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Physical geography Among these is who is considered the patriarch of Russian geography, Mikhail Lomonosov. In the mid-1750s Lomonosov began working in the Department of Geography, Academy of Sciences to conduct research in Siberia. They showed the organic origin of soil and developed a comprehensive law on the movement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23263 |
Physical geography Russian geographers who made great contributions to the discipline in this period were: NM Sibirtsev, Pyotr Semyonov, K.D. Glinka, Neustrayev, among others. The second important process is the theory of evolution by Darwin in mid-century (which decisively influenced the work of Friedrich Ratzel, who ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23263 |
Physical geography Finally, everything comes to what is a plain flat plain at the lowest elevation possible (called "baseline") This plain was called by Davis' "peneplain" meaning "almost plain" Then river rejuvenation occurs and there is another mountain lift and the cycle continues. Although Davis's theory is not ent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23263 |
Outline of physical science Physical science is a branch of natural science that studies non-living systems, in contrast to life science. It in turn has many branches, each referred to as a "physical science", together called the "physical sciences". Physical science can be described as all of the following: History of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23638 |
Outline of physical science Its studies includes the following: Chemistry – branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter. Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms and molecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23638 |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used in molecular biology to rapidly make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample, allowing scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail. PCR was invented in 1983 by the American biochemist Kar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction The two DNA strands then become templates for DNA polymerase to enzymatically assemble a new DNA strand from free nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. As PCR progresses, the DNA generated is itself used as a template for replication, setting in motion a chain reaction in which the original... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction The amount of amplified product is determined by the available substrates in the reaction, which become limiting as the reaction progresses. A basic PCR set-up requires several components and reagents, including: The reaction is commonly carried out in a volume of 10–200 μL in small reaction t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction The temperatures used and the length of time they are applied in each cycle depend on a variety of parameters, including the enzyme used for DNA synthesis, the concentration of bivalent ions and dNTPs in the reaction, and the melting temperature ("T") of the primers. The individual steps commo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction This usually involves spatial separation of PCR-setup areas from areas for analysis or purification of PCR products, use of disposable plasticware, and thoroughly cleaning the work surface between reaction setups. Primer-design techniques are important in improving PCR product yield and in avo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction Bacterial colonies "(such as E. coli)" can be rapidly screened by PCR for correct DNA vector constructs. PCR may also be used for genetic fingerprinting; a forensic technique used to identify a person or organism by comparing experimental DNAs through different PCR-based methods. Some PCR 'fin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction Quantitative PCR is an established tool for DNA quantification that measures the accumulation of DNA product after each round of PCR amplification. qPCR allows the quantification and detection of a specific DNA sequence in real time since it measures concentration while the synthesis process i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction DNA samples for prenatal testing can be obtained by amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or even by the analysis of rare fetal cells circulating in the mother's bloodstream. PCR analysis is also essential to preimplantation genetic diagnosis, where individual cells of a developing embryo ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction Therefore, it has its uses to analyze alterations of gene expression levels in tumors, microbes, or other disease states. PCR is a very powerful and practical research tool. The sequencing of unknown etiologies of many diseases are being figured out by the PCR. The technique can help identify ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction To minimize the chance of contamination, investigators should reserve separate rooms for reagent preparation, the PCR, and analysis of product. Reagents should be dispensed into single-use aliquots. Pipetters with disposable plungers and extra-long pipette tips should be routinely used. A 1971... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction It requires no more than a test tube, a few simple reagents, and a source of heat." DNA fingerprinting was first used for paternity testing in 1988. Mullis was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1993 for his invention, seven years after he and his colleagues at Cetus first put his proposa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Polymerase chain reaction The discovery in 1976 of Taq polymerase—a DNA polymerase purified from the thermophilic bacterium, "Thermus aquaticus", which naturally lives in hot () environments such as hot springs—paved the way for dramatic improvements of the PCR method. The DNA polymerase isolated from "T. aquaticus" is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23647 |
Plasma ashing In semiconductor manufacturing plasma ashing is the process of removing the photoresist (light sensitive coating) from an etched wafer. Using a plasma source, a monatomic (single atom) substance known as a reactive species is generated. Oxygen or fluorine are the most common reactive species. The reactive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23731 |
Plasma ashing Monatomic oxygen is electrically neutral and although it does recombine during the channeling, it does so at a slower rate than the positively or negatively charged free radicals, which attract one another. This means that when all of the free radicals have recombined, there is still a portion of the acti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23731 |
Pharmacology is a branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly or narrowly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous (from within the body) molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Pharmacology, a biomedical science, deals with the research, discovery, and characterization of chemicals which show biological effects and the elucidation of cellular and organismal function in relation to these chemicals. In contrast, pharmacy, a health services profession, is concerned with the applicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Traditional medicine varies between cultures and may be specific to a particular culture, such as in traditional Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan and Korean medicine. However much of this has since been regarded as pseudoscience. Pharmacological substances known as entheogens may have spiritual and religious us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology The development of the organ bath preparation, where tissue samples are connected to recording devices, such as a myograph, and physiological responses are recorded after drug application, allowed analysis of drugs' effects on tissues. The development of the ligand binding assay in 1945 allowed quantificat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology The related field of neuropsychopharmacology focuses on the effects of drugs at the overlap between the nervous system and the psyche. Pharmacometabolomics, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from metabolomics, the quantification and analysis of metabolites produced by the body. It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Clinical pharmacology is the basic science of pharmacology focusing on the application of pharmacological principles and methods in the medical clinic and towards patient care and outcomes. An example of this is posology, which is the study of how medicines are dosed. is closely related to toxicology. Both... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology The techniques used for the discovery, formulation, manufacturing and quality control of drugs discovery is studied by pharmaceutical engineering, a branch of engineering. Safety pharmacology specialises in detecting and investigating potential undesirable effects of drugs. Development of medication is a v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology When a useful activity has been identified, chemists will make many similar compounds called analogues, to try to maximize the desired medicinal effect(s). This can take anywhere from a few years to a decade or more, and is very expensive. One must also determine how safe the medicine is to consume, its st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Pharmacoenvironmentology or environmental pharmacology is a field intimately linked with ecology and public health. Human health and ecology are intimately related so environmental pharmacology studies the environmental effect of drugs and pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment. Drug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology half-life and volume of distribution), and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic). is typically studied with respect to particular systems, for example endogenous neurotransmitter systems. The major systems studied in pharmacology can be categorised by their ligands... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Those with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and administer, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics). Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin: toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses used... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has a similar role in the UK. Medicare Part D is a prescription drug plan in the U.S. The Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) is an act related to drug policy. Prescription drugs are drugs regulated by legislation. The International Union of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Pharmacology Pharmacological research can lead to new drug discoveries, and promote a better understanding of human physiology. Students of pharmacology must have detailed working knowledge of aspects in physiology, pathology and chemistry. Modern pharmacology is interdisciplinary and relates to biophysical and computa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24354 |
Outline of physics The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to physics: Physics – natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24489 |
Outline of physics Some of the basic pursuits of physics, which include some of the most prominent developments in modern science in the last millennium, include: Gravity, light, physical system, physical observation, physical quantity, physical state, physical unit, physical theory, physical experiment Theoretical con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24489 |
RNA Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, is as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Unlike DNA, their structures do not consist of long double helices, but rather collections of short helices packed together into structures akin to proteins. In this fashion, RNAs can achieve chemical catalysis (like enzymes). For instance, determination of the structure of the ribosome—an RNA-protein complex that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA The A-form geometry results in a very deep and narrow major groove and a shallow and wide minor groove. A second consequence of the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl group is that in conformationally flexible regions of an molecule (that is, not involved in formation of a double helix), it can chemically attack the adjac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA The functional form of single-stranded molecules, just like proteins, frequently requires a specific tertiary structure. The scaffold for this structure is provided by secondary structural elements that are hydrogen bonds within the molecule. This leads to several recognizable "domains" of secondary structure like ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Primary transcript RNAs are often modified by enzymes after transcription. For example, a poly(A) tail and a 5' cap are added to eukaryotic pre-mand introns are removed by the spliceosome. There are also a number of RNA-dependent polymerases that use as their template for synthesis of a new strand of RNA. For insta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Usually, small RNAs are shorter than 200 nt in length, and long RNAs are greater than 200 nt long. Long RNAs, also called large RNAs, mainly include long non-coding (lncRNA) and mRNA. Small RNAs mainly include 5.8S ribosomal (rRNA), 5S rRNA, transfer (tRNA), micro(miRNA), small interfering (siRNA), small nucleolar ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA It has sites for amino acid attachment and an anticodon region for codon recognition that binds to a specific sequence on the messenger chain through hydrogen bonding. Ribosomal (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rmolecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA In addition to these mechanisms in eukaryotes, both bacteria and archaea have been found to use regulatory RNAs extensively. Bacterial small and the CRISPR system are examples of such prokaryotic regulatory systems. Fire and Mello were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering microRNAs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA It is not clear at present whether they are a unique category of RNAs of various lengths or constitute a distinct subset of lncRNAs. In any case, they are transcribed from enhancers, which are known regulatory sites in the DNA near genes they regulate. They up-regulate the transcription of the gene(s) under contr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Introns are spliced out of pre-mby spliceosomes, which contain several small nuclear RNAs (snRNA), or the introns can be ribozymes that are spliced by themselves. can also be altered by having its nucleotides modified to nucleotides other than A, C, G and U. In eukaryotes, modifications of nucleotides are in genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Double-stranded (dsRNA) is with two complementary strands, similar to the DNA found in all cells, but with the replacement of thymine by uracil. dsforms the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded viruses). Double-stranded RNA, such as viral or siRNA, can trigger interference in eukaryotes, as well as int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA In 1956 Alex Rich and David Davies hybridized two separate strands of to form the first crystal of whose structure could be determined by X-ray crystallography. The sequence of the 77 nucleotides of a yeast twas found by Robert W. Holley in 1965, winning Holley the 1968 Nobel Prize in Medicine (shared with Har Gobi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
RNA Studies on interference gleaned a Nobel Prize for Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 2006, and another Nobel was awarded for studies on the transcription of to Roger Kornberg in the same year. The discovery of gene regulatory RNAs has led to attempts to develop drugs made of RNA, such as siRNA, to silence genes. Adding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25758 |
Restriction enzyme A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, or " restrictase " is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites. Restriction enzymes are one class of the broader endonuclease group of enzymes. Restriction enzymes are co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme The phenomenon was first identified in work done in the laboratories of Salvador Luria, Weigle and Giuseppe Bertani in the early 1950s. It was found that, for a bacteriophage λ that can grow well in one strain of "Escherichia coli", for example "E. coli" C, when grown in another strain, for example "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme Later, Daniel Nathans and Kathleen Danna showed that cleavage of simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA by restriction enzymes yields specific fragments that can be separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, thus showing that restriction enzymes can also be used for mapping DNA. For their work in the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme htm">Restriction Map</ref> Many of them are palindromic, meaning the base sequence reads the same backwards and forwards. In theory, there are two types of palindromic sequences that can be possible in DNA. The "mirror-like" palindrome is similar to those found in ordinary text, in which a sequence r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme Naturally occurring restriction endonucleases are categorized into four groups (Types I, II III, and IV) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence. DNA sequence analyses... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme The cofactors S-Adenosyl methionine (AdoMet), hydrolyzed adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and magnesium (Mg) ions, are required for their full activity. Type I restriction enzymes possess three subunits called HsdR, HsdM, and HsdS; HsdR is required for restriction digestion; HsdM is necessary for adding... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme Type IIB restriction enzymes (e.g., BcgI and BplI) are multimers, containing more than one subunit. They cleave DNA on both sides of their recognition to cut out the recognition site. They require both AdoMet and Mg cofactors. Type IIE restriction endonucleases (e.g., NaeI) cleave DNA following inter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme , EcoP15) recognize two separate non-palindromic sequences that are inversely oriented. They cut DNA about 20–30 base pairs after the recognition site. These enzymes contain more than one subunit and require AdoMet and ATP cofactors for their roles in DNA methylation and restriction digestion, respec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme Type III enzymes belong to the beta-subfamily of N6 adenine methyltransferases, containing the nine motifs that characterise this family, including motif I, the AdoMet binding pocket (FXGXG), and motif IV, the catalytic region (S/D/N (PP) Y/F). Type IV enzymes recognize modified, typically methylated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme For more detail, read CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats). In 2017 a group in Illinois announced using an Argonaute protein taken from Pyrococcus furiosus (PfAgo) along with guide DNA to edit DNA as artificial restriction enzymes. The authors, however, retracted their s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme For optimal use, plasmids that are commonly used for gene cloning are modified to include a short "polylinker" sequence (called the multiple cloning site, or MCS) rich in restriction enzyme recognition sequences. This allows flexibility when inserting gene fragments into the plasmid vector; restricti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme A DNA map by restriction digest can also be generated that can give the relative positions of the genes. The different lengths of DNA generated by restriction digest also produce a specific pattern of bands after gel electrophoresis, and can be used for DNA fingerprinting. In a similar manner, restri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Restriction enzyme Others have proposed using the bacteria R-M system as a model for devising human anti-viral gene or genomic vaccines and therapies since the RM system serves an innate defense-role in bacteria by restricting tropism by bacteriophages. There is research on REases and ZFN that can cleave the DNA of var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26194 |
Leonard McCoy Leonard H. "Bones" McCoy is a character in the American science fiction franchise "Star Trek". McCoy was most famously portrayed by actor DeForest Kelley in the from 1966 to 1969, and he also appears in the , six "Star Trek" movies, the pilot episode of "", and in numerous books, comics, and video games. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy Spock transfers his "katra"—his knowledge and experience—into McCoy before dying in "" (1982). This causes mental anguish for McCoy, who in "" (1984) helps restore Spock's katra to his reanimated body. McCoy continues to serve on Kirk's crew aboard the captured Klingon ship in "" (1986). In "" (1989), McC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy McCoy later helps get Kirk posted aboard the USS "Enterprise". He later becomes the chief medical officer after Doctor Puri is killed during an attack by Nero. McCoy remains aboard to see the "Enterprise" defeat Nero and his crew, with Kirk becoming the commanding officer of the ship. "The Guardian" calle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy Kelley was apprehensive about "Star Trek"s future, telling Roddenberry that the show was "going to be the biggest hit or the biggest miss God ever made". Kelley portrayed McCoy throughout the original "Star Trek" series and voiced the character in the animated "Star Trek". Kelley, who in his youth wanted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy While Spock represented "extreme logic, extreme science" and Kirk symbolized "extreme emotion and intuition", McCoy's role as "a very colorful doctor, essentially a very humanistic scientist" represented the "two extremes that often served as the glue that held the trio together". They chose to reveal tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy He received two or three letters a month from others reporting similar experiences. A friend observed that despite not becoming a doctor as he had hoped, Kelley's portrayal of McCoy had helped create many doctors. According to Kelley, "You can win awards and that sort of thing, but to influence the youth ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy McCoy's "He's dead, Jim" line as an example of fans actively participating in the creation of an underground culture in which they derive pleasure by repeating memorable lines as part of constructing new mythologies and alternative social communities. Another of McCoy's catchphrases is his "I'm a doctor, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Leonard McCoy In 2017, Screen Rant ranked the Kelvin timeline McCoy, played by actor Karl Urban, as the 17th most attractive person in the "Star Trek" universe. In 2018, "The Wrap" placed Doctor McCoy as 6th out 39 in a ranking of main cast characters of the "Star Trek" franchise. In 2018, CBR ranked McCoy as the 11th ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105 |
Stem cell In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can differentiate into various types of cells and divide indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell in a cell lineage. They are found in both embryonic and adult organ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell In mammals, they include, among others, hematopoietic stem cells, which replenish blood and immune cells, basal cells, which maintain the skin epithelium, and mesenchymal stem cells, which maintain bone, cartilage, muscle and fat cells. Adult stem cells constitute a small minority of cells; they are vastly ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell The key properties of a stem cell were first defined by Ernest McCulloch and James Till in the early 1960s. They discovered the blood-forming stem cell, the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC), through their pioneering work in mice. McCulloch and Till began a series of experiments in which bone marrow cells were in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell This allowed the formation of murine genetic models, a system in which the genes of mice are deleted or altered in order to study their function in pathology. By 1998, embryonic stem cells were first isolated by American biologist James Thomson, which made it possible to have new transplantation methods or va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Potency specifies the differentiation potential (the potential to differentiate into different cell types) of the stem cell. In practice, stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue. For example, the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is the ability to transpl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell ESCs are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm. In other words, they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type. They do not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell The radial glial cell, has a distinctive bipolar morphology with highly elongated processes spanning the thickness of the neural tube wall. It shares some glial characteristics, most notably the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The radial glial cell is the primary neural stem cell of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. The transcription factors Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell On November 14, 2011 the company conducting the trial (Geron Corporation) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs. Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell The term “meso” means middle, infusion originated from the Greek, signifying that mesenchymal cells are able to range and travel in early embryonic growth among the ectodermal and endodermal layers. This mechanism helps with space-filling thus, key for repairing wounds in adult organisms that have to do with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Compared to proliferating somatic cells, ESCs have unique cell cycle characteristics—such as rapid cell division caused by shortened G1 phase, absent G0 phase, and modifications in cell cycle checkpoints—which leaves the cells mostly in S phase at any given time. ESCs’ rapid division is demonstrated by their ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell In a somatic cell cycle, oscillatory activity of Cyclin-Cdk complexes is observed in sequential action, which controls crucial regulators of the cell cycle to induce unidirectional transitions between phases: Cyclin D and Cdk4/6 are active in the G1 phase, while Cyclin E and Cdk2 are active during the late G1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Thus, similar to mESCs, hESCs show high Cdk activity, with Cdk2 exhibiting the highest kinase activity. Also similar to mESCs, hESCs demonstrate the importance of Cdk2 in G1 phase regulation by showing that G1 to S transition is delayed when Cdk2 activity is inhibited and G1 is arrest when Cdk2 is knocked dow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans: Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth. Of all stem cell types, autologous harvesting involves the least risk. By definition, autologous cells are obtained from one's own body, just as one may b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Muse cells (multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues, including adipose, dermal fibroblasts, and bone marrow. While rare, muse cells are identifiable by their expression of SSEA-3, a marker for undifferentiated st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell With the increasing demand of human adult stem cells for both research and clinical purposes (typically 1–5 million cells per kg of body weight are required per treatment) it becomes of utmost importance to bridge the gap between the need to expand the cells in vitro and the capability of harnessing the facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Adult stem cells have limitations with their potency; unlike embryonic stem cells (ESCs), they are not able to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers. As such, they are deemed multipotent. However, reprogramming allows for the creation of pluripotent cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs),... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell They share many similar properties, such as pluripotency and differentiation potential, the expression of pluripotency genes, epigenetic patterns, embryoid body and teratoma formation, and viable chimera formation, but there are many differences within these properties. The chromatin of iPSCs appears to be mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell Frozen blood samples can be used as a valuable source of induced pluripotent stem cells. Patient specific stem cells allow for the screening for side effects before drug treatment, as well as the reduced risk of transplantation rejection. Despite their current limited use therapeutically, iPSCs hold create po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell This helps in analyzing stem cell lineages along the way which helps recognize stem cell effectiveness, lifespan, and other factors. With the technique of cell lineage mutant genes can be analyzed in stem cell clones that can help in genetic pathways. These pathways can regulate how the stem cell perform To e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell implantation may help in strengthening the left-ventricle of the heart, as well as retaining the heart tissue to patients who have suffered from heart attacks in the past. treatments may lower symptoms of the disease or condition that is being treated. The lowering of symptoms may allow patients to reduce the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists, but does enforce them against companies. In 2006, a request for the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to re-examine the three patents was filed by the Public Patent Foundation on behalf of its client, the non-profit patent-watchdog group Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Stem cell In July 2013, Consumer Watchdog announced that it would appeal the decision to allow the claims of the '913 patent to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (CAFC), the federal appeals court that hears patent cases. At a hearing in December 2013, the CAFC raised the question of whether Consumer Watch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783 |
Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It draws from disciplines including psychology, ethology, anthropology, evolution, zoology, archaeology, and population genetics. Within the study of human societies, sociobiology is closely allied to Darwinian an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology It begins with the idea that behaviors have evolved over time, similar to the way that physical traits are thought to have evolved. It predicts that animals will act in ways that have proven to be evolutionarily successful over time. This can, among other things, result in the formation of complex social p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology The geneticist of animal behavior John Paul Scott coined the word "sociobiology" at a 1948 conference on genetics and social behaviour which called for a conjoint development of field and laboratory studies in animal behavior research. With John Paul Scott's organizational efforts, a "Section of Animal Beh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology Once a specialist term, "sociobiology" became widely known in 1975 when Wilson published his book "Sociobiology: The New Synthesis", which sparked an intense controversy. Since then "sociobiology" has largely been equated with Wilson's vision. The book pioneered and popularized the attempt to explain the e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology The more general term behavioral ecology is commonly substituted for the term sociobiology in order to avoid the public controversy. Sociobiologists maintain that human behavior, as well as nonhuman animal behavior, can be partly explained as the outcome of natural selection. They contend that in order to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology The species-level categories (often called "ultimate explanations") are The individual-level categories (often called "proximate explanations") are Sociobiologists are interested in how behavior can be explained logically as a result of selective pressures in the history of a species. Thus, they are often ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology If altruism is genetically determined, then altruistic individuals must reproduce their own altruistic genetic traits for altruism to survive, but when altruists lavish their resources on non-altruists at the expense of their own kind, the altruists tend to die out and the others tend to increase. An extre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology In general, females with more bearing opportunities may value offspring less, and may also arrange bearing opportunities to maximize the food and protection from mates. An important concept in sociobiology is that temperament traits exist in an ecological balance. Just as an expansion of a sheep population... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Sociobiology Thus, when FEV is genetically deleted from the mouse genome, male mice will instantly attack other males, whereas their wild-type counterparts take significantly longer to initiate violent behaviour. In addition, FEV has been shown to be required for correct maternal behaviour in mice, such that offspring ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
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