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Sociobiology Chomsky argued that human beings are biological organisms and ought to be studied as such, with his criticism of the "blank slate" doctrine in the social sciences (which would inspire a great deal of Steven Pinker's and others' work in evolutionary psychology), in his 1975 "Reflections on Language". Chomsk... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27919 |
Statistical mechanics is one of the pillars of modern physics. It is necessary for the fundamental study of any physical system that has many degrees of freedom. The approach is based on statistical methods, probability theory and the microscopic physical laws. It can be used to explain the thermodynamic behaviour of l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics In physics, two types of mechanics are usually examined: classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. For both types of mechanics, the standard mathematical approach is to consider two concepts: Using these two concepts, the state at any other time, past or future, can in principle be calculated. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics As is usual for probabilities, the ensemble can be interpreted in different ways: These two meanings are equivalent for many purposes, and will be used interchangeably in this article. However the probability is interpreted, each state in the ensemble evolves over time according to the equation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics The primary goal of statistical thermodynamics (also known as equilibrium statistical mechanics) is to derive the classical thermodynamics of materials in terms of the properties of their constituent particles and the interactions between them. In other words, statistical thermodynamics provides a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics There are various arguments in favour of the equal a priori probability postulate: Other fundamental postulates for statistical mechanics have also been proposed. There are three equilibrium ensembles with a simple form that can be defined for any isolated system bounded inside a finite volume. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics Once the characteristic state function for an ensemble has been calculated for a given system, that system is 'solved' (macroscopic observables can be extracted from the characteristic state function). Calculating the characteristic state function of a thermodynamic ensemble is not necessarily a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics (Statistical thermodynamics can only be used to calculate the final result, after the external imbalances have been removed and the ensemble has settled back down to equilibrium.) In principle, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics could be mathematically exact: ensembles for an isolated system ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics While this is technically inaccurate (aside from hypothetical situations involving black holes, a system cannot in itself cause loss of information), the randomness is added to reflect that information of interest becomes converted over time into subtle correlations within the system, or to correl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics Since equilibrium statistical mechanics is mathematically well defined and (in some cases) more amenable for calculations, the fluctuation-dissipation connection can be a convenient shortcut for calculations in near-equilibrium statistical mechanics. A few of the theoretical tools used to make thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics In 1859, after reading a paper on the diffusion of molecules by Rudolf Clausius, Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell formulated the Maxwell distribution of molecular velocities, which gave the proportion of molecules having a certain velocity in a specific range. This was the first-ever statist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Statistical mechanics Shortly before his death, Gibbs published in 1902 "Elementary Principles in Statistical Mechanics", a book which formalized statistical mechanics as a fully general approach to address all mechanical systems—macroscopic or microscopic, gaseous or non-gaseous. Gibbs' methods were initially derived ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28481 |
Stereochemistry Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation. The study of stereochemistry focuses on stereoisomers, which by definition have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28756 |
Stereochemistry Kekulé used tetrahedral models earlier in 1862 but never published these; Emanuele Paternò probably knew of these but was the first to draw and discuss three dimensional structures, such as of 1,2-dibromoethane in the "Gazetta Chimica Italiana" in 1893. Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules are part of a sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28756 |
Stereochemistry Strict regulations and controls have been enabled to avoid its use by pregnant women and prevent developmental deformations. This disaster was a driving force behind requiring strict testing of drugs before making them available to the public. Many definitions that describe a specific conformer (IUPAC G... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28756 |
Tamara E. Jernigan Tamara Elizabeth "Tammy" Jernigan, Ph.D. (born May 7, 1959, in Chattanooga, Tennessee) is an American scientist and former NASA astronaut and a veteran of five shuttle missions. She currently serves as Deputy Principal Associate Director in the Weapons and Complex Integration (WCI) organization at La... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30262 |
Tamara E. Jernigan Jernigan has served as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, assisting with the management of both military and civilian astronauts and support personnel and as Deputy for the Space Station program where she developed and advocated Astronaut Office positions on the design and operation of the Interna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30262 |
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, molecule activat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31491 |
Theoretical chemistry Other major components include molecular dynamics, statistical thermodynamics and theories of electrolyte solutions, reaction networks, polymerization, catalysis, molecular magnetism and spectroscopy. Modern theoretical chemistry may be roughly divided into the study of chemical structure and the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=31491 |
Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop protection from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination When smallpox was finally eradicated in 1979, it had already killed an estimated 300–500 million people in the 20th century. "Vaccination" and "immunization" have a similar meaning in everyday language. This is distinct from inoculation, which uses unweakened live pathogens. efforts have been met with some ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination The first rabies immunization was given by Louis Pasteur to a child after he was bitten by a rabid dog. Since its discovery, the rabies vaccine have been proven effective in preventing rabies in humans when administered several times over 14 days along with rabies immune globulin and wound care. Other examp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Dr Byron Plant explains: "is the more commonly used term, which actually consists of a 'safe' injection of a sample taken from a cow suffering from cowpox... Inoculation, a practice probably as old as the disease itself, is the injection of the variola virus taken from a pustule or scab of a smallpox suffer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination During the next round of testing, researchers study vaccines in animals, including mice, rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys. Vaccines that pass each of these stages of testing are then approved by the FDA to start a three-phase series of human testing, advancing to higher phases only if they are deemed safe ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Before the FDA approves use in the general public, they extensively review the results to the clinical trials, safety tests, purity tests, and manufacturing methods and establish that the manufacturer itself is up to government standards in many other areas. However, safety testing of the vaccines never end... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination An adjuvant is a certain type of ingredient that is used to help the body's immune system create a stronger immune response after receiving the vaccination. Aluminium is in a salt form and is used in the following compounds: aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate, and aluminium potassium sulfate. In chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Thimerosal is used to prevent the growth of bacteria and fungi in vials that contain more than one dose of a vaccine. This helps reduce the risk of potential infections and or serious illness that could occur from contamination of a vaccine vial. Although there is a small increase in risk of injection site ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Countries such as those in Sub-Saharan Africa cannot afford to provide the full range of childhood vaccinations. Vaccines have led to major decreases in the prevalence of infectious diseases in the United States. In 2007, studies regarding the effectiveness of vaccines on mortality or morbidity rates of tho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination However, the idea that inoculation originated in India has been challenged, as few of the ancient Sanskrit medical texts described the process of inoculation. Accounts of inoculation against smallpox in China can be found as early as the late 10th century and was reportedly widely practised in China in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Inoculation was adopted both in England and in America nearly half a century before Jenner's famous smallpox vaccine of 1796 but the death rate of about 2% from this method meant that it was mainly used during dangerous outbreaks of the disease and remained controversial. It was noticed during the 18th cent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Early attempts at confirmation were confounded by contamination with smallpox, but despite controversy within the medical profession and religious opposition to the use of animal material, by 1801 his report was translated into six languages and over 100,000 people were vaccinated. The term "vaccination" wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination The last naturally occurring case of smallpox occurred in Somalia in 1977. In 1988, the governing body of WHO targeted polio for eradication by 2000. Although the target was missed, cases have been reduced by 99.99%. In 2000, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization was established to strengthen ro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination In countries with limited financial resources, limited vaccination coverage results in greater morbidity and mortality due to infectious disease. More affluent countries are able to subsidize vaccinations for at-risk groups, resulting in more comprehensive and effective coverage. In Australia, for example, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination The safety and side effects of multiple vaccines have been tested in order to uphold the viability of vaccines as a barrier against disease. The influenza vaccine was tested in controlled trials and proven to have negligible side effects equal to that of a placebo. Some concerns from families might have ari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Some religious groups do not allow vaccination, and some political groups oppose mandatory vaccination on the grounds of individual liberty. In response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life-threatening infections, not only ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination A possible contributing factor was parents choosing not to vaccinate their children. There was also a case in Texas in 2012 where 21 members of a church contracted measles because they chose not to immunize. The notion of a connection between vaccines and autism originated in a 1998 paper published in "The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination One of the studies published in 2015 confirms there is no link between autism and the MMR vaccine. Infants were given a health plan, that included an MMR vaccine, and were continuously studied until they reached 5 years old. There was no link between the vaccine and children who had a normally developed sib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Health is often used as one of the metrics for determining the economic prosperity of a country. This is because healthier individuals are generally better suited to contributing to the economic development of a country than the sick. There are many reasons for this. A person who is vaccinated for influenza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
Vaccination Although most children do get vaccinated, the adult population of the USA is still below the recommended immunization levels. Many factors can be attributed to this issue. Many adults who have other health conditions are unable to be safely immunized, whereas others opt not to be immunized for the sake of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32473 |
WIYN Consortium founding members were the University of Wisconsin–Madison (W), Indiana University (I), Yale University (Y), and the National Optical Astronomy Observatories (N). Yale University withdrew from the WIYN consortium on April 1, 2014 and was replaced by the University of Missouri in the fall of that year. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33901 |
Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex (i.e., the state of being male, female, or an intersex variation), sex-based social structures (i.e., gender roles), or gender identit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender In 1993, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) started to use "gender" instead of "sex". Later, in 2011, the FDA reversed its position and began using "sex "as the biological classification and "gender" as "a person's self representation as male or female, or how that person is responded to by social institu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender It appears in Modern French in the word "genre" (type, kind, also "") and is related to the Greek root "gen-" (to produce), appearing in "gene", "genesis", and "oxygen". The "Oxford Etymological Dictionary of the English Language" of 1882 defined "gender" as "kind, breed, sex", derived from the Latin ablative ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender By the end of this period, uses of ""gender"" outnumbered uses of ""sex"" in the social sciences, arts, and humanities. It was in the 1970s that feminist scholars adopted the term "gender" as way of distinguishing “socially constructed” aspects of male–female differences (gender) from “biologically determined” a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender ", United States Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia wrote: The word was still widely used, however, in the specific sense of grammatical gender (the assignment of nouns to categories such as "masculine", "feminine" and "neuter"). According to Aristotle, this concept was introduced by the Greek philosopher Prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The "American Heritage Dictionary" (2000) uses the following two sentences to illustrate the difference, noting that the distinction "is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels." "identity" refers to a personal identification with a par... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The groups people belong to therefore provide members with the definition of who they are and how they should behave within their social sphere. Categorizing males and females into social roles creates a problem, because individuals feel they have to be at one end of a linear spectrum and must identify themselve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Philosopher Michel Foucault said that as sexual subjects, humans are the object of power, which is not an institution or structure, rather it is a signifier or name attributed to "complex strategical situation". Because of this, "power" is what determines individual attributes, behaviors, etc. and people are a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The beliefs, values and attitude taken up and exhibited by them is as per the agreeable norms of the society and the personal opinions of the person is not taken into the primary consideration of assignment of gender and imposition of gender roles as per the assigned gender. Intersections and crossing of the pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Sexologist John Money coined the term "gender role" in 1955. The term "gender role" is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Contemporary Native American and FNIM people who fulfill these traditional roles in their communities may also participate in the modern, two-spirit community, however, these umbrella terms, neologisms, and ways of viewing gender are not necessarily the type of cultural constructs that more traditional members o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Early gender identity research hypothesized a single bipolar dimension of masculinity-femininity, with masculinity and femininity being opposites on one continuum. Assumptions of the unidimensional model were challenged as societal stereotypes changed, which led to the development of a two-dimensional gender ide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Twenge (1997) noted that men are generally more masculine than women and women generally more feminine than men, but the association between biological sex and masculinity/femininity is waning. Biologist and feminist academic Anne Fausto-Sterling rejects the discourse of biological versus social determinism and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender This emerged from a number of different areas: in sociology during the 1950s; from the theories of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan; and in the work of French psychoanalysts like Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, and American feminists such as Judith Butler. Those who followed Butler came to regard gender roles as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Many of these consequences are rooted in discrimination based on sexual orientation. Gays and lesbians are often discriminated against in our legal system because of societal prejudices. Hurst describes how this discrimination works against people for breaking gender norms, no matter what their sexual orientatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender However, Hawkesworth states "feminist political science has not become a dominant paradigm within the discipline". American political scientist Karen Beckwith addresses the concept of gender within political science arguing that a "common language of gender" exists and that it must be explicitly articulated in o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Because of this, Newman argues, many privilege sex as being a cause of oppression and ignore other issues like race, ability, poverty, etc. Current gender studies classes seek to move away from that and examine the intersectionality of these factors in determining people's lives. She also points out that other n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender " The World Health Organization states, "'[s]ex' refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women," and "'gender' refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women." Thus, sex is regard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Butler argues that "bodies only appear, only endure, only live within the productive constraints of certain highly gendered regulatory schemas," and sex is "no longer as a bodily given on which the construct of gender is artificially imposed, but as a cultural norm which governs the materialization of bodies." M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender She starts her argument with an example of the birth of an intersexual individual and maintains "our conceptions of the nature of gender difference shape, even as they reflect, the ways we structure our social system and polity; they also shape and reflect our understanding of our physical bodies." Then she adds... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender In her "Sexing the body: gender politics and the construction of sexuality", she introduces the following example: A group of physicians from Saudi Arabia recently reported on several cases of XX intersex children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), a genetically inherited malfunction of the enzymes that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender These five sexes include male, female, hermaphrodite, female pseudohermaphrodites (individuals who have ovaries and some male genitalia but lack testes), and male pseudohermaphrodites (individuals who have testes and some female genitalia but lack ovaries). Fausto-Sterling additionally adds that in the category ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender " Lastly, Fausto-Sterling argues that modern laws require humans to be labelled either as male or female and that "ironically, a more sophisticated knowledge of the complexity of sexual systems has led to the repression of such intricacy." She mentions this quote to inform the prevailing thought that hermaphrodi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender " However, the researchers did state that perhaps the hypothesis Hill and Lynch proposed was true in the past but is not true now due to changes in the population of teens in respect to their gender-role identities. Authors of "Unpacking the System: A Theoretical Perspective on Belief’s and Social Relations", Ce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender " In most cases, men and women and boys and girls are similar in behavior, with little gender difference, but some gendered behavior is influenced by prenatal and early life androgen exposure. This includes, for example, gender normative play, self-identification with a gender, and tendency to engage in aggressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Although causation from the biological—genetic and hormonal—to the behavioral has been broadly demonstrated and accepted, Money is careful to also note that understanding of the causal chains from biology to behavior in sex and gender issues is very far from complete. For example, the existence of a "gay gene" h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender It is also significant from brain structure to gender identity (see Money quote above). Brain structure and processing (biological) that may explain erotic preference (social), however, is an area of ongoing research. Terminology in some areas changes quite rapidly as knowledge grows. Although sexual reproductio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Thus red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait and is much more common in men. However, sex-limited genes on any chromosome can be expressed to indicate, for example, "if in a male body, do X; otherwise, do not." The human XY system is not the only sex determination system. Birds typically have a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Most of these differences are produced by hormonal activity, ultimately derived from the Y chromosome and sexual differentiation. However, differences that arise directly from gene activity have also been observed. It has also been demonstrated that brain processing responds to the external environment. Learning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender These disciplines study gender and sexuality in the fields of literature and language, history, political science, sociology, anthropology, cinema and media studies, human development, law, and medicine. It also analyses race, ethnicity, location, nationality, and disability. Many of the more complicated human b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The second wave feminist view that gender is socially constructed and hegemonic in all societies, remains current in some literary theoretical circles, Kira Hall and Mary Bucholtz publishing new perspectives as recently as 2008. Contemporary socialisation theory proposes the notion that when a child is first bor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender difference is merely a construct of society used to enforce the distinctions made between what is assumed to be female and male, and allow for the domination of masculinity over femininity through the attribution of specific gender-related characteristics. "The idea that men and women are more different from one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The conception that people are gendered rather than sexed also coincides with Judith Butler's theories of gender performativity. Butler argues that gender is not an expression of what one is, but rather something that one does. It follows then, that if gender is acted out in a repetitive manner it is in fact re-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender A person's sex as male or female has legal significance—sex is indicated on government documents, and laws provide differently for men and women. Many pension systems have different retirement ages for men or women. Marriage is usually only available to opposite-sex couples; in some countries and jurisdictions t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The ability to change legal gender for transgender people in particular has given rise to the phenomena in some jurisdictions of the same person having different genders for the purposes of different areas of the law. For example, in Australia prior to the Re Kevin decisions, transsexual people could be recogniz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender These may be of various kinds, more or less loosely associated by analogy with various actual or perceived differences between men and women. Some grammatical gender systems go beyond, or ignore, the masculine-feminine distinction. Historically, science has been portrayed as a masculine pursuit in which women ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender They believe that the difference in religiosity between genders is due to biological differences, for instance usually people seeking security in life are more religious, and as men are considered to be greater risk takers than women, they are less religious. Although religious fanaticism is more often seen in m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender In Christianity, God is traditionally described in masculine terms and the Church has historically been described in feminine terms. On the other hand, Christian theology in many churches distinguishes between the masculine images used of God (Father, King, God the Son) and the reality they signify, which transc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender In many countries, the financial sector largely neglects women even though they play an important role in the economy, as Nena Stoiljkovic pointed out in "D+C Development and Cooperation". In 1978 Diana M. Pearce coined the term feminization of poverty to describe the problem of women having higher rates of pove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender By noticing the independent variables (neighborhood violence) and the dependent variable (individual violence), it's possible to analyze gender roles. The strain in the general strain theory is the removal of a positive stimulus and or the introduction of a negative stimulus, which would create a negative effect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Also emotions could be influenced by gender. Results of Ingram et al. (2012) study shows, Feelings of anger were hypothesized to be reported more often in the descriptions of past conflicts of boys than in the descriptions of past conflicts of girls". On the other hand: "boys were no more likely than girls to de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Prior to 1970, it was believed that development affected men and women in the same way and no gendered perspective existed for development studies. However, the 1970s saw a transformation in development theory that sought to incorporate women into existing development paradigms. When Ester Boserup published her ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The WID approach, however, began to gain criticism as ignoring how women's economic marginalization was linked to the development model itself. Some feminists argued that the key concept for women and development should be subordination in the context of new capitalist forms of insecure and hierarchical job stru... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender At their most fundamental, GAD perspectives link the social relations of production with the social relations of reproduction – exploring why and how women and men are assigned to different roles and responsibilities in society, how these dynamics are reflected in social, economic, and political theories and ins... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender The United Nations Millennium Declaration signed at the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000 including eight goals that were to be reached by 2015, and although it would be a difficult task to reach them, all of them could be monitored. The eight goals are: The MDGs have three goals specifically focused on w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Some organizations working in developing countries and in the development field have incorporated advocacy and empowerment for women into their work. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) adopted a 10-year strategic framework in November 2009 that includes the strategic objective of g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Generally, gender approaches to climate change address gender-differentiated consequences of climate change, as well as unequal adaptation capacities and gendered contribution to climate change. Furthermore, the intersection of climate change and gender raises questions regarding the complex and intersecting pow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Similarly, MacGregor attests that by framing climate change as an issue of ‘hard’ natural scientific conduct and natural security, it is kept within the traditional domains of hegemonic masculinity. roles and stereotypes have slowly started to change in society within the past few decades. These changes occur mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender They further showed that women's posts enjoyed higher popularity than men's post"s." Social media is more than just the communication of words. With social media increasing in popularity, pictures have come to play a large role in how many people communicate. Research conducted in 2013 found that over 57% of pic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender frequently use social networking sites as a way to connect and communicate with one another, as well as to satisfy their curiosity. Adolescent girls generally use social networking sites as a tool to communicate with peers and reinforce existing relationships; boys on the other hand tend to use social networking... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Teen girls and boys differ in what they post in their online profiles. Studies have shown that female users tend to post more "cute" pictures, while male participants were more likely to post pictures of themselves in activities. Women in the U.S. also tend to post more pictures of friends, while men tend to pos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Gender Research in the 1990s suggested that different genders display certain traits, such as being active, attractive, dependent, dominant, independent, sentimental, sexy, and submissive, in online interaction. Even though these traits continue to be displayed through gender stereotypes, recent studies show that this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38076 |
Natural science is a branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation. Mechanisms such as peer review and repeatability of findings are used to try to ensure the validity of scientific advances. can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science Philosophers of science have suggested a number of criteria, including Karl Popper's controversial falsifiability criterion, to help them differentiate scientific endeavors from non-scientific ones. Validity, accuracy, and quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science Molecular biology is the study of the fundamental chemistry of life, while cellular biology is the examination of the cell; the basic building block of all life. At a higher level, anatomy and physiology look at the internal structures, and their functions, of an organism, while ecology looks at how var... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science The discovery of the chemical elements and atomic theory began to systematize this science, and researchers developed a fundamental understanding of states of matter, ions, chemical bonds and chemical reactions. The success of this science led to a complementary chemical industry that now plays a signif... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science The field of physics is extremely broad, and can include such diverse studies as quantum mechanics and theoretical physics, applied physics and optics. Modern physics is becoming increasingly specialized, where researchers tend to focus on a particular area rather than being "universalists" like Isaac N... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science By the 19th century, astronomy had developed into a formal science, with the introduction of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much-improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories. The distinctions between the natural science disciplines are not always s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science There is also a subset of cross-disciplinary fields which, by the nature of the problems that they address, have strong currents that run counter to specialization. Put another way: In some fields of integrative application, specialists in more than one field are a key part of the most dialog. Such inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
Natural science Though sometimes considered in conjunction with the earth sciences, due to the independent development of its concepts, techniques and practices and also the fact of it having a wide range of sub-disciplines under its wing, the atmospheric sciences is also considered a separate branch of natural science... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38890 |
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