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Horlick Ice Stream () is a large ice stream on the featureless ice surface to the north of the main mass of the Horlick Mountains of Antarctica, draining west-southwestward, parallel to these mountains, to enter the lower portion of the Reedy Glacier. It was mapped by the U.S. Geological Survey from surveys and U.S. Navy air photos, 1960–64, and was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in association with the Horlick Mountains. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25034053 |
Anton Menge Franz (15 February 1808 in Arnsberg – 27 January 1880 in Danzig) was a German entomologist. Menge was a student of Physics, Chemistry and Natural History at the University of Bonn He became Professor at the Petrischule in Danzig. Menge published "Preussische Spinnen" or "Spiders of Prussia" between 1866 and 1878. His collection of insects and spiders is in the State Natural History Museum in Gdańsk. It includes many fossil insects preserved in Baltic amber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25034377 |
Hydrogenoxalate or hydrogen oxalate is an anion with chemical formula or , derived from oxalic acid by the loss of a single proton; or, alternatively, from the oxalate anion by addition of a proton. The name is also used for any salt containing this anion, such as NaHCO, KHCO, or NHHCO. Hydrogenoxalates may also be called (especially in older literature) bioxalates, acid oxalates, or monobasic oxalates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25034456 |
Cloud species are a set of fourteen terms used to describe the shape and structure of clouds. Each one has its name abbreviated to a three letter term. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25035996 |
Polarization (electrochemistry) In electrochemistry, polarization is a collective term for certain mechanical side-effects (of an electrochemical process) by which isolating barriers develop at the interface between electrode and electrolyte. These side-effects influence the reaction mechanisms, as well as the chemical kinetics of corrosion and metal deposition. In a reaction we can displace the bonding electrons by attacking reagents. The electronic displacement in turn may be due to certain effects, some of which are permanent (inductive and mesomeric effects), and the others are temporary (electromeric effect). Those effects which are permanently operating in the molecule are known as polarization effects, and those effects which are brought into play by attacking reagent (and as the attacking reagent is removed, the electronic displacement disappears) are known as polarisability effects. The term 'polarization' derives from the early 19th-century discovery that electrolysis causes the elements in an electrolyte to be attracted towards one or the other pole i.e. the gasses were "polarized" towards the electrodes. Thus, initially 'polarization' was essentially a description of electrolysis itself, and in the context of electrochemical cells used to describe the effects on the electrolyte (which was then called "polarization liquid") | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25037439 |
Polarization (electrochemistry) In time, as more electrochemical processes were invented, the term 'polarization' evolved to denote any (potentially undesirable) mechanical side-effects that occur at the interface between electrolyte and electrodes. These mechanical side-effects are: Both effects isolate the electrode from the electrolyte, impeding reaction and charge transfer between the two. The immediate consequences of these barriers are: Each of these immediate consequences has multiple secondary effects. For instance, heat affects the crystalline structure of the electrode material. This in turn can influence reaction rate, and/or accelerate dendrite formation, and/or deform the plates, and/or precipitate thermal runaway. The mechanical side-effects can be desirable in some electrochemical processes, for example, certain types of electropolishing and electroplating take advantage of the fact that evolved gasses will first accumulate in the depressions of the plate. This feature can be used to reduce current in the depressions, and exposes ridges and edges to higher currents. Undesirable polarization can be suppressed by vigorous agitation of the electrolyte, or when agitation is impractical (such as in a stationary battery) with a depolarizer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25037439 |
Sally P. Horn is a professor at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. Her work in Costa Rica and other tropical regions has been featured in a number of publications, including "National Geographic". She has published over 100 articles relating to paleolimnology and biogeography. She is director of the University of Tennessee Laboratory of Paleoenvironmental Research and associate director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Science. Horn was named one of the first University of Tennessee Chancellors Professors in 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25037650 |
Elizabeth Morris Elizabeth Mary Morris, OBE (born 7 September 1946), also known as Liz Morris, is a glaciologist and Senior Associate at the Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge. She has been a visiting professor at the University of Reading since 1995. Formerly head of the ice and climate division at the British Antarctic Survey, from 1986 to 1999, and president of the International Glaciological Society, from 2002 to 2005. She was awarded the Polar Medal in 2003 for her services to Antarctic science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25046983 |
Vijay Kumar Raina is an Indian geologist and glaciologist, and author of a controversial discussion paper from India's Ministry of Environment and Forests regarding Himalayan glaciers. He was formerly deputy director-general of the Geological Survey of India, and led two scientific expeditions conducted by the Indian Antarctic Program. He is also co-author of "Glacier, Atlas of India" which is a collection of photographs and descriptions of glaciers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25052931 |
Kenneth N. Beers was an American medical doctor who served as a NASA flight surgeon during the Project Gemini and Apollo Program eras. Beers died on September 20, 2017. Beers did his undergraduate work at Muhlenberg College. In 1956, Dr. Beers graduated from Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University. On September 20, 1962, he received his California medical license. Beers was president of the Society of NASA Flight Engineers. Beers was professor emeritus at the Wright State University medical school. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25060870 |
Hammer paint (or hammered paint) is a special lacquer with a surface that looks like hammered metal when dried. It is also known as hammertone. The slightly iridescent areas are caused by the different orientation of very small shiny particles, which are suspended in the lacquer. These particles are often made of the mineral mica. Mica is resilient, reflective, refractive, dielectric, chemically inert, insulating, lightweight, and hydrophilic. Alternatively, aluminium or bronze powder may be used. To make the "hammered" effect more pronounced, a small amount of silicone oil may be added directly before application. is often used to beautify technical apparatus and not so commonly as a protective coating. The optical advantage of hammer paint is that surfaces look acceptable even if the underlying surface is not flat and smooth. To get a regular paint to look smooth, the surface would have to be prepared first, for example, by spackling, sanding, grinding or polishing. With hammer paint, this step can be omitted. Some hammer paints (e.g. by Hammerite) are formulated to be usable directly on rusted steel without surface preparation other than brushing to remove the loose rust. Beyond that, the mica improves the durability and color of the paint job. The mica reduces aging by protecting the underlying binders from UV radiation. The mica also makes hammer paint relatively hard and scratch-resistant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25069073 |
Dynamic hydrogen electrode A dynamic hydrogen electrode (DHE) is a reference electrode, more specific a subtype of the standard hydrogen electrodes for electrochemical processes by simulating a reversible hydrogen electrode with an approximately 20 to 40 mV more negative potential. A separator in a glass tube connects two electrolytes and a small current is enforced between the cathode and anode. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25086315 |
Proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy Proton-enhanced nuclear induction spectroscopy, also called Cross Polarisation (CP), is a nuclear magnetic resonance technique invented by Michael Gibby and Alexander Pines while they were graduate students in the lab of Professor John S. Waugh at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was one of the first of Pines' experiments transferring spin orientation from one atomic nucleus to another, which has been one of the running themes throughout his career as a leading pioneer in the applications of NMR to the study of non-liquid samples. The PENIS technique was patented in 1972. In this technique the natural polarization of an abundant spin (1H, the "proton" which begins the name of the technique) is exploited to increase the polarization of a rare spin (such as 13C) by irradiating the sample with radio waves at the frequency which corresponds to the difference between the rotation frequencies of the two different spins. Besides its utility for boosting signals from dilute spins, transferring spin-polarization can also be used by surface-scientists to selectively enhance the spin-polarization of molecules on a sample's surface over the spins in the bulk by transferring spin-polarization from a gas to the surface. Due to the suggestive nature of its acronym (PENIS), the proposed name for this pulse sequence was never widely accepted. This method is now more commonly known as cross-polarization and is an integral part of most solid-state NMR experiments involving spin-1/2 nuclei. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25109950 |
Kaiser (Martian crater) Kaiser is a crater in the Noachis quadrangle of Mars, located at 46.6° S and 340.9° W. It is 207 km wide and was named after Frederik Kaiser, a Dutch astronomer (1808–1872). Debris flows have been observed on some of the dunes in this crater. Some researchers believe that they may be caused by liquid water. Liquid water could be stable for short periods of time in the summer in the southern hemisphere of Mars. These gully-like debris flows may be denivation features caused by small amounts of ice melting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25111840 |
Staffane A staffane or [n]staffane is an organic compound, a polycyclic hydrocarbon with molecular structure H-[-C≡(-CH-)≡C-]-H, for some integer "n" ≥ 1. The chemical formula is therefore CH Staffanes were first obtained in 1988 by P. Kazynski and J. Michl, by spontaneous polymerization of [1.1.1]-propellane CH or C(=CH). In the reaction, the axial C-C bond of the propellane (the "bridge") is broken, creating a free bond on each of the two axial carbons (the "bridgeheads"). The resulting structural unit [-C≡(-CH-)≡C-] is a rigid cage, consisting of two carbon atoms joined by three methylene bridges; therefore the joined units are constrained to lie on a straight line. This feature has generated substantial interest among nanotechnology researchers, who have considered staffane oligomers as convenient "rigid rods" for building all sorts of nanostructures. An oligomer with a specific number "n" of units is denoted by [n]staffane (e.g., [1]staffane, [2]staffane, etc..) The notation [n]staffane is used when the number of units is variable or unspecified; in this case the "n" in the brackets is not a variable, but the letter "n", considered part of the name. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25117650 |
MTZ black hole The MTZ black hole, named after Cristian Martinez, Ricardo Troncoso and Jorge Zanelli, is a black hole solution for (3+1)-dimensional gravity with a minimally coupled self-interacting scalar field. The event horizon is a surface of constant negative curvature, and the spacetime is asymptotically locally Anti-de-Sitter. BTZ black hole | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25121408 |
Grus (geology) Grus is an accumulation of angular, coarse-grained fragments (particles of sand and gravel) resulting from the granular disintegration by the processes of chemical and mechanical weathering of crystalline rocks (most notably granitoids) generally in an arid or semiarid region. Grus sand, when cemented into a sandstone, will form an arkose. Within a European context most of the saprolite mantles of Late Cenozoic age are made up grus, contrasting with Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic saprolites made up of kaolinitic and ferrallitic material. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25122739 |
Catalytic oxidation are processes that oxidize compounds using catalysts. Common applications involve oxidation of organic compounds by the oxygen in air. Such processes are conducted on a large scale for the remediation of pollutants, production of valuable chemicals, and the production of energy. In petrochemistry, high-value intermediates such as carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, epoxides, and alcohols are obtained by partial oxidation of alkanes and alkenes with dioxygen. These intermediates are essential to the production of consumer goods. Partial oxidation presents two challenges. The first is that the most favored reaction between oxygen and hydrocarbons is combustion. The second challenge is the considerable difficulty to activate dioxygen, viz. the splitting of the molecule into its constituent atoms, which has an energy barrier of 498 kJ/mol. The usual strategy to activate oxygen in a controlled manner is to use molecular hydrogen or carbon monoxide as sacrificial reductants in presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, such that the activation barrier is lowered to < 10 kJ/mol and hence milder reaction conditions are required. One of the most challenging selective oxidations, which has been achieved with supported gold catalysts, is the epoxidation of propylene. An illustrative catalytic oxidation is the conversion of methanol to the more valuable compound formaldehyde using oxygen in air: This conversion is very slow in the absence of catalysts. Typical oxidation catalysts are metal oxides and metal carboxylates | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25133525 |
Catalytic oxidation Industrially important examples include both inorganic and organic substrates. Oxidation catalysis is conducted by both heterogeneous catalysis and homogeneous catalysis. In the heterogeneous processes, gaseous substrate and oxygen (or air) are passed over solid catalysts. Typical catalysts are platinum, and redox-active oxides of iron, vanadium, and molybdenum. In many cases, catalysts are modified with a host of additives or promoters that enhance rates or selectivities. Important homogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of organic compounds are carboxylates of cobalt, iron, and manganese. To confer good solubility in the organic solvent, these catalysts are often derived from naphthenic acids and ethylhexanoic acid, which are highly lipophilic. These catalysts initiate radical chain reactions, autoxidation that produce organic radicals that combine with oxygen to give hydroperoxide intermediates. Generally the selectivity of oxidation is determined by bond energies. For example, benzylic C-H bonds are replaced by oxygen faster than aromatic C-H bonds. Many selective oxidation catalysts have been developed for producing fine chemicals of pharmaceutical or academic interest. Nobel Prize–winning examples are the Sharpless epoxidation and the Sharpless dihydroxylation. Catalytic oxidations are common in biology, especially since aerobic life subsists on the energy of O released by oxidation of organic compounds | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25133525 |
Catalytic oxidation In contrast to the industrial processes, which are optimized for producing chemical compounds, energy-producing biological oxidations are optimized to produce energy. Many metalloenzymes mediate these reactions. Fuel cells rely on oxidation of organic compounds (or hydrogen) using catalysts. Catalytic heaters generate flameless heat from a supply of combustible fuel and oxygen from air as oxidant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25133525 |
Gyula Sáringer (December 2, 1928 – February 17, 2009) was a Hungarian agronomist and entomologist. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA). For some time he was a Professor at the Institute for Plant Protection and Department of Entomology in the Georgikon Faculty of the University of Pannonia in Keszthely. His son is MP Tamás Sáringer-Kenyeres. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25136892 |
Peter von Glehn (; in Jelgimeggi Manor – in Saint Petersburg) was a Baltic German botanist. was born in the Jelgimeggi manor () in 1835, to a Baltic German landowner, member of the Glehn family, (1796–1843) and Auguste Caroline Marie Burchart von Bellavary, member of the Burchardt family who took care of the Town Hall Pharmacy in Reval. He had 2 younger brothers: Nikolai (1841–1923), the founder of Nömme (), and Len von Glehn, (1844-1920), and 3 sisters: Marie Elisabeth (1840–????), Julie Wilhelmine (1842–1867) and Marie (1843–1884). He graduated at the University of Dorpat () with a gold medal. Glehn's Spruce ("Picea glehnii"), a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae, is named after Peter von Glehn. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25146654 |
Jiří Baum (20 September 1900 – 1944, Warsaw) was a Czech zoologist, museum curator, explorer and writer. He served as the director of the zoological department of the National Museum in Prague and is best known in his field for his 1933 book "Through the African Wilderness" and his 1935 zoological expedition in the Australian outback. In Australia, Baum teamed with Walter Drowley Filmer due to his local expertise with spiders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25154846 |
HD 5388 b (also known as HIP 4311 b) was thought to be an extrasolar planet orbiting the F-type main sequence star HD 5388, located approximately 175 light years away in the constellation Phoenix. It takes over two years to orbit the star at a semimajor axis of 1.76 AU with an eccentricity of 0.40. It was announced on October 19, 2009, together with 29 other planets. This planet has been disproved and shown to be a brown dwarf. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25158006 |
N band In infrared astronomy, the refers to an atmospheric transmission window centred on 10 micrometres (in the mid-infrared). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25161986 |
Chemical free or chemical-free is a term used in marketing to imply that a product is safe, healthy or environmentally friendly because it only contains natural ingredients. From a chemist's perspective, the term is a misnomer, as all substances and objects are composed entirely of chemicals and energy. The term "chemical" is roughly a synonym for matter, and all substances, such as water and air, are chemicals. "Chemical free" in advertising to indicate that a product is free of synthetic chemicals, and the tolerance of its use in this fashion by the United Kingdom's Advertising Standards Authority has been the subject of criticism. A study of understandings of the term "chemical" among American undergraduates by chemist Gayle Nicoll in 1997 noted that "People may hold both a scientific and layman's definition of a chemical without linking the two together in any way. They may or may not consciously distinguish that the term 'chemical' has different connotations depending on the situation." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25162865 |
Hořava–Lifshitz gravity (or Hořava gravity) is a theory of quantum gravity proposed by Petr Hořava in 2009. It solves the problem of different concepts of time in quantum field theory and general relativity by treating the quantum concept as the more fundamental so that space and time are not equivalent (anisotropic) at high energy level. The relativistic concept of time with its Lorentz invariance emerges at large distances. The theory relies on the theory of foliations to produce its causal structure. It is related to topologically massive gravity and the Cotton tensor. It is a possible UV completion of general relativity. Also, the speed of light goes to infinity at high energies. The novelty of this approach, compared to previous approaches to quantum gravity such as Loop quantum gravity, is that it uses concepts from condensed matter physics such as quantum critical phenomena. Hořava's initial formulation was found to have side-effects such as predicting very different results for a spherical Sun compared to a slightly non-spherical Sun, so others have modified the theory. Inconsistencies remain. However progress has been made on the theory. Hořava originally imposed the theory to satisfy the detailed balance condition which considerably reduces the number of terms in the action. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25163388 |
Peroxydicarbonate In chemistry, peroxydicarbonate (sometimes peroxodicarbonate) is a divalent anion with formula . It is one of the oxocarbon anions, which consist solely of carbon and oxygen. Its molecular structure can be viewed as two carbonate anions joined so as to form a peroxide bridge –O–O–. The anion is formed, together with peroxocarbonate , at the negative electrode during electrolysis of molten lithium carbonate. The anion can also be obtained by electrolysis of a saturated solution of rubidium carbonate in water. In addition, the peroxodicarbonate anion can be obtained by electrosynthesis on boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. The formal oxidation of two carbonate ions takes place at the anode. Due to the high oxidation potential of the peroxodicarbonate anion, a high anodic overpotential is necessary. This is even more important if hydroxyl radicals are involved in the formation process. Recent publication show that a concentration of 282 mmol/l of peroxodicarbonate can be reached in an undivided cell with sodium carbonate as starting material at current densities of 720 mA/cm². The described process is suitable for pilot scale production of sodium peroxodicarbonate. Potassium peroxydicarbonate KCO was obtained by Constam and von Hansen in 1895; its crystal structure was determined only in 2002. It too can be obtained by electrolysis of a saturated potassium carbonate solution at −20 °C | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25163400 |
Peroxydicarbonate It is a light blue crystalline solid that decomposes at 141 °C, releasing oxygen and carbon dioxide, and decomposes slowly at lower temperatures. Rubidium peroxodicarbonate is a light blue crystalline solid that decomposes at . Its structure was published in 2003. In both salts, each of the two carbonate units is planar. In the rubidium salt the whole molecule is planar, whereas in the potassium salt the two units lie on different and nearly perpendicular planes, both of which contain the O–O bond. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25163400 |
Peroxycarbonate In chemistry, peroxycarbonate (sometimes peroxocarbonate) is a divalent anion with formula . It is an oxocarbon anion that consists solely of carbon and oxygen. It would be the anion of a hypothetical peroxocarbonic acid HO–CO–O–OH. or the real hydroperoxyformic acid, HO-O-CO-OH (a.k.a. percarbonic acid, carbonoperoxoic acid). The peroxycarbonate anion is formed, together with peroxydicarbonate , at the negative electrode during electrolysis of molten lithium carbonate. Lithium peroxycarbonate can be produced also by combining carbon dioxide CO with lithium hydroxide in concentrated hydrogen peroxide HO at −10 °C. The peroxycarbonate anion has been proposed as an intermediate to explain the catalytic effect of CO on the oxidation of organic compounds by O. The potassium and rubidium salts of the monovalent hydrogenperoxocarbonate anion have also been obtained. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25163643 |
Geological Strength Index The (GSI) system, proposed in 1994 by Evert Hoek, is used for the estimation of the rock mass strength and the rock mass deformation modulus. The GSI system concentrates on the description of two factors, rock structure and block surface conditions. The guidelines given by the GSI system are for the estimation of the peak strength parameters of jointed rock masses. There are no guidelines given by the GSI, or by any other system, for the estimation of the rock mass’ residual strength that yield consistent results. Another method is that defined in the work of Cole & Stroud whereby the basic strength, in Newtons, and the shear strength in Kg/cm2, can be estimated empirically by varied responses to hammer, knife & finger nail. Hoek, E. (1994) "Strengths of rock and rock masses" ISRM News Journal, 2(2): 4–16. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25165206 |
Tricarbonate In organic chemistry, a tricarbonate is a compound containing the divalent [–O–(C=O)–O–(C=O)–O–(C=O)–O–] functional group, which consists of three carbonate groups in tandem, sharing two oxygen atoms. These compounds can be viewed as double esters of a hypothetical tricarbonic acid, HO–(C=O)–O–(C=O)–O–(C=O)–OH. An important example is di-"tert"-butyl tricarbonate (HC–)C–CO–C(–CH), a chemical reagent (colorless prisms that melt at 62–63 °C with decomposition, soluble in pentane). The term "tricarbonate" is sometimes used for salts that contain three carbonate anions in their stoichiometric formula, such as cerium tricarbonate Ce(CO). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25176255 |
Escherichia virus T5 Escherichia virus T5, sometimes called Bacteriophage T5 is a caudal virus within the family "Siphoviridae". This bacteriophage specifically infects "E. coli" bacterial cells and follows a lytic life cycle. The T5 virion includes a 90 nanometer icosahedral capsid (head) and a 250 nanometer-long flexible, non-contractile tail. The capsid contains the phage's 121750 base pair, double-stranded DNA genome. Bacteriophage T5 has been shown to infect "E. coli" after its receptor binding protein, pb5, binds to the host cell's outer membrane ferrichrome transporter, FhuA. The binding triggers structural changes in pb5 and eventually leads to DNA release from the phage capsid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25177212 |
Chinese lantern structure In chemistry, the is a coordination complex where two metal atoms are bridged by four bidentate ligands. An example is copper (II) acetate dihydrate. The name reflects a resemblance between ball-and-stick models of the structure and a Chinese paper lantern. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25188072 |
Wilhelm Möllenkamp (2 April 1858, Aurich -29 November 1917, Nordern) was a German entomologist who specialised in Coleoptera especially Lucanidae. Möllenkamp was an insect dealer in Dortmund. He wrote many short scientific papers describing new taxa, many in "Insekten-Börse" a part scientific part trade entomological journal published by Alfred Kernen in Stuttgart. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25188597 |
Base modifying agent Base Modifying Agent is one which directly modifies the structure or chemical properties of bases. An example of this is nitrous oxide which is a deaminating agent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25204078 |
Iron(II) In chemistry, iron(II) refers to the element iron in its +2 oxidation state. In ionic compounds (salts), such an atom may occur as a separate cation (positive ion) denoted by Fe. The adjective ferrous or the prefix ferro- is often used to specify such compounds — as in "ferrous chloride" for iron(II) chloride, . The adjective "ferric" is used instead for iron(III) salts, containing the cation or Fe. The word ferrous is derived from the Latin word "ferrum" for iron. atoms may also occur as coordination complexes, such as the polymer iron(II) oxalate dihydrate, or ; and organometallic compounds, such as the neutral molecule ferrocene, or . Iron is almost always encountered in the oxidation states 0 (as in the metal), +2, or +3. Solid iron(II) salts are relatively stable in air, but in the presence of air and water they tend to oxidize to iron(III) salts that include hydroxide () or oxide ( anions. All known forms of life require iron. Many proteins in living beings contain bound iron ions; those are an important subclass of the metalloproteins. Examples include hemoglobin, ferredoxin, and the cytochromes. These proteins perform their vital functions thanks to the relatively easy switching of the iron atom between the +2 and +3 states. Hemoglobin for example, carries oxygen in the blood by binding one molecule to the iron atom, forming oxyhemoglobin. In the process, the iron(II) core of hemoglobin loses an electron to become iron(III), while the oxygen molecule is turned into the superoxide anion | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25206673 |
Iron(II) Insufficient iron in the human diet causes anemia. Animals and humans can obtain the necessary iron from foods that contain it in assimilable form, such as meat. Other organisms must obtain their iron from the environment. However, iron tends to form highly insoluble iron(III) oxides/hydroxides in aerobic (oxygenated) environment, especially in calcareous soils. Plants (except grasses) solve that problem by encouraging the growth around their roots of certain bacteria that reduce iron(III) to soluble iron(II). (Bacteria and grasses instead secrete compounds called siderophores that form soluble complexes with iron(III).) For the same reason, iron is very scarce in seawater, and is often the limiting factor to the growth of the microscopic plants (phytoplankton) that are the basis of the marine food web. This fact was dramatically demonstrated by an experiment where a large area of the ocean surface was sprayed with soluble iron(II) salts, specifically iron(II) sulfate. After several days, the phytoplankton within the treated area bloomed to such an extent that the effect was visible from outer space. This fertilizing process has been proposed as a means to mitigate the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. Many iron(II) salts are soluble in water, such as iron(II) chloride and iron (II) sulfate | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25206673 |
Iron(II) Unlike their iron(III) counterparts, these salts dissolve in pure water without significant hydrolysis, and without affecting the pH When metallic iron (oxidation state 0) is placed in a solution of hydrochloric acid, iron(II) chloride is formed,with release of hydrogen gas, by the reaction Iron metal is more electropositive than copper, and therefore will displace it from its salts: When iron metal is exposed to air and water, usually it turns into rust, a mixure of oxides and oxide-hydroxides. However, in some environments the metal forms a mixed iron(II) and iron(III) salt with hydroxide and other anions, called green rust. is a d center, meaning that the atom has six "valence" electrons in the 3d orbital shell. These orbitals can accept a great variety of ligands to form coordination complexes and organometallic compounds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25206673 |
Jan Dembowski (biologist) Jan Bohdan Dembowski (26 December 1889 - 22 September 1963) was a Polish biologist and academic. Dembowski was born in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He became the first president of the Polish Academy of Sciences (1952-1956), marshal of the Sejm (1952-1957) and Deputy Chairman of the Polish Council of State (1952-1957). In years 1929-1939 he was the editor-in-chief of popular-science journal "Wszechświat". He was awarded the Order of the Builders of Polish People's Republic and also received the Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 1949 and 1955 state winner of the first degree, a member of the Academy of Sciences and foreign - USSR Academy of Sciences (honorary member), the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Sciences in New York. He died, aged 73, in Warsaw. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25207021 |
Registry of Standard Biological Parts The is a collection of genetic parts that are used in the assembly of systems and devices in synthetic biology. The registry was founded in 2003 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The registry, as of 2018, contains over 20,000 parts. Recipients of the genetic parts include academic labs, established scientists, and student teams participating in the iGEM Foundation's annual synthetic biology competition. The conforms to the BioBrick standard, a standard for interchangeable genetic parts. BioBrick was developed by a nonprofit composed of researchers from MIT, Harvard, and UCSF. The registry offers genetic parts with the expectation that recipients will contribute data and new parts to improve the resource. The registry records and indexes biological parts and offers services including the synthesis and assembly of biological parts, systems, and devices. The registry offers many types of biological parts, including DNA, plasmids, plasmid backbones, primers, promoters, protein coding sequences, protein domains, ribosomal binding sites, terminators, translational units, riboregulators, and composite parts. It also includes devices such as protein generators, reporters, inverters, receptors, senders, and measurement devices. A key idea that motivated the development of the Registry was to develop an abstraction hierarchy implemented through the parts categorization system | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25207831 |
Registry of Standard Biological Parts The registry has previously received external funding through grants from the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the National Institutes of Health. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25207831 |
Knockout moss A knockout moss is a moss plant in which one or more specific genes are deleted or inactivated ("knocked out") by gene targeting. After deletion of a gene, the knockout moss has lost the trait encoded by this gene. Thus, the function of this gene can be inferred. This scientific approach is called reverse genetics as the scientist wants to unravel the function of a specific gene. In classical genetics the scientist starts with a phenotype of interest and searches for the gene that causes this phenotype. Knockout mosses are relevant for basic research in biology as well as in biotechnology. The targeted deletion or alteration of genes relies on the integration of a DNA strand at a specific and predictable position into the genome of the host cell. This DNA strand must be engineered in such a way that both ends are identical to this specific gene locus. This is a prerequisite for being efficiently integrated via homologous recombination (HR). Basically, a knockout mouse is engineered in the same way. So far, this method of gene targeting in land plants has been carried out in the mosses "Physcomitrella patens" and "Ceratodon purpureus", since in these non-seed plant species the efficiency of HR is several orders of magnitude higher than in seed plants. Knockout mosses are stored at and distributed by a specialized biobank, the International Moss Stock Center. For altering moss genes in a targeted way, the DNA-construct needs to be incubated together with moss protoplasts and with polyethylene glycol (PEG) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211094 |
Knockout moss As mosses are haploid organisms, the regenerating moss filaments (protonemata) can be directly assayed for gene targeting within 6 weeks when utilizing PCR-methods. The first scientific publication about identification of the function of a hitherto unknown gene utilizing knockout moss appeared 1998 and was authored by Ralf Reski and coworkers. They deleted the ftsZ-gene and thus functionally identified the first gene pivotal for the division of an organelle in any eukaryote. By multiple gene knockout "Physcomitrella" plants were engineered, that lack the plant-specific glycosylation of proteins, an important post-translational modification. These knockout mosses are used to produce complex biopharmaceuticals in the field of molecular farming. In cooperation with the chemical company BASF Ralf Reski and coworkers established a collection of knockout mosses that is used for gene identification. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211094 |
Electric dipole transition is the dominant effect of an interaction of an electron in an atom with the electromagnetic field. Following, consider an electron in an atom with quantum Hamiltonian formula_1, interacting with a plane electromagnetic wave Write the Hamiltonian of the electron in this electromagnetic field as formula_3 Treating this system by means of time-dependent perturbation theory, one finds that the most likely transitions of the electron from one state to the other occur due to the summand of formula_4 written as Electric dipole transitions are the transitions between energy levels in the system with the Hamiltonian formula_6. Between certain electron states the electric dipole transition rate may be zero due to one or more selection rules, particularly the angular momentum selection rule. In such a case, the transition is termed "electric dipole forbidden", and the transitions between such levels must be approximated by "higher-order transitions". The next order summand in formula_4 is written as and describes magnetic dipole transitions. Even smaller contributions to transition rates are given by higher electric and magnetic multipole transitions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211625 |
Magnetic dipole transition The interaction of an electromagnetic wave with an electron bound in an atom or molecule can be described by time-dependent perturbation theory. Magnetic dipole transitions describe the dominant effect of the coupling to the magnetic part of the electromagnetic wave. They can be divided into two groups by the frequency at which they are observed: optical magnetic dipole transitions can occur at frequencies in the infrared, optical or ultraviolet between sublevels of two different electronic levels, while magnetic Resonance transitions can occur at microwave or radio frequencies between angular momentum sublevels within a single electronic level. The latter are called Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) transitions if they are associated with the electronic angular momentum of the atom or molecule and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) transitions if they are associated with the nuclear angular momentum. The Hamiltonian of an electron bound in an atom interacting with an electromagnetic field is given by the Pauli equation (the theoretical description follows ): formula_1 The Hamiltonian can be split into a time independent and a time dependent part: formula_2 with formula_3 the atomic Hamiltonian and the interaction with the electromagnetic wave (time-dependent): formula_4 Since the last term is quadratic in A it can be neglected for small fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211802 |
Magnetic dipole transition The time-dependent part can be Taylor expanded in terms belonging to electric dipole(from the first term), magnetic dipole(from the second term), and higher order terms, such as electric quadropole and so on. The term belonging to the magnetic dipole transitions is: formula_5 The selection rules for allowed magnetic dipole transitions are: 1. formula_6 (J: total angular momentum quantum number) 2. formula_7 (formula_8: projection of the total angular momentum along a specified axis) 3. No parity change | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211802 |
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae (), originally written in Latin, is the first scientific work on the natural history of Brazil, written by Dutch naturalist Willem Piso and research by German scientist Georg Marcgraf, published in 1648. The work includes observations made by the German naturalist H. Gralitzio, in addition to humanist Johannes de Laet. It was dedicated to Johan Maurits, Count of Nassau, who was the patron of the project during the period of Dutch rule in Brazil. Though referring to Brazil generally throughout the text, the authors' research was of the coastal strip of the Northeast, occupied by the Dutch West India Company. It is based on Marcgraf and Piso's time in Brazil, starting in 1637. It offers an important early European insight into Brazilian flora and fauna by analyzing plants and animals and studying tropical diseases and indigenous therapies. Also included is William Piso's interpretation and first opinions of the indigenous people who he would go on to describe as barbarous and lacking in science. This would lead to concern amongst Piso and his contemporaries that these people might not be able to contribute to studying medicine and botany. It was edited, as stated on its title page, in: "Lugdun. Batavorum: Apud Franciscum Hackium ; et Amstelodami: Apud Lud. Elzevirium". "Elzevirium" is the Latin name of the prestigious Elsevier publisher, which still exists. The work consists of a single volume, originally measuring 40 centimeters (height) and its full title, with subtitle, is: "" Historia naturalis Brasiliae .. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25214567 |
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae : in qua non tantum plantae et animalia, sed et indigenarum morbi, ingenia et mores describuntur et iconibus supra quingentas illustrantur " ". The Brazilian physician and researcher Juliano Moreira said of the work: This clearly masterful work, when carefully reexamined, shows, at each perquisition, new excellences, and thus it is still one of the most authentic glories of Dutch medical literature. We owe to Pies a description, so accurate and meticulous, of the then reigning endemics in Brazil and the means of treating them. He observed the yaws, tetanus, various types of paralysis, dysentery, hemeralopia, maculopapular. He described Ipecac and emeto - cathartic qualities, which aboriginals used long before the famous doctor Adrian Helvetius, grandfather of the notable French philosopher Claudio Adriano Helvetius received from Louis XIV a thousand louis gold, titles and honors for having discovered exactly those same therapeutic virtues. The Treaty of Helvetius titled ""Remède contre le cours du ventre". The work circulated widely in northern Europe and beyond, so that while it detailed the flora and fauna of coastal South America, it was an important publication for those working elsewhere. Richly illustrated scientific texts allowed knowledge to be disseminated even when scholars themselves could not travel to the research site. The work remained unsurpassed until the nineteenth century, and between its initial publication and subsequent research it remained highly influential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25214567 |
Historia Naturalis Brasiliae Diverse writers referred to the text, including Miguel Venegas, author of "Noticia de la California" (1757), Anglo-American Protestant theologian Cotton Mather, who saw in the text evidence of divine planning; and amateur American naturalist Thomas Jefferson, who mentioned Marcgraf in his "Notes on the State of Virginia". This work would prove to be incredibly influential especially in the field of ecology, being used by a variety of different ecologists in different locations and time. The long lasting influence could be seen outside of just the field of ecology, as well, with various other forms of science utilizing the findings in various ways. In particular, Ole Worm utilized a similar organizational structure when documenting natural history of Denmark while even using some of the images in his work, Museum Wormianum. Carl Linnaeus and Albert Aublet would also use the work of Macgrave in several of their texts and images. Relevancy was still found in the 20th century with a herbarium being discovered that would contain a hefty amount of items that were used in the Netherlands during the 17th century. The utility of these documents from John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen were able to assist other researchers and academics even in a more modern context. This discovery would also cause people to seek out a variety of these books detailing herbariums in order to achieves further information that Maurice may have. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25214567 |
Cumulonimbus velum (Cb vel) (from the Latin "cumulonimbus", "column-rain" + "velum", "veil") is a cumulonimbus cloud with an accessory cloud veil wrapped around its mid area, representing an area of humid stable air created as a result of the growth of the parent cumulonimbus. The altostratus velum cloud appears dark in comparison to its parent cloud, and can persist even after the cumulonimbus has disintegrated. The velum is very rare, as conditions necessary in development are infrequent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25227215 |
Deltatorquevirus is a genus in the family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses the single type species of the "Torque teno tupaia virus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231223 |
Epsilontorquevirus is a genus in the family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses the single type species of the "Torque teno tamarin virus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231232 |
Etatorquevirus is a recently discovered genus in the new family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses the type species "Torque teno felis virus" and "Torque teno felis virus 2". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231240 |
Iotatorquevirus is a genus in the new family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses two species of the Torque teno sus virus. The virons are small and non enveloped. The viruses are usually acquired soon after birth and may invade virtually any tissue in the body. They are widespread in the pig population The genome is a circular single stranded DNA molecule of negative polarity. Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome has been causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2. The have also been linked with this syndrome but a causative role—if one exists—has yet to be established. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231251 |
Thetatorquevirus is a genus in the family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses the single type species of the "Torque teno canis virus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231259 |
Zetatorquevirus is a genus in the family of "Anelloviridae", in group . It encompasses the single type species of the "Torque teno douroucouli virus". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25231266 |
Impedance pump An impedance pump is a valveless pump consisting of an elastic tube connected on both ends to an inelastic tube. Tapping the end of a tube will cause flow of liquid inside the system. Very small versions of an impedance pump -- a micro impedance pump -- can be used as a micropump for lab-on-a-chip active microfluidics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25241870 |
Chester Baker Slawson (April 12, 1898—March 12, 1964) was a professor of mineralogy at the University of Michigan. After his death, the Slawson Memorial fund was created at the University of Michigan and in 2004 the first Slawson Fellowship was awarded to a student of the Department of Geological Sciences. The mineral Slawsonite [(Sr,Ca)AlSiO], first described in 1977, was named in his honor. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25250175 |
Alexander Ivanovich Yakovlev (spelled "Jakowlew", "Jakowleff", "Jakovlev" in German and French), (1863–1909) was a Russian entomologist and painter. He is not to be confused with Wassily Ewgrafowitsch Jakowlew (1839–1908) also an entomologist who lived in St. Petersburg. Jakovlev was of German origin. He lived in Saint Petersburg . He was primarily intested in Coleoptera. He wrote:- | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25264889 |
Vasily Evgrafovich Yakovlev (; also transliterated Vasiliy Ewgrafowitsch Jakovlev or Vasiliy Yevgrafovich Yakovlev; 9 February 1839 – 15 August 1908) was a Russian Russian zoologist who studied fishes, molluscs and insects. He is not to be confused with Alexander Ivanovich Yakovlev, another entomologist. His name was spelled Wassily Ewgrafowitsch Jakowlew in French, in which he sometimes wrote. Yakovlev lived in Saint Petersburg, but travelled extensively collecting insects in the Crimea, Volga region and Turkestan until he finally travelled and settled in Griffin, GA. Although primarily interested in Coleoptera Yakovlev also worked on Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. From around 1867 Yakovlev conducted zoological observations in the vicinity of Astrakhan. Yakovlev described Caspian roach ("Rutilus caspicus") and Volga undermouth ("Chondrostoma variabile"). Partial list | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25265873 |
Silvano Canzoneri (4 February 1941 in Corleone – 5 October 1995 in Venice) was an Italian entomologist. Canzoneri specialized in Coleoptera, especially Tenebrionidae, Diptera and Ephydridae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25267122 |
Ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) intergenic spacer analysis (RISA) is a method of microbial community analysis that provides a means of comparing differing environments or treatment impacts without the bias imposed by culture- dependent approaches. This type of analysis is often referred to as community fingerprinting. RISA involves PCR amplification of a region of the rRNA gene operon between the small (16S) and large (23S) subunits called the intergenic spacer region ISR. By using oligonucleotide primers targeted to conserved regions in the 16S and 23S genes, RISA fragments can be generated from most of the dominant bacteria in an environmental sample. While the majority of the rRNA operon serves a structural function, portions of the 16S-23S intergenic region can encode tRNAs depending on the bacterial species. However the taxonomic value of the ISR lies in the significant heterogeneity in both length and nucleotide sequence. In RISA, we attempt to exploit the length heterogeneity of the ISR, which has been shown to range between 150 and 1500 bp with the majority of the ISR lengths being between 150 and 500 bp. The resulting PCR product will be a mixture of fragments contributed by several dominant community members. This product is electrophoresed in a polyacrylamide gel, and the DNA is visualized following staining. The result is a complex banding pattern that provides a community-specific profile, with each DNA band corresponding to a bacterial population on the original assemblage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25271931 |
Dromore (crater) Dromore is a crater on Mars, located within the outflow channel Maja Valles in the Lunae Palus quadrangle at 20.1 N and 49.7 W. It measures 14.8 kilometers in diameter and was named after a town in Northern Ireland. Dromore is famous for showing clear evidence that it was affected by floods of water which broke through dams, carved deep valleys, and eroded grooves into bedrock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25271993 |
Lod (crater) Lod is a crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 21.2° N and 31.6° W. It is 7.5 km in diameter and was named after the city of Lod in Israel. Lod is famous for showing clear evidence that it was affected by floods of water from Maja Valles on Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25272093 |
Bok (Martian crater) Bok is a crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 20.8° N and 31.7° W. It is 7.1 km in diameter and was named after a town in New Guinea. Bok is famous for showing clear evidence that it was affected by floods of water from Maja Valles on Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25272149 |
Gold (crater) Gold is a crater in the Oxia Palus quadrangle of Mars, located at 20.2° N and 31.3° W. It is 9.0 km in diameter and was named after a town in Pennsylvania, USA. Gold is famous as being one of several craters showing clear evidence that it was affected by floods of water from Maja Valles on Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25272181 |
Bukovite is a rare selenide mineral with formula TlCuFeSe. It is a brown to black metallic mineral which crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It was first described in 1971 for an occurrence in the Bukov uranium mine, Rožná deposit, Vysočina Region, Moravia, Czech Republic. It has also been reported in Skrikerum, near Tryserum, Kalmar, Sweden; near Vernet-la-Varenne, Puy-de-Dôme, France; and Tuminico, Sierra de Cacho, La Rioja Province, Argentina. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25275717 |
Estavelle In karst geology, estavelle or inversac is a ground orifice which, depending on weather conditions and season, can serve either as a sink or as a source of fresh water. It is a type of sinkhole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25277031 |
Carlo Bassi (1807, in Amsterdam – 1856, in Milano) was an Italian entomologist. He was honorary curator of entomology in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milan from 1841 to his death in 1856. He was a specialist in Coleoptera. Bassi wrote Description du genre "Malacogaster" in Guérin-Méneville's "Magasin de Zoologie, d'Anatomie com- parée et de Paleontologie" 1833 and in the 1834 issue of "Annales de la Société Entomologique de France") he erected the carabid genus "Cardiomera". His collection and extensive library of works on Coleoptera is conserved in the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25277659 |
Gliese 758 B (often shortened to GJ 758 B) is a brown dwarf orbiting the G-type main sequence star Gliese 758, located approximately 50 light years away, in the constellation Lyra. was detected by direct imaging using the HiCIAO instrument of the Subaru Telescope. The parameters have subsequently been revised in a follow-up study which also revealed that a putative second substellar object in the system was in fact an unrelated background star. orbits its host star in an eccentric orbit with a semimajor axis of Astronomical units and an orbital period of years, which takes it within 9 astronomical units at its closest approach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25300551 |
Curvaton The curvaton is a hypothetical elementary particle which mediates a scalar field in early universe cosmology. It can generate fluctuations during inflation, but does not itself drive inflation, instead it generates curvature perturbations at late times after the inflaton field has decayed and the decay products have redshifted away, when the curvaton is the dominant component of the energy density. It is used to generate a flat spectrum of CMB perturbations in models of inflation where the potential is otherwise too steep or in alternatives to inflation like the pre-Big Bang scenario. The model was proposed almost simultaneously in 2001 by three independent groups: Kari Enqvist and Martin S. Sloth, David Wands and David H. Lyth, Takeo Moroi and Tomo Takahashi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25303792 |
Hans-Werner Wanzlick was a German chemist. A Professor of chemistry at the Berlin Technical University he is notable for work on persistent carbenes and for proposing the Wanzlick equilibrium between saturated imidazolin-2-ylidenes and their dimers — which he called ""das doppelte Lottchen"", after a 1949 novel by Erich Kästner about a pair of mischievous twins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25316458 |
Cirrus spissatus cloud Cirrus spissatus clouds are the highest of the main cloud genera, and may sometimes even occur in the lower stratosphere. The characteristic features of cirrus clouds are fine threads or wisps of ice crystals, generally white, but appearing grey when dense and seen against the light. There is no precipitation at the ground. It also frequently exhibits optical phenomena. Cirrus spissatus is the dense cirrus that will partly or completely hide the sun (or moon) and which appears dark grey when seen against the light. Although it arises under various circumstances, it is particularly commonly found in the plumes or anvils of cumulonimbus clouds. Precipitation is likely within 15 to 25 hours if winds are steady from NE E to S, or sooner if winds SE to S. Other winds bring an overcast sky. A different variety of cirrus spissatus also forms from phenomena that have nothing to do with cumulonimbus blow-off or dissipating cumulonimbus cells. When dense cirrus is formed by means other than by cumulonimbus blow-off or dissipating cumulonimbus clouds, it will frequently be seen as many dense patches at different levels (cirrus spissatus duplicatus), often mixed with thin cirrus filaments. Another variety, cirrus spissatus intortus, is sometimes described as looking like "entangled sheaves" of cirrus clouds. When viewed toward the sun, the denser patches often have gray bases. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25327357 |
Louis Bourguet (23 April 1678, Nîmes – 31 December 1742, Neuchâtel) was a polymath and correspondent of Leibniz who wrote on archaeology, geology, philosophy, Biblical scholarship and mathematics. Bourguet entered the College of Zurich in 1688. He became Professor of Philosophy and Mathematics at Neuchâtel in 1731. He tried to integrate Leibnizian philosophy with issues in natural philosophy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25335186 |
Sulphobes A sulphobe is a film composed of formaldehyde and thiocyanates alleged to have lifelike properties. were a subject in the researches of Alfonso L. Herrera, a biologist who studied the origin of life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25344564 |
Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy or SPEELS is a technique that is mainly used to measure the dispersion relation of the collective excitations, over the whole Brillouin zone. Spin waves are collective perturbations in a magnetic solid. Their properties depend on their wavelength (or wave vector). For long wavelength (short wave vector) spin wave the resulting spin precession has a very low frequency and the spin waves can be treated classically. Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) and Brillouin light scattering (BLS) experiments provide information about the long wavelength spin waves in ultrathin magnetic films and nanostructures. If the wavelength is comparable to the lattice constant, the spin waves are governed by the microscopic exchange coupling and a quantum mechanical description is needed. Therefore, experimental information on these short wavelength (large wave vector) spin waves in ultrathin films is highly desired and may lead to fundamentally new insights into the spin dynamics in reduced dimensions in the future. Up to now, SPEELS is the only technique that can be used to measure the dispersion of such short wavelength spin waves in ultrathin films and nanostructures. For the first time Kirschner's group in Max-Planck institute of Microstructure Physics showed that the signature of the large wave vector spin waves can be detected by spin polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25359516 |
Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy Later, with a better momentum resolution, the spin wave dispersion was fully measured in 8 ML fcc Co film on Cu(001) and 8 ML hcp Co on W(110), respectively. Those spin waves were obtained up to the surface Brillouin zone (SBZ) at the energy range about few hundreds of meV. Another recent example is the investigation of 1 and 2 monolayer Fe films grown on W(110) measured at 120 K and 300 K, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25359516 |
Quokkapox virus (QPV), also known as quokka poxvirus, marsupial papillomavirus, or marsupialpox virus is a which is the cause of quokkapox. It is unclear whether this virus is its own species or a member of another species. It primarily infects the quokka, which is one of only four macropodid marsupials to get pox lesions. The lesions can mainly be seen on the tail, and can be up to in diameter. Because the quokka host primarily lives on isolated islands in Western Australia, the range of the virus is limited as well. It was first described in 1972 from samples taken on Rottnest Island. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25367107 |
Peres metric In mathematical physics, the is defined by the proper time for any arbitrary function "f". If "f" is a harmonic function with respect to "x" and "y", then the corresponding satisfies the Einstein field equations in vacuum. Such a metric is often studied in the context of gravitational waves. The metric is named for Israeli physicist Asher Peres, who first defined the metric in 1959. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25369256 |
Vague torus In classical mechanics, a vague torus is a region in phase space that is characterized by approximate constants of motion, as opposed to an actual torus defined by exact constants of motion. The concept of vague tori is used to describe regular (quasiperiodic) segments of otherwise chaotic trajectories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25381974 |
Cascades Volcano Observatory The David A. Johnston (CVO) is a volcano observatory that monitors volcanoes in the northern Cascade Range. It was established in the summer of 1980, after the eruption of Mount St. Helens. The observatory is named for United States Geological Survey (USGS) volcanologist David A. Johnston, who was swept away in the Mount St. Helens eruption on the morning of May 18, 1980. The observatory's current territory covers Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. The Cascade Range's extent includes northern California, and Cascade volcanoes in that state, such as Mount Shasta and Lassen Peak, previously fell under the CVO's jurisdiction. However, these volcanoes now fall under the jurisdiction of the California Volcano Observatory (CalVO), formed in February 2012 and based in Menlo Park, California, which monitors and researches volcanic activity throughout California and Nevada. The is part of the USGS, a scientific agency of the United States government. It is located in Vancouver, Washington in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25383507 |
California Volcano Observatory The (CalVO) is the volcano observatory that monitors the volcanic and geologic activity of California and Nevada. It is a part of the Volcano Hazards Program of the United States Geological Survey, a scientific agency of the United States government. Originally, the volcano observatory was known as the Long Valley Observatory which monitored volcanic activity east of the Sierra Nevada in Mono County, California which included Long Valley Caldera, Mammoth Mountain, and the Mono–Inyo Craters. In 2012, the Long Valley Observatory was integrated into the new based in Menlo Park, California which covers the entire states of California and Nevada, this includes the southern Cascade Range volcanoes in the state of California which were previously under the jurisdiction of the Cascades Volcano Observatory. These are the volcanoes monitored by the California Volcano Observatory, in order of highest to lowest risk assessment. According to USGS risk assessment of the volcanoes in CalVO's region, the following volcanoes were ranked "very high threat potential". These were ranked "high threat potential": These were ranked "moderate threat potential": One was ranked "Low to Very Low Threat Potential": Other volcanoes in the region have not been assessed at one of these risk levels that warrant monitoring. Volcanoes which have not erupted during the Holocene were not included. USGS noted that though less probable it is still possible for volcanoes to erupt on longer intervals than that. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25383607 |
Yellowstone Volcano Observatory The (YVO) is a volcano observatory that primarily monitors the Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. The observatory's jurisdiction also includes volcanic centers in the states of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. As with other U.S. volcano observatories, it is funded through the United States Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program. The observatory consists of 8 member agencies: The USGS, the University of Utah, the University of Wyoming, Yellowstone National Park, the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, the Wyoming State Geological Survey, the Idaho Geological Survey and UNAVCO, Inc. YVO was founded in 2001, originally as a three-way partnership with the USGS, the University of Utah and Yellowstone National Park. It was expanded in 2013 to include all eight current organizations According to the YVO website, the purpose of the observatory is: to monitor the volcanic system, to increase our scientific understanding of the Yellowstone volcanic and hydrothermal system, and to disseminate data, interpretations and accumulated knowledge to the public. The observatory undertook a monitoring plan in 2006 that served as the basis for upgrades undertaken by the Plate Boundary Observatory, and by the USGS under the auspices of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. In 2008, it published its initial response plan that sets up a series of internal protocols for data gathering and deliberation during geological events at Yellowstone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25383635 |
Yellowstone Volcano Observatory Staff from the various observatory partner agencies form several monitoring and information teams that assess geological and geophysical data. The document also outlines how the observatory would interact with the incident command system. YVO provides a monthly update through its website as well as information statements for events that fall in between their normal updates. All updates are listed on the VHP Alert Page. Individuals can receive automated updates through the Volcano Notification Service. In 2005, a BBC/Discovery docudrama entitled Supervolcano was released on cable television. The drama imagines the reaction of the to a super eruption at the Yellowstone Caldera. Producer Ailsa Orr credits YVO scientists as inspiration for the film's three primary characters. The YVO Scientist-in-Charge reflected on the hype associated with volcanism at Yellowstone in a 2005 magazine article. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25383635 |
Hotspot Ecosystems Research on the Margins of European Seas Hotspot Ecosystems Research on the Margins of European Seas, or HERMES, was an international multidisciplinary project, from April 2005 to March 2009, that studied deep-sea ecosystems along Europe's deep-ocean margin. The HERMES project was funded by the European Commission's Sixth Framework Programme, and was the predecessor to the HERMIONE project, which started in April 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25390580 |
Orgel diagram Orgel diagrams are correlation diagrams which show the relative energies of electronic terms in transition metal complexes, much like Tanabe–Sugano diagrams. They are named after their creator, Leslie Orgel. Orgel diagrams are restricted to only show weak field (i.e. high spin) cases, and offer no information about strong field (low spin) cases. Because Orgel diagrams are qualitative, no energy calculations can be performed from these diagrams; also, Orgel diagrams only show the symmetry states of the highest spin multiplicity instead of all possible terms, unlike a Tanabe–Sugano diagram. Orgel diagrams will, however, show the number of spin allowed transitions, along with their respective symmetry designations. In an Orgel diagram, the parent term (P, D, or F) in the presence of no ligand field is located in the center of the diagram, with the terms due to that electronic configuration in a ligand field at each side. There are two Orgel diagrams, one for d, d, d, and d configurations and the other with d, d, d, and d configurations. In an lines with the same Russell – Saunders terms will diverge due to the non-crossing rule, but all other lines will be linear. Also, for the D Orgel diagram, the left side contains d and d tetrahedral and d and d octahedral complexes. The right side contains d and d tetrahedral and d and d octahedral complexes. For the F Orgel diagram, the left side contains d and d tetrahedral and d and d octahedral complexes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25392304 |
Orgel diagram The right side contains d and d tetrahedral and d and high spin d octahedral complexes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25392304 |
Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (INRNE) of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences is the leading center for research and application of the nuclear physics in Bulgaria. The research areas include: The Institute's staff of about 320 (150 of them are scientific researchers) works in 16 laboratories, 2 scientific experimental facilities and 9 departments providing general support activities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25400526 |
Wilhelm Schlüter (1828– 25 April 1919) was a German natural history dealer. was the proprietor of "das Naturwissenschaftliche Institut - Naturalien und Lehrmittelhandlung" in Halle an der Saale. He sold many important bird and insect collections to museums and private collections. He also supplied specimens, equipment and books to universities. He was associated with the ornithologists Otto Kleinschmidt, Oscar Rudolph Neumann and August Carl Eduard Baldamus and sold bird specimens collected by Herbert and Bruno Geisler in New Guinea, by Gustav Schrader in the Near East and by Carl Constantin Platen in China and South East Asia. A subspecies of lizard, "Ophisops elegans schlueteri", is named in his honor. An African ant "Polyrhachis schlueteri" is also named for him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25412003 |
Electrically scanning microwave radiometer The electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) was an instrument carried by the Nimbus-5 satellite, precursor to the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) and special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) instruments. The ESMR instrument only senses horizontally polarized radiation at a frequency of 19 GHz, and can be used to calculate sea ice concentration. However, results are difficult to intercompare to SMMR / SSMI. The ESMR scanned along the satellite track, leading to a wide range of incident angles; SMMR scanned with a constant angle of 50 degrees, allowing both horizontally and vertically polarised data to be received; SMMR also had 5 instead of one channels, leading to improved sea ice retrievals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25412886 |
Alexander Filippou Alexander C. Filippou (born 19 August 1958, Thessaloniki, Greece) has been a Professor of Inorganic Chemistry at the Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn since 2005. He studied chemistry at the Technical University of Munich from 1976 to 1982, receiving his diploma in 1982 with the thesis "Synthesis of anionic carbyne complexes", in the group of Professor Dr. E.O. Fischer. In 1984 he completed his dissertation "New pathways of synthesis of anionic ketene- and carbyne complexes of 16 Group elements through neutral substituted carbyne-carbonyl complexes" also in the group of Professor Dr. E.O. Fischer at the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich. In 1992 he was postdoctoral lecture qualification in chemistry in the group of Professor Dr. W.A. Herrmann, Technical University of Munich, thesis: "Metal centerad coupling reactions of C1 ligands". In 1992 he was temporary supervisor of the research group of Professor M.L.H. Green in Oxford, starting December 1992 Fellow of St. Matthews College, Oxford. In 1993 he became professor (C3) of Inorganic Chemistry at the Humboldt-University of Berlin and in 2005 he became professor (W3) of Inorganic Chemistry at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn. Filippou has made a significant contribution in the research of heavier homologues of carbon (Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) regarding the ability to form a triple bond to a metal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25413532 |
Nanichi is a crater found the Magellian region on the planet Venus. It measures 19 km in diameter, and is located at +East, 0 - 360 using the planetocentric coordinate system. Its name is derived from the original Taino language of the Greater Antilles and means "My Love or My Heart". The name, given in 2000 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) was provided by the Taino leader, Chief Pedro Guanikeyu Torres of the Jatibonicu Taino of Puerto Rico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25419974 |
Antigen retrieval Tissues that have been preserved with formaldehyde, a highly reactive compound, contain a variety of chemical modifications that can reduce the detectability of proteins in biomedical procedures such as immunohistochemistry. is an approach to reducing or eliminating these chemical modifications. The two primary methods of antigen retrieval are heat-mediated epitope retrieval (HIER) and proteolytic induced epitope retrieval (PIER). In PIER, enzymes including Proteinase K, Trypsin, and Pepsin have been used to restore antibody binding to its epitope. The purported mechanism of action is cleavage of peptides masking the epitope, restoring antigenicity. Disadvantages of PIER include a low success rate for restoring immunoreactivity, and the potential destruction of tissue morphology and the antigen of interest. HIER is believe to reverse some cross-links, and allows for restoration of secondary of tertiary structure of the epitope. The protocol requires optimisation for each tissue, fixation method, and antigen to be studied. In general, HIER has a much higher success rate than PIER. HIER can be performed with microwave ovens, pressure cookers, vegetable steamers, autoclaves, or water baths. HIER is time, temperature, buffer, and pH-sensitive. RTER involves reversal of cross-links using acids such as hydrochloric acid (pH 1) or formic acid (pH 2). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25421323 |
Qalyub orthonairovirus Qalyub orthonairovirus, also known as Qalyub nairovirus or simply Qalyub virus, is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus discovered in a rat's nest in a tomb wall in the Egyptian town of Qalyub ( ) in 1952. The primary vector for transmission is the "Carios erraticus" tick, and thus it is an arbovirus. There is no evidence of clinical disease in humans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25429099 |
Yoshito Kishi Kishi was born in Nagoya, Japan and attended Nagoya University, where he obtained both his BS and PhD degrees. He was a postdoctoral research fellow at Harvard University where he worked with Robert Burns Woodward. From 1966 through 1974, he was a professor of chemistry at Nagoya University. Since 1974, Kishi has been a professor of chemistry at Harvard University. Kishi's research has focused on the total synthesis of complex natural products. The accomplishments of his research group include the total syntheses of palytoxin, mycolactones, halichondrins, saxitoxin, tetrodotoxin, geldanamycin, batrachotoxin and many others. Kishi has also contributed to the development of new chemical reactions including the Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi reaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25435231 |
International Mars Exploration Working Group The (IMEWG) is an organization of all major space agencies and institutions participating in the exploration of the planet Mars. Conceived in 1993, the working group meets twice per year to discuss an international strategy for the exploration of Mars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25459950 |
Reliance Institute of Life Sciences (RILS), established by Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation, is an institution of higher education in various fields of life sciences and related technologies. The (RILS) is an educational institution offering higher learning in various domains of life sciences and related technologies. Established by the Dhirubhai Ambani Foundation, it is said to be India’s pioneer institute in offering graduate, post-graduate, doctoral, research and continuing education programs in several emerging areas of science and technology. The institute offers training in specific areas of fundamental and applied research, including basic and applied sciences, agriculture and environment sciences, process development and manufacturing sciences, clinical research and science and engineering courses in the computer, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The institute is headed by its Chairman, business magnate, Mukesh Ambani. Vice-chairman K. V. Subramaniam, Director Dr. Arnab Kapat and executive members Prof. Arvind Kudchadker, Dilip Kumar Ghosh and Vinay Ranade make up the rest of the power-packed team. The permanent teaching faculty comprises a pool of eminent scientists working for Reliance Life Sciences. Visiting faculty includes professors from other reputed academic institutions and veterans from the life sciences industry. RILS has state-of-the-art lecture halls and a fully equipped library complete with a reference section, a regular text section and a computing facility with Internet access | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25465863 |
Reliance Institute of Life Sciences As the name suggests, RILS’s 'Competency Development Program' focuses on training aspirants in the domain of life sciences by developing their competencies in life sciences and allied areas. A three-month classroom training stint is followed by nine months of on-field training in which candidates are thoroughly assessed for their learning and performance abilities. The Young Professionals’ Program consists of a range of courses, each especially designed to hone its students’ skills in a highly specialized area. Some of these courses are listed below: Other programs include Young Manufacturing Professionals' Program (YMPP), Young Medico-Marketing Professionals' Program (YMMPP), Young Agri-Professionals Program (YAPP) and Young Laboratory Technicians Program (YLTP). RILS offers advanced diploma programs in bio-therapeutics and clinical research. Under this program, students are trained on modules covering topics like: The program stretches across three months of classroom training followed by a nine-month project studying areas like: It focuses on conducting clinical trials for bioavailability/bio-equivalence studies of drug molecules and is designed to meet the needs of Contract Research Organizations. A few of the modules offered by the program are: In collaboration with Reliance Life Sciences, RILS conducts regular international symposia with the aim of creating a knowledge-sharing platform for the entire scientific fraternity of the world. It has conducted three international symposia till date | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25465863 |
Reliance Institute of Life Sciences The symposium conducted in 2006 focused on Preventive and Predictive Molecular Diagnostics and Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and, in 2007, on Evidence-Based Practices in Reproductive and Fetal Medicine. RILS also conducts specialized workshops to impart training on the various aspects of genetically inherited diseases, testing and methodology and the psychological and social aspects of counseling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25465863 |
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