. This results from the ventromedial hypothalamus failing to respond to physiological signals that suppress appetite. The result is attributed to the feedback control system in the brain. Rats in the study were from the same litter, which had been a closed colony for multiple years. The two rats in each pair had no more than 3% difference in weight. Rats were paired at four weeks old. Unpaired rats were used as controls. The rats were conjoined in three ways. In early experiments, the peritoneal cavities were opened and connected between the two rats. In later experiments, to avoid the risk of tangling the two rats’ intestines together, smaller cuts were made. After further refinement of the experimental procedure, the abdominal cavities were not opened and the rats were conjoined at the hip bone with minimal cutting | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis In order to prove that the two animals were sharing blood, researchers injected dye into the veins of one rat and the pigment would show up in the conjoined rat. The scientists refined the lesion placement by practicing the procedure on other rats. The rats were killed with ether and weighed at the conclusion of the experiment and the amount of fat in each animal was quantified. Many of the parabiotic pairs died throughout the experiment before its conclusion. In each pair, one rat became obese and exhibited hyperphagia. The weight of the rat with the surgical lesion rose rapidly for a few months, then reached a plateau as a direct result of the surgical procedure. After the procedure, the rat with the impaired hypothalamus voraciously ate and the paired rat decreased their appetite. The paired rat became obviously thin throughout the experiment, even rejecting food when it was offered. Some of the paired rats starved to death. Lesions subsequently made in the hypothalamus of two paired rats resulted in hyperphagia and obesity. That result verifies that the paired rat decreased its eating in a direct response to the signals in the blood from the rat with the lesion. If its brain was similarly altered, it also ate voraciously and became obese. The control rats who were given surgical lesions in the hypothalamus became similarly obese to the parabiotic counterparts. Later studies linked the effects of the previous parabiotic experiments about metabolism to the discovery of leptin | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis Many hormones and metabolites were proven to not be the satiety factor that caused one rat to starve in the experiments. Leptin seemed like a viable candidate. Starting in 1977, Ruth B.S. Harris, a graduate student under Hervey, repeated previous studies about parabiosis in rats and mice. Due to the discovery of leptin, she analyzed leptin concentrations of the mice in the parabiotic experiments. After injecting leptin into the obese mouse of each pair, she found that leptin circulated between the conjoined animals, but the circulation of leptin took some time to reach equilibrium. As a result of the injections, almost immediate weight loss resulted in the parabiotic pairs due to increased inhibition. Approximately 50–70% of fat was lost in the pairs. The obese mouse lost only fat. The lean mouse lost muscle mass and fat. Harris concluded that leptin levels are increased in the obese animal, but other factors could also affect the animals. Also, leptin was determined to decrease fat storage in both the obese and thin animals. Parabiotic experiments have also been used to study diabetes. Douglas Coleman did further parabiotic experiments to determine diabetic chromosomal relationships. A major gene that causes obesity in mice was identified on chromosome 6. The obese gene (ob/ob) was determined from one mutant mouse, discovered in 1950. Coleman and researchers further identified a gene on chromosome 4 that led to hyperphagia and obesity in mice | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis The gene also correlated to the severe onset of diabetes (db/db gene). The experimenters used parabiosis to conjoin a db/db mouse to a normal mouse, and the normal mouse would starve to death after one week. The db/db mouse would still have a high blood sugar and food in its system. The db/db mouse was determined to have a satiety factor so potent that the other mouse would starve to death. A db/db mouse was conjoined with an ob/ob mouse and the result was the same as the first experiment. The obese mouse starved in 20–30 days, similar to the thin counterpart in the first experiment. The db/db mutant mouse overproduced a satiety factor but could not respond to it, perhaps due to a defective receptor, whereas the ob/ob mutant recognized and responded to the factor but could not reproduce it. Further studies with db/db mice with lesions in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus suggested that the receptor for the satiety factor was found in these brain receptors. Early parabiotic experiments also included cancer research. One study, published in 1966 by Friedell, studied the effects of radiation with X-rays on ovarian tumors. To study the tumors, two adult female rats were conjoined. The left rat was shielded and the right rat was exposed to high levels of radiation. The rats were given a controlled amount of food and water for the remainder of their natural lives. After death, the rats were autopsied and 149 of 328 pairs showed the presence of possible ovarian tumors in one or both of the two animals | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis This result matched previous studies of single rats. Since Friedell’s experiment, other parabiotic experiments have been useful in researching many types of cancer. Chronic diseases of age have been saluted as prime candidates for parabiotic research because of the potential to conjoin an older animal with a younger animal. Known as heterochronic parabiosis, this process has been used in studies to investigate the age-related and disease-related changes in the composition of the blood, especially plasma proteome. This process could be used to research cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoarthritis, and Alzheimer’s disease. As animals age, their oligodendrocytes reduce in efficiency, resulting in decreased myelination, causing negative effects on the central nervous system (CNS). Julia Ruckh and fellow researchers have used parabiosis to study remyelination from adult stem cells to see if conjoining young with older mice could reverse or delay this process. In the experiment, the two mice were conjoined and demyelination was induced via injection into the older mice. The experiment determined that factors from the younger mice reversed CNS demyelination in older mice by revitalizing the oligodendrocytes. The monocytes from the younger mice also enhanced the ability of the older mice to clear myelin debris because the young monocytes can clear lipids from myelin sheaths more effectively than older monocytes. The conjoining of the two animals reversed the effects of age on the myelination cells | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis The ability of the young mouse’s cells was unaffected. Enhanced immunity from the younger mouse also promoted the general health of the older mouse in each pair. The results of this experiment could lead to therapy processes for people with demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis. Parabiotic research can be controversial. Due to accusations of animal cruelty, the practice is now shunned in many countries. Compared to other research techniques, there are relatively few parabiotic experiments. Some scientists argue for the benefits of parabiotic research. Eggel and Wyss-Coray argue that conjoining animals mimics naturally occurring parabiosis in nature due to the shared blood supply of conjoined twins. The experiments give insight into the way that bodily systems circulate, which has led to many advances in the study of a variety of diseases. Parabiotic experiments have been used to study obesity, chronic diseases of age, stem cell research, tissue regeneration, diabetes, transplants, tumor biology, and endocrinology. Other than in experimental physiology, the term also is applicable to spontaneously occurring conditions such as in conjoined twins. Logically the word parabiosis would be equally applicable to various forms of parasitism such as the obligate parasitic reproduction of Anglerfish of the family Ceratiidae, in which the circulatory systems of the males and females unite completely | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis Without the attachment of males to a female, the endocrine functions cannot mature, the individuals fail to develop properly and die young and without reproducing. Similarly, in plants growing closely together roots or stems in intimate contact sometimes form natural grafts. More commonly, in parasitic plants such as mistletoe and dodder the haustoria unite the circulatory systems of the host and the parasite so intimately that parasitic twiners such as "Cassytha" may act as vectors carrying disease organisms from one host plant to another. as a term also applies to the states assumed by many organisms in various kingdoms of life, such as some bacteria, the bear animalcules (Tardigrada), and Rotifera. At least some members of all these taxa can survive drying out, often for decades or longer. Some bacteria, such as those causing anthrax, produce inactive, resistant spores that survive underground for many years. The eggs of some animals, such as Anostraca, the brine shrimps and their close relatives, have resistant shells and can survive in seasonally dried-out pools. In such a state the organisms show no sign of life until suitable conditions return. In this sense the "para" root apparently refers to the state as being "outside" of life. In the late 19th century the first examples were discovered, of colonies of ants that more or less routinely shared their nests with essentially unrelated species of ants | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis They did not obviously share anything beyond the upkeep of the nests, even segregating their brood, so these were very surprising observations; most ants are radically intolerant of intruders, usually including even intruders of their own species. In the early 20th century Auguste-Henri Forel coined the term "parabiosis" for such associations, and it was adopted by the likes of William Morton Wheeler. The term has remained in currency, for example: "is defined as a special symbiosis, so far known only from a few Neotropical ant species, in which two or more species occupy the same nest site and forage together while keeping brood separate". As is to be expected in matters concerning ethology and ecology however, such a class of behaviour patterns cannot be distinguished puristically from every other; there are exceptions and differences of kind and degree. ranges from the sharing of common trails to sharing common nests, and from effectively tolerating another species in general, to toleration only of the single colony of that species that shares the same nest. Furthermore, there is evidence for the partitioning of functions and unequal sharing of work between the two species in the nest | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
Parabiosis Early reports that parabiotic ant colonies forage and feed together peacefully also have been qualified by observations that revealed ants of one species in such an association aggressively displacing members of the other species from artificially provided food, while also profiting by following their recruitment trails to new food sources. In practice parabiosis hardly could be a purely neutral interaction. There can be consequent benefits from shared nest defence and maintenance even when there is neither direct cooperation nor inimical interaction between the two associated populations in a nest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26305461 |
A.C. Redfield Lifetime Achievement Award The Lifetime Achievement Award was first presented in 1994 to honor major long-term achievements in the fields of limnology and oceanography, including research, education and service to the community and society. In 2004, the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Board renamed the award in honor of Alfred C. Redfield. A. The information in the table is according to the "ASLO Awards and Nominations" web page at the official website of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography unless otherwise specified by additional citations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26306022 |
Carl Mears is a Senior Scientist, at Remote Sensing Systems, since 1998. He has worked on validation of SSM/I derived winds, and rain-flagging algorithm for the QuikScat scatterometer. He is best known for his work with Frank Wentz in developing a satellite temperature record from MSU and AMSU. Intercomparison of this record with the earlier UAH satellite temperature record, developed by John Christy and Roy Spencer, revealed deficiencies in the earlier work; specifically, the warming trend in the RSS version is larger than the UAH one. Mears was a major contributor to "Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences", the first released report from the US Climate Change Science Program. He also contributed to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Working Group one report, "Climate Change 2007 - The Physical Science Basis". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26326955 |
Microwave sounding unit The was the predecessor to the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). The MSU was first launched aboard the TIROS-N satellite in late 1978 and provided global coverage (from Pole to Pole). It carries a 4-channel microwave radiometer, operating between 50 and 60 GHz. Spatial resolution on the ground was 2.5 deg in longitude and latitude (about 250 km circle). There were 9 different MSUs launched; the most recent one on NOAA-14. They provided measurements of the temperature of the troposphere and lower stratosphere until 1998, when the first AMSU was deployed. AMSU provides many more channels and finer resolution (about 50 km). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26327139 |
Alberto Cobos Periañez is a Spanish paleontologist. He works in Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis, in Teruel, Spain. He is one of the discoverers of "Turiasaurus riodevensis", together with Rafael Royo-Torres and Luis Alcalá. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26334098 |
Barents–Kara Ice Sheet The was an ice sheet which existed during the Weichselian Glaciation. It is named after the seas it was centred upon: Barents Sea and Kara Sea. The ice sheet covered the Pechora Sea, the southeastern part of the Barents Sea, Novaya Zemlya and the Kara Sea, likely reaching up to Svalbard and Franz Joseph Land in the north. In the continent, it covered from the North Russian Plain to the North Siberian Lowland. During the periods 90–80 ka and 60–50 ka, the produced ice-damming resulted in the creation of lakes and a significant rerouting of drainage in northern Eurasia, including the major rivers Yenisei, Ob, Pechora and Mezen that now flow northwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26340834 |
Special core analysis In the petroleum industry, special core analysis, often abbreviated SCAL or SPCAN, is a laboratory procedure for conducting flow experiments on core plugs taken from a petroleum reservoir. is distinguished from "routine or conventional core analysis" by adding more experiments, in particular including measurements of two-phase flow properties, determining relative permeability and capillary pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26356967 |
NOAA-6 NOAA-6, designated NOAA-A before launch, was a weather satellite operated by NOAA as part of its National Operational Environmental Satellite System. It was launched into a Sun-synchronous orbit by NASA aboard an Atlas F launch vehicle on 27 June 1979 from Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-3W. Based on the experimental TIROS-N satellite, it performed monitoring of ice and snow cover, agriculture, oceanography, volcanism, ozone and the space environment, in addition to its regular meteorological observations. Its instruments included the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR/1) for global cloud cover observations, the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) suite for atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiling, the Space Environment Monitor (SEM) for measuring proton and electron fluxes, and the Data Collection and Platform Location System (DCPLS) for relaying data from balloons and ocean buoys. The TOVS suite consists of three subsystems: the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder 2 (HIRS/2), the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU). The HIRS/2 instrument failed on 19 September 1983, and the spacecraft was placed in reserve in early 1984 as NOAA prioritized operations of NOAA-7 and NOAA-8. It was returned to operational status after NOAA-8 failed in June 1984, and continued to return data until its decommissioning on 31 March 1987. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26370132 |
Mars Rafikov Mars Zakirovich Rafikov (, 29 September 1933 – 23 July 2000) was a Soviet cosmonaut who was dismissed from the Soviet space program for disciplinary reasons. Senior Lieutenant Rafikov, age 26, was selected as one of the original 20 cosmonauts on 7 March 1960 along with Yuri Gagarin. On 24 March 1962, Rafikov was dismissed from the cosmonaut corps, officially for "a variety of offenses, including womanizing and 'gallivanting' in Moscow restaurants, and so forth". Other cosmonauts (notably Gagarin) had exhibited similar behavior, but could not be officially disciplined because of their stature and international reputation. Gherman Titov later suggested that the real reason for his dismissal was because he and his wife had divorced. He remained in the military, serving as a pilot in the Soviet–Afghan War. To protect the image of the space program, efforts were made to cover up the reason for Rafikov's dismissal. His image, like that of others who were dismissed, was airbrushed out of cosmonaut photos. This airbrushing led to speculation about "lost cosmonauts" even though the actual reasons were often mundane. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26386980 |
Cave of Reveillon The (French: Gouffre de Réveillon) is a French cave located near Alvignac, Lot department. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26388214 |
Henry Stommel Research Award The is awarded by the American Meteorological Society to researchers in recognition of outstanding contributions to the advancement of the understanding of the dynamics and physics of the ocean. The award is in the form of a medallion and was named for Henry Stommel. A. The information in the table is according to the "Past winners" web page at the official website of the American Meteorological Society, unless otherwise specified by additional citations. (Enter award name only and click submit) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26391771 |
Ludwik Sitowski (born 1880 - 1947) was a Polish zoologist. In 1925-1926 he was rector of the University of Poznań during an economic crisis. Of his notable works, "On the Inheritance of Aniline Dye" is amongst them and was published on 3 September 1909. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26400762 |
Radioscope The electronic production of a visual image by ionising radiation on a radiation detector and displayed on a monitor or similar screen. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26408840 |
COLD-PCR (co-amplification at lower denaturation temperature-PCR) is a modified Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocol that enriches variant alleles from a mixture of wildtype and mutation-containing DNA. The ability to preferentially amplify and identify minority alleles and low-level somatic DNA mutations in the presence of excess wildtype alleles is useful for the detection of mutations. Detection of mutations is important in the case of early cancer detection from tissue biopsies and body fluids such as blood plasma or serum, assessment of residual disease after surgery or chemotherapy, disease staging and molecular profiling for prognosis or tailoring therapy to individual patients, and monitoring of therapy outcome and cancer remission or relapse. Common PCR will amplify both the major (wildtype) and minor (mutant) alleles with the same efficiency, occluding the ability to easily detect the presence of low-level mutations. The capacity to detect a mutation in a mixture of variant/wildtype DNA is valuable because this mixture of variant DNAs can occur when provided with a heterogeneous sample – as is often the case with cancer biopsies. Currently, traditional PCR is used in tandem with a number of different downstream assays for genotyping or the detection of somatic mutations. These can include the use of amplified DNA for RFLP analysis, MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption–time-of-flight) genotyping, or direct sequencing for detection of mutations by Sanger sequencing or pyrosequencing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26415811 |
COLD-PCR Replacing traditional PCR with for these downstream assays will increase the reliability in detecting mutations from mixed samples, including tumors and body fluids. The underlying principle of is that single nucleotide mismatches will slightly alter the melting temperature (Tm) of the double-stranded DNA. Depending on the sequence context and position of the mismatch, Tm changes of 0.2-1.5 °C (0.36-2.7 °F). are common for sequences up to 200bp or higher. Knowing this the authors of the protocol took advantage of two observations: Keeping these principles in mind the authors developed the following general protocol: There are two forms of that have been developed to date. Full and Fast COLD-PCR. Full is identical to the protocol outlined above. These five stages are used for each round of amplification. Fast differs from Full in that the denaturation and intermediate annealing stages are skipped. This is because, in some cases, the preferential amplification of the mutant DNA is so great that ensuring the formation of the mutant/wildtype heteroduplex DNA is not needed. Thus the denaturation can occur at the Tc, proceed to primer annealing, and then polymerase-mediated extension. Each round of amplification will include these three stages in that order. By utilizing the lower denaturation temperature, the reaction will discriminate towards the products with the lower Tm – i.e. the variant alleles. Fast produces much faster results due to the shortened protocol | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26415811 |
COLD-PCR However, it is important to note that Full is essential for amplification of all possible mutations in the starting mixture of DNA. Two-round is a modified version of Fast COLD-PCR. During the second round of Fast nested primers are used. This improves the sensitivity of mutation detection compared to one-round Fast COLD-PCR. has been used to improve the reliability of a number of different assays that traditionally use conventional PCR. A restriction fragment length polymorphism results in the cleavage (or absence thereof) of DNA for a specific mutation by a selected restriction enzyme that will not cleave the wildtype DNA. In a study using a mixture of wildtype and mutation containing DNA amplified by regular PCR or COLD-PCR, preceding RFLP analysis was shown to improve the mutation detection by 10-20 fold. Sanger sequencing recently was used to evaluate the enrichment of mutant DNA from a mixture of 1:20 mutant:wildtype DNA. The variant DNA containing a mutation was obtained from a breast cancer cell line known to contain p53 mutations. Comparison of Sanger sequencing chromatograms indicated that the mutant allele was enriched 13 fold when was used compared to traditional PCR alone. This was determined by the size of the peaks on the chromatogram at the variant allele location. As well, was used to detect p53 mutations from lung-adenocarcinoma samples | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26415811 |
COLD-PCR The study was able to detect 8 low level (under 20% abundance) mutations that would likely have been missed using conventional methods that don't enrich for variant sequence DNA . Similar to its use in direct Sanger sequencing, with pyrosequencing was shown to be capable of detecting mutations that had a prevalence 0.5-1% from the samples used. was used to detect p53 and KRAS mutations by pyrosequencing, and was shown to outperform conventional PCR in both cases. The same research group that developed and used it to compare the sensitivity of regular PCR for genotyping with direct Sanger sequencing, RFLP, and pyrosequencing, also ran a similar study using MALDI-TOF as a downstream application for detecting mutations. Their results indicated that could enrich mutation sequences from a mixture of DNA by 10-100 fold and that mutations with an initial prevalence of 0.1-0.5% would be detectable. Compared to the 5-10% low-level detection rate expected with traditional PCR. run on a quantitative PCR machine, using TaqMan probes specific for a mutation, was shown to increase the measured difference between mutant and wildtype samples. was originally described by Li "et al." in a Nature Medicine paper published in 2008 from Dr. Mike Makrigiorgos's lab group at the Dana Farber Cancer Institute of Harvard Medical School. As summarized above, the technology has been used in a number of proof-of-principle experiments and medical research diagnostic experiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26415811 |
COLD-PCR Recently, the technology has been licensed by Transgenomic, Inc. The licensing terms include the exclusive rights to commercialize the technology combined with Sanger sequencing. The plans are to develop commercial applications that will allow for rapid high-sensitivity detection of low-level somatic and mitochondrial DNA mutations. Other technologies are available for the detection of minority DNA mutations, and these methods can be segregated into their ability to enrich for and detect either known or unknown mutations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26415811 |
ESO 306-17 is a fossil group giant elliptical galaxy in the Columba constellation, about 1 million light-years in diameter, and 493 million light-years away. The galaxy is situated alone in a volume of space about it. It is theorized that the galaxy cannibalized its nearest companions, hence, being a fossil group. The galaxy is a giant elliptical of type cD3 (E+3), one of the largest classes of galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26434080 |
Arctic studies may include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26446535 |
Geneva Rules The are the rules established by the International Chemistry Committee in 1892. These rules were the beginning of international cooperation for organic chemistry nomenclature. They were decided upon by a group of 34 of leading chemists from 9 different European nations. Their goal was to provide rules for the naming of aliphatic compounds, some of which are still in place today such as the longest chain provides the parent name and a functional group is indicated by a suffix. They also intended to extend the rules to include naming schemes for cyclic compounds however this did not occur. The Geneva rules for nomenclature were described in 62 paragraphs. Some of these rules were: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26448837 |
Light valve A light valve (LV) is a device for varying the quantity of light, from a source, which reaches a target. Examples of targets are computer screen surfaces, or a wall screen in the case of a light projector. There are two basic principles of achieving this. One is by deflecting the light on its way to the target (a reflective LV). The other method is to block the light (a transmissive LV). The blocking method has found its way into liquid crystal flat screens (LCDs), video projectors and rear projection TVs. In this type of screens and projectors, the source light is first polarised by a filter in one direction and then passed on to another filter, filled with liquid crystals. By changing the voltage applied to this crystal filter, it will work as a switching polarising filter, giving different gray scales of the light coming out. The light is changed only once for each image frame. The light valve thus consists of the two polarising filters, where one has a voltage controlled switch function thanks to the properties of the liquid crystals. This type of valve is often referred to as a "liquid crystal light valve". The other principle, the reflective LV, works by either reflecting the light towards the target or deflecting it away. The portion of light that is reflected on the target decides the gray scale. This re- and deflection occurs many times a second | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26459697 |
Light valve Should this happen at too low a frequency, the human eye and brain would perceive it as flickering, but due to sufficiently high frequency, a human will be "tricked" into viewing it as a continuum, a smooth shift in brightness. Examples of the reflective LV type are the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD), Eidophor's oil-film based system, and the Grating Light Valve. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26459697 |
Chemical Society of Mexico The (Spanish: "Sociedad Química de México"; SQM) is a learned society (professional association) based in Mexico which supports scientific inquiry and education in the field of chemistry. The Society organizes two annual congresses, one for general chemistry and the other for chemical education, and publishes the "Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society" (prior to 2005, "Revista de la Sociedad Química de México"). It also awards the annual Andrés Manuel Del Río and Mario Molina Prizes, as well as prizes for the best theses in chemistry at bachelors, masters and doctoral level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26461296 |
Fredericus Anna Jentink (20 August 1844, Wymbritseradeel – 4 November 1913, Leiden) was a Dutch zoologist. In 1875, he became curator at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie (today Naturalis) in Leiden. In 1884 he followed Hermann Schlegel as director of the museum and as editor of the journal "Notes from the Leyden Museum". In 1895 he was president of the 3rd International Congress of Zoology in Leiden and he was among the founding members of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature besides Philip Lutley Sclater, Raphaël Blanchard, Julius Victor Carus, and Charles Wardell Stiles. Jentink's main research field was the taxonomy of mammals, where he described several marsupial, bat, and rodent taxa. In 1886, he described the guenon species "Cercopithecus signatus" (sometimes known as Jentink's guenon) on the basis of one deceased specimen which was obtained by the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie from the Diergaarde Blijdorp in Rotterdam in 1877. The original provenance of this species is still unknown but alternatively it might be possible that it is a hybrid between the greater spot-nosed monkey and the moustached guenon. Jentink published the Catalogue ostéologique des mammifères (1887), the Catalogue systématique des mammifères (1892) and Mammals Collected by the Members of the Humboldt Bay and the Merauke River Expeditions:Nova Guinea (1907). Oldfield Thomas named the Jentink's duiker (1892) and the Jentink's squirrel (1887) in honor of Fredericus Anna Jentink. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26462262 |
Wind-induced surface heat exchange The wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) is a positive feedback mechanism between the ocean and atmosphere in which a stronger ocean-to-atmosphere heat flux results in a stronger atmospheric circulation, which results in a strong heat flux. It has been hypothesized that this is the mechanism by which low pressure areas in the tropics develop into tropical cyclones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26464848 |
Anthony Bean Anthony R. Bean (born 1957) is an Australian botanist who works at the Queensland Herbarium and Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26466424 |
Parabola of safety In classical mechanics and ballistics, the parabola of safety or safety parabola is the envelope of the parabolic trajectories of projectiles shot from a certain point with a given speed at different angles to horizon in a fixed vertical plane. The fact that this envelope is a parabola had been first established by Evangelista Torricelli and was later reproven by Johann Bernoulli using the infinitesimal calculus methods of Leibniz. The paraboloid of revolution obtained by rotating the safety parabola around the vertical axis is the boundary of the safety zone, consisting of all points that cannot be hit by a projectile shot from the given point with the given speed. Philip Robinson, "On the Geometrical Approach to Projectile Motion", The Mathematical Gazette, Vol. 82, No. 493, 1998, pp. 118–122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26481832 |
National Adhering Organizations in chemistry are the organizations that work as the authoritative power over chemistry in an individual country. Their importance can be seen by their involvement in IUPAC. There are currently fifty-seven IUPAC National Adhering Organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26488545 |
Gozo Nature Museum The Gozo Nature Museum, formerly known as the Natural Science Museum, is a museum in Victoria, on the island of Gozo, Malta. It has been open to public since 1991. It is housed in a group of houses within the Cittadella, the oldest part of the city. These houses date back to various ages: the older one, which was an inn, to 1495; the other to the 17th century. The Natural Science Museum shows collections "relating to the Island’s geology, minerals, marine life, insects, local habitats and ecosystems" as well as national plants (including the Maltese Rock Centaury), human and animal evolution. During later years, this building was used as an inn for visitors, and is mentioned in Thomas McGill’s “Handbook, or Guide, for Strangers visiting Malta” of 1839, and described as an excellent house of entertainment offering clean and comfortable beds and reasonably-priced dinners. During World War II the building served as a shelter for families who sought refuge during aerial bombings. The buildings which house the museum are listed on the National Inventory of the Cultural Property of the Maltese Islands. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26525006 |
Ludwig Haberlandt (1 February 1885 – 22 July 1932) is known as a father of hormonal contraception. In 1921 he carried out experiments on rabbits and he demonstrated a temporary hormonal contraception in a female by transplanting ovaries from a second, pregnant, animal. His father was the eminent botanist, Gottlieb Haberlandt, plant tissue culture theorist and visionary; his grandfather was the European 'soybean' pioneer and trailblazer Friedrich J. Haberlandt. In 1930 he began clinical trials after successful production of a hormonal preparation, Infecundin®, by the G. Richter Company in Budapest, Hungary. He ended his 1931 book, "Die hormonale Sterilisierung des weiblichen Organismus", with a visionary claim: 'Unquestionably, practical application of the temporary hormonal sterilization in women would markedly contribute to the ideal in human society already enunciated a generation earlier by Sigmund Freud (1898). Theoretically, one of the greatest triumphs of mankind would be the elevation of procreation into a voluntary and deliberate act.' He was hounded for his views on reproductive biology up to his death from either suicide, or heart attack. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26526088 |
Hilbert spectroscopy Hilbert Spectroscopy uses Hilbert transforms to analyze broad spectrum signals from gigahertz to terahertz frequency radio. One suggested use is to quickly analyze liquids inside airport passenger luggage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26527624 |
Goddard problem In rocketry, the is to optimize the altitude of a rocket, ascending vertically, and taking into account atmospheric drag and the gravitational field. This was first posed by Robert H. Goddard in his 1919 publication, "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26530540 |
Citrate test The citrate test detects the ability of an organism to use citrate as the sole source of carbon and energy. Bacteria are inoculated on a medium containing sodium citrate and a pH indicator such as bromothymol blue. The medium also contains inorganic ammonium salts, which are utilized as sole source of nitrogen. Use of citrate involves the enzyme citrase, which breaks down citrate to oxaloacetate and acetate. Oxaloacetate is further broken down to pyruvate and carbon dioxide (CO). Production of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO) as well as ammonia (NH) from the use of sodium citrate and ammonium salts results in alkaline pH. This results in a change of the medium's color from green to blue. Bacterial colonies are picked up from a straight wire and inoculated into slope of Simmons citrate agar and incubated overnight at 37 °C. If the organism has the ability to use citrate, the medium changes its color from green to blue. Examples: Inoculate Simmons citrate agar (do not inoculate heavily) by using straight wire from an 18- to 24-hour old colony. Inoculating from a broth culture is not recommended because the inoculum would be too heavy. Incubate at 35 °C for up to seven days. Positive : Growth on the medium even without colour change will be considered as positive. A colour change in the medium would be observed if the test organism produces acid or alkali during its growth. The usual colour change observed is from green (neutral) to blue (alkaline). Negative : No growth observed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26530729 |
National Museum of Natural History, Malta The National Museum of Natural History () is a natural history museum in the mediaeval walled city of Mdina, Malta. It is housed in Palazzo Vilhena, a French Baroque palace rebuilt in 1726 by Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena to designs of Charles François de Mondion. The museum opened to the public in 1973, and is run by Heritage Malta. The museum gives the visitor an overview of Maltese ecosystems (both on ground and under water), focusing on endemic plants and bird of the Islands, such as the Maltese Centaury and Blue Rock Thrush. This museum display ranks a large variety of minerals, fossils, insects, reptiles, birds, mammals, fish and sections about Geology and Palaeontology. On Tuesday May 18, 2004, Malta's Apollo 17 Goodwill Moon rock was stolen from the Museum. According to an Associated Press story the Moon rock has a value of 5 million dollars (U.S), making it one of the largest valued thefts in Malta's history. The Moon rock has not been recovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26562028 |
National Weather Service Tampa, Florida The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions in west-central Florida, United States. The office is located in Ruskin, and currently has 26 employees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26580188 |
Santa Fe (Martian crater) Santa Fe is an impact crater in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 19.5° North and 48.0° W. It is 20.5 km in diameter and was named after Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. As craters get larger (greater than 10 km in diameter) they usually have a central peak. The peak is caused by a rebound of the crater floor following the impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26583231 |
Mariko (crater) Mariko is an impact crater on Venus. In 1997 it was named for a common female Japanese first name, in accordance with planetary nomenclature rules for Venusian craters under 20 km in diameter. The crater is located in the V-36 quadrangle of Venus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26585290 |
Nanoknife A nanoknife is a carbon nanotube-based prototype compression cutting tool intended for sectioning of biological cells. Working principle is similar to that of a 'cheese slicer', a nanometer-thin individual carbon nanotube strung between two tungsten needles would allow sectioning of very thin slices of biological matter for imaging under an electron microscope. Tests are currently being performed by scientists at Virginia Tech, CU-Boulder and other universities. A successful development of this new tool will allow scientists and biologists to make 3D images of cells and tissues for electron tomography, which typically requires samples less than ~300 nanometers in thickness. In 2009, the nano-knife was used to create indentation marks on biological cell plasticizer (epoxy resin). The whole cutting process is currently limited by electron charging of polymeric specimen in the SEM, which makes it difficult to observe any small cut or mark as the carbon nanotube is pressed against the specimen. Procedure Doctors use a special medical device designed for the specific purpose of performing irreversible electroporation. The device implements a direct current generator which emits short pulses of high voltage electric current through electrodes into the cell membrane. The doctor inserts thin needles into the area, using ultrasound imaging to guide the placement of the needles. In nanoknife treatment, strong electric fields cause cells to die without exposing the tissue to radiation or heating it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26616241 |
Nanoknife Most patients don’t feel anything at all during the procedure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26616241 |
Charles Rabot (26 June 1856 in Nevers − 1 February 1944 in Martigné-Ferchaud) was a French geographer, glaciologist, traveler, journalist, lecturer, translator, and explorer. He was also the first person to climb Kebnekaise, the tallest mountain in Sweden, which he accomplished in 1883. He led his first expedition to Spitsbergen in 1882 on the ship "Petit Paris". Ten years later, he embarked on a voyage on the ship "La Mancha", for a mapping mission, redrawing the map of the glacier Svartisen. He crossed Spitsbergen west to east and surveyed Prins Karls Forland. He was also a passionate ethnographer with the study of some Arctic peoples to the east and west of the Urals: Chuvash people, Cheremiss, Permiak, Zyrian, Khanty (Ostiaks) and Samoyeds. He published numerous articles on the above subjects, and also wrote and translated many books on Arctic exploration and sciences. The French base located at Ny-Ålesund bears his name, which has also be given an invertebrate marine plankton found in the waters of Spitsbergen ("Eurytemora raboti"), and a Swedish as well as a Norwegian glacier. Rabot Island was named after him in 1903−5 by Jean-Baptiste Charcot, leader of the French Antarctic Expedition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26636907 |
Eobacterium is an extinct genus of bacteria from the Fig Tree Formation in Africa. It is about 3 billion years old, one of the oldest known living organisms. The discovery of "Eobacterium" and other Fig Tree organisms in the 1960s helped prove that life existed over three billion years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26658925 |
Lanalhue Fault is a northwest-striking fault that marks the contact between two distinct units of continental basement, the Eastern and Western Series in south-central Chile, separating the Nahuelbuta Range Cordillera de Nahuelbuta at the east and the Arauco Peninsula and Basin to the west. The fault takes name from Lanalhue Lake, which is located in part of the fault trace, of elongated shape shows the NW-SE trend. The lanalhue fault makes up a major lithological boundary in the Chilean Coast Range to which Cordillera de Nahuelbuta belongs. The Nahuelbuta Range is composed by Carboniferous granitic core bounded by High-T metasedimentary rocks referred as the Eastern Series. The Arauco Basin contains over 3 km of late Cretaceous to Holocene continental and marine sediments, being a major center of coal mining and hydrocarbon exploration for over a century. From Valparaíso Region to Carboniferous-Permian granitoids makes up a large part of the bedrock of the Chilean Coast Range. These igneous rocks was once part of a proto-Andean magmatic belt. South of most of the Chilean Coast Range is an accretionary wedge formed by at least since the Paleozoic along the subduction zone at South Americas western margin. From a tentative correlation of the fault zone with the similarly NW-SE striking dextral Jurassic Gastre Fault System (cf. Rapela & Pankhurst, 1992) in Central Patagonia, Argentina, it was termed ‘Gastre Fault Zone’ or ‘Gastre-Purén Fault Zone’. However, in later works it is shown that this correlation is incorrect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26659131 |
Lanalhue Fault Since the lake ‘Lago Lanalhue’, is located on the fault trace and shows a NW-SE-elongated shape, ‘Zone (LFZ)’ stands as appropriate name for the here discussed fault zone. It was speculated that the inferred Gastre Fault Zone aligned Villarrica, Quetrupillán and Lanín volcanoes, until the Mocha-Villarrica Fault Zone was discovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26659131 |
Chōzaburō Tanaka Chōzaburō Tanaka | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26679155 |
Gembone is mineralized bone, often dinosaur bone, which has had the individual cells fossilized with precious minerals. It is one of four gemstones created from organisms (the others being Pearl, Ammolite, and Amber). Many minerals can be found in including hematite, iron, pyrite, jasper, marcasite, agate, quartz or other crystal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26681607 |
Gold(III) hydroxide Gold(III) hydroxide, gold trihydroxide, or gold hydroxide is an inorganic compound, a hydroxide of gold, with formula Au(OH). It is also called auric acid with formula HAuO. It is easily dehydrated above 140 °C to gold(III) oxide. Salts of auric acid are termed aurates. Gold hydroxide is used in medicine, porcelain making, gold plating, and daguerrotypes. Gold hydroxide deposited on suitable carriers can be used for preparation of gold catalysts. Gold hydroxide is a product of electrochemical corrosion of gold metalization subjected to moisture and positive electric potential; it is one of the corrosion failure modes of microelectronics. Voluminous gold hydroxide is produced from gold metalization; after the layer grows thick it may spall, and the conductive particles may cause short circuits or leakage paths. The decreased thickness of the gold layer may also lead to an increase in its electrical resistance, which can also lead to electrical failure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26684903 |
Hypertriton A hypertriton is a type of hypernucleus, formed of a proton, a neutron and any hyperon. The name comes from "hyperon", which refers to baryons containing strange quarks, and "triton", which refers to the nucleus of tritium. Because low-mass hyperons are longer-lived and easier to create than high-mass hyperons, the most common hypertritons are those containing Lambda baryons. Its antiparticle, the antihypertriton, is formed of an antiproton, an antineutron and any antihyperon. The first one was discovered in March 2010 by the STAR detector of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Normal nuclei are formed only of protons and neutrons. To study them, scientists arrange the various nuclides into a two-dimensional table of nuclides. On one axis is the number of neutrons "N", and on the other is the number of protons "Z". Because the antihyperon introduces a third component (strangeness), the table becomes three-dimensional. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26730261 |
Dust lane A dust lane is a relatively dense obscuring band of interstellar dust, observed as a dark swath against the background of a brighter object, especially a galaxy. These dust lanes can usually be seen in spiral galaxies (e.g., the Milky Way) when viewed from the edge. Due to the dense and relatively thick nature of this dust, light from the galaxy is reduced by several magnitudes. In the Milky Way, this reduction of light makes it impossible to see the light from the central bulge of the galaxy from Earth. This dust, as well as the gasses also found within these lanes, mix together and combine to form stars and planets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26749292 |
Phage typing is a method used for detecting single strains of bacteria. It is used to trace the source of outbreaks of infections. The viruses that infect bacteria are called bacteriophages ("phages" for short) and some of these can only infect a single strain of bacteria. These phages are used to identify different strains of bacteria within a single species. A culture of the strain is grown in the agar and dried. A grid is drawn on the base of the Petri dish to mark out different regions. Inoculation of each square of the grid is done by a different phage. The phage drops are allowed to dry and are incubated: The susceptible phage regions will show a circular clearing where the bacteria have been lysed, and this is used in differentiation. Spotted onto the confluence growth of bacteria | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26777607 |
Black hole bomb A black hole bomb is the name given to a physical effect utilizing how a bosonic field impinging on a rotating black hole can be amplified through superradiant scattering. If the amplified field is reflected back towards the black hole, the amplification can be repeated, leading to a run-away growth of the field, i.e. an explosion. One way this reflection could be realized in nature is if the bosonic field has mass. The mass of the field can then cause the amplified modes to be trapped around the black hole, leading to an endless cycle of self-amplification. The mechanism by which the black hole bomb functions is called superradiant instability. The idea that angular momentum and energy may be transferred from a rotating black hole to a particle being scattered by it was proposed by Roger Penrose in 1971. The first discussion of a runaway effect, the black hole bomb, was explored by W. H. Press and S. A. Teukolsky in 1972. If such an effect were to spontaneously occur, it may point to new physics beyond the Standard Model, and showing that black holes have "hair", as pointed out by a paper from 2017, by William E. East and Frans Pretorius. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26779825 |
3C 66A is a blazar located in the constellation Andromeda. The "distance" of a far away galaxy depends on what distance measurement you use. With a redshift of 0.444, light from this active galaxy is estimated to have taken around 4.5 billion years to reach us. But as a result of the expansion of the Universe, the present (co-moving) distance to this galaxy is about 5.4 billion light-years (1647 Mpc). Even at this great distance this blazar has an apparent magnitude of about 15.5. Although 0.444 is used as the common redshift value, 0.3347 is a new strict lower limit "inferred through observing the far-UV absorption by the low-z IGM." underwent an optical outburst in 2007 August, as monitored by the Tuorla blazar monitoring program. The event was monitored by the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope project. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26784889 |
Enrico Clerici (15 October 1862 – 26 August 1938) was an Italian mineralogist and geologist. From 1903 on he worked at the University of Rome. He published in 1907 the composition of a solution with a density of 4.25 g/cm at 20 °C, to determine the density of minerals. The Clerici solution is a mixture of thallium formate (Tl(CHO)) and thallium malonate (Tl(CHO)) in water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26786141 |
Soft chemistry (also known as chimie douce) is a type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels with reactions similar to those occurring in biological systems. The aim of the soft chemistry is to synthesize materials, drawing capacity of living beings - more or less basic - such as diatoms capable of producing glass from silicates dissolved. It is a new branch of materials science that differs from conventional solid-state chemistry and its application to the intense energy to explore the chemical inventiveness of the living world. This specialty emerged in the 1980s around the label of "chimie douce", which was first published by the French chemist, in "Le Monde", 26 October 1977. French hits, the term "soft chemistry" is employed as such in the early twenty-first century in scientific publications, English and others. His mode of synthesis is similar generally for reactions involved in the polymerizations based on organic and the establishment of solutions reactive energy intake without essential polycondensation. The fundamental interest of this kind of polymerization mineral obtained at room temperature is to preserve organic molecules or microorganisms that wishes to fit. The products obtained by means of the so-called" soft chemistry" sol-gel can be stored in several types: The early results have included the creation of glasses and ceramic with new properties | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26786438 |
Soft chemistry These different structures are more or less composite mobilized a wide range of applications ranging from health to the needs of the conquest of space. Beyond its mode of synthesis, a compound with the label "soft chemistry" combines the advantages of the mineral (resistance, transparency, repetition patterns, etc.) and now exploring the potential of the biochemistry and organic chemistry (interface with the organic world, reactivity, synthesis capability, etc.). According to its practitionners, the "soft chemistry "is only in its early success and opens up vast prospects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26786438 |
Nikolay Zograf Nikolay Yuryevich Zograf (; 1851–1919) was a Russian zoologist and anthropologist, Chevalier of the Order of Légion d'honneur. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26806322 |
Meker–Fisher burner A Meker–Fisher burner, or Meker burner, is a laboratory burner that produces multiple open gas flames, used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. It is used when laboratory work requires a hotter flame than attainable using a Bunsen burner, or used when a larger-diameter flame is desired, such as with an inoculation loop or in some glassblowing operations. The burner was introduced by French chemist Georges Méker in an article published in 1905. The heat output can be in excess of per hour (about 3.5 kW) using LP gas. Flame temperatures of up to are achievable. Compared with a Bunsen burner, the lower part of its tube has more openings with larger total cross-section, admitting more air and facilitating better mixing of air and gas. The tube is wider, and its top is covered with a plate mesh, which separates the flame into an array of smaller flames with a common external envelope, ensures uniform heating, and also preventing flashback to the bottom of the tube, which is a risk at high air-to-fuel ratios and limits the maximal rate of air intake in a Bunsen burner. The flame burns without noise, unlike the Bunsen or Teclu burners. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26833159 |
Species inquirenda In biological classification, a species inquirenda is a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation. The use of the term in English-language biological literature dates back to at least the early nineteenth century. The term taxon inquirendum is broader in meaning and refers to an incompletely defined taxon of which the taxonomic validity is uncertain or disputed by different experts or is impossible to identify the taxon. Further characterization is required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26858533 |
Kraken Catena is a crater chain ("catena") on Triton, the largest natural satellite of Neptune. It is named after the Kraken of Norse mythology; the name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1991. It is located at 14°N, 35.5°E. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26889747 |
Carl-Bertil Laurell (born 28 June 1919 in Uppsala, dead 18 September 2001 in Malmö) was a Swedish medical doctor and researcher. Laurell was Professor of clinical chemistry at Lund University. He named the blood plasma protein Transferrin, and discovered that an inherited lack of Alpha 1-antitrypsin could lead to emphysema. In 1976, he was made a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26891697 |
Cardinal gem Cardinal gems are gemstones which have traditionally been considered precious above all others. The classification of the cardinal gems dates back to antiquity, and was largely determined by ceremonial or religious use and rarity. The term has largely fallen out of use. The five traditional cardinal gems are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26919900 |
Renpet Mons is a large shield volcano, located on the eastern portion of a ridge-belt province on Venus. It has a diameter of and is the source for massive lava flows overlying the Snegurochka Planitia plain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26920274 |
Jaszai Patera is a to wide volcanic caldera on Venus containing steep sided lava domes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26923041 |
Resprouter Resprouters are plant species that are able to survive fire by the activation of dormant vegetative buds to produce regrowth. Plants may resprout from a bud bank that can be located in different places, including in the trunk or major branches (epicormic buds) or in belowground structures like lignotubers, bulbs, and other structures. Resprouters characterize chaparral, fynbos, kwongan, savanna and other landscapes that experience periodic fires. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26926253 |
American Institute of Chemists The (AIC) is an organization founded in 1923 with the goal of advancing the chemistry profession in the United States. The institute is known for its yearly awards recognizing contributions of individuals in this field of work. The Gold Medal, given since 1926, is the institute's highest award and is awarded annually to a person who has promoted activity of service to the science or profession of chemist or chemical engineer in the United States of America. The Chemical Pioneer Award, first given in 1966, recognizes chemists or chemical engineers who have made outstanding contributions to advances in chemistry or the chemical profession. Former Presidents of the Institute include Gustav Egloff who served from 1942 to 1946. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26933129 |
Quantitative precipitation estimation or QPE is a method of approximating the amount of precipitation that has fallen at a location or across a region. Maps of the estimated amount of precipitation to have fallen over a certain area and time span are compiled using several different data sources including manual and automatic field observations and radar and satellite data. This process is undertaken every day across the United States at Weather Forecast Offices (WFOs) run by the National Weather Service (NWS). A number of different algorithms can be used to estimate precipitation amounts from data collected by radar, satellites, or other remote sensing platforms. Research in the fields of QPE and quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) is ongoing. Recent research in the field suggests using commercial microwave links for environmental monitoring in general and precipitation measurements in particular. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26960936 |
Botaniska trädgården (Lund) Botaniska trädgården () is a botanical garden in central Lund, Sweden, open to the public daily without charge. The 8 hectares site contains 7000 species of plants, of which 200 are found in the greenhouses representing nine different climate zones. It is owned and operated by Lund University. Its international identification code is LD. The university garden has existed since 1690, at that time in front of the present site of the Lund University Main Building. In the 1860s the garden outgrew the area and was, in 1862 to, moved its current location along Östra Vallgatan. This time Jacob Georg Agardh designed the blueprints for the garden and greenhouses. In 1974 the garden was named a national historical landmark. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26982624 |
Bear Valley Strip Mine The is an abandoned coal strip mine located in Coal Township, Northumberland County, to the southwest of the town of Shamokin, Pennsylvania. It lies in the Western Middle Field of the Anthracite belt in the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, where the Pennsylvanian Llewellyn Formation is exposed. The property is owned by the Reading Anthracite Company. The coal and other overlying rock has been removed by mining down to a resistant sandstone bed, revealing the three-dimensional structures of folding and faulting caused by the Alleghany Orogeny. Students of geology have visited the location for decades due to the quality of exposures. The central anticline in the valley is often called the "Whaleback". The sequence of structural deformation is outlined as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26995550 |
Stochastic roadmap simulation is inspired by probabilistic roadmap methods (PRM) developed for robot motion planning. The main idea of these methods is to capture the connectivity of a geometrically complex high-dimensional space by constructing a graph of local paths connecting points randomly sampled from that space. A roadmap "G = (V,E)" is a directed graph. Each vertex "v" is a randomly sampled conformation in "C". Each (directed) edge from vertex v to vertex v carries a weight P , which represents the probability that the molecule will move to conformation v , given that it is currently at v. The probability P is 0 if there is no edge from v to v. Otherwise, it depends on the energy difference between conformations. is used to explore the kinetics of molecular motion by simultaneously examining multiple pathways in the roadmap. Ensemble properties of molecular motion (e.g., probability of folding (P), escape time in ligand-protein binding) is computed efficiently and accurately with stochastic roadmap simulation. P values are computed using the first step analysis of Markov chain theory. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27005434 |
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