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Cormophyte Cormophytes (Cormophyta) are the "plants differentiated into roots, shoots and leaves, and well adapted for life on land, comprising pteridophytes and the Spermatophyta." These plants differ from thallophytes, whose body is referred to as the thallus, i.e. a simple body not differentiated into leaf and stem, as of lichens, multicellular algae and some liverworts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25466113 |
Deformation bands are small faults with very small displacements. In the past, these bands have been called Luder's bands or braided shear fractures. They often precede large faults. They develop in porous rocks, such as sandstone. Material in a deformation band has a much smaller grain size, poorer sorting, and a lower porosity than the original sandstone. They can restrict and/or change the flow of fluids like water and oil. They are common in the Colorado Plateau, where examples occur in the Entrada Sandstone in the San Rafael Swell in Utah. are present in a variety of porous rock types such as sandstones, limestones, siltstones, poorly welded volcanic tuffs, and breccias. The cataclastic and compactional bands often form seals and prevent the flow of groundwater or oil. In their formation grains shift their packing and are crushed. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter showed deformation bands in Capen Crater, located in the Arabia quadrangle. The bands represent failure by localized frictional sliding. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25473531 |
Gerasimos Danilatos Gerasimos D. Danilatos (also known as Gerry D. Danilatos) (born circa 1946) is a Greek-Australian physicist and inventor of ESEM, the environmental scanning electron microscope. He was born in Cefalonia, Greece. After the 1953 Ionian earthquake, his family moved to Patras, where he attended elementary and high school. After high school and military service, he graduated from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens and completed his physics degree with distinction. In 1972, he emigrated to Australia, and got married in 1979. He received his Ph.D. from the University of New South Wales in January 1978 after completing his Thesis on "dynamic mechanical properties of keratin fibres". As a scientist at the same university, he then developed the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), after prior attempts by other workers to examine wet specimens under the electron beam. For the most part, he received financial support from the Australian Wool Corporation until 1986. In 2003, he received the Ernst Abbe Memorial Award from the New York Microscopical Society for his lifetime achievements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25486564 |
Shields parameter The Shields parameter, also called the Shields criterion or Shields number, is a nondimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow. It is a nondimensionalization of a shear stress, and is typically denoted formula_1 or formula_2. It is given by: where: By multiplying the top and bottom of the by "D", you can see that it is proportional to the ratio of fluid force on the particle to the weight of the particle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25486644 |
Xanthoproteic acid is a noncrystallizable yellow substance derived from proteins upon treatment with nitric acid. Nitric acid reacts with proteins to form yellow nitrated products. This reaction is known as the xanthoproteic reaction. This test is carried out by adding concentrated nitric acid to the substance being tested, and then heating the mixture. If proteins are present that contains amino acids with aromatic rings, the mixture turns yellow. Upon adding a strong base such as liquid ammonia, the color turns orange. These color changes are caused by nitrated aromatic rings in the protein. The xanthoproteic test is specific for aromatic compounds such as tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. Xanthoproteinic acids are also formed when the acid contacts epithelial cells (typically the fingers) and are a certain giveaway of inadequate care when handling nitric acid. Minor stains are harmless and resolve in a few days. It is a mixture of nitro compounds of tyrosine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine such as [2-amino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)propionic acid, [2-amino-3-(4-nitroindolyl-3)propionic acid, and others. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25505762 |
Avax Technologies Avax Technologies, Inc is a Philadelphia based biotechnology company whose most advanced product candidate is MVax for melanoma. MVax is a cancer vaccine that received a Special Protocol Assessment agreement with the FDA in October 2006, and subsequently began a Phase III registration clinical trial in November 2007. In previous studies, MVax demonstrated a 5-year overall survival rate (OS)of 44% and response rate of 35% (13% CR, 22% PR). A tumor sample is removed from a patient, then treated with the hapten 2,4-Dinitrophenol. When reinjected back into the patient, the hapten will cause an enhanced immune response against the cancer cells. Started May 2007. Currently in a Phase III trial for Stage IV Melanoma. MVax’s Phase II response rate of 35% (CR + PR) in combination with low-dose IL-2 compares favorably to the Phase II results of other melanoma cancer vaccines such as Vical’s Allovectin-7 (11% CR + PR) and BioVex’s OncoVex (28% CR + PR), both of which are given as stand alone therapy. Due to the Financial crisis of 2007–2010 and recent cancer vaccine failures in other companies like Favrille and Cell Genesys, Avax has had trouble attracting investors. In an effort to conserve cash, enrollment for the Phase III trial was suspended on March 26, 2009, but the trial itself is still ongoing. However on December 16, 2009, the company obtained bridge financing in the amount of $1,400,000. This will be used to conduct an interim analysis of the Phase III data for MVax | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25516263 |
Avax Technologies CEO John Prendergast notes: "Recent and anticipated news by companies involved with cancer vaccines and immunotherapies has resulted in renewed interest in the sector by institutional investors, larger pharma, biotechnology companies and the medical and scientific communities at large.". Started February 2006. Currently in a Phase I/II trial for NSCLC. No new patient enrollment until more funding is obtained. Started April 2008, a Phase I/II trial for ovarian cancer. Encouraging results reported Feb 2016. Median survival was 22.7 months with no treatment-related serious adverse events. Based in Lyon, France has a GMP facility that manufactures the vaccines for Avax. The facility is certified by the French government for commercial and clinical vaccine production for the European markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25516263 |
David James (cell biologist) David Ernest James (born Sydney 1958) is a cell biologist who discovered the glucose transporter GLUT4. He has also been responsible for the molecular dissection of the intracellular trafficking pathways that regulate GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface, the topological mapping of the insulin signal transduction pathway, the creation of a method for studying "in vivo" metabolism in small animals, and the use of this method to gain insights into whole-animal fuel metabolism and homeostasis. In 1979 he graduated with a BSc (Hons) from the University of New South Wales, and completed his PhD at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in 1984. He currently holds joint appointments at the Garvan Institute and UNSW Australia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25546376 |
Southern Uplands Fault The (or occasionally Southern Upland Fault) is a fault in Scotland that runs from Girvan (or more specifically from the Rhins of Galloway) to Dunbar on the East coast. It marks the southern boundary of the Scottish Midland Valley and the northern margin of the Southern Uplands; indeed it is recognised as a boundary between these two terranes. Both sinistral and dextral strike-slip movement is recorded from parts of the fault as are down-north and down-south normal movements suggestive of a complex history. The Stinchar, Dove Cove and Glen App faults form a part of the Southern Upland Fault Zone in the southwest whilst in the northeast, the Lammermuir, Dunbar-Gifford, Crossgatehall, Pentland and Firth of Forth faults are all associated with the Southern Uplands Fault. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25556209 |
Frederik Johnstrup Professor Johannes (12 March 1818, in Christianshavn, Denmark – 31 December 1894) was a Danish geologist and paleontologist. He was the founder of Meddelelser om Grønland. Johnstrup received his Bachelor of Science in 1844. He became an associate professor of mineralogy and natural science at the Sorø Academy in 1846. When the academy closed in 1848, he became assistant lecturer in Kolding. Three years later, he taught in Sorø and in 1866, he became professor of mineralogy and geology at the University of Copenhagen and the Polytechnic Institution. In 1876, he led an expedition to Iceland to study Askja and the volcanoes at Mývatn with Þorvaldur Thoroddsen as his guide. In 1878, with Heinrich Rink, Johnstrup founded the governmental institution, Commission for the Direction of Geological and Geographical Investigations in Greenland. Ten years later, he led the Danish Geological Survey. He developed Denmark's Mineralogical Museum, and led the construction of a new building in 1893. Johnstrup authored a number of treatises by which he greatly promoted the understanding of Denmark's geological conditions, particularly the glacial phenomena. In 1894, he became an honorary doctorate at the University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25556210 |
Bahram Mashhoon is an Iranian-American physicist known for his research in General Relativity. Mashhoon is a professor at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri, where he deals with some foundational aspects of gravitational physics. Within his field of research, Mashhoon has given important contributions to general relativity, with particular emphasis on the gravitomagnetic clock effect, but also as far as cosmology is concerned. He is also active in the field of non-local gravity. Mashhoon is an alumnus of Princeton University, and was a former student of John Archibald Wheeler. As of November 2013, the h-index of Mashhoon released by the NASA ADS database is 33, with more than 2800 citations (self-citations excluded). His tori index and riq index are 91.3 and 222, respectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25573023 |
Shin'ichi Nojiri Shin'ichi Nojiri | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25573666 |
Life Sciences (journal) Life Sciences is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the molecular, cellular, and physiological mechanisms of pharmacotherapy. Indexed by ISI Life Sciences received an impact factor of 2.702 as reported in the 2014 Journal Citation Reports by Thomson Reuters, ranking it 53rd out of 123 journals in the category "Medicine, research & experimental" and ranking it 103rd out of 254 journals in the category "Pharmacology & Pharmacy". The current Editor in Chief is Loren E. Wold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25577815 |
Discharge coefficient In a nozzle or other constriction, the discharge coefficient (also known as coefficient of discharge or efflux coefficient) is the ratio of the actual discharge to the theoretical discharge, i.e., the ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to the same exit pressures. Mathematically the discharge coefficient may be related to the mass flow rate of a fluid through a straight tube of constant cross-sectional area through the following Where: This parameter is useful for determining the irrecoverable losses associated with a certain piece of equipment (constriction) in a fluid system, or the "resistance" that piece of equipment imposes upon the flow. This flow resistance, often expressed as a dimensionless parameter, formula_10, is related to the discharge coefficient through the equation: which may be obtained by substituting formula_9 in the aforementioned equation with the resistance, formula_10, multiplied by the dynamic pressure of the fluid, formula_14. Due to complex behavior of fluids around some of the structures such as orifices, gates, and weirs etc., some assumptions are made for the theoretical analysis of the stage-discharge relationship. For example, in case of gates, the pressure at the gate opening is non-hydrostatic which is difficult to model; however, it is known that the pressure at the gate is very small | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25584664 |
Discharge coefficient Therefore, engineers assume that the pressure is zero at the gate opening and following equation is obtained for discharge: where: However, the pressure is not actually zero at the gate; therefore, discharge coefficient, "C" is used as follows: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25584664 |
Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy is a 1989 book by Philip L. Fradkin which was republished in a second edition in 2004. The book is about the radiation exposure of people and their livestock living downwind from the nuclear weapons testing at the Nevada Test Site in the 1950s. The case of "Irene Allen et al. vs. the United States" is used as a framework for the narrative. The court case "resulted in an award of $2.66 million in damages to eight persons with leukemia, one with thyroid cancer, and another with breast cancer". Philip Fradkin is an American environmentalist historian, journalist and author. Fradkin shared a Pulitzer Prize awarded to the metropolitan staff of the "Los Angeles Times" for coverage of the Watts riots in 1965. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25587463 |
Quasiperiodicity is the property of a system that displays irregular periodicity. Periodic behavior is defined as recurring at regular intervals, such as "every 24 hours". Quasiperiodic behavior is a pattern of recurrence with a component of unpredictability that does not lend itself to precise measurement. It is different from the mathematical concept of an almost periodic function, which has increasing regularity over multiple periods. The mathematical definition of quasiperiodic function is a completely different concept; the two should not be confused. In climatology, oscillations that appear to follow a regular pattern but which do not have a fixed period are called "quasiperiodic". Within a dynamical system such as the ocean-atmosphere oscillations may occur regularly, when they are forced by a regular external forcing: for example, the familiar winter-summer cycle is forced by variations in sunlight from the (very close to perfectly) periodic motion of the earth around the sun. Or, like the recent ice age cycles, they may be less regular but still locked by external forcing. However, when the system contains the potential for an oscillation, but there is no strong external forcing it to be phase-locked to it, the "period" is likely to be irregular. The canonical example of quasiperiodicity in climatology is El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In the modern era, it has a "period" somewhere between four and twelve years and a peak spectral density around five years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25643591 |
Diurnal cycle A diurnal cycle is any pattern that recurs every 24 hours as a result of one full rotation of the Earth around its own axis. In climatology, the diurnal cycle is one of the most basic forms of climate patterns. The most familiar such pattern is the diurnal temperature variation. Such a cycle may be approximately sinusoidal, or include components of a truncated sinusoid (due to the Sun's rising and setting) and thermal relaxation (Newton cooling) at night. Diurnal cycles of environmental conditions (light or temperature) can result in similar cycles in dependent biological processes, such as photosynthesis in plants, or clinical depression in humans. Plant responses to environmental cycles may even induce indirect cycles in rhizosphere microbial activities, including nitrogen fixation. A semi-diurnal cycle refers to a pattern that occurs about every twelve hours or about twice a day. Often these can be related to lunar tides, in which case the interval is closer to 12 hours and 25 minutes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25643772 |
Boston Journal of Natural History The (1834-1863) was a scholarly journal published by the Boston Society of Natural History in mid-19th century Massachusetts. Contributors included Charles T. Jackson, Augustus A. Gould, and others. Each volume featured lithographic illustrations, some in color, drawn/engraved by E.W. Bouvé, B.F. Nutting, A. Sonrel, "et al." and printed by Pendleton's Lithography and other firms. The journal was continued by "Memoirs Read Before the Boston Society of Natural History" in 1863. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25646039 |
Optical force The optical force is a phenomenon whereby beams of light can attract and repel each other. The force acts along an axis which is perpendicular to the light beams. Because of this, parallel beams can be induced to converge or diverge. The optical force works on a microscopic scale, and cannot currently be detected at larger scales. It was discovered by a team of Yale researchers led by electrical engineer Hong Tang. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25654089 |
Biorefining is the process of "building" multiple products from biomass as a feedstock or raw material much like a petroleum refinery that is currently in use. A biorefinery is a facility like a petroleum refinery that comprises the various process steps or unit operations and related equipment to produce various bioproducts including fuels, power, materials and chemicals from biomass. Industrial biorefineries have been identified as the most promising route to the creation of a new domestic biobased industry producing entire spectrum of bioproducts or bio-based products. Biomass has various components such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, extractives, etc. Biorefinery can take advantage of the unique properties of each of biomass components enabling the production of various products. The various bioproducts can include fiber, fuels, chemicals, plastics etc. Some research is being conducted as well in order to improve the manufacturing processes. For example, to make plastics, paint, medicines, antifreeze out of syngas, a new catalyst has been invented by Krijn de Jong. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25658641 |
Kyukichi Kishida Kyukichi Kishida | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25663735 |
Fried Egg structure The Fried Egg is an informal name for an underwater geomorphic structure in the North Atlantic that is a suspected impact crater. This structure is at a depth of and is about south of the Azores archipelago. It consists of a dome high and in diameter that lies within a larger and roughly circular depression deep and in diameter. It is this morphology on which its informal name is based. Images that accompany media reports show the presence of a well-defined rim that surrounds the depression. These images also show a second but smaller circular depression, which also has a central peak, lying adjacent to the Fried Egg structure. This structure is less than 17 million years old as constrained by the age of the ocean floor of which it is a part. Based on its morphology and the absence of any obvious lava flows that can be seen in the multibeam echosounder bathymetric data, it is hypothesized that this structure is a possible oceanic impact crater. It was reported that the was first identified using data acquired during a 2008 multibeam echosounder hydrographic survey. Its presence was confirmed during a research cruise from September to November 2009. In addition, gravity and magnetic data were also acquired during the September 2009 research cruise and that a third expedition using remotely operated underwater vehicles to gather samples from this structure was planned. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25666690 |
List of restriction enzyme cutting sites A restriction enzyme or restriction endonuclease is a special type of biological macromolecule that functions as part of the "immune system" in bacteria. One special kind of restriction enzymes is the class of "homing endonucleases", these being present in all three domains of life, although their function seems to be very different from one domain to another. The classical restriction enzymes cut up, and hence render harmless, any unknown (non-cellular) DNA that enters a bacterial cell as a result of a viral infection. They recognize a specific DNA sequence, usually short (3 to 8 bp), and cut it, producing either blunt or overhung ends, either at or nearby the recognition site. Restriction enzymes are quite variable in the short DNA sequences they recognize. An organism often has several different enzymes, each specific to a distinct short DNA sequence. The list includes some of the most studied examples of restriction endoncleases. The following information is given: The whole list contains more than 1,200 enzymes, but databases register about 4,000. To make a list that is accessible to navigation, this list has been divided into different pages. Each page contains somewhere between 120-150 entries. Choose a letter to go to a specific part of the list: "Databases and lists of restriction enzymes:" "Databases of proteins:" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25672736 |
Water conditioner Water conditioners are formulations designed to be added to tap water before its use in an aquarium. If the tap water is chlorinated then a simple conditioner containing a dechlorinator may be used. These products contain sodium thiosulfate which reduces chlorine to chloride which is less harmful to fish. However, chloramine is now often used in water disinfection and simple dechlorinators only deal with the chlorine portion, releasing free ammonia that is very harmful to fish. More complex products employ sulfonates that are able to deal with both chlorine and ammonia. The most sophisticated products also contain chelators such as EDTA to bind and remove heavy metals and slime coat protectors such as polyvinylpyrrolidones or "Aloe vera" extracts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25694074 |
Corynebacteriophage A corynebacteriophage is a DNA-containing bacteriophage specific for corynebacteria. It introduces toxigenicity into strains of "Corynebacterium diphtheriae". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25700376 |
Arp 187 is a radio galaxy and merger remnant located in the constellation Eridanus. It is an interacting galaxy pair (MCG-02-13-040). It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with narrow filaments. The galaxy has two prominent radio lobes, however the emission of its AGN in X-ray is low, and so is the thermal output of the AGN torus as observed in infrared, suggesting that it has been quenched. The detection of a narrow line region (with dimensions up to 10 kpc) with still active emission mean that the AGN was still active up to at least 10 years ago. In the nucleus of is predicted to lie a supermassive black hole with estimated mass around 6.7 × 10 . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25702676 |
Ard Louis Ard A. Louis is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford, where he leads an interdisciplinary research group studying problems on the border between chemistry, physics and biology, and is also director of graduate studies in theoretical physics. From 2002 to 2010 he was a Royal Society University Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford. He is also an associate of the Faraday Institute for Science and Religion. He has written for the BioLogos Foundation, where as of November 2011, he sat on the Board of Directors. He has been criticised by the Discovery Institute for his opposition to the Intelligent design movement. In 2013 he was elected a member of the International Society for Science and Religion. He engages in molecular gastronomy. With David Malone he made the 4-part documentary "Why Are We Here" for Tern TV. He appears in the episode "Proof of God" in the series The Story of God with Morgan Freeman, giving him an Erdős–Bacon number of 6. Prior to his post at Oxford he taught Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University where he was also director of studies in Natural Sciences at Hughes Hall. He was born in the Netherlands, was raised in Gabon and received his first degree from the University of Utrecht and his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Cornell University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25710122 |
SEPnet The South-East Physics Network, or SEPnet, is an association of physics departments at universities in the South-East of England. In 2008 it received a grant of £12.5 million from the Higher Education Funding Council for England. and in 2013 received an additional grant of £2.75m The South East Physics Network is better known as SEPnet, a consortium of physics departments in nine universities. Its partners are, alphabetically: Its associates are: Until around 2005 there had been a long-term decline in the numbers of students nationally enrolling on Undergraduate degree courses in Physics and Astronomy. As a result, Physics departments and provision in universities was at risk with departments closing. Physics departments ran at a loss and required subsidies to maintain their undergraduate provision. Even universities in the UK's Russell Group were failing to attract enough students to be viable. The Universities in England's South East were felt to be particularly vulnerable and the decision by the University of Reading to close its Physics Department was a call to arms to these universities to take action to prevent closure and bolster their Physics departments. The result was a proposal from six universities to form a network of physics departments and seek funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England to invest in sustaining Physics in the South East of England | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 |
SEPnet Led by the University of Surrey, the network consisted of the Physics departments at Kent, QMUL, RHUL, Southampton, Surrey and Sussex and was granted a £12.5m grant in 2008 for five years. Phase Two from 2013 onwards is based on an expanded consortium of nine Physics Departments of Universities in the South East of England – with the founding members Kent, Queen Mary, Royal Holloway, Southampton, Surrey and Sussex being joined by Portsmouth, Hertfordshire and the Open University with University of Reading joining as an associate. This phase of is led by the University of Southampton. In 2008 received a £12.5m grant over five years from the Higher Education Funding Council for England, to support innovative research, a collaborative Graduate School, lectures using video conferencing, regional employer engagement and a schools outreach programme. In 2013 it received a further £2.75m grant from the Higher Education Funding Council for England and £10.3m from its members to continue programmes from the first phase, to maintain and expand the network, to establish a dedicated regional graduate training programme for physics postgraduate students and address physics specific issues of student participation and diversity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 |
SEPnet research ranges from investigations into the most fundamental physics (from the smallest matter to the origins of the universe), to the physics of new materials, quantum computing, low temperature physics, nuclear medicine and space science Its research collaboration integrates resources across the region for four main research themes: Atomic & Condensed Matter Physics, Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Radiation Detection & Instrumentation LOFAR-UK, the first internationally significant new radio telescope in the UK for 40 years, would not have been possible without funding and researchers. The outreach programme has enabled all partners to engage with more schools, more conferences, more members of the public than individually they could have achieved. This has been a clear case of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts and the network has demonstrably punched above its weight via the central coordination. The more than doubling of undergraduate applications to the network since 2008 and over 115% growth in UG population since 2007 (against a national increase of 30% over that period and nearly 50% above the base case projection in the original business plan), the raising of the tariff points required for entry and the high growth in applications for entry in most of the partners accepted to be related to the outreach programme, building on the national interest in physics but surpassing it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 |
SEPnet Further evidence of impact in undergraduate provision in the region is the establishment of the entirely new “Applied Physics” course at Portsmouth University. Due to the high numbers of students wanting to do physics in the South East region, a consequence of the outreach efforts, Portsmouth have been enabled to start up their new course. This novel programme is targeted at a different set of students from the other partners and is intended to strengthen links with employers and local schools. Having put this in place, the case for Portsmouth to join the consortium as a seventh full member became overwhelming and this was agreed in 2010. Each year, arranges for undergraduates in their 2nd and 3rd year to conduct eight week placements. The scheme not only provides a transfer of knowledge across the South East of England, it increases the employability of physics students too. The scheme is highly rewarding to both students and employers. It introduces students to the scientific workplace, and acts as an invaluable resource for employers looking for a fresh perspective on their business challenges. The programme has been successful at reaching out to employers and in giving undergraduate students real experience of work, and employers experience of the value of physics graduates. The scheme is an exemplar and its value is recognized by students and employers. The programme of internships has been oversubscribed both by students and employers (considerably so in the 2012 scheme) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 |
SEPnet The majority of employers continue to take students in following years and give excellent feedback on students and on the scheme itself. The Graduate Network (GRADnet) brings together the research strengths of nine leading University Physics Departments that make up the consortium in the south east of England to create the largest Physics post graduate school in England. GRADnet works closely with employers to offer a coordinated and bespoke skills training programme for its students designed to meet the needs of students, employers and University researcher groups alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25722703 |
Yang–Mills–Higgs equations In mathematics, the are a set of non-linear partial differential equations for a Yang–Mills field, given by a connection, and a Higgs field, given by a section of a vector bundle. These equations are with a boundary condition These equations are named after Chen Ning Yang, Robert Mills, and Peter Higgs. They are very closely related to the Ginzburg–Landau equations, when these are expressed in a general geometric setting. M.V. Goganov and L.V. Kapitanskii have shown that the Cauchy problem for hyperbolic in Hamiltonian gauge on 4-dimensional Minkowski space have a unique global solution with no restrictions at the spatial infinity. Furthermore, the solution has the finite propagation speed property. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25723035 |
Searle's bar method (named after George Frederick Charles Searle) is an experimental procedure to measure thermal conductivity of material. A bar of material is being heated by steam on one side and the other side cooled down by water while the length of the bar is thermally insulated. Then the heat Δ"Q" propagating through the bar in a time interval of Δ"t" is given by where and the heat Δ"Q" absorbed by water in a time interval of Δ"t" is: where Assuming perfect insulation and no energy loss, then which leads to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25727818 |
Nanoneuronics is an emerging discipline involving the application of nanometer-scale methods, materials, science and technology to neurons and neural tissue in order to design and develop advanced medical applications. is a new discipline of engineering that aims to harness the collaborative power and knowledge of nanotechnology, neuroscience, electrical engineering, neural engineering and ethics for the design and development of advanced medical interventions with the nervous system. Although non-invasive approaches to the nervous system have been effective for diagnosis and therapy in many treatments, an overwhelming number of severe neurological conditions will likely require invasive approaches for effective therapY. The term “nanoneuronics” was coined in 2006 by Prof. Richard Magin, at the time the head of the Bioengineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago. The National Science Foundation has approved initial funding toward the study of ways in which experts in these fields can work together to promote interdisciplinary research. Handbook of Neural Engineering, Metin Akay (Editor), | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25731645 |
Avogadrite ((K,Cs)BF) is a potassium-caesium tetrafluoroborate in the halide class. crystallizes in the orthorhombic system (space group "Pnma") with cell parameters "a" 8.66 Å, "b" 5.48 Å and "c" Å 7.03. The mineral was discovered by the Italian mineralogist Ferruccio Zambonini in 1926. He analyzed several samples from the volcanic fumaroles close to Mount Vesuvius and from the Lipari islands. In nature, it can only be found as a sublimation product around volcanic fumaroles. He named it after the Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25739604 |
Ferruccio Zambonini (17 December 1880 – 12 January 1932) was an Italian mineralogist and geologist. Most of his time he worked on the geology and mineralogy of Mount Vesuvius. Zambonini was born in Rome and studied at the university there. From 1906 on he worked in the Mineralogical Museum at the University of Naples. In 1909 he changed to the University of Sassari, but he returned to Naples in 1926, where he held a chair for general chemistry. The minerals Ferruccite and Zamboninite were named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25739737 |
Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society The was founded in 1853, and is one of the largest county-based archaeological societies in the United Kingdom. It runs the Wiltshire Museum in Devizes, Wiltshire which has the best Bronze Age collections in Britain, including finds from Avebury and Stonehenge. It also publishes the "Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine". A history of the society was published in 1953, under the title "The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society: 1853-1952: a centenary history". As well as continuing to publish an approximately annual journal, the "Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History magazine", the Society has in the past published books of Wiltshire interest, such as the "Tropenell Cartulary". The present-day Wiltshire Record Society began life as the Records Branch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25747726 |
Amelia Griffiths (1768–1858), often referred to in contemporary works as Mrs Griffiths of Torquay, was a beachcomber and amateur phycologist who made many important collections of algae specimens, including the "ceramium botryocarpum" in 1844. She corresponded with William Henry Harvey for many years, becoming a close friend. Harvey dedicated his 1849 "Manual of British Algae" to her, and once wrote Carl Adolph Agardh named "Griffithsia" in her honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25754272 |
Climograph A climograph is a graphical representation of a location's basic climate. Climographs display data for two variables: (a) monthly average temperature and (b) monthly average precipitation. These are useful tools to quickly describe a location's climate. One form of representation uses an overlapped combination of a bar and line chart used to show the climate of a place over a 12-month period. The horizontal axis (x-axis) displays the 12 months while the vertical axis contains the precipitation scale on one side and the temperature scale on the other. While temperature is typically visualized using a line, some climographs opt to visualize the data using a bar. This method's advantage allows the climograph to display the average range in temperature (average minimum and average maximum temperatures) rather than a simple monthly average. The patterns in a climograph describe not just a location's climate but also provide evidence for that climate's relative location. For example, a climograph with a narrow range in temperature over the year might represent a location close to the equator, or alternatively a location adjacent to a large body of water exerting a moderating effect on the temperature range. Meanwhile, a wide range in annual temperature might suggest the opposite. We could also derive information about a site's ecological conditions through a climograph | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25779100 |
Climograph For example, if precipitation is consistently low year-round, we might suggest the location reflects a desert; if there is a noticeable seasonal pattern to the precipitation, we might suggest the location experiences a monsoon season. When combining the temperature and precipitation patterns together, we have even better clues as to the local conditions. Despite this, it is important to note that a number of local factors contribute to the patterns observed in a particular place; therefore, a climograph is not a foolproof tool that captures all the geographic variation that might exist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25779100 |
Sediment trap (geology) In geology, a sediment trap is any topographic depression where sediments substantially accumulate over time. The size of a sediment trap can vary from a small lagoon to a large basin such as the Persian Gulf. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25792968 |
Silicone foam is a synthetic rubber product used in gasketing, sheets and firestops. It is available in solid, cured form as well as in individual liquid components for field installations. When the constituent components of silicone foam are mixed together, they evolve hydrogen gas, which causes bubbles to form within the rubber, as it changes from liquid to solid. This results in an outward pressure. Temperature and humidity can influence the rate of expansion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25801759 |
Charles Schnetzler Charles Carter Schnetzler (June 3, 1930 – December 15, 2009) was a planetary scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Schnetzler is best known for analyzing moon rocks brought back by the Apollo program and for studying the Earth's environment using the Landsat and the Earth Observing System. Schnetzler was born in Whiting, Indiana and grew up in Neodesha, Kansas. On November 4, 2009, Schnetzler was seriously injured after being hit by a car while walking near his home on Little Patuxent Parkway in Columbia, Maryland. He later died in his home on December 15, 2009. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25803468 |
Molecular weight cut-off or MWCO refers to the lowest molecular weight solute (in daltons) in which 90% of the solute is retained by the membrane, or the molecular weight of the molecule (e.g. globular protein) that is 90% retained by the membrane. This definition is not however standardized, and MWCOs can also be defined as the molecular weight at which 80% of the analytes (or solutes) are prohibited from membrane diffusion. Commercially available microdialysis probes typically have molecular weight cutoffs that range from 1,000 to 300,000 Da, and larger thresholds of filtration are measured in µm. Microdialysis may also be used to separate nanoparticles from the solutions in which they were formed. In such a separation, the eluate will consist of non-complexed reactants and components. Ultrafiltration membrane manufacturers, such as Sartorius, commonly produce and offer MWCO's of 2k, 5k, 10k, 30k, 50k, 100k and 1,000k. Devices offered range from laboratory focused centrifugal devices (100ul to 100ml) to laboratory and bioprocessing relevant tangential flow filtration (TFF) devices (50ml to hundreds of litres). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25808423 |
South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (SPSLCMP) is a project initiated by government of Australia. The primary goal of the project is to provide accurate, long term records of the variance of the sea level in the Pacific and South Pacific oceans. There are 14 Pacific islands participating in the sea level and climate monitoring project. These include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25850586 |
Ion Atanasiu Professor Ion A. Atanasiu (25 September 1894 – 19 December 1978) was the founder of the Romanian School of Electrochemistry and the first to teach this subject in Romania. He is known as the originator of cerimetry, an analytical method based on Cerium (IV) as titration reagent. I. Atanasiu, G. Facsko Electrochimie.Principii teoretice 1958 Biography of Prof. Atanasiu by Em. Bratu and A. Calusaru in "Rev. Roum. Chim.," 1980, 25, pp. 3–7. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25875413 |
Patch dynamics (physics) Patch dynamics is a term used in physics to bridge, using algorithms, the models describing macroscale behavior and to predict large-scale patterns in fluid flow. It uses locally averaged properties of short space-time scales to advance and predict long space-time scale dynamics. In patch dynamics and finite difference approximations, the macroscale variables are defined at the grid points of a mesh chosen to resolve the solution. The standard PDE adaptive grid methods can be used to resolve gradients in the macroscale solution. Both patch dynamics and finite difference methods generate time derivatives at mesh points; these time derivatives then help advance the solution in time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25897909 |
Epicyclic frequency In astrophysics, particularly the study of accretion disks, the epicyclic frequency is the frequency at which a radially displaced fluid parcel will oscillate. It can be referred to as a "Rayleigh discriminant". When considering an astrophysical disc with differential rotation formula_1, the epicyclic frequency formula_2 is given by This quantity can be used to examine the 'boundaries' of an accretion disc - when formula_4 becomes negative then small perturbations to the (assumed circular) orbit of a fluid parcel will become unstable, and the disc will develop an 'edge' at that point. For example, around a Schwarzschild black hole, the Innermost Stable Circular Orbit (ISCO) occurs at 3x the event horizon - at formula_5. For a Keplerian disk, formula_6. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25902958 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator A Fixed-Field alternating gradient Accelerator (FFA) is a circular particle accelerator concept on which development was started in the early 50s, and that can be characterized by its time-independent magnetic fields ("fixed-field", like in a cyclotron) and the use of strong focusing ("alternating gradient", like in a synchrotron). Thus, FFA accelerators combine the cyclotron's advantage of continuous, unpulsed operation, with the synchrotron's relatively inexpensive small magnet ring, of narrow bore. Although the development of FFAs had not been pursued for over a decade starting from 1967, interest has been revived since the mid-1980s for usage in neutron spallation sources, as a driver for muon colliders and to accelerate muons in a neutrino factory since the mid-1990s. The revival in FFA research has been particularly strong in Japan with the construction of several rings. This resurgence has been prompted in part by advances in RF cavities and in magnet design. We note that the acronym for Fixed-Field alternating gradient Accelerator has recently changed from FFAG to FFA. Thus, when searching older literature, one will find more often the original acronym of FFAG. The idea of fixed-field alternating-gradient synchrotrons was developed independently in Japan by Tihiro Ohkawa, in the United States by Keith Symon, and in Russia by Andrei Kolomensky. The first prototype, built by Lawrence W. Jones and Kent M | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator Terwilliger at the University of Michigan used betatron acceleration and was operational in early 1956. That fall, the prototype was moved to the Midwestern Universities Research Association (MURA) lab at University of Wisconsin, where it was converted to a 500 keV electron synchrotron. Symon's patent, filed in early 1956, uses the terms "FFAG accelerator" and "FFAG synchrotron". Ohkawa worked with Symon and the MURA team for several years starting in 1955. Donald Kerst, working with Symon, filed a patent for the spiral-sector FFA accelerator at around the same time as Symon's Radial Sector patent. A very small spiral sector machine was built in 1957, and a 50 MeV radial sector machine was operated in 1961. This last machine was based on Ohkawa's patent, filed in 1957, for a symmetrical machine able to simultaneously accelerate identical particles in both clockwise and counterclockwise beams. This was one of the first colliding beam accelerators, although this feature was not used when it was put to practical use as the injector for the Tantalus storage ring at what would become the Synchrotron Radiation Center. The 50MeV machine was finally retired in the early 1970s. MURA designed 10 GeV and 12.5 GeV proton FFAs that were not funded. Two scaled down designs, one for 720 MeV and one for a 500 MeV injector, were published. With the shutdown of MURA which began 1963 and ended 1967, the FFA concept was not in use on an existing accelerator design and thus was not actively discussed for some time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator In the early 1980s, it was suggested by Phil Meads that an FFA was suitable and advantageous as a proton accelerator for an intense spallation neutron source, starting off projects like the Argonne Tandem Linear Accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory and the Cooler Synchrotron at Jülich Research Centre. Conferences exploring this possibility were held at Jülich Research Centre, starting from 1984. There have also been numerous annual workshops focusing on FFA accelerators at CERN, KEK, BNL, TRIUMF, Fermilab, and the Reactor Research Institute at Kyoto University. In 1992, the European Particle Accelerator Conference at CERN was about FFA accelerators. The first proton FFA was successfully construction in 2000, initiating a boom of FFA activities in high-energy physics and medicine. With superconducting magnets, the required length of the FFA magnets scales roughly as the inverse square of the magnetic field. In 1994, a coil shape which provided the required field with no iron was derived. This magnet design was continued by S. Martin "et al." from Jülich. In 2010, after the workshop on FFA accelerators in Kyoto, the construction of the Electron Machine with Many Applications (EMMA) was completed at Daresbury Laboratory, UK. This was the first non-scaling FFA accelerator. Non-scaling FFAs are often advantageous to scaling FFAs because large and heavy magnets are avoided and the beam is much better controlled. The magnetic fields needed for an FFA are quite complex | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator The computation for the magnets used on the Michigan FFA Mark Ib, a radial sector 500 keV machine from 1956, were done by Frank Cole at the University of Illinois on a mechanical calculator built by Friden. This was at the limit of what could be reasonably done without computers; the more complex magnet geometries of spiral sector and non-scaling FFAs require sophisticated computer modeling. The MURA machines were scaling FFA synchrotrons meaning that orbits of any momentum are photographic enlargements of those of any other momentum. In such machines the betatron frequencies are constant, thus no resonances, that could lead to beam loss, are crossed. A machine is scaling if the median plane magnetic field satisfies where For formula_8 an FFA magnet is much smaller than that for a cyclotron of the same energy. The disadvantage is that these machines are highly nonlinear. These and other relationships are developed in the paper by Frank Cole. The idea of building a non-scaling FFA first occurred to Kent Terwilliger and Lawrence W. Jones in the late 1950s while thinking about how to increase the beam luminosity in the collision regions of the 2-way colliding beam FFA they were working on. This idea had immediate applications in designing better focusing magnets for conventional accelerators, but was not applied to FFA design until several decades later. If acceleration is fast enough, the particles can pass through the betatron resonances before they have time to build up to a damaging amplitude | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator In that case the dipole field can be linear with radius, making the magnets smaller and simpler to construct. A proof-of-principle "linear, non-scaling" FFA called (EMMA) (Electron Machine with Many Applications) has been successfully operated at Daresbury Laboratory, UK. Vertical Orbit Excursion FFAs (VFFAs) are a special type of FFA arranged so that higher energy orbits occur above (or below) lower energy orbits, rather than radially outward. This is accomplished with skew-focusing fields that push particles with higher beam rigidity vertically into regions with a higher dipole field. The major advantage offered by a VFFA design over a FFA design is that the path-length is held constant between particles with different energies and therefore relativistic particles travel isochronously. Isochronicity of the revolution period enables continuous beam operation, therefore offering the same advantage in power that isochronous cyclotrons have over synchrocyclotrons. Isochronous accelerators have no longitudinal beam focusing, but this is not a strong limitation in accelerators with rapid ramp rates typically used in FFA designs. The major disadvantages include the fact that VFFAs requires unusual magnet designs and currently VFFA designs have only been simulated rather than tested | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Fixed-field alternating gradient accelerator FFA accelerators have potential medical applications in proton therapy for cancer, as proton sources for high intensity neutron production, for non-invasive security inspections of closed cargo containers, for the rapid acceleration of muons to high energies before they have time to decay, and as "energy amplifiers", for Accelerator-Driven Sub-critical Reactors (ADSRs) / Sub-critical Reactors in which a neutron beam derived from a FFA drives a slightly sub-critical fission reactor. Such ADSRs would be inherently safe, having no danger of accidental exponential runaway, and relatively little production of transuranium waste, with its long life and potential for nuclear weapons proliferation. Because of their quasi-continuous beam and the resulting minimal acceleration intervals for high energies, FFAs have also gained interest as possible parts of future muon collider facilities. In the 1990s, researchers at the KEK particle physics laboratory near Tokyo began developing the FFA concept, culminating in a 150 MeV machine in 2003. A non-scaling machine, dubbed PAMELA, to accelerate both protons and carbon nuclei for cancer therapy has been designed. Meanwhile, an ADSR operating at 100 MeV was demonstrated in Japan in March 2009 at the Kyoto University Critical Assembly (KUCA), achieving "sustainable nuclear reactions" with the critical assembly's control rods inserted into the reactor core to damp it below criticality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25909457 |
Mother plant A mother plant is a plant grown for the purpose of taking cuttings or offsets in order to grow more quantity of the same plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25920941 |
Acorda Therapeutics Acorda Therapeutics, Inc. is an American biotechnology company based in Ardsley, New York. The company develops therapies that improve neurological function in people with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis and other neurological disorders. manufactures and markets the drugs Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder) and Ampyra (dalfampridine) in the United States. Inbrija is administered by inhalation and is indicated for the intermittent treatment of off episodes in patients with Parkinson's disease currently taking carbidopa/levodopa. Inbrija is approved by the FDA and the EU. In September 2014, the company acquired Civitas Therapeutics for , gaining the Phase III Parkinson’s drug, CVT-301, the migraine drug CVT-427 and rights to the ARCUS pulmonary delivery system. Th ARCUS technology allows for the administration of drugs by inhalation. The FDA-approved drug Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder) and the clinical-stage drug CVT-427 (zolmitriptan) currently use the ARCUS technology for drug delivery. was incorporated in 1995, founded by internist turned entrepreneur Ron Cohen in Hawthorne, New York. Cohen had previously worked at the tissue engineering firm Advanced Tissue Sciences from 1986 to 1992. Cohen's focus on neurology at Acorda was influenced by his father's being a neurologist at Columbia University Medical Center. The business model of the company from the start was to work on commercialization of academic discoveries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25922191 |
Acorda Therapeutics A single therapeutic area focus also has the advantage that physicians prescribing one drug might also prescribe another in Acorda's portfolio; for instance, the company planned to leverage physician access through tizanidine capsule sales to promote dalfampridine sales. An initial public offering (IPO) in 2006 raised , about half of what was expected going into the offering, which was attributed to general weakness of the IPO market at the time. These funds were supplemented by a private sale of shares later the same year, raising and additional . As of 2007, twelve years after incorporation, the company had not yet turned a profit. The Canadian Spinal Research Organization held the patent for this drug in 2002 when the organization engaged Acorda to conduct a Phase III trial for treatment of spasticity in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. This was Acorda's flagship product and development of subsequent drug candidates was initially predicated on realized revenue from this drug's sales. In November 2016, the company announced it was discontinuing development of the drug for post-stroke walking difficulties, after a clinical trial failure. In the third quarter of 2019, the company's shares dropped by a significant 65.1% as a result of dalfampridine's multiple sclerosis indication facing competition in the United States. In December 2018, the company announced the FDA approval of Inbrija (levodopa inhalation powder) for patients with Parkinson's disease | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25922191 |
Acorda Therapeutics The company licensed tizanidine (Zanaflex) from Élan in the early 2000s to help meeting cash flow goals. Acorda sells both capsule and tablet forms of this drug, with emphasis on the capsule form as this has patent protection through 2021, while the tablet form has many generic competitors. In January 2016, the company acquired Finnish pharmaceutical company, Biotie Therapies, for . This gave the company control over Biote's primary sclerosing cholangitis drug, BTT1023 and the oral adenosine A2A receptor antagonist tozadenant. In November 2017, the company announced discontinuation of research and development of the Phase III Parkinson's disease drug tozadenant. This followed the death of 5 patients enrolled in the tozadenant Phase III trial from agranulocytosis and associated severe adverse events possibly related to tozadenant. , the members of the board of directors of were: Ron Cohen, Barry Greene, Peder K. Jensen, John P. Kelley, Sandra Panem, Lorin J. Randall, Steven M. Rauscher, and Catherine D. Strader. , the members of the senior management team were: Ron Cohen M.D. (Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer), Burkhard Blank (Chief Medical Officer), Andrew R. Blight (Chief Scientific Officer Emeritus), Denise Duca (Executive Vice President, Human Resources), Andrew A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25922191 |
Acorda Therapeutics Hidman (Chief Business Officer), David Lawrence (Chief, Business Operations and Principal Accounting Officer), Lauren Sabella (Chief Commercial Officer), Tierney Saccavino (Executive Vice President, Corporate Communications) and Jane Wasman (President, International and General Counsel). , founder, President and CEO Cohen would be about 63 years old. Andrew Blight was the CSO in 2007 and be about 68 years old, an emeritus in this role. As of 2007, David Lawrence was the Chief Financial Officer and Mary Fisher the Chief Operating Officer. Jane Wasman, about 62 in 2019, has held the General Counsel role at the company since at least 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25922191 |
Iceway An iceway is a linear channel eroded through bedrock by the passage of glacial ice. The term was coined by geographer Ronald Kay Gresswell in a paper in 1964 in relation to the origins of the Dee and Mersey estuaries on the boundary of northwest England and northeast Wales. Gresswell identified several such sub-parallel features running in a northwest to southeast direction from Liverpool Bay through Merseyside into Cheshire. The Dee estuary and its landward continuation south of Chester as far as Farndon along with the Mersey estuary are the two largest iceways discerned in this region. Further iceways were identified underlying the lower Gowy valley and the Alt-Ditton depression east of Liverpool. Each of these have also been referred to as tunnel valleys. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25927204 |
Epiblem In botany, is a tissue that replaces the epidermis in most roots and in stems of submerged aquatic plants. It is usually located between the epidermis and cortex in the root or stem of a plant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25940434 |
Foundered strata is a term used by the British Geological Survey in its maps and geological memoirs, and indeed by other authors, to describe rock strata which have collapsed due, for example, to the dissolution of underlying strata. may retain original bedding more or less intact or they may assume a chaotic structure in the process of collapse or some intermediate state of disruption. Examples of foundered strata are found along the northern margin of the outcrop of the Twrch Sandstone (the former Basal Grit of the Millstone Grit) in the Brecon Beacons National Park of South Wales. The immediately underlying Carboniferous Limestone has dissolved away in numerous locations such as at Pwll Byfre and resulted in the wholesale collapse of the sandstone beds above it. It is thought that the sandstone has been let down several hundred feet in places due to the removal by solution of limestone strata. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25946936 |
Frank Winkler P. Frank Winkler, Jr. is an astronomer and noted subject-matter expert on supernova. He received his doctorate from Harvard and is currently the Gamaliel Painter Bicentennial Professor in Physics at Middlebury College located in Middlebury, Vermont. Dr. Winkler has calculated the distance for the brightest supernova event recorded in human history, SN 1006, as being ~7,200 light years distant. Winkler is also the recipient of record for a Recovery Act grant for continued research regarding supernova. is also a member of the International Astronomical Union. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25961892 |
Vargas diamond The Vargas Diamond, discovered in Brazil on August 13, 1938 by Joaquim Venancio Tiago and Manoel Miguel Domingues, was when pulled out of the ground. Twenty-nine smaller diamonds were carved from the larger rough Vargas Diamond including the emerald cut diamond named "President Vargas", after the former Brazilian President, Getúlio Vargas. The diamond has been in the possession of Harry Winston, a jeweler from New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25962386 |
Jorge Crispim Romão is a Portuguese theoretical physicist. he is a Senior Professor at Instituto Superior Técnico working in Centro de Física Teórica de Partículas. His main research areas are supersymmetry, and the physics of neutrinos and the Higgs boson. Currently, he is teaching the course Quantum Field Theory as part of the MEFT, Mestrado Integrado em Física Tecnológica (English: Integrated Masters in Technological Physics Engineering) curriculum at Instituto Superior Técnico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25966714 |
Flame structure A flame structure is a type of soft-sediment deformation that forms in unconsolidated sediments. The weight of an overlying bed forces an underlying bed to push up through the overlying bed, generally when both strata are saturated with water. The resulting pattern (in cross section) may resemble flames. In order for the flame structure to occur, the overlying bed must be of a higher density than the underlying bed, or there must be differential pressures in the upper bed. Basically prior to flaming these structures are unstable, under pressure, and then subject to additional stress, such as being triggered by earthquakes. Earthquakes over magnitude 6 can initiate flaming in large (hundreds to thousands of square kilometres) areas, but flaming can also be caused by as little as the repeated pounding of waves. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25976019 |
Gallic epoch The is an obsolete epoch of the Mesozoic Era's Cretaceous, the latter being a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya. The encompasses the Barremian, Aptian, Albian, Cenomanian and Turonian faunal stages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26004548 |
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority The () is the Swedish government authority responsible for radiation protection. It sorts under the Ministry of the Environment. It was created on 1 July 2008 with the merging of the Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate and the Swedish Radiation Protection Authority. It employs 300 people and is located in Stockholm, with an annual budget of about 400 million Swedish krona. Its Director-General is Mats Persson. Official Website in English | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26014806 |
Negative Volcano A negative volcano is a caldera volcano that is a lake filled with hot springs. An example of a negative volcano is Sturgeon Lake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26019985 |
Noel Bayliss Sir Noel Stanley Bayliss (19 December 1906 – 17 February 1996) was an Australian chemist and professor of chemistry at the University of Western Australia. He was a Rhodes Scholar and graduated as dux of the academically renowned Melbourne High School. He then attended the University of Melbourne before going to Lincoln College, Oxford. The mineral baylissite KMg(CO)2•4(HO) is named for him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26021933 |
Alfred Douglas Hardy (1870 – 1958) was an Australian amateur collector of freshwater algae specimens. He worked as a draftsman and botanical officer for the Victorian Forest Commission until his retirement in 1936. He was also an amateur naturalist, initially with wide interests but later specialising in freshwater algae. He sent many specimens to George S. West, some of which were described as new species by West. In 1909, West published a major paper on the freshwater algae of Yan Yean Reservoir, based entirely upon specimens collected by Hardy. One of the new species published therein was named "Debarya hardyi" in Hardy's honour. Also in 1909, the Melbourne & Metropolitan Board of Works appointed him "honorary algologist", a position that he held for the rest of his life. His position required him to provide reports listing the algae species found in the various reservoirs managed by the Board of Works. In addition to these unpublished reports, Hardy publishedat least 14 papers of the freshwater algae of Victoria, mostly in the "Victorian Naturalist". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26024425 |
Felix Reader Felix Maximilian Reader (1850–1911) was a German-born Australian chemist and amateur botanist. Born in Berlin, he trained as a chemist before emigrating to New Zealand, then shortly afterwards, in the 1880s, to Australia. In the 1890s he settled at Dimboola, Victoria, where he had a chemist's shop until the early 1900s. He was an enthusiastic botanist, publishing many papers in the "Victorian Naturalist", establishing himself as an expert on the grasses of the southern Wimmera, and collecting the type specimen of "Acacia glandulicarpa". He also amassed a large private herbarium, which he sold to the National Herbarium of Victoria in 1906. "Brachycome readeri" and "Pottia readeri" are named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26024700 |
Francis Wilson (lichenologist) Francis Robert Muter Wilson (1832–1903), Presbyterian minister at Kew, Melbourne, was arguably Australia's first lichenologist. He came to Australia in 1862 to minister at Kew, but developed an interest in the natural world. He discovered many Australian and Pacific Island species of lichens. His collecting trips took him to Lorne, Lakes Entrance, Ferntree Gully, Brisbane, Sydney and Suva, Fiji. Between 1897 and 1900 he wrote at least 20 articles on lichens, publishing many new species. After his death his collections were purchased by the National Herbarium of New South Wales and the National Herbarium of Victoria. However the latter set was sent to the Italian botanist Giacomo Albo to be studied, and was lost in transit, never to be recovered. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26024715 |
Hilbrand J. Groenewold Hilbrand Johannes "Hip" Groenewold (1910–1996) was a Dutch theoretical physicist who pioneered the largely operator-free formulation of quantum mechanics in phase space known as phase-space quantization. Groenewold was born on 29 June 1910 in Muntendam in the province of Groningen. He graduated from the University of Groningen, with a major in physics and minors in mathematics and mechanics in 1934. After a visit to Cambridge to interact with John von Neumann (1934-5) on the links between classical and quantum mechanics, and a checkered career working with Frits Zernike in Groningen, then Leiden, the Hague, De Bilt, and several addresses in the North of the Netherlands during World War II, he earned his Ph.D. degree in 1946, under the tutelage of Léon Rosenfeld at Utrecht University. In 1951, he obtained a position in Groningen in theoretical physics, first as a lecturer, then as a senior lecturer, and finally as a professor in 1955. He was the initiator and organizer of the Vosbergen Conference in the Netherlands for over two decades. His 1946 thesis paper laid the foundations of quantum mechanics in phase space, in unwitting parallel with J. E. Moyal. This treatise was the first to achieve full understanding of the Wigner–Weyl transform as an invertible transform, rather than as an unsatisfactory quantization rule | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26066810 |
Hilbrand J. Groenewold Significantly, this work further formulated and first appreciated the all-important star-product, the cornerstone of this formulation of the theory, ironically often also associated with Moyal's name, even though it is not featured in Moyal's papers and was not fully understood by Moyal. Moreover, Groenewold first understood and demonstrated that the Moyal bracket is isomorphic to the quantum commutator, and thus that the latter "cannot be made to faithfully correspond" to the Poisson bracket, as had been envisioned by Paul Dirac. This observation and his counterexamples contrasting Poisson brackets to commutators have been generalized and codified to what is now known as the "Groenewold – Van Hove theorem". See Groenewold's theorem for one version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26066810 |
Selection and amplification binding assay (SAAB) is a molecular biology technique typically used to find the DNA binding site for proteins. It was developed by T. Keith Blackwell and Harold M. Weintraub in 1990. SAAB experimental procedure consists of several steps, depending upon the knowledge available about the binding site. A typical SAAB consists of the following steps: Quox1 is a homeobox gene involved in the regulation of patterns of development (morphogenesis) in animals, fungi and plants and was originally isolated from cDNA library of five week quail embryo. It is the only gene in the hox family that has been found to express in both prosencephalon and mesencephalon involved in the differentiation of the central and peripheral nerve cells. The optimal DNA binding site for Quox1 or its mammalian homologs was identified by SAAB in 2004. The amplified Quox1 DNA fragment obtained from PCR amplification from a human embryo cDNA librarywas digested with EcoRV and XhoI and cloned into the SmaI and XhoI restriction site of the expression vector pGEMEXxBal. The recombinant plasmids were transformed into competent Escherichia coli strain BL21 and Quox1 fusion proteins were isolated by chromatographic techniques. The radio labeled probe was incubated with 25 pmol of purified Quox1 homeodomain fusion protein in binding buffer for EMSA | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26068545 |
Selection and amplification binding assay The protein bound DNA was detected by autoradiography, and the bands representing protein–DNA complexes were excised from the gel and the eluted DNA were amplified by PCR using primers complementary to the 20 bp nonrandom flanking sequences. After 5 set of the same procedure, the purified DNA was cloned into pMD 18T and sequenced. Finally the sequence was identified as the consensus binding sequence for Quox1 homeodomain. By combining the power of random-sequence selection with pooled sequencing, the SAAB imprint assay makes possible simultaneous screening of a large number of binding site mutants. SAAB also allows the identification of sites with high relative binding affinity since the competition is inherent in the protocol. It can also identify site positions that are neutral or specific bases that can interfere with binding, such as a T at - 4 in the E47 half-site. We can apply the technique to less affinity binding sequence also, provided to keep high concentration of binding protein at each step of binding. It is also possible to identify the binding site even if both the protein and sequence is not known. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26068545 |
List of homing endonuclease cutting sites The homing endonucleases are a special type of restriction enzymes encoded by introns or inteins. They act on the cellular DNA of the cell that synthesizes them; to be precise, in the opposite allele of the gene that encode them. The list includes some of the most studied examples. The following concepts have been detailed: <nowiki>*</nowiki>: Nicking endonuclease: These enzymes cut only one DNA strand, leaving the other strand untouched.<br> <nowiki>**</nowiki>: Unknown cutting site: Researchers have not been able to determine the exact cutting site of these enzymes yet. "Databases and lists of restriction enzymes:" "Databases of proteins:" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26080977 |
Pavonazzo marble Pavonazzetto marble also known as Docimaean marble or Synnadic marble, is a white marble originally from Docimium, or modern İscehisar, Turkey. The name derives from the Italian word for peacock (pavone). "In natural stone trade, Pavonazzo is often simply called a Marble." It is one of the many varieties of Carrara marble, distinguished by black/gray-veined white marble. Also referred to as "pavonazzetto", and distinguished as: The marble has been used in Rome since the Augustan age, when large-scale quarrying began at Docimium, and columns of it were used in the House of Augustus, as well as in the Temple of Mars Ultor, which also had pavonazzo floor tiles in the cella. Pavonazzetto statues of kneeling Phrygian barbarians existed in the Basilica Aemilia and Horti Sallustiani. Giant statue groups carved from Docimaean marble were discovered at Tiberius's Villa in Sperlonga. Pavonazzetto was not widely or extensively used before the Roman period; there is no evidence of it in circulation before the last two decades B.C. Later it was used in Rome in Trajan's Markets and for the Memoria Petri, the tomb of Saint Peter and internationally in the influential Baroque Revival-style historic buildings the Church of St. Ignatius Loyola, in New York City, and Belfast City Hall in Belfast, Northern Ireland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26085456 |
Power bandwidth The power bandwidth of an amplifier is sometimes taken as the frequency range (or, rarely, the upper frequency limit) for which the rated power output of an amplifier can be maintained (without excessive distortion) to at least "half" of the full rated power. (Some specifications may mandate 100% of the rated power; sometimes referring to the full-power bandwidth.) It should not be confused with "half-power" bandwidth, only used in conjunction with filter frequency response curves, where it refers to -3dB points in the frequency response of a band-pass filter. Data sheets for operational amplifiers often use the term (full-)power bandwidth to indicate the highest frequency at which the achievable peak-to-peak output voltage swing is still equal to the DC output voltage range. This is also sometimes described as the slew-rate-limited bandwidth. The full-power bandwidth formula_1 is then related to the slew rate formula_2 in volts per micro second and the voltage swing formula_3 by where formula_1 is expressed in hertz. In data sheets for commonly available operational amplifiers, slew rate is usually given in volts per microsecond. may be specified as a frequency range or as a graph. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26088003 |
Slew-induced distortion (SID or slew-rate induced distortion) is caused when an amplifier or transducer is required to change output (or displacement), i.e. slew rate, faster than it is able to do so without error. At such times any other signals may suffer considerable gain distortion, leading to intermodulation distortion. Transient intermodulation distortion may involve some degree of SID and/or distortion due to peak compression. These are effects that tend to occur only during parts of a waveform fed through audio amplifiers, that may give rise to audible degradation of the sound quality in music, even when fixed-frequency harmonic distortion tests show low amounts of distortion for a simple sinewave test signal. TIM (Transient Intermodulation Distortion) was first discovered by Dr. Matti Otala in the 1960s due to accidentally wiring an amplifier incorrectly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26089310 |
Herpetosiphonales is one of two orders of bacteria in the class Chloroflexi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26091147 |
Herpetosiphonaceae is a family of bacteria in the order "Herpetosiphonales". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26091193 |
Paul Kocin (born May 6, 1955) is a meteorologist and winter weather expert. He grew up on Long Island, New York and received his B.S. from Cornell University, followed by his M.Sc. from Pennsylvania State University. After graduation, he briefly worked for NASA as a contractor then was hired by the US National Weather Service at the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center in 1989. Kocin worked as an on-air personality with The Weather Channel from 1998 to 2006. He returned to NOAA afterward, first as a surface weather analyst and then to the medium range desk, forecasting weather for Alaska up to eight days in advance. Along with Louis Uccellini, Kocin developed the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale, which categorizes significant Northeast United States snowstorms from "notable" to "extreme". They also created volumes concerning Northeastern United States Snow Storms during the 1990s and 2000s. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26093921 |
Sitka (crater) Sitka is an impact crater on the planet Mars. It measures in diameter and was named after the city of Sitka in Alaska, United States. The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1976. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26099765 |
Matanuska (crater) Matanuska is an impact crater on the minor planet 253 Mathilde. It is in diameter. It is named after a coal field in the Matanuska-Susitna Valley of Alaska; the name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26099912 |
Dextrose equivalent (DE) is a measure of the amount of reducing sugars present in a sugar product, expressed as a percentage on a dry basis relative to dextrose. The dextrose equivalent gives an indication of the average degree of polymerisation (DP) for starch sugars, it is another word for gelatine. As a rule of thumb, DE × DP = 120. In all glucose polymers, from the native starch to glucose syrup, the molecular chain begins with a reducing sugar, containing a free aldehyde. As the starch is hydrolysed, the molecules become shorter and more reducing sugars are present. Therefore, the dextrose equivalent describes the degree of conversion of starch to dextrose. The standard method of determining the dextrose equivalent is the Lane-Eynon titration, based on the reduction of copper(II) sulfate in an alkaline tartrate solution, an application of Fehling's test. Examples: Therefore, the molecular mass of a glucose polymer can be calculated by using the formula (180*n - 18*(n-1)) with n the DP (degree of polymerisation) of the glucose polymer. The DE can be calculated as 100*(180 / Molecular mass( glucose polymer)). In this example the DE is calculated as 100*(180/(180*2-18*1)) = 52. Because different reducing sugars (e.g. fructose and glucose) have different sweetness, it is incorrect to assume that there is any direct relationship between dextrose equivalent and sweetness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26107799 |
Gravity feed is the use of earth's gravity to move something (usually a liquid) from one place to another. It is a simple means of moving a liquid without the use of a pump. A common application is the supply of fuel to an internal combustion engine by placing the fuel tank above the engine, e.g. in motorcycles, lawn mowers, etc. A non-liquid application is the carton flow shelving system. Ancient Roman aqueducts were gravity-fed, as water supply systems to remote villages in developing countries often are. In this case the flow of water to the village is provided by the hydraulic head, the vertical distance from the intake at the source to the outflow in the village, on which gravity acts; while it is opposed by the friction in the pipe which is determined primarily by the length and diameter of the pipe as well as by its age and the material of which it is made. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26108124 |
Comutagen A comutagen is a substance that is not a mutagen by itself, but in the presence of a mutagen, enhances mutagenic activity. There are at least two manners by which this may occur; the comutagen may strengthen the mutagenic activity of mutagenic chemicals, or it can create a mutagenic response from nonmutagens. Chemicals such as harmane and norharmane (present in tobacco tar) have been identified as comutagens. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26114068 |
Aderis Pharmaceuticals is a privately held pharmaceutical company based in Hopkinton, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1994 to develop and commercialize pharmaceuticals. It is best known for the development of Rotigotine, a dopamine agonist made for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Official site | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26141336 |
National Weather Service Wichita, Kansas The (NWS Wichita) is a local weather forecast office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions for 26 counties in central, south-central, and southeastern Kansas, including the Wichita Metropolitan Area and Salina, Kansas. The Army Signal Service established a federal weather office in the region on June 13, 1888. On April 1, 1930, the Wichita Municipal Airport (currently McConnell Air Force Base) weather office opened. Pilot Balloons were sent at 5:30 am and pm each day, and from April 1, 1930 to November 29, 1940 there were two Weather Bureau Offices in Wichita. The current National Weather Service Wichita is located at 2142 S. Tyler Road in the southwestern part of Wichita, near Wichita Mid-Continent Airport, and is in charge of issuing local forecasts and weather warnings for central, south central, and southeastern Kansas. It is one of four National Weather Service offices located in Kansas and one of seven that serve the state. In the event that the office becomes temporarily unable to perform its duties, NWS Wichita's primary backup office (the office that would take over until NWS Wichita was able to resume service) is the National Weather Service office in Topeka, Kansas, with the secondary backup office being the National Weather Service office in Dodge City, Kansas. NWS Wichita operates six NOAA Weather Radio transmitters to serve Central, South-Central and Southeast Kansas: "N.B." Counties marked with a § are outside the Wichita WFO's County Warning Area. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26143608 |
Sandwich Fault Zone The is a fault zone that runs northwest from Oswego to Ogle County, transecting Lee County in Northern Illinois. The fault has generally not been active, although there was a minor earthquake in 2002, and another, slightly larger one, in 2010. It has a largely 400 to 600-foot vertical displacement, although parts can reach up to an 800-foot displacement, and is likely a configuration of several smaller faults, varying in both direction and displacement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26153135 |
National Weather Service Albany, New York The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions for eastern New York State and portions of western New England (extreme Southern Vermont, western Massachusetts and northwestern Connecticut). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26157152 |
Acoustic dispersion is the phenomenon of a sound wave separating into its component frequencies as it passes through a material. The phase velocity of the sound wave is viewed as a function of frequency. Hence, separation of component frequencies is measured by the rate of change in phase velocities as the radiated waves pass through a given medium. A widely used technique for determining acoustic dispersion is a broadband transmission method. This technique was originally introduced in 1978 and has been employed to study the dispersion properties of metal (1978), epoxy resin (1986), paper materials (1993) ultra-sound contrast agent (1998). In 1990 and 1993 this method confirmed the Kramers–Kronig relation for acoustic waves. Application of this method requires the measurements of a reference velocity to obtain values for the acoustic dispersion. This is accomplished by determining (usually) the speed of the sound in water, the thickness of the specimen, and the phase spectrum of each of the two transmitted ultrasound pulses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26157481 |
National Weather Service Binghamton, New York The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions 17 counties in New York and 7 counties in Pennsylvania including the cities of Binghamton, Elmira, Ithaca, Rome, Scranton, Syracuse, Utica, and Wilkes-Barre. Management Senior Service Hydrologist Senior Forecasters General Forecasters Observing Program Leader (OPL) Hydrometeorological Technicians (HMT's) / Interns Electronics Technicians Information Technology Officer (ITO) Administrative Assistant The forecast office provides programming for 13 NOAA Weather Radio stations in New York and New Hampshire. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26162948 |
National Weather Service Buffalo, New York The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions in western and north central New York State including Buffalo, Rochester, Geneva, Fulton, and Watertown. The forecast office provides programming for seven NOAA Weather Radio stations in New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26162984 |
National Weather Service Burlington, Vermont The is a local office of the National Weather Service located at Burlington International Airport (BTV) in South Burlington, VT that is responsible for monitoring weather conditions in extreme northern New York State and the northern two-thirds of Vermont. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26163010 |
National Weather Service Caribou, Maine The is a local office of the National Weather Service responsible for monitoring weather conditions in northern Maine. It is co-located with an upper air sounding facility but the NEXRAD radar KCBW is near Houlton, Maine, further south. The National Weather Service in Caribou provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for northeastern Maine, and adjacent waters for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. forecast office provides programming for eight NOAA Weather Radio stations in Maine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26163229 |
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