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Sabatierite (CuTlSe) is a mineral found in the Czech Republic. It is named for the French mineralogist Germain Sabatier (born 1923). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7777875 |
Ahlfeldite ((Ni,Co)<nowiki>[</nowiki>SeO]·2HO) is a mineral of secondary origin. It is named after Friedrich Ahlfeld (1892–1982), a German-Bolivian mining engineer and geologist. Its type locality is Virgen de Surumi mine, Pakajake Canyon, Chayanta Province, Potosí Department, Bolivia. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7778309 |
Plasma receiver A plasma receiver is an instrument capable of detecting the vibrations in outer space plasma. It may have been Donald Gurnett, University of Iowa Professor of Physics, who invented the Plasma receiver. Gurnett has been intimately involved in the key space probes sent since 1962 (Ijun III, Voyager I and II, Galileo and Cassini–Huygens amongst others). Vibrations in the audible frequency range are perceived by humans when air vibrates against their eardrum. Air, or some other vibrating medium such as water, is indispensable in the perception of sound by the human ear. Without it acting as a transmitter, the sound produced by the source will not be perceived by a human. There is no air in outer space, nor there is any other type of medium capable of transmitting any vibration from a source to a human ear. However, there are sources in outer space that do vibrate at frequencies that would be audible by a human, if only there were some sort of transmitting media to carry those vibrations from the source to a human eardrum. One such source, capable of vibrating at audible frequencies (45 to 20,000 vibrations per second) is plasma. Plasma is a collection of charged particles, such as free electrons or ionized gas atoms. Examples of plasma are solar flares, solar wind, neon signs and fluorescent lamps. Plasma interacts with electrical and magnetic fields in ways that can result in vibrations in many frequencies, including the audible range | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7781606 |
Plasma receiver It appears that Gurnett designed the first plasma receiver, an instrument capable of detecting the vibrations in outer space plasma. These interplanetary plasma vibrations can be transformed into sound waves or air vibrations audible to a human ear. NASA provided recordings of these interplanetary and outer space plasma vibrations to composer Terry Riley and Kronos quartet founder David Harrington, which inspired the composition of "Sun Rings", a multimedia 85-minute piece for string quartet and choir. "Sun Rings" was performed November 3, 2006, at the Veteran's Auditorium, in Providence, Rhode Island. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7781606 |
Kaatialaite (Fe(HAsO)·5HO) is a ferric arsenate mineral found in Finland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7792237 |
Alarsite (AlAsO) is an aluminium arsenate mineral with its name derived from its composition: aluminium and arsenate. It occurs as brittle subhedral grains which exhibit trigonal symmetry. It has a Mohs hardness of 5-5.5 and a specific gravity of 3.32. It is semitransparent, colorless with pale yellow tints and shows a vitreous luster. It is optically uniaxial (+) with refractive indices of n = 1.596 and n = 1.608. It was reported from fumaroles in the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Far Eastern Region, Russia. It occurs in association with fedotovite, klyuchevskite, lammerite, nabokoite, atlasovite, langbeinite, hematite and tenorite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7795454 |
Santite (KBO·4HO) is a hydrated borate mineral of potassium found in Tuscany, Italy. It is named for Georgi Santi (1746–1823), a former director of the Museum of Natural History, Italy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7797606 |
Cabriite (PdSnCu) is a mineral first found in the eastern Siberian region of Russia and named for the Canadian mineralogist Louis J. Cabri (born 1934). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7797655 |
Arthur Bache Walkom (8 February 1889 – 2 July 1976) was an Australian palaeobotanist and museum director. Walkom was born in Grafton, New South Wales and moved with his family to Sydney where he was educated at Petersham Public and Fort Street Model schools and the University of Sydney graduating with a D.Sc. in 1918. He worked under Professor (Sir) Edgeworth David as a junior demonstrator. He was an Assistant Lecturer in palaeontology and stratigraphy at the University of Queensland from 1913–1919. From 1939–1954 Walkom was the director of the Australian Museum. From 1947–1954 he served on the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization's Australian committee for museums. He was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1948. A fossil conifer genus, Walkomiella, was named after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7799378 |
S-knot In loop quantum gravity, an s-knot is an equivalence class of spin networks under diffeomorphisms. In this formalism, s-knots represent the quantum states of the gravitational field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7803747 |
Okta In meteorology, an okta is a unit of measurement used to describe the amount of cloud cover at any given location such as a weather station. Sky conditions are estimated in terms of how many eighths of the sky are covered in cloud, ranging from 0 oktas (completely clear sky) through to 8 oktas (completely overcast). In addition, in the SYNOP code there is an extra cloud cover indicator '9' indicating that the sky is totally obscured (i.e. hidden from view), usually due to dense fog or heavy snow. When used in weather charts, okta measurements are shown by means of graphic symbols (rather than numerals) contained within weather circles, to which are attached further symbols indicating other measured data such as wind speed and wind direction. Although relatively straightforward to measure (visually, for instance, by using a mirror), oktas only estimate cloud cover in terms of the area of the sky covered by clouds. They do not account for cloud type or thickness, and this limits their use for estimating cloud albedo or surface solar radiation receipt. Cloud oktas can also be measured using satellite imagery from geostationary satellites equipped with high-resolution image sensors such as Himawari-8. Similar to traditional approaches, satellite images do not account for cloud composition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7805702 |
Okta Oktas are often referenced in aviation weather forecasts and low level forecasts: SKC = Sky clear (0 oktas); FEW = Few (1 to 2 oktas); SCT = Scattered (3 to 4 oktas); BKN = Broken (5 to 7 oktas); OVC = Overcast (8 oktas); NSC = nil significant cloud; CAVOK = ceiling and visibility okay. There are some symbols in Unicode which resemble those used for oktas. However, some okta symbols lack a similar-looking Unicode character. The use of Unicode to render oktas depends on whether a font with these characters is installed; Unicode symbols may be difficult to work with in software that does not render these characters uniformly. The Unicode set of related symbols includes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7805702 |
Eldridge M. Moores Eldridge Moores (October 13, 1938 – October 28, 2018) was an American geologist. He specialized in the understanding of ophiolites (fragments of oceanic crust and mantle that have been emplaced onto the continental crust) and the geology of the continental crust of the Western United States and Tethyan belt, the geology of Greece, Cyprus, and Pakistan, and the tectonic development of the Sierra Nevada and the Alpine - Himalayan systems. Moores was Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Geology at the University of California, Davis. In 1996, Moores was President of the Geological Society of America (GSA) and editor of the society's journal "Geology" from 1981 to 1989. He is the recipient of the GSA's Distinguished Service Award and the Geological Association of Canada Medal. Together with geologist Robert J. Twiss, Moores co-authored two textbooks: "Tectonics" and "Structural Geology" Moores is the main subject of the John McPhee book on California geology, "Assembling California" (1993), as well as McPhee's "Annals of the Former World" (1998). In 2013, Eldridge Moores was awarded the title of UC Davis distinguished professor emeritus. This title is awarded annually by the UC Davis Emeriti Association on the basis of outstanding contributions following retirement in the traditional areas of teaching, research and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7818361 |
Uricite is a rare organic mineral form of uric acid, CHNO. It is a soft yellowish white mineral which crystallizes in the monoclinic system. It was first described in 1973 for an occurrence in bat guano in Dingo Donga Cave, Eucla, Western Australia. The name is for its composition, anhydrous uric acid. It occurs with biphosphammite, brushite and syngenite at the type locality in Dingo Donga Cave. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7829353 |
Labtayt Sulci is a system of deep fractures on Saturn's moon Enceladus. was first seen in low-resolution "Voyager 1" images, but was observed in much more detail by the "Cassini" spacecraft during its February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is centered at 28.0° South Latitude, 284.0° West Longitude and is approximately 162 kilometers long, 4 kilometers wide, and 1 kilometer deep. The association between a cusp along the South Polar terrain boundary and Labtayt suggests that the fracture was forced open by thrust faulting where the fracture intersects with Cashmere Sulci. is named after Labtayt, the capital of Roum in the tale "The City of Labtayt", from the book "One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7830161 |
Angus Stewart (born 1 April 1959 in country New South Wales) is an Australian horticulturist, gardening author and former television presenter on "Gardening Australia". Stewart graduated from Sydney University with a First Class Honors Degree in Agricultural Science and Environmental Horticulture and worked extensively in the nursery and cut flower industries ever since. As a professional horticulturalist Stewart has spent a lifetime working with and breeding Australian native plants to make them more gardener friendly. In January 2016, among his many achievements as a plant breeder, he released his new Tall and Tough Landscape range of Kangaroo paws. Stewart debuted on ABC Radio 702 as a regular guest on the John Doyle (aka Rampaging Roy Slaven) afternoon program. Dubbed “Doctor of the Dirt, Surgeon of the Soil, Professor of the Paddock”, Stewart continued on this program for five years before joining a range of other presenters and is now a regular guest on ABC and talk back radio throughout Australia. As well as being a former presenter on ABC TV's "Gardening Australia" he also made guest appearances on various other TV programmes including Channel 7's "Better Homes and Gardens". In addition to his work in the media, Stewart is a highly respected and experienced international speaker, tour leader and consultant for rural and urban developments. Stewart is a Honorary Research Associate at the Australian Botanic Garden Mt Annan where he is domesticating Australian natives from the wild | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7832605 |
Angus Stewart Recognising that Australian wildflowers are a highly desirable and iconic commodity in Australia and overseas, much of Stewart's work at Mt Annan is focused on preserving our rarer wildflowers through cultivation. Stewart has been widely acknowledged for his contribution to our knowledge of Native Plants. He has written several books on gardening, including "Gardening on the Wild Side", "Let's Propagate!" and "The Waterwise Australian Native Garden". Currently he is a brand ambassador for raised garden bed company, Vegepod. Stewart produces regular newsletters and articles on his website, which also hosts a Plant Database which is free to access. Stewart is also quite active on Facebook, Instagram and YouTube providing content on native plants, composting, worm farming and much more. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7832605 |
Aminoallyl nucleotide is a nucleotide with a modified base containing an allylamine. They are used in post-labeling of nucleic acids by fluorescence detection in microarray. They are reactive with N-Hydroxysuccinimide ester group which helps attach a fluorescent dye to the primary amino group on the nucleotide. These nucleotides are known as 5-(3-aminoallyl)-nucleotides since the aminoallyl group is usually attached to carbon 5 of the pyrimidine ring of uracil or cytosine. The primary amine group in the aminoallyl moiety is aliphatic and thus more reactive compared to the amine groups that are directly attached to the rings (aromatic) of the bases. Common names of aminoallyl nucleosides are initially abbreviated with aa- or AA- to indicate aminoallyl. The 5-carbon sugar is indicated with or without the lowercase "d" indicating deoxyribose if included or ribose if not. Finally the nitrogenous base and number of phosphates are indicated (i.e. aa-UTP = aminoallyl uridine triphosphate). The goal of combining fluorescence and nucleic acids has been to provide a non-isotopic tag that is detectable to study DNA or RNA. This type of labeling allows scientists to study DNA or RNA in their structure, function, or formation with other nucleic acids. The first base modification for fluorescent labeling occurred in 1971 with a 4-thiouridine and 4-thiouracil | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7842233 |
Aminoallyl nucleotide This research along with others, which included various types of direct and non-direct labeling via: analogs, addition via enzymes, or other methods made labeling of nucleotides much safer for scientist to study DNA. As instrumentation and technologies become more advanced in the field of DNA microarray, better reagents and techniques will be needed to further scientific studies. Fluorescent labeling with Cy3 was shown to be more insufficient and skew results; the method of aminoallyl nucleotide incorporation was opted instead. Using aminoallyl nucleotides as indirect fluorescent labeling seemed to nullify the sensitivity issues seen in cyanine-labeling. Aminoallyl nucleosides can be synthesized via Heck coupling as shown in the image below. In the image above, on the left is a modified nucleoside with an iodine (the iodine is added via electrophilic halogenation) in the fifth carbon in the pyrimidine ring. Its formation can be associated with a reaction with an allylamine and various reagents via heck coupling are able to remove the halogen group from the base and add the allylamine to become the aminoallyl nucleoside shown on the right. The product on the right is then used to in molecular biology in RNA synthesis. Other reactions include using a single pot synthesis with other halogens. The primary amine on the aminoallyl nucleotide reacts with amino-reactive dyes such as a cyanine and patented dyes which contain a reactive leaving group, such as a succinimidyl ester (NHS) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7842233 |
Aminoallyl nucleotide The amine groups directly attached to the ring of the base are not affected. These nucleotides are used for labeling DNA. Aminoallyl NTPs are used for indirect DNA labeling in PCR, nick translation, primer extensions and cDNA synthesis. These labeled NTPs are helpful because of their application in molecular biology labs where they do not have the capacity to handle radioactive material. For example, 5-(3-Aminoallyl)-Uridine(AA-UTPs) are more effective for high density labeling of DNA than pre-labeling the DNA. After the enzymatic addition of the NTPs, amine reactant fluorescent dyes can be added for detection of the DNA molecule. When incorporated into DNA or RNA molecules by DNA/RNA polymerase, 5-(3-aminoallyl)-UTP provide a reactive group for the addition of other chemical groups. Thus aminoallyl modified DNA or RNA can be labeled with any compound which has an amine-reactive group. aa-NTPs incorporated into DNA/RNA in combination with a secondary dye coupling reagents can probe for an array analysis. cDNA relies on aminoallyl labeling for detection purposes. Although direct labeling of dNTP is the quickest and cheapest method of fluorescent labeling, it is disadvantageous as the sequence allows for only one modified nucleotide for use. Another disadvantage of direct labeling is the bulky nucleotides, however this can be overcome by indirect labeling using aminoallyl modified nucleotides | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7842233 |
Aminoallyl nucleotide An easy way to check for labeling success is the color;Good labeling will result in visible blue (Cy5) or red (Cy3) color in the final material. Another process which uses aminoallyl labeling is NASBA ( Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplification), a highly sensitive technique for amplifying RNA. In this specific case, the aaUTP modified RNAs were tagged with fluorescent market Cy3. NASBA combined with aminoallyl-UTP labeling is very useful for many different areas of microbial diagnostics including environmental monitoring, bio threat detection, industrial process monitoring and clinical microbiology. DNA microarray is another method which utilizes specifically AA-NTP's making DNA microarray testing quicker and cheaply. Post-synthesis labeling avoids the problems found in direct enzymatic incorporation of Cy-labeled dNTPs by generating probes with equal labeling effectiveness. With indirect labeling, amine-modified NTPs are incorporated during reverse transcription, RNA amplification, or PCR. Amino allyl-NTPs are incorporated with similar efficiency as unmodified NTPs during polymerization. Concerns with labeling: The amine group, in aminoallyl-modified nucleotide, is reactive with dyes such as the cyanine series, or other patented dyes. A problem arises when the dyes react with buffering agents which are necessary for the proper storage of the nucleotides. However, a carbonate buffer can be used to overcome this problem. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7842233 |
Kugelblitz (astrophysics) In theoretical physics, a kugelblitz (German: "ball lightning") is a concentration of heat, light or radiation so intense that its energy forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped: according to general relativity and the equivalence of mass and energy, if enough radiation is aimed into a region, the concentration of energy can warp spacetime enough for the region to become a black hole, although this would be a black hole whose original mass-energy had been in the form of radiant energy rather than matter. In simpler terms, a kugelblitz is a black hole formed from radiation as opposed to matter. Such a black hole would nonetheless have properties identical to one of equivalent mass and angular momentum formed in a more conventional way, in accordance with the no-hair theorem. The best-known reference to the kugelblitz idea in English is probably John Archibald Wheeler's 1955 paper "Geons", which explored the idea of creating particles (or toy models of particles) from spacetime curvature, called geons. Wheeler's paper on geons also introduced the idea that lines of electric charge trapped in a wormhole throat might be used to model the properties of a charged particle-pair. Kugelblitz drives have been considered as possible future black hole starship engines. }}</ref> HEECHEE? gateway. the hechee live in a black hole, but its a Kugelblitz blased one, it has several other stars in the field, but the event horison is beyond them"}}</ref><ref> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7842592 |
Árpád Soós (20 September 1912, Budapest – 1 June 1991, Budapest) was a Hungarian zoologist, entomologist and museologist. He is best known for his work on leeches and flies (Diptera) and, as co-editor with László Papp, for the Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera 1986-1993. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7853473 |
PP3 is free software that produces sky charts, focussing on high quality graphics and typography. It is distributed a license based on the MIT License, but with this restriction added: Sky charts are produced as LaTeX files, so an installation of LaTeX and Ghostscript is required to obtain results in PostScript or PDF formats. Knowledge of command line syntax for these packages is however not required, as can run the conversions automatically. Initially Wikipedia's own star charts were produced by PP3. generates maps in the azimuthal equidistant projection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7855048 |
Education in Chemistry (often referred to by its brand 'EiC') is a print and online magazine covering all areas of chemistry education, mainly concentrating on the teaching of chemistry in secondary schools and universities. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry, which also publishes "Chemistry Education Research and Practice", a peer-reviewed academic journal on the same topic. The feasibility of a "British Journal of Chemistry Education" was first discussed by the Royal Society of Chemistry in late 1962 (a similar journal, the "Journal of Chemical Education" had been in existence in the USA since 1924). Its launch was secured by the lobbying of Professor Ronald S. Nyholm who became the first Chair of the editorial board. The magazine was launched in 1963 under the editor Dr F. W. Gibbs with the first issue published in January 1964. Gibbs' first editorial, "Scientists and Teachers", set out the aims of the publication, "This journal has been launched with the avowed aim of improving the teaching and learning of chemistry at all levels." The journal was initially published quarterly. "Education in Chemistry" celebrated 50 years since its launch in 2013 with an event attended by its current and former staff, contributors, editorial board and some special guests including Bill Bryson. The editor is Paul MacLellan. It has been available as an app for mobile devices which was discontinued in mid-2018. It has also trialled a blog, and occasional additional supplements published online | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7859945 |
Education in Chemistry The magazine is published bimonthly in print and operates on "online first" publishing model which supersedes its previous innovations in blogging. Print copies are sent for free to all secondary schools in the UK and Ireland. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7859945 |
Slaking (geology) Slaking is the process in which earth materials disintegrate and crumble when exposed to moisture. The term can be applied to natural geologic formations, land modified by or for human use, or to the use of earth materials in manufacturing or industry. This process can often lead to erosion if the geologic area is not flat or vegetated. The slaking property does not necessarily have to be in the A horizon, with B horizon slaking only becoming a problem when the A horizon is disturbed or eroded away. As with most erosion slaking can be prevented with re-vegetation of bare soil and limiting soil disturbance on slopes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7870177 |
Al-Fakik is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 35.5° North Latitude, 307.3° West Longitude and is 16.5 kilometers across. The topography of the impact crater appears very subdued, suggesting that the crater has undergone significant viscous relaxation since its formation. In addition, fractures have disrupted the southeastern margin of the crater. is named after the Baghdad barber's fast-talking, blind brother, whose story is recounted in "The Tale of the Barber's Third Brother" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7875422 |
Marjanah (crater) Marjanah is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Marjanah was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 38.2° North Latitude, 302.8° West Longitude and is 14.5 kilometers across. The topography of the impact crater appears very subdued, suggesting that the crater has undergone significant viscous relaxation since its formation. In addition, fractures have disrupted the southeastern margin of the crater. The polygonal shape of the crater suggests that the collapse of initial, transient crater was influenced by tectonic faults in the area where the crater formed. Marjanah is named after the queen visited by Bahram and his crew in "Tale of Kamar Al-Zaman" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7876006 |
Ayyub (crater) Ayyub is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Ayyub was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 38.4° North Latitude, 295.7° West Longitude and is 18 kilometers across. The topography of the impact crater appears very subdued, suggesting that the crater has undergone significant viscous relaxation since its formation. Tectonics has also affected this crater, by influencing the final, polygonal shape of the crater as well disrupting the southeastern and northwestern margins of the crater following its formation. Ayyub is named after a Damascus merchant, father of Ghanim and Fitnah, in the "Tale of Ghanim Bin Ayyub, the Distraught, the Thrall O’ Love" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". Craters named Ghanim and Fitnah are found near Ayyub. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7876171 |
Fitnah (crater) Fitnah is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Fitnah was first observed in "Cassini–Huygens" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 45.1° North Latitude, 290.6° West Longitude and is 16.5 kilometers across. The topography of the impact crater appears very subdued, suggesting that the crater has undergone significant viscous relaxation since its formation, leaving behind only the raised rim behind. Fitnah is named after the daughter of Ayyub and brother of Ghanim, in the "Tale of Ghanim Bin Ayyub, the Distraught, the Thrall O’ Love" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". Incidentally, craters named Ghanim and Ayyub are found near Fitnah. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7877098 |
Ghanim (crater) Ghanim is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Ghanim was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 38.5° North Latitude, 281.5° West Longitude and is 13.9 kilometers across. The topography of the impact crater appears very subdued, suggesting that the crater has undergone significant viscous relaxation since its formation. Tectonics has also affected this crater, by influencing the final, polygonal shape of the crater as well disrupting the southeastern and northwestern margins of the crater following its formation. Ghanim is named after the title character of the "Tale of Ghanim Bin Ayyub, the Distraught, the Thrall O’ Love" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". Incidentally, craters named after Ghanim's father, Ayyub, and sister, Fitnah, are found nearby. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7877158 |
Weilite (CaHAsO) is a rare arsenate mineral. It is a translucent white triclinic mineral with a waxy luster. It was first described in 1963 for occurrences in Gabe Gottes Mine, Haut-Rhin, Alsace, France; Wittichen, Schenkenzell, Black Forest, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; and the Schneeberg District, Erzgebirge, Saxony, Germany. It is named after French mineralogist René Weil of the University of Strasbourg. It occurs in the oxidized zone of arsenic-bearing hydrothermal veins. It occurs as an alteration product of pharmacolite and haidingerite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878830 |
Vacuum cementing or vacuum welding is the natural process of solidifying small objects in a hard vacuum. The most notable example is dust on the surface of the Moon. This effect was reported to be a problem with the first American and Soviet satellites, as small moving parts would seize together. In 2009 the European Space Agency published a peer-reviewed paper detailing why cold welding is a significant issue that spacecraft designers need to carefully consider. The conclusions of this appropriately titled study can be found on page 25 of "Assessment of Cold Welding between Separable Contact Surfaces due to Impact and Fretting under Vacuum". The paper also cites a documented example from 1991 with the Galileo spacecraft high-gain antenna (see page 2; the technical source document from NASA regarding the Galileo spacecraft is also provided in a link here). One source of difficulty is that vacuum (aka cold) welding does not exclude relative motion between the surfaces that are to be joined. This allows the broadly defined notions of galling, fretting, sticking, stiction and adhesion to overlap in some instances. For example, it is possible for a joint to be the result of both vacuum welding and galling (and/or fretting and/or impact). Galling and vacuum welding, therefore, are not mutually exclusive. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7879916 |
Rimantas Stankevičius Stankiavichus Rimantas (, ; 26 July 1944 in Marijampolė, Lithuania – 9 September 1990 in Salgareda, Italy) was a Lithuanian cosmonaut who test flew Soviet space shuttle Buran and its test vehicles. He was killed in a crash of his Su-27 fighter plane during an airshow in Salgareda. In 1966 he graduated from Chernigov Higher Aviation School. After that he served as an USSR pilot in Germany, Egypt, Turkmenia. In 1975 Stankevičius graduated from the Fedotov Test Pilot School and became a test pilot. He has accomplished spin testing of MiG-29. He flew 57 types of aircraft and had over 4000 hours of flying experience. In 1982 he was graded as a 1st class test-pilot. In 1979 he was assigned to prepare for 11F35 (Buran, USSR space shuttle). In February 1982 he passed all the required exams and became the first Lithuanian cosmonaut. After September 1984 he trained to fly the space shuttle Buran. Stankevičius accomplished 14 test-flights with Buran's counterpart BTS-02 aircraft and 6 taxi tests with Buran. He was both the pilot and the commander of the space shuttle. In 1990 participated the Everett Air Show with a Su-27 fighter jet. Soon after his return home, he went to Italy to replace another USSR pilot in Salgareda Air Show. On 9 September, during a flight in the show in a Su-27, he started a loop in a lower altitude than he estimated and made an unintentional touchdown. He died in the crash. The crash resulted in only one fatality aside from the pilot | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7890833 |
Rimantas Stankevičius Stankevičius, along with Soviet Cosmonauts Igor Volk and Sergei Tresvyatskiy, worked closely with Americans in the late 1980s to improve relations during the Cold War. The three were involved in what is believed to be the first formation flight with Soviet SU-27 fighter planes and American F-16s in history in July 1990 (before the breakup of the USSR) at the Opening Ceremonies of the Goodwill Games in Seattle. The three also flew the first Americans, (8 members of the Organizing Committee of the 1990 Goodwill Games) since World War II in an Ilyushin Il-62 from Seattle to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, USSR in 1989. Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky was one of the most important and secretive air and submarine bases in the USSR. ref "Who the Hell is Bob?" pages 255-260; 278-280 Stankevičius was killed in the crash of a Sukhoi Su-27 fighter, '14 Red', at the Salgareda Air Show at Treviso, Italy on 9 September 1990. Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wlnnZZsx2k Stankevičius is buried in Kaunas, Lithuania. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7890833 |
K correction converts measurements of astronomical objects into their respective rest frames. The correction acts on that object's observed magnitude (or equivalently, its flux). Because astronomical observations often measure through a single filter or bandpass, observers only measure a fraction of the total spectrum, redshifted into the frame of the observer. For example, to compare measurements of stars at different redshifts viewed through a red filter, one must estimate K corrections to these measurements in order to make comparisons. If one could measure all wavelengths of light from an object (a bolometric flux), a would not be required, nor would it be required if one could measure the light emitted in an emission line. One claim for the origin of the term "K correction" is Edwin Hubble, who supposedly arbitrarily chose formula_1 to represent the reduction factor in magnitude due to this effect. Yet Kinney et al., in footnote 7 on page 48 of their article, note an earlier origin from Carl Wilhelm Wirtz (1918), who referred to the correction as a "Konstante" (German for "constant"), hence K-correction. The K-correction can be defined as follows I.E. the adjustment to the standard relationship between absolute and apparent magnitude required to correct for the redshift effect. Here, D is the luminosity distance measured in parsecs. The exact nature of the calculation that needs to be applied in order to perform a depends upon the type of filter used to make the observation and the shape of the object's spectrum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7895070 |
K correction If multi-color photometric measurements are available for a given object thus defining its spectral energy distribution (SED), K corrections then can be computed by fitting it against a theoretical or empirical SED template. It has been shown that K corrections in many frequently used broad-band filters for low-redshift galaxies can be precisely approximated using two-dimensional polynomials as functions of a redshift and one observed color. This approach is implemented in the K corrections calculator web-service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7895070 |
Tony Knowles (chemist) Dr. Tony Knowles was the President of the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). A chemist by training, Knowles has been awarded the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Medal. Knowles has a BSc and PhD in physical chemistry from the University of Waterloo. Following a variety of private sector and academic posts he was appointed President of BCIT in 2000 and stepped down in May 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7901769 |
Donald John Pinkava Dr (1933–25 July 2017) was a botanist, specializing in cacti and succulents, and he is the discoverer of some of their varieties. He was Professor Emeritus at Arizona State University (ASU). He was married to Mary Klements Pinkava, and they have one daughter, Michelle Shaw, and two grandchildren. He was an exceptionally kind person. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7908157 |
Analyte-specific reagent Analyte-specific reagents (ASRs) are a class of biological molecules which can be used to identify and measure the amount of an individual chemical substance in biological specimens. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines "analyte specific reagents" (ASRs) in "21 CFR 864.4020" as “antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal, specific receptor proteins, ligands, nucleic acid sequences, and similar reagents which, through specific binding or chemical reaction with substances in a specimen, are intended to use in a diagnostic application for identification and quantification of an individual chemical substance or ligand in biological specimens.” In simple terms an analyte specific reagent is the active ingredient of an in-house test. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7914639 |
Hans J. Hofmann (3 October 1936, Kiel, Germany – 19 May 2010, Montreal, Quebec, Canada) was a paleontologist, specializing in the study of Precambrian fossils using computer modelling and image analysis to quantify morphologic attributes. Born in Germany, Hofmann immigrated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and studied geology at McGill University, where he earned a Ph.D. under the supervision of T. H. Clark. He taught for three years at the University of Cincinnati and then worked at the Geological Survey of Canada. He was a professor in the geology department of the Université de Montréal for 31 years (1969–2000). He spent the last ten years of his life as a researcher in the Redpath Museum and an adjunct professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at McGill. The National Academy of Sciences noted him for, "his pioneering discoveries of fossils that have illuminated life's early evolution, from Archean stromatolites and Proterozoic cyanobacteria, to the rise of multicellular organisms." Hofmann's contributions have shed light on the biologic, stratigraphic, and evolutionary significance of various stromatolites, microfossils, macrofossils, and trace fossils. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7918775 |
Neumann's law states that the molecular heat in compounds of analogous constitution is always the same. It is named after German mineralogist and physicist Franz Ernst Neumann. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7931875 |
Void ratio The void ratio of a mixture is the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids. It is a dimensionless quantity in materials science, and is closely related to porosity as follows: and where formula_3 is void ratio, formula_4 is porosity, "V" is the volume of void-space (such as fluids), "V" is the volume of solids, and "V" is the total or bulk volume. This figure is relevant in composites, in mining (particular with regard to the properties of tailings), and in soil science. In geotechnical engineering, it is considered as one of the state variables of soils and represented by the symbol e. Note that in geotechnical engineering, the symbol formula_4 usually represents the angle of shearing resistance, a shear strength (soil) parameter. Because of this, the equation is usually rewritten using formula_6 for porosity: and where formula_3 is void ratio, formula_6 is porosity, "V" is the volume of void-space (air and water), "V" is the volume of solids, and "V" is the total or bulk volume. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7934659 |
Global Change Master Directory The directory holds more than 28,000 data set descriptions, known as DIFs (Directory Interchange Format). This format is compatible with the Federal Geographic Data Committee's (FGDC) standard and the international ISO 19115 standard. More than 2,500 descriptions of tools and services, known as SERFs (Services Entry Resource Format), are also available to users. The purpose of the directory is to provide users with information on the availability of data and services that will meet their needs, along with efficient access to those data and services. Links are provided, when available, to connect directly to the data or services of interest. The directory is part of NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) and also serves as NASA's contribution to the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), through which it is also known as the International Directory Network (IDN). The international participants contribute descriptions of data and services that are held around the world and have provided valuable guidance in the development and direction of the project over the years. The directory also offers an online metadata authoring tools for those wishing to share knowledge of available data. One of the cornerstones to effective searches within the directory is twelve sets of controlled keywords that assist in normalizing the search. The development of these keywords was initiated over a decade ago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7940460 |
Global Change Master Directory Currently, over 7,000 keywords are controlled, with new sets created for better search refinements, as time permits. The keyword sets are widely used throughout the world and are being translated into many languages. Within the GCMD and the IDN, these controlled keywords can be used in combination with a full-text search engine and also for search refinements. In addition, virtual subsets of the directory can be created as "portals" for groups wishing to identify their contributions or for those wishing to select a subset for their special interest group. The directory currently receives approximately 8 million hits per month. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7940460 |
Tangent stiffness matrix In computational mechanics, a tangent stiffness matrix is a matrix that describes the stiffness of a system in response to small changes in configuration. It represents tangent in that the energy of the system can be thought of as a high-dimensional surface with the local slope of a plane tangent to it at the given point defined by the tangent stiffness matrix. The tangent stiffness matrix appears when solving certain problems. For example, the tangent stiffness matrix is the generalization of slope that can be used with Newton's method. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7942554 |
Expanded bed adsorption (EBA) is a preparative chromatographic technique which makes processing of viscous and particulate liquids possible. The protein binding principles in EBA are the same as in classical column chromatography and the common ion-exchange, hydrophobic interaction and affinity chromatography ligands can be used. After the adsorption step is complete, the fluidized bed is washed to flush out any remaining particulates. Elution of the adsorbed proteins was commonly performed with the eluent flow in the reverse direction; that is, as a conventional packed bed, in order to recover the adsorbed solutes in a smaller volume of eluent. However, a new generation of EBA columns has been developed, which maintain the bed in the expanded state during this phase, producing high-purity, high yields of e.g. MAbs [monoclonal antibodies] in even smaller volumes of eluent. Process duration at manufacturing scale has also been cut considerably (under 7 hours in some cases). EBA may be considered to combine both the "Removal of Insolubles" and the "Isolation" steps of the 4-step downstream processing heuristic. The major limitations associated with EBA technology is biomass interactions and aggregations onto adsorbent during processing. Where classical column chromatography uses a solid phase made by a packed bed, EBA uses particles in a fluidized state, ideally expanded by a factor of 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7949248 |
Expanded bed adsorption is, however, different from fluidised bed chromatography in essentially two ways: one, the EBA resin contains particles of varying size and density which results in a gradient of particle size when expanded; and two, when the bed is in its expanded state, local loops are formed. Particles such as whole cells or cell debris, which would clog a packed bed column, readily pass through a fluidized bed. EBA can therefore be used on crude culture broths or slurries of broken cells, thereby bypassing initial clearing steps such as centrifugation and filtration, which is mandatory when packed beds are used. In older EBA column designs, the feed flow rate is kept low enough that the solid packing remains stratified and does not fluidize completely. Hence EBA can be modelled as frontal adsorption in a packed bed, rather than as a well-mixed, continuous-flow adsorber. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7949248 |
Pulsed field gradient A pulsed field gradient is a short, timed pulse with spatial-dependent field intensity. Any gradient is identified by four characteristics: axis, strength, shape and duration. (PFG) techniques are key to magnetic resonance imaging, spatially selective spectroscopy and studies of diffusion via diffusion ordered nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DOSY). PFG techniques are widely used as an alternative to phase cycling in modern NMR spectroscopy. The effect of a uniform magnetic field gradient in the z-direction on spin I, is considered to be a rotation around z-axis by an angle = γGz; where Gz is the gradient magnitude (along the z-direction) and γ is the gyromagnetic ratio of spin I. It introduces a phase factor to the magnetizations: "Φ (z,τ) = (γ)(Gz)(τ)" The time duration τ is in the order of milliseconds. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7949448 |
Sulfate aerosol The term sulfate aerosols is used for a suspension of fine solid particles of a sulfate or tiny droplets of a solution of a sulfate or of sulfuric acid (hydrogen sulfate). They are produced by chemical reactions in the atmosphere from gaseous precursors (with the exception of sea salt sulfate and gypsum dust particles). The two main sulfuric acid precursors are sulfur dioxide (SO) from anthropogenic sources and volcanoes, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) from biogenic sources, especially marine plankton. These aerosols can cause a cooling effect on earth. However the UNFCCC has noted that sulfate aerosols remain in the atmosphere for only a short amount of time in comparison to well-mixed greenhouse gases, and therefore their cooling is localized and temporary. Other side effects of sulfate aerosols in the environment include poor air quality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7951717 |
Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class The is a classification system on a scale of one to twelve using Roman numerals for globular clusters according to their concentration. The most highly concentrated clusters such as M75 are classified as Class I, with successively diminishing concentrations ranging to Class XII, such as Palomar 12. (The class is sometimes given with numbers [Class 1–12] rather than with Roman numerals.) From 1927–1929, Harlow Shapley and Helen Sawyer Hogg began categorizing clusters according to the degree of concentration the system has toward the core using this scale. This became known as the "Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7961225 |
Slime flux Slime flux, also known as bacterial slime or bacterial wetwood, is a bacterial disease of certain trees, primarily elm, cottonwood, poplar, boxelder, ash, aspen, fruitless mulberry and oak. A wound to the bark, caused by pruning, insects, poor branch angles or natural cracks and splits, causes sap to ooze from the wound. Bacteria may infect this sap causing it to darken and stain the bark, eventually taking on a foamy appearance and unpleasant odor. This slimy ooze becomes toxic to the bark and eats into the tree. Additionally, the fermented sap attracts insects like flies, ants, and maggots. occurs when a wound is made in a tree trunk through things such as natural growth cracks, frost, insects, birds, lawn mowers, cat scratches, or pruning wounds, which causal bacteria can enter. Once inside the xylem, the internal pressure of the tree is raised due to bacteria fermenting and emitting a gas mixture of methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, raising the internal pressure of the tree from the normal range of 5 to 10 psi up to 60 psi. This accumulation of liquid and gas causes that part of the tree to have a damp, dark brown appearance known as wetwood. Eventually, the pressure will cause the sap and gasses to burst through the xylem and out of cracks in the trunk and ooze down the side of the tree. This sap flux may be further infected by other pathogens once exposed to the air such as air-borne bacteria, yeast, and fungi, at which point it is known as slime flux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7964374 |
Slime flux Causal bacteria for the initial wetwood varies depending on the species of tree. The bacteria are commonly found in water and soils. "Enterobacter cloacae" is a causal bacteria of wetwood in American Elms. "Xanthomonas spp., Argobacterium spp., Acinetobacter spp., Corynebacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Clostridium spp., Edwardsiella spp., Klebsiella spp., Lactobacillus spp., Methanobacterium spp.", "Brevundimonas bullata, Paracoccus spp. and Luteimonas aestuarri" have also been isolated from wetwood in various tree species. Species of "Prototheca" have been isolated from slime fluxes. There is no cure, but the bark of a tree is like skin. The wound should be disinfected with rubbing alcohol or a household bleach solution of one part bleach to nine parts water. The excess sap should be wiped from the tree to discourage hungry insects. With prompt and continuous treatment, the tree should survive. In the forest, practices that minimize wounding will reduce the spread of this disease. For urban trees, maintaining vigorous, healthy growing conditions (thorough watering, mulching around the base and adding compost to the drip line) and avoiding wounds will reduce the probability that trees will be affected by this disease. Removing bark from the affected area will reduce damage to an individual tree. or more commonly known as Wet wood is a seepage of the wood that is unseen by the human eye. The seepage is typically a sour smell that comes from the trunk of the tree | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7964374 |
Slime flux The slime flux disease causes a constant odor, and bleeding cankers on the base of the tree. will not kill a tree, but is a sign that there has been an earlier injury. In some cases, as the outer wound calluses over and the internal methane production decreases, the slime flux may stop in a year or two. In other cases slime flux may reoccur year after year. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7964374 |
Ground pressure is the pressure exerted on the ground by the tires or tracks of a motorized vehicle, and is one measure of its potential mobility, especially over soft ground. It also applies to the feet of a walking person or machine. is measured in pascals (Pa) which corresponds to the United States customary units unit of pounds per square inch (psi). Average ground pressure can be calculated using the standard formula for average pressure: "P" = "F"/"A". In an idealized case, i.e. a static, uniform net force normal to level ground, this is simply the object's weight divided by contact area. The ground pressure of motorized vehicles is often compared to the ground pressure of a human foot, which can be 60 – 80 kPa while walking or as much as 13 MPa for a person in spike heels. Increasing the size of the contact area on the ground (the "footprint") in relation to the weight decreases the ground pressure. of 14 kPa (2 psi) or less is recommended for fragile ecosystems like marshes. Decreasing the ground pressure increases the flotation, allowing easier passage of the body over soft terrain. This is often observed in activities like snowshoeing. "All examples are approximate, and will vary based on conditions" Note: The pressures for adult human male and horse are for standing still position. A walking human will exert more than double his standing pressure. A galloping horse will exert up to 3.5 MPa (500 psi). The ground pressure for a pneumatic tire is roughly equal to its inflation pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7966188 |
Theia Mons is a large shield volcano on Venus. Its name is derived from the titan of Greek mythology. LOCATION: Beta Regio ELEVATION: about 6000 m TYPE: shield volcano STAGE: extinct VOLCANIC FEATURES: caldera | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7973472 |
Al-Haddar is an impact crater on Saturn's moon Enceladus, first discovered by the Voyager spacecraft. It is named after Al-Haddar, one of the barber's six brothers in "The Hunchback's Tale" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". is located at 50.5° North Latitude, 200.6° West Longitude and is approximately 14 kilometers across. It is the northernmost and smallest crater of a prominent crater triplet on Enceladus' anti-Saturnian hemisphere (there is no evidence that the impacts are related or were formed from break-up of a single body, like Shoemaker-Levy 9). "Voyager 2" observations of revealed a bowl-shaped, simple crater, compared to its larger, more complex southern neighbors, Shahrazad and Dunyazad craters. The crater was mostly in shadow during the "Cassini" Spacecraft's close flyby on March 9, 2005, but numerous tectonic fractures were observed along its northern rim. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7973645 |
Sharrkan (crater) Sharrkan is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Sharrkan was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's February 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 16.4° North Latitude, 298.3° West Longitude. At only 3.6 kilometers across, Sharrkan is the smallest named crater on Enceladus, though numerous, smaller, unnamed craters have been observed. The crater has a basic bowl-shape typical of small, simple craters. Sharrkan is named after one of the sons of King Omar in "The Tale of King Omar and his Sons" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7974022 |
Al-Bakbuk is an impact crater in the northern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at and is 9 kilometers across. Since the crater's formation, numerous north-south trending fractures cut across the crater, forming canyons several hundred meters deep along the crater's rim. is named after one of the barber's six brothers in "The Hunchback's Tale" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7974238 |
Khusrau (crater) Khusrau is an impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Khusrau was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 3.8° South Latitude, 185.5° West Longitude, and is 12.3 kilometers across. Since the crater's formation, numerous criss-crossing fractures cut across the crater, forming canyons several hundred meters deep along the crater's rim. Khusrau is named after Sassanid ruler Khosrau II, one of the main characters from "Khusrau and Shirin and the Fisherman", in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7974452 |
Al-Kuz is an impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 18.7° South Latitude, 178.2° West Longitude, and is 9.3 kilometers across. Since the crater's formation, numerous southwest-northeast trending fractures cut across the crater, forming canyons several hundred meters deep along the crater's rim. In addition, a smaller impact occurred along the northern crater wall, forming a crater 4 kilometers wide. is named after one of the barber's six brothers in "The Hunchback's Tale" in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7974905 |
Shakashik (crater) Shakashik is an impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Shakashik was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 17.3° South Latitude, 180.8° West Longitude, and is 8.5 kilometers across. Behram appears to have formed after Shakashik, based on the superposition of the larger crater's southern rim on Shakashik's northern rim. Following the formation of Behram, north-south trending fractures cut across both craters, forming several canyons within the western half of Shakashik. Shakashik is named after one of the barber's six brothers in "The Hunchback's Tale" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7975019 |
Behram (crater) Behram is an impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Behram was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 15.4° South Latitude, 181.0° West Longitude, and is 13.7 kilometers across. Behram's rim overlaps that of Shakashik, suggesting that Behram formed after Shakashik. Following formation, numerous criss-crossing fractures cut across Behram, forming canyons hundreds of meters deep along the crater's rim, as well as a region of disrupted terrain on the crater floor. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted the S. Behram designation for feature ID 14238 in 2007. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7975240 |
Zumurrud (crater) Zumurrud is a large impact crater on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Zumurrud was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 21.9° South Latitude, 181.6° West Longitude, and is 21 kilometers across. Images taken by "Cassini" during its March and July 2005 flybys of Enceladus revealed a great deal about the geology of this impact crater. Since formation, Zumurrud has been modified by viscous relaxation (forming an updomed floor like those seen in similar-sized craters on Enceladus, like Shahrazad), tectonic fracturing along the crater's rim, forming canyons hundreds of meters deep, and subsequent cratering, like the small crater along Zumurrud's western rim. In addition, brightness variations can be seen along the eastern crater wall, suggesting variations in water ice grain size. Zumurrud is named after the female character in the tale "Ali Shar and Zumurrud" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7975780 |
Microscale chemistry (often referred to as small-scale chemistry, in German: ) is an analytical method and also a teaching method widely used at school and at university levels, working with small quantities of chemical substances. While much of traditional chemistry teaching centers on multi-gramme preparations, milligrammes of substances are sufficient for microscale chemistry. In universities, modern and expensive lab glassware is used and modern methods for detection and characterization of the produced substances are very common. In schools and in many countries of the Southern hemisphere, small-scale working takes place with low-cost and even no-cost material. There has always been a place for small-scale working in qualitative analysis, but the new developments can encompass much of chemistry a student is likely to meet. There are two main strands of the modern approach. One is based on the idea that many of the experiments associated with general chemistry (acids and bases, oxidation and reduction, electrochemistry, etc.) can be carried out in equipment much simpler (injection bottles, dropper bottles, syringes, wellplates, plastic pipettes) and therefore cheaper than the traditional glassware in a laboratory, thus enabling the expansion of the laboratory experiences of students in large classes and to introduce laboratory work into institutions too poorly equipped for standard-type work. Pioneering development in this area was carried out by Egerton C. Grey (1928), Mahmoud K | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7981894 |
Microscale chemistry El-Marsafy (1989) in Egypt, Stephen Thompson in the US and others. A further application of these ideas was the devising by Bradley of the Radmaste kits in South Africa, designed to make effective chemical experiments possible in developing countries in schools that lack the technical services (electricity, running water) taken for granted in many places. The other strand is the introduction of this approach into synthetic work, mainly in organic chemistry. Here the crucial breakthrough was achieved by Mayo, Pike and Butcher and by Williamson who demonstrated that inexperienced students were able to carry out organic syntheses on a few tens of milligrams, a skill previously thought to require years of training and experience. These approaches were accompanied by the introduction of some specialised equipment, which was subsequently simplified by Breuer without great loss of versatility. There is a great deal of published material available to help in the introduction of such a scheme, providing advice on choice of equipment, techniques and preparative experiments and the flow of such material is continuing through a column in the "Journal of Chemical Education" called 'The Microscale Laboratory' that has been running for many years. Scaling down experiments, when combined with modern projection technology, opened up the possibility of carrying out lecture demonstrations of the most hazardous kind in total safety. The approach has been adopted worldwide | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7981894 |
Microscale chemistry It has become a major presence on the educational scene in the US, it is used to a lesser extent in the UK and it is used in many countries in institutions with staff who are enthusiastic about it. For example, in India, small scale chemistry/ microscale chemistry is now implemented in a few universities and colleges. 1st International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry May 2000 at Universidad Iberoamericana – Ciudad de Mexico 2nd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry 13. – 15. December 2001 at Hong Kong Baptist University – Hong Kong 3rd International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry 18. – 20. May 2005 at Universidad Iberoamericana – Ciudad de Mexico 4th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Bangkok, Thailand 2009 5th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Manila, Philippines, 2010 6th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Kuwait City, Kuwait, 2011 7th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Berlin, Germany, 2013 8th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Mexico City, Mexico, 2015 9th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry Sendai, Japan, 2017 10th International Symposium on Microscale Chemistry, North-west University, Potchefstroom South Africa | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7981894 |
Barley mild mosaic bymovirus is a plant virus. See the article in French, "Jaunisse nanisante de l'orge": https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaunisse_nanisante_de_l%27orge | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7983573 |
Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook operator The (abbreviated BGK operator) term refers to a collision operator used in the Boltzmann Equation and in the Lattice Boltzmann method, a Computational fluid dynamics technique. It is given by the following formula: where formula_2 is a local equilibrium value for the population of particles in the direction of link formula_3 The term formula_4 is a relaxation time, and related to the viscosity. The operator is named after Prabhu L. Bhatnagar, Eugene P. Gross, and Max Krook, the three scientists who introduced it in a paper in Physical Review in 1954. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7984958 |
Outline of biotechnology The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biotechnology: Biotechnology – field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purposes. History of biotechnology | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7985514 |
Basic precipitation or Alkaline precipitation occurs when either calcium oxide or sodium hydroxide is emitted into the atmosphere, absorbed by water droplets in clouds, and then falls as rain, snow, or sleet. Precipitation containing these compounds can increase the pH of soil or bodies of water and lead to increased fungal growth. The principal cause of basic rain is emissions from factories and waste deposits. Mineral dust containing large amounts of alkaline compounds such as calcium carbonate can also increase the pH of precipitation and contribute to basic rain. Basic rain can be viewed as opposite to acid rain. Acid rain has posed a serious threat to numerous ecosystems surrounding rivers, lakes and forests. Due to the increased usage of soil derived aerosols in India alkaline precipitation has become a distinct phenomenon. Typically in industrialized areas such as India the rain will be acidic. The usage of soil-derived aerosols that are calcium rich, causing the atmosphere here to be basic, or alkaline, instead. Rain water was sampled over the period of a decade starting in the year 1974 in Pune, which is a city near the coast that is pretty well free of industrial pollution. The rainwater (save nearest the industrial complex) was all tested to be basic and having an abundance of calcium cations. This brings attention to the fact that the aerosol is spreading and causing this increase in alkaline precipitation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7986449 |
Basic precipitation If no action is taken against these calcium derived aerosols then there could be detrimental damage done to the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7986449 |
Active cavity radiometer - electrically self-calibrating, cavity pyrheliometer used to measure total and spectral solar irradiance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7988703 |
Salt storm A salt storm is a low-lying cloud of airborne salt that hovers over large areas, the result of wind sweeping over salt flats. Salt storms usually occur in places with large aboveground deposits of salt, such as those surrounding the Great Salt Lake in Utah and the Aral Sea. Salt storms are also a frequent phenomenon in the Salar de Uyuni region in Bolivia. Salt storms near the Aral Sea pose a serious health hazard to surrounding areas. Run-off from nearby farms has resulted in the pollution of the Aral Sea with toxins like pesticides and fertilizers. As the sea evaporates, the toxic pollutants in the water crystallize along with other minerals to form salt flats. When the toxins and minerals from the salt flats are blown into the air by these storms and inhaled, the toxins and minerals may cause throat and lung cancer, infant mortality, decreased life expectancy and birth defects. Salt storms can also block visibility and cause chemical damage to surrounding structures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7993692 |
Takenoshin Nakai The International Plant Names Index lists 4,733 records of plant names of which Nakai is an author or co-author. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8002337 |
Global Atmospheric Research Program The was a fifteen-year international research programme led by the World Meteorological Organization and the International Council of Scientific Unions. It began in 1967 and organised several important field experiments including GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment in 1974 and the Alpine Experiment (ALPEX) in 1982. Its field experiments helped make significant progress in meteorology in particular allowing major improvements in Numerical Weather Prediction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8002591 |
Remote Telescope Markup Language The (RTML) is an XML dialect for controlling remote and/or robotic telescopes. It is used to describe various telescope parameters (such as coordinates and exposure time) to facilitate observation of selected targets. RTML instructions were designed to be displayed in a more human-readable way; they are then processed and executed by telescopes through local parsers. It was created by UC Berkeley's Hands-On Universe project in 1999. Because of its XML structure and consequent flexibility readability, it is now widely used, and has become an international standard for astronomical imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8003642 |
Primary atmosphere A primary atmosphere is an atmosphere of a planet that forms by accretion of gaseous matter from the accretion disc of the planet's sun. Planets such as Jupiter and Saturn have primary atmospheres. Primary atmospheres are very thick compared to secondary atmospheres like the one found on Earth. The primary atmosphere was lost on the terrestrial planets due to a combination of surface temperature, mass of the atoms and escape velocity of the planet. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8009963 |
Secondary atmosphere A secondary atmosphere is an atmosphere of a planet that did not form by accretion during the formation of the planet's star. A secondary atmosphere instead forms from internal volcanic activity, or by accumulation of material from comet impacts. It is characteristic of terrestrial planets, which includes the other terrestrial planets in the Solar System: Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Secondary atmospheres are relatively thin compared to primary atmospheres like Jupiter's. Further processing of a secondary atmosphere, for example by the processes of biological life, can produce a tertiary atmosphere, such as that of Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8010002 |
Iridium anomaly The term iridium anomaly commonly refers to an unusual abundance of the chemical element iridium in a layer of rock strata at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary. The unusually high concentration of a rare metal like iridium is often taken as evidence for an extraterrestrial impact event. The type locality of this iridium anomaly is near Raton, New Mexico. Iridium is a very rare element in the Earth's crust, but is found in anomalously high concentrations (around 100 times greater than normal) in a thin worldwide layer of clay marking the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, 66 million years ago. This boundary is marked by a major extinction event, including that of the dinosaurs along with about 70% of all other species. The clay layer also contains small grains of shocked quartz and, in some places, small weathered glass beads thought to be tektites. A team consisting of the physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and chemists Frank Asaro and Helen Vaughn Michel were the first to link the extinction to an extraterrestrial impact event based on the observation that iridium is much more abundant in meteorites than it is on Earth. This theory was later substantiated by other evidence, including the eventual discovery of the impact crater, known as Chicxulub, on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8010045 |
Symmetry element A symmetry element is a point of reference about which symmetry operations can take place. In particular, symmetry elements can be identities, mirror planes, axes of rotation (both proper and improper), and centers of inversion. A symmetry element corresponds to a symmetry operation that generates the same representation of an object. The identity symmetry element is found in all objects and is denoted E. It corresponds to an operation of doing nothing to the object. Mirror planes are denoted by σ. In particular, a vertical mirror plane is denoted σ. Cyclic symmetry, also known as radial symmetry, is represented by an axis about which the object rotates in its corresponding symmetry operation. For proper axes of rotation, cyclic symmetry is denoted as C, where n is the order of rotation. Improper rotation, also known as screw axis symmetry, is denoted by S. Improper rotation is the composition of a rotation axis and a mirror plane. In its symmetry operation, the object is rotated about the axis, then reflected across a mirror plane that is normal to the axis of rotation. For inversion, denoted i, there must be a point in the center of an object that is the inversion center. In the inversion operation for 3D coordinates, the inversion center is the origin (0,0,0). When an object is inverted, the position vector of a point in an object, ⟨x,y,z⟩, is inverted to ⟨-x,-y,-z⟩. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8016560 |
CL1358+62 CL 1358+62 (ClG 1358+62) is a galaxy cluster located at z=0.33 redshift. Behind the cluster (which itself lies at a distance of about 3.9 billion light years), lensed into a red arc is an infant galaxy (CL 1358+62 G1) that was the farthest object in the observable universe for a few months. It had a record redshift of z=4.92 and was discovered on July 31, 1997 by M. Franx and G. Illingsworth. It is located approximately 26 billion light years from Earth. Its redshift was measured by the Keck Telescope shortly after its discovery. Along with G1, another galaxy also lensed, was found to be at z=4.92 (CL 1348+62 G2). The pair of galaxies were the first things other than quasars to have the title of most distant object found, since the 1960s. The pair of galaxies remained the most distant objects known until the discovery of RD1 at z=5.34, the first object to exceed redshift 5. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8018266 |
Clifford H. Stockwell Clifford Howard Stockwell (September 26, 1897 – April 26, 1987) was a Canadian geologist, who published many scientific papers, reports and memoirs in the fields of Mineralogy, Structural Geology, Petrology, and Stratigraphy. He earned his PhD in geology at McGill University in Montreal in 1926. He completed his earliest publication, "Galena Hill, Mayo District, Yukon", in 1925 as a graduate student. In 1927, Stockwell's paper on "The X-ray Study of the Garnet Group", earned him recognition, as it was an important step in the understanding of the crystal structure of these minerals. In 1933, he received acclaim for his work on "The Genesis of Pegmatites of Southwest Manitoba". Some of his other noteworthy papers include; "The Chromite Deposits of the Eastern Townships, Quebec," "The Gold Deposits of Herb Lake Area", and "The Rice Lake-Gold Lake Area", in Manitoba. Dr. Stockwell was also an explorer. In July/August 1932, he canoed through the unexplored region north of Great Slave Lake. This work delineated the basic features and problems of the geology of this large part of the Precambrian Shield, and laid the foundation for the many studies that followed. He devoted much of his time working for the Geological Survey of Canada. In the 1950s he concentrated on Structural Geology- the structural controls of mineral deposits. During World War 1, he trained to be a pilot with the Royal Flying Corps but by the time he qualified as a pilot, hostilities were over. He was married to A | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8021451 |
Clifford H. Stockwell Elizabeth Johnston (1909–1964), a talented amateur oilpainter. He is buried with his wife in Pinecrest Cemetery, Ottawa. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8021451 |
Oldřich Marek (1911–1986) was a Czech entomologist and teacher, and a member of Czechoslovak entomological society in Prague since 1940. was born on April 3, 1911 in Ústí nad Orlicí. He attended Primary school in Dolní Čermná and secondary school in Česká Třebová. After completing secondary school he left for Slovakia to become a primary school teacher in Smolník, Stakčín and Trnava. During World War II (1938–1945) he was employed as a teacher in Slatina u Moravské Třebové, Litice nad Orlicí and Dolní Čermná. In 1941 he began teaching mathematics, physics, chemistry and natural science at secondary school. After military duties in 1945 he worked as a secondary school teacher in Žamberk until his retirement in 1971. He specialised in Coleoptera especially the family Nitidulidae. In this group he studied the world fauna describing many new genera and species. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8022423 |
NGC 5886 (alternatively named ZWG 221.36) is an +14 magnitude elliptical galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It was originally discovered by William Herschel in 1828 with an 18.7 inch reflector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8032033 |
Half-metal A half-metal is any substance that acts as a conductor to electrons of one spin orientation, but as an insulator or semiconductor to those of the opposite orientation. Although all half-metals are ferromagnetic (or ferrimagnetic), most ferromagnets are not half-metals. Many of the known examples of half-metals are oxides, sulfides, or Heusler alloys. In half-metals, the valence band for one spin orientation is partially filled while there is a gap in the density of states for the other spin orientation. This results in conducting behavior for only electrons in the first spin orientation. In some half-metals, the majority spin channel is the conducting one while in others the minority channel is. Half-metals were first described in 1983, as an explanation for the electrical properties of Mn-based Heusler alloys. Some notable half-metals are chromium(IV) oxide, magnetite, and lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO), as well as chromium arsenide. Half-metals have attracted some interest for their potential use in spintronics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8033091 |
Jansha (impact crater) Jansha is an impact crater on the southern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Jansha was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 30.4° South Latitude, 156.9° West Longitude, and is 9.8 kilometers across. Several of the southwest-northeast trending fractures that are prevalent in the region cut across Jansha, forming canyons several hundred meters deep along Jansha's rim. Jansha is named after the hero in "The Tale of Jansha" (or Janshah) from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8035886 |
Otbah (crater) Otbah is an impact crater on the southern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Otbah was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 39.8° South Latitude, 159.5° West Longitude, and is 9.4 kilometers across. A smaller impact occurred after the Otbah impact on the larger crater's southern rim, forming an impact crater 3 kilometers across. In addition to subsequent cratering, southwest-northeast trending fractures, prevalent in this region of Enceladus, cut across Otbah, forming several canyons several hundred meters deep along Otbah's rim. The high level of tectonic activity associated with this fracturing and the formation of the nearby south polar terrain may have also led to mass wasting along the crater's wall, leading to a 3 kilometer wide landslide deposit in the center of Otbah. Otbah is named after one of the main characters in the tale "Otbah and Rayya" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". A crater named after the other main character, Rayya, is nearby. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8036134 |
Rayya (crater) Rayya is an impact crater on the southern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Rayya was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 32.5° South Latitude, 178.4° West Longitude, and is 9 kilometers across. "Cassini" observed numerous criss-crossing sets of fractures cutting across Rayya, forming canyons several hundred meters deep along the crater's rim. Rayya is named after one of the main characters in the tale "Otbah and Rayya" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". A crater named after the other main character, Otbah, is nearby. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8036393 |
Ameghinite Ameghinite, Na<nowiki>[</nowiki>HBO] or NaBO(OH), is a mineral found in Argentina. It is a soft mineral with a Mohs hardness of 2-3. has a monoclinic crystal system. It was first described in 1967 for an occurrence in the Tincalayu Mine, Salar Del Hombre Muerto, Salta, Argentina. It was named for Argentine geologist brothers, Carlos Ameghino (1865–1936) and Florentino Ameghino (1854–1911). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8046441 |
Aksaite (Mg<nowiki>[</nowiki>BO(OH)]·2HO) is a mineral found in Kazakhstan. is named after the place it was discovered, "Ak-say" ("lit." White Glen). It was found in 1963 in Chelkar Salt Dome, Ak-say Valley, Kazakhstan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8046578 |
Viropexis is the process by which different classes of viruses—particularly picornaviruses and papovaviruses—enter the host cell in which they will be able to replicate. The hydrophobic structures of the capsid proteins may be exposed after viral binding to the cell (see viral attachment protein). These structures help the virion or the viral genome slip through the membrane. It can be juxtaposed with viral endocytosis, which is receptor mediated, and doesn't involve direct penetration of the virion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8052569 |
Shirin (crater) Shirin is an impact crater located on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Shirin was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 1.9° South Latitude, 172.4° West Longitude, and is 8.7 kilometers across. "Cassini" observed several, narrow, southwest-northeast trending fractures cutting across Shirin, forming canyons up to a hundred metres deep along the crater's rim. Several wider fractures are seen nearby, however these appeared to form before the Shirin impact since the crater appears to cover these fractures as they appear it. Shirin is named after the wife of Persian Sassanid king Khosrau II and one of the primary characters in the tale "Khusrau and Shirin and the Fisherman" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". Khusrau, a crater named after her husband, is located to the west of Shirin crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8055015 |
Al-Mustazi is an impact crater located on the anti-Saturn hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 20.9° South Latitude, 202.0° West Longitude, and is 10.3 kilometers across. "Cassini" observed numerous southwest-northeast trending fractures cutting across the southwest rim of Al-Mustazi, forming canyons several hundred meters deep. These fractures were deflected by the weakened regolith produced by the impact. This deflection produced the pattern of radiating fractures seen along the northeastern rim of Al-Mustazi. is named after Az-Zahir, a 13th-century Abbasid caliph and a character in "The Hunchback's Tale" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8055760 |
Hassan (crater) Hassan is an impact crater on the southern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Hassan was first observed in "Cassini" images during that mission's March 2005 flyby of Enceladus. It is located at 31.3° South Latitude, 188.5° West Longitude, and is 14.5 kilometers across. Numerous criss-crossing fractures cut across Hassan, breaking up the regolith on the crater floor. Hassan is named after the main character from the tale "Hassan of Bassorah" from "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8056189 |
Pneumatolysis is an obsolete geologic term for magma emitting gasses that alter surrounding rock or crystallize minerals. is now considered a type of hydrothermal interaction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8056632 |
Colleter (botany) Colleters are plant structures, multicellular secretory hairs, found in groups near the base of petioles, on stipules, and on sepals. They are found in members of the Loganiaceae and Rubiaceae families. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8061879 |
Vasishtha Siddhanta is one of the earliest astronomical systems in use in India, which is summarized in Varahamihira's Pancha-Siddhantika (6th century). It is attributed to sage Vasishtha and claims a date of composition of 1,299,101 BCE. The original text probably dated to the 4th century, but it has been lost and our knowledge of it is restricted to Varahamira's account. Alberuni ascribes the work to Vishnuchandra. There is a modern work bearing the title "Vasishtha Siddhantika". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8062192 |
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