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Encapsulin The encapsulins are a family of bacterial proteins that serve as the main structural components of encapsulin nanocompartments. There are several different encapsulin proteins, including EncA, which forms the shell, and EncB, EncC, and EncD, which form the core. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19364849 |
Dry thunderstorm A dry thunderstorm is a thunderstorm that produces thunder and lightning, but most or all of its precipitation evaporates before reaching the ground. Dry lightning refers to lightning strikes occurring in this situation. Both are so common in the American West that they are sometimes used interchangeably. The latter term is a technical misnomer since lightning itself is neither wet nor dry. Dry thunderstorms occur essentially in dry conditions, and their lightning is a major cause of wildfires. Because of that, the National Weather Service, and other agencies around the world, issue forecasts for its likelihood over large areas. Dry thunderstorms generally occur in deserts or places where the lower layers of the atmosphere usually contain little water vapor. Any precipitation that falls from elevated thunderstorms can be entirely evaporated as it falls through the lower dry layers. They are common during the summer months across much of western North America and other arid areas. The shaft of precipitation that can be seen falling from a cloud without reaching the ground is called "virga". A thunderstorm does not have to be completely dry to be considered dry; in many areas is the threshold between a "wet" and "dry" thunderstorm. Dry thunderstorms are notable for two reasons: they are the most common natural origin of wildland fires, and they can produce strong gusty surface winds that can fan flames | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19379318 |
Dry thunderstorm Strong winds often develop around dry thunderstorms as the evaporating precipitation causes excessive cooling of the air beneath the storm, which increases its density and thereby its weight relative to the surrounding air. This cool air then descends rapidly and fans out upon impacting the ground, an event often described as a dry microburst. As the gusty winds expand outward from the storm, dry soil and sand are often picked up by the strong winds, creating dust and sand storms known as haboobs. In areas where trees or other vegetation are present, there is little to no rain that can prevent the lightning from causing them to catch fire. Storm winds also fan the fire and firestorm, causing it to spread more quickly. Pyrocumulonimbus are cumuliform clouds that can form over a large fire and that are particularly dry. When the higher levels of the atmosphere are cooler, and the surface is thus warmed to extreme temperatures due to a wildfire, volcano, or other event, convection will occur, and produce clouds and lightning. They are similar to any cumulus cloud but ingest extra particulates from the fire. This increases the voltage difference between the base and the top of the cloud, helping to produce lightning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19379318 |
Fand Mons is a mountain in Venus, situated at 7°,0 N-158°,0 E. The name is a homage to Fand, Celt goddess of healing and pleasure. The name was given in 2001 by the "Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature" (WGPSN) of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19386397 |
Circumscription (taxonomy) In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the definition of a taxon, that is, a group of organisms. One goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. Achieving stability is not yet a certainty in most taxa, and many that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics. In essence, new discoveries may invalidate the application of irrelevant attributes used in established or obsolete circumscriptions, or present new attributes useful in cladistic taxonomy. An example of a taxonomic group with unstable circumscription is Anacardiaceae, a family of flowering plants. Some experts favor a circumscription in which this family includes the Blepharocaryaceae, Julianaceae, and Podoaceae, which are sometimes considered to be separate families. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19387586 |
Sulfate crust is a zone observed in the axial (central) parts of burning coal dumps and related sites. It is a zone built mainly by anhydrous sulfate minerals, such as godovikovite and millosevichite. The outer zone can easily be hydrated giving rise to minerals like tschermigite and alunogen. The zone forms due to interaction with hot (even around 600 °C) coal-derived gases (mainly NH and SO) with the "sterile" material (i.e. shales and other rocks serving as the source of Al, Fe, Ca and other cations) in case of the lack of vents for the gases to escape into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19387740 |
Vratislav Mazák (; June 22, 1937 – September 9, 1987) was a Czech biologist who specialised in paleoanthropology, mammalogy and taxonomy. He was also a painter, often illustrating his books about animals and men. Born at Kutná Hora, he was a professor at the Charles University's Faculty of Science and worked as a zoologist at the Prague National Museum. With Colin Groves, Mazák described, named and classified the early hominin "Homo ergaster". He also described the tiger subspecies "Panthera tigris corbetti". He died in Prague. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19388046 |
Henri Termier Professor Henri-François-Émile Termier (13 December 1897 – 12 August 1989) was a French geologist. Born at Lyon into a scholarly family, he served in the First World War as an artillery officer during which he earned a Croix de guerre. After working as an assistant at the university in Montpellier (1923 - 1925), he became a geologist working for the Service géologique du Maroc (Morocco Mine Service), where he worked until 1940, becoming very famous for his studies of stratigraphy and fossil fauna (he found the first specimens of "Titanichthys agassizi"). Later he taught at the university of Algeria (1945) and ten years later he became a chairman at the Sorbonne. He was married to professor Geneviève Termier, another famous French paleontologist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19405922 |
Geneviève Termier (2 April 1917 – 27 May 2005,) was a French paleontologist and evolutionist. She was a research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research. In 1942 she went to Morocco where she met her husband Henri. Their son Michel was born three years later. She specialized in the studies of the gastropods. She also studied the South-East Asian Permian brachiopods. Together with her husband Henri Termier, she is considered one of the greatest French paleontologist of the 20th century. suffered from a long and painful illness, and on 27 May 2005 in Saint-Rémy-lès-Chevreuse, near Paris, she died at 88 years of age. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19406023 |
NGC 5820 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It lies near NGC 5821, a galaxy with a similar mass at the same redshift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19419918 |
NGC 5821 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It lies near a similarly massed galaxy, NGC 5820, at the same redshift. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19420562 |
NGC 5930 is a starburst galaxy in the constellation Boötes that is interacting with the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 5929. 5930 has a morphological classification of SAB(rs)b pec, indicating that it is a weakly-barred spiral galaxy with a poorly defined nuclear ring structure. It is inclined at an angle of 46° to the line of sight from the Earth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19420806 |
NGC 5929 is a Seyfert galaxy in the constellation Boötes. The pair of galaxies, and NGC 5930, are interacting. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19421256 |
NGC 5753 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. This is a member of the Arp 297 interacting galaxies group of four: NGC 5752, NGC 5753, NGC 5754, NGC 5755. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19421426 |
NGC 5614 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It is the primary member of the Arp 178 triplet of interacting galaxies with NGC 5613 and NGC 5615. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19426452 |
NGC 5615 is a galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It is part of the Arp 178 triplet of interacting galaxies with NGC 5614 and NGC 5613. forms a knot on the outer ring of NGC 5614, with a plume leading away from the knot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19426703 |
NGC 5613 is a lenticular galaxy (type S0a) in the constellation Boötes. It is part of the Arp 178 set of interacting galaxies, with NGC 5615 and NGC 5614. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19426927 |
NGC 5579 is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19427492 |
NGC 5544 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It is interacting with spiral galaxy NGC 5545. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19428290 |
NGC 5545 is a spiral galaxy in the northern constellation of Boötes. It is interacting with the spiral galaxy NGC 5544. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19428550 |
Arp 302 (also known as Exclamation Point Galaxy) is a galaxy in the constellation Boötes. Arp 302, also known as VV 340 or UGC 9618 consists of a pair of very gas-rich spiral galaxies in their early stages of interaction. An enormous amount of infrared light is radiated by the gas from massive stars that are forming at a rate similar to the most vigorous giant star-forming regions in our own Milky Way. is 450 million light-years away from Earth, and is the 302nd galaxy in Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19429839 |
NGC 5665 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Boötes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19434737 |
NGC 5490 is a radio galaxy in the constellation Boötes. Gra 1408+17 is a radio-source in NGC 5490, located at the coordinates: RA , Dec. ; Galactic coordinates J2000 : 009.27 ± 180000, +69.41 ± 180000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19437610 |
NGC 5755 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes, member of Arp 297 interacting galaxies group of four: NGC 5752, NGC 5753, NGC 5754, and NGC 5755. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19439137 |
NGC 5754 is a barred spiral galaxy located 218 million light years away in the constellation Boötes. It is a member of the Arp 297 interacting galaxies group, which consists of NGC 5752, NGC 5753, NGC 5754, NGC 5755. Along with NGC 2718 and UGC 12158, is often considered a Milky Way-twin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19439206 |
NGC 5752 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes, member of Arp 297 interacting galaxies group of four galaxies: NGC 5752, NGC 5753, NGC 5754, NGC 5755. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19439294 |
NGC 5829 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes that is interacting with the irregular galaxy IC 4526. Together, the two form the galaxy pair Arp 42. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19444751 |
Phason is a quasiparticle existing in quasicrystals due to their specific, quasiperiodic lattice structure. Similar to phonon, phason is associated with atomic motion. However, whereas phonons are related to "translation" of atoms, phasons are associated with atomic "rearrangements". As a result of these rearrangements, waves, describing the position of atoms in crystal, change phase, thus the term "phason". In the superspace picture, aperiodic crystals are obtained from the section of a periodic crystal of higher dimension (up to 6D) cut at an irrational angle. While phonons change the position atoms relative to the crystal structure in space, phasons change the position of atoms relative to the quasi-crystal structure and the cut through superspace that defines it. Phonon modes are therefore excitations of the "in plane" real (also called parallel or external) space whereas phasons are excitations of the perpendicular (also called internal) space. The hydrodynamic theory of the quasicrystals predicts that the conventional (phonon) strain relaxes rapidly. On the contrary, relaxation of the phason strain is diffusive and is much slower. Therefore, metastable quasicrystals grown by rapid quenching from the melt exhibit built-in phason strain associated with shifts and anisotropic broadenings of X-ray and electron diffraction peaks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19450493 |
CLEAN (algorithm) The CLEAN algorithm is a computational algorithm to perform a deconvolution on images created in radio astronomy. It was published by Jan Högbom in 1974 and several variations have been proposed since then. The algorithm assumes that the image consists of a number of point sources. It will iteratively find the highest value in the image and subtract a small gain of this point source convolved with the point spread function ("dirty beam") of the observation, until the highest value is smaller than some threshold. Astronomer T. J. Cornwell writes, "The impact of CLEAN on radio astronomy has been immense", both directly in enabling greater speed and efficiency in observations, and indirectly by encouraging "a wave of innovation in synthesis processing that continues to this day." It has also been applied in other areas of astronomy and many other fields of science. The CLEAN algorithm and its variations are still extensively used in radio astronomy, for example in the first imaging of the M87 central supermassive black hole. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19452016 |
Salt pruning is the process by which saline mists generated by seawater are driven ashore by winds and thus over time alter the shape of trees or shrubs. The process degrades foliage and branches on the windward side of the plant that faces the body of saline water, more than it does the foliage on the landward side. The resultant growth form is asymmetrical, appearing "swept back" away from the ocean. There are numerous examples worldwide of this phenomenon. In the eastern United States on Long Island occurrences of salt-pruned "Quercus stellata" are observable in Flax Marsh. In San Diego County, California, a colony of "Pinus torreyana" has been salt-pruned by spray from the Pacific Ocean. The logo of the Torrey Pines Golf Course in La Jolla, California, features a salt-pruned Torrey pine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19454960 |
Akitsune Imamura Akitsune Imamura | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19465328 |
Nucleon pair breaking in fission has been an important topic in nuclear physics for decades. "Nucleon pair" refers to nucleon pairing effects which strongly influence the nuclear properties of a nuclide. The most measured quantities in research on nuclear fission are the charge and mass fragments yields for uranium-235 and other fissile nuclides. In this sense, experimental results on charge distribution for low-energy fission of actinides present a preference to an even "Z" fragment, which is called odd-even effect on charge yield. The importance of these distributions is because they are the result of rearrangement of nucleons on the fission process due to the interplay between collective variables and individual particle levels; therefore they permit to understand several aspects of dynamics of fission process. The process from saddle (when nucleus begins its irreversible evolution to fragmentation) to scission point (when fragments are formed and nuclear interaction between fragments dispels), fissioning system shape changes but also promote nucleons to excited particle levels. Because, for even "Z" (proton number) and even "N" (neutron number) nuclei, there is a gap from ground state to first excited particle state—which is reached by nucleon pair breaking—fragments with even "Z" is expected to have a higher probability to be produced than those with odd "Z". The preference even "Z" even "N" divisions is interpreted as the preservation of superfluidity during the descent from saddle to scission | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19498558 |
Nucleon pair breaking in fission The absence of odd-even effect means that process is rather viscous. Contrary to observed for charge distributions no odd-even effect on fragments mass number ("A") is observed. This result is interpreted by the hypothesis that in fission process always there will be nucleon pair breaking, which may be proton pair or neutron pair breaking in low energy fission of uranium-234, uranium-236, and plutonium-240 studied by Modesto Montoya. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19498558 |
Journal of Chromatography B The is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers in analytical chemistry, with a focus on chromatography techniques and methods in the biological and life sciences. The journal's 2014 impact factor was 2.729. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19514265 |
August Victor Paul Blüthgen (25 July 1880 in Mühlhausen, Thüringen – 2 September 1967 in Naumburg) was a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera. He was a Doctor of Law Jurist and court adviser. Blüthgen described very many new species of Aculeata (bees and wasps). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19519055 |
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) or postmenopausal hormone therapy (PHT, PMHT), is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause. These symptoms can include hot flashes, vaginal atrophy, accelerated skin aging, vaginal dryness, decreased muscle mass, sexual dysfunction, and bone loss. They are in large part related to the diminished levels of sex hormones that occur during menopause. The main hormonal medications used in HRT for menopausal symptoms are estrogens and progestogens, among which progesterone is the major naturally-occurring female sex hormone and also a manufactured medication used in menopausal hormone therapy. Though both can have symptomatic benefits, progestogen is specifically added to estrogen regimens when the uterus is still present. Unopposed estrogen therapy promotes endometrial thickening and can increase the risk of cancer, while progestogen reduces this risk. Androgens like testosterone are sometimes used as well. HRT is available through a variety of different routes. The results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) suggest both potential risks and benefits across different organ systems. Long term follow up of the WHI participants, however, has found no difference in all-cause, cardiovascular, or cancer mortality with HRT. Later studies suggested that risk can differ depending on route of administration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy "Bioidentical" hormone replacement – a development in the 21st century using manufactured compounds having "exactly the same chemical and molecular structure as hormones that are produced in the human body", and are based mainly on steroids from plants – has inadequate clinical research to determine its efficacy and safety, as of 2017. The current indications for use from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms, such as vasomotor hot flashes or vaginal atrophy, and prevention of osteoporosis. Approved uses of HRT in the United States include short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal atrophy, and prevention of osteoporosis. The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) approves of HRT for symptomatic relief of menopausal symptoms, and advocates its use beyond the age of 65 in appropriate scenarios. The North American Menopause Society (NAMS) 2016 annual meeting mentioned that HRT may have more benefits than risks in women before the age of 60. A consensus expert opinion published by The Endocrine Society stated that when taken during perimenopause or the initial years of menopause, HRT carries fewer risks than previously published, and reduces all cause mortality in most scenarios. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) has also released position statements approving of HRT in appropriate scenarios. Women receiving this treatment are usually post-, peri-, or surgically menopausal | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity, defined as beginning twelve months after the final natural menstrual cycle. This twelve month time point divides menopause into early and late transition periods known as 'perimenopause' and 'postmenopause'. Premature menopause can occur if the ovaries are surgically removed, as can be done to treat ovarian or uterine cancer. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) was a study of over 27,000 women beginning in 1991. Successive analyses have found sometimes contradictory results, with the most recent publication in 2017 finding no difference for all cause mortality with HRT. The effects of HRT on most organ systems vary by age and time since the last physiological exposure to hormones, and there can be differences in individual regimens, factors which have made analyzing effects difficult. Demographically, the vast majority of data available is in postmenopausal American women with concurrent pre-existing conditions, and with a mean age of over 60 years. HRT is often given as a short-term relief from menopausal symptoms during perimenopause. Potential menopausal symptoms include: The most common of these are loss of sexual drive and vaginal dryness. The effect of HRT in menopause appears to be divergent, with lower risk when started within five years, but no impact after ten. There may be an increase in heart disease if HRT is given twenty years post-menopause | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy There is, however, no actual difference in long-term mortality from HRT, regardless of age. A Cochrane review suggested that women starting HRT less than 10 years after menopause had lower mortality and coronary heart disease, without any strong effect on the risk of stroke and pulmonary embolism. Those starting therapy more than 10 years after menopause showed little effect on mortality and coronary heart disease, but an increased risk of stroke. Both therapies had an association with venous clots and pulmonary embolism. HRT also improves cholesterol levels. With menopause, HDL decreases, while LDL, triglycerides and lipoprotein a increase, patterns that reverse with estrogen. Beyond this, HRT improves heart contraction, coronary blood flow, sugar metabolism, and decreases platelet aggregation and plaque formation. HRT may promote reverse cholesterol transport through induction of cholesterol ABC transporters. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on venous blood clot formation and potential for pulmonary embolism may vary with different estrogen and progestogen therapies, and with different doses or method of use. Comparisons between routes of administration suggest that when estrogens are applied to the skin or vagina, there is a lower risk of blood clots, whereas when used orally, the risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism is increased | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Skin and vaginal routes of hormone therapy are not subject to first pass metabolism, and so lack the anabolic effects that oral therapy has on liver synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors, possibly explaining why oral therapy may increase blood clot formation. While a 2018 review found that taking progesterone and estrogen together can decrease this risk, other reviews reported an increased risk of blood clots and pulmonary embolism when estrogen and progestogen were combined, particularly when treatment was started 10 years or more after menopause and when the women were older than 60 years. Multiple studies suggest that the possibility of HRT related stroke is absent if therapy is started within five years of menopause, and that the association is absent or even preventive when given by non-oral routes. Ischemic stroke risk was increased during the time of intervention in the WHI, with no significant effect after the cessation of therapy and no difference in mortality at long term follow up. When oral synthetic estrogen or combined estrogen-progestogen treatment is delayed until 5 years from menopause, cohort studies in Swedish women have suggested an association with hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke. Another large cohort of Danish women suggested that the specific route of administration was important, finding that although oral estrogen increased risk of stroke, absorption through the skin had no impact, and vaginal estrogen actually had a decreased risk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy In postmenopausal women, continuous combined estrogen plus progestin decreases endometrial cancer incidence. The duration of progestogen therapy should be at least 14 days per cycle to prevent endometrial disease. Endometrial cancer has been grouped into two forms in the context of hormone replacement. Type 1 is the most common, can be associated with estrogen therapy, and is usually low grade. Type 2 is not related to estrogen stimulation and usually higher grade and poorer prognosis. The endometrial hyperplasia that leads to endometrial cancer with estrogen therapy can be prevented by concomitant administration of progestogen. The extensive use of high-dose estrogens for birth control in the 1970s is thought to have resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of type 1 endometrial cancer. Paradoxically, progestogens do promote the growth of uterine fibroids, and a pelvic ultrasound can be performed before beginning HRT to make sure there are no underlying uterine or endometrial lesions. Research suggests there is insufficient high‐quality evidence to inform women considering hormone replacement therapy after treatment for endometrial cancer. Studies regarding the association of breast cancer with hormone replacement have been mixed and vary with the type of replacement used; some evaluations suggest an increased risk, though in others it is decreased. There is a non-statistically significant increased rate of breast cancer for hormone replacement therapy with synthetic progesterone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy The risk may be reduced with bioidentical progesterone, though the only prospective study that suggested this was underpowered due to the rarity of breast cancer in the control population. There have been no randomized controlled trials to date. The relative risk of breast cancer also varies depending on the interval between menopause and HRT and route of administration. The WHI also found a non-significant trend in the estrogen-alone clinical trial towards a "reduced" risk of breast cancer, though estrogen is usually only given alone in the setting of a hysterectomy due to the effect of unopposed estrogen on the uterus. HRT has been more strongly associated with risk of breast cancer in women with a lower range body mass indices (BMIs). No breast cancer association has been found with BMIs of over 25. It has been suggested by some that the absence of significant effect in some of these studies could be due to selective prescription to overweight women who have higher baseline estrone, or to the very low progesterone serum levels after oral administration leading to a high tumor inactivation rate. For women who previously have had breast cancer, it is recommended to first consider other options for menopausal effects, such as bisphosphonates or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for osteoporosis, cholesterol-lowering agents and aspirin for cardiovascular disease, and vaginal estrogen for local symptoms. Observational studies of systemic HRT after breast cancer are generally reassuring | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy If HRT is necessary after breast cancer, estrogen-only therapy or estrogen therapy with a progestogen may be safer options than combined systemic therapy. In the WHI, women who took combined estrogen-progesterone therapy had a lower risk of getting colorectal cancer. However, the cancers they did have were more likely to have spread to lymph nodes or distant sites than colorectal cancer in women not taking hormones. A 2015 meta-analysis found that HRT was associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer, with women using HRT having about one additional case of ovarian cancer per 1,000 users. This risk is decreased when progestogen therapy is given concomitantly, as opposed to estrogen alone, and also decreases with increasing time since stopping HRT. Regarding the specific subtype, there may be a higher risk of serous cancer, but no association with clear cell, endometrioid, or mucinous ovarian cancer. HRT can help with the lack of sexual desire and sexual dysfunction that can occur with menopause. Epidemiological surveys of women between 40–69 years suggest that 75% of women remain sexually active after menopause. With increasing life spans, women today are living one third or more of their lives in a postmenopausal state, a period during which healthy sexuality can be integral to their quality of life. A major complaint among postmenopausal women is decreased libido and sexual function, and many may seek medical consultation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Several hormonal changes take place during this period, including a decrease in estrogen and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone. For most women, the majority of change occurs during the late perimenopausal and postmenopausal stages. Decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and inhibin (A and B) also occurs. Testosterone, a hormone more commonly associated with males, is also present in women at a lower level. It peaks at age 30, but declines gradually with age, so there is little variation across the lifetime and during the menopausal transition. With surgical menopause, testosterone declines more sharply and can result in more severe symptoms. HRT can help with sexual difficulties related to pain and lubrication. Not all women are responsive, especially those with preexisting sexual difficulties. Estrogen replacement can restore vaginal cells, pH levels, and blood flow to the vagina, all of which tend to deteriorate at the onset of menopause. Pain or discomfort with sex appears to be the most responsive component to estrogen. It also has been shown to have positive effects on the urinary tract. Reduced vaginal atrophy and increased sexual arousal, frequency and orgasm have also been noted. The effectiveness of hormone replacement can decline in some women after long-term use. A number of studies have also found that the combined effects of estrogen/androgen replacement therapy can increase libido and arousal over estrogen alone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Findings on a relatively new form of HRT called tibolone, a synthetic steroid with estrogenic, androgenic, and progestogenic properties, suggest that it has the ability to improve mood, libido, and physical symptoms of surgically menopausal women to a greater degree than ERT. In various placebo-controlled studies, improvements in vasomotor symptoms, emotional response, sleep disturbances, physical symptoms, and sexual desire have been observed. Tibolone has been used in Europe for almost two decades but is not available North America at this point. HRT may increase risk of dementia if initiated after 65 years of age, but have a neutral outcome or be neuroprotective for those between 50–55 years. HRT can also improve executive and attention processes outside of the context of dementia in postmenopausal women. There is a decrease in hip fractures, which persists after the treatment is stopped, though to a lesser degree. in the form of estrogen and androgen can be effective at reversing the effects of aging on muscle. Some common and uncommon side effects include: The following are absolute and relative contraindications to HRT: The extraction of CEEs from the urine of pregnant mares led to the marketing in 1942 of Premarin, one of the earlier forms of estrogen to be introduced. From that time until the mid-1970s, estrogen was administered without a supplemental progestogen | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Beginning in 1975, studies began to show that without a progestogen, unopposed estrogen therapy with Premarin resulted in an 8-fold increased risk of endometrial cancer, eventually causing sales of Premarin to plummet. It was recognized in the early 1980s that the addition of a progestogen to estrogen reduced this risk to the endometrium. This led to the development of combined estrogen–progestogen therapy, most commonly with a combination of conjugated equine estrogen (Premarin) and medroxyprogesterone (Provera). The Women's Health Initiative trials were conducted between 1991 and 2006 and were the first large, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of HRT in healthy women. Their results were both positive and negative, suggesting that during the time of hormone therapy itself, there are increases in invasive breast cancer, stroke and lung clots. Other risks include increased endometrial cancer, gallbladder disease, and urinary incontinence, while benefits include decreased hip fractures, decreased incidence of diabetes, and improvement of vasomotor symptoms. There also is an increased risk of dementia with HRT in women over 65, though when given earlier it appears to be neuroprotective. After the cessation of HRT, the WHI continued observe its participants, and found that most of these risks and benefits dissipated, though some elevation in breast cancer risk did persist. Other studies have also suggested an increased risk of ovarian cancer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy The arm of the WHI receiving combined estrogen and progestin therapy was closed prematurely in 2002 by its Data Monitoring Committee (DMC) due to perceived health risks, though this occurred a full year after the data suggesting increased risk became manifest. In 2004, the arm of the WHI in which post-hysterectomy patients were being treated with estrogen alone was also closed by the DMC. Clinical medical practice changed based upon two parallel Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies of HRT. Prior studies were smaller, and many were of women who electively took hormonal therapy. One portion of the parallel studies followed over 16,000 women for an average of 5.2 years, half of whom took placebo, while the other half took a combination of CEEs and MPA (Prempro). This WHI estrogen-plus-progestin trial was stopped prematurely in 2002 because preliminary results suggested risks of combined CEEs and progestins exceeded their benefits. The first report on the halted WHI estrogen-plus-progestin study came out in July 2002. Initial data from the WHI in 2002 suggested mortality to be lower when HRT was begun earlier, between age 50 to 59, but higher when begun after age 60. In older patients, there was an apparent increased incidence of breast cancer, heart attacks, venous thrombosis, and stroke, although a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer and bone fracture | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy At the time, The WHI recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of HRT for the shortest possible time to minimize associated risks. Some of the WHI findings were again found in a larger national study done in the United Kingdom, known as the Million Women Study (MWS). As a result of these findings, the number of women taking HRT dropped precipitously. In 2012, the United States Preventive Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that the harmful effects of combined estrogen and progestin therapy likely exceeded their chronic disease prevention benefits. In 2002 when the first WHI follow up study was published, with HRT in post menopausal women, both older and younger age groups had a slightly higher incidence of breast cancer, and both heart attack and stroke were increased in older patients, although not in younger participants. Breast cancer was increased in women treated with estrogen and a progestin, but not with estrogen and progesterone or estrogen alone. Treatment with unopposed estrogen (i.e., an estrogen alone without a progestogen) is contraindicated if the uterus is still present, due to its proliferative effect on the endometrium. The WHI also found a reduced incidence of colorectal cancer when estrogen and a progestogen were used together, and most importantly, a reduced incidence of bone fractures | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Ultimately, the study found disparate results for all cause mortality with HRT, finding it to be lower when HRT was begun during ages 50–59, but higher when begun after age 60. The authors of the study recommended that women with non-surgical menopause take the lowest feasible dose of hormones for the shortest time to minimize risk. The data published by the WHI suggested supplemental estrogen increased risk of venous thromboembolism and breast cancer but was protective against osteoporosis and colorectal cancer, while the impact on cardiovascular disease was mixed. These results were later supported in trials from the United Kingdom, but not in more recent studies from France and China. Genetic polymorphism appears to be associated with inter-individual variability in metabolic response to HRT in postmenopausal women. Neither the WHI nor the MWS differentiated the results for different types of progestogens used. MPA – the type most commonly used in the United States – was the only one examined by the WHI, which in its analysis and conclusions extrapolated the benefits versus risks of MPA to all progestins. This conclusion has since been challenged by several researchers as unjustified and misleading, resulting in unreasonable, unnecessary avoidance by many women of HRT. In addition, subsequent findings released by the WHI showed that all cause mortality was not dramatically different between the groups receiving CEEs, those receiving estrogen and a progestogen, and those not on therapy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy In addition, the WHI trial was limited by low adherence, high attrition, inadequate power to detect risks for some outcomes, and evaluation of few regimens. The double blinding limited validity of study results due to its effects on patient exclusion criteria. Patients who were experiencing symptoms of the menopausal transition were excluded from the study, meaning that younger women who had only recently experienced menopause were not significantly represented. As a result, while the average age of menopause is age 51, study participants were on average 62 years of age. Demographically, the vast majority were Caucasian, and tended to be slightly overweight and former smokers. The WHI reported statistically significant increases in rates of breast cancer, coronary heart disease, strokes and pulmonary emboli. The study also found statistically significant decreases in rates of hip fracture and colorectal cancer. "A year after the study was stopped in 2002, an article was published indicating that estrogen plus progestin also increases the risks of dementia." The conclusion of the study was that the HRT combination presented risks that outweighed its measured benefits. The results were almost universally reported as risks and problems associated with HRT in general, rather than with Prempro, the specific proprietary combination of CEEs and MPA studied. After the increased clotting found in the first WHI results was reported in 2002, the number of Prempro prescriptions filled reduced by almost half | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Following the WHI results, a large percentage of HRT users opted out of them, which was quickly followed by a sharp drop in breast cancer rates. The decrease in breast cancer rates has continued in subsequent years. An unknown number of women started taking alternatives to Prempro, such as compounded bioidentical hormones, though researchers have asserted that compounded hormones are not significantly different from conventional hormone therapy. The other portion of the parallel studies featured women who were post hysterectomy and so received either placebo progestogen or CEEs alone. This group did not show the risks demonstrated in the combination hormone study, and the estrogen-only study was not halted in 2002. However, in February 2004 it, too, was halted. While there was a 23% decreased incidence of breast cancer in the estrogen-only study participants, risks of stroke and pulmonary embolism were increased slightly, predominantly in patients who began HRT over the age of 60. Several other large studies and meta-analyses have reported reduced mortality for HRT in women younger than age 60 or within 10 years of menopause, and a debatable or absent effect on mortality in women over 60. Though research thus far has been substantial, further investigation is needed to fully understand differences in effect for different types of HRT and lengths of time since menopause. There are five major human steroid hormones: estrogens, progestogens, androgens, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Estrogens and progestogens are the two most often used in menopause. They are available in a wide variety of FDA approved and non–FDA-approved formulations. In women with intact uteruses, estrogens are almost always given in combination with progestogens, as long-term unopposed estrogen therapy is associated with a markedly increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. Conversely, in women who have undergone a hysterectomy or do not have a uterus, a progestogen is not required, and estrogen can be used alone. There are many combined formulations which include both estrogen and progestogen. Specific types of hormone replacement include: A 2016 review of clinical research on tibolone – a synthetic medication – found it was more effective than placebo and less effective than combination hormone therapy in postmenopausal women, although it may cause bleeding, increase the risk of recurrent breast cancer in women with a history of breast cancer, and increase the risk of stroke in women over age 60 years. Vaginal estrogen can improve local atrophy and dryness, with fewer systemic effects than estrogens delivered by other routes. Sometimes an androgen, generally testosterone, can be added to treat diminished libido. Dosage is often varied cyclically to more closely mimic the ovarian hormone cycle, with estrogens taken daily and progestogens taken for about two weeks every month or every other month, a schedule referred to as 'cyclic' or 'sequentially combined' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Alternatively, 'continuous combined' HRT can be given with a constant daily hormonal dosage. The medications used in menopausal HRT are available in numerous different formulations for use by a variety of different routes of administration: More recently developed forms of drug delivery are alleged to have increased local effect lower dosing, fewer side effects, and constant rather than cyclical serum hormone levels. Transdermal and transvaginal estrogen, in particular, avoid first pass metabolism through the liver. This in turn prevents an increase in clotting factors and accumulation of anti-estrogenic metabolites, resulting in fewer adverse side effects, particularly with regard to cardiovascular disease and stroke. Bioidentical hormone therapy (BHT) is the usage of hormones that are chemically identical to those produced in the body. Although proponents of BHT claim advantages over non-bioidentical or conventional hormone therapy, the FDA does not recognize the term 'bioidentical hormone', stating there is no scientific evidence that these hormones are identical to their naturally occurring counterparts. There are, however, FDA approved products containing hormones classified as 'bioidentical'. Bioidentical hormones can be used in either "pharmaceutical" or "compounded" preparations, with the latter generally not recommended by regulatory bodies due to their lack of standardization and regulatory oversight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Most classifications of bioidentical hormones do not take into account manufacturing, source, or delivery method of the products, and so describe both non-FDA approved compounded products and FDA approved pharmaceuticals as 'bioidentical'. Bioidentical hormones in pharmaceuticals may have health benefits over their animal derived counterparts, including a potentially decreased risk of venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular disease, and breast cancer. As of 2012, guidelines from the North American Menopause Society, the Endocrine Society, the International Menopause Society, and the European Menopause and Andropause Society endorsed the reduced risk of bioidentical pharmaceuticals for those with increased clotting risk. Compounding for HRT is generally discouraged by the FDA and medical industry in the United States due to a lack of regulation and standardized dosing. The U. S. Congress did grant the FDA explicit but limited oversight of compounded drugs in a 1997 amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), but they have encountered obstacles in this role since that time. After 64 patient deaths and 750 harmed patients from a 2012 meningitis outbreak due to contaminated steroid injections, Congress passed the 2013 Drug Quality and Security Act, authorizing creation by the FDA of a voluntary registration for facilities that manufactured compounded drugs, and reinforcing FDCA regulations for traditional compounding. In the United Kingdom, on the other hand, compounding is a regulated activity | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency regulates compounding performed under a Manufacturing Specials license and the General Pharmaceutical Council regulates compounding performed within a pharmacy. All testosterone prescribed in the United Kingdom is bioidentical, with its use supported by the National Health Service. There is also marketing authorisation for male testosterone products. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline 1.4.8 states: "consider testosterone supplementation for menopausal women with low sexual desire if HRT alone is not effective". The footnote adds: "at the time of publication (November 2015), testosterone did not have a United Kingdom marketing authorisation for this indication in women. Bio-identical progesterone is used in IVF treatment and for pregnant women who are at risk of premature labour." Wyeth, now a subsidiary of Pfizer, was a pharmaceutical company that marketed the HRT products Premarin (CEEs) and Prempro (CEEs + MPA). In 2009, litigation involving Wyeth resulted in the release of 1,500 documents that revealed practices concerning its promotion of these medications. The documents showed that Wyeth commissioned dozens of ghostwritten reviews and commentaries that were published in medical journals in order to promote unproven benefits of its HRT products, downplay their harms and risks, and cast competing therapies in a negative light | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy Starting in the mid-1990s and continuing for over a decade, Wyeth pursued an aggressive "publication plan" strategy to promote its HRT products through the use of ghostwritten publications. It worked mainly with DesignWrite, a medical writing firm. Between 1998 and 2005, Wyeth had 26 papers promoting its HRT products published in scientific journals. These favorable publications emphasized the benefits and downplayed the risks of its HRT products, especially the "misconception" of the association of its products with breast cancer. The publications defended unsupported cardiovascular "benefits" of its products, downplayed risks such as breast cancer, and promoted off-label and unproven uses like prevention of dementia, Parkinson's disease, vision problems, and wrinkles. In addition, Wyeth emphasized negative messages against the SERM raloxifene for osteoporosis, instructed writers to stress the fact that "alternative therapies have increased in usage since the WHI even though there is little evidence that they are effective or safe...", called into question the quality and therapeutic equivalence of approved generic CEE products, and made efforts to spread the notion that the unique risks of CEEs and MPA were a class effect of all forms of menopausal HRT: "Overall, these data indicate that the benefit/risk analysis that was reported in the Women's Health Initiative can be generalized to all postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy products | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy " Following the publication of the WHI data in 2002, the stock prices for the pharmaceutical industry plummeted, and huge numbers of women stopped using HRT. The stocks of Wyeth, which supplied the Premarin and Prempro that were used in the WHI trials, decreased by more than 50%, and never fully recovered. Some of their articles in response promoted themes such as the following: "the WHI was flawed; the WHI was a controversial trial; the population studied in the WHI was inappropriate or was not representative of the general population of menopausal women; results of clinical trials should not guide treatment for individuals; observational studies are as good as or better than randomized clinical trials; animal studies can guide clinical decision-making; the risks associated with hormone therapy have been exaggerated; the benefits of hormone therapy have been or will be proven, and the recent studies are an aberration." Similar findings were observed in a 2010 analysis of 114 editorials, reviews, guidelines, and letters by five industry-paid authors. These publications promoted positive themes and challenged and criticized unfavorable trials such as the WHI and MWS. In 2009, Wyeth was acquired by Pfizer in a deal valued at US$68 billion. Pfizer, a company that produces Provera and Depo-Provera (MPA) and has also engaged in medical ghostwriting, continues to market Premarin and Prempro, which remain best-selling medications | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hormone replacement therapy According to Fugh-Berman (2010), "Today, despite definitive scientific data to the contrary, many gynecologists still believe that the benefits of [HRT] outweigh the risks in asymptomatic women. This non-evidence–based perception may be the result of decades of carefully orchestrated corporate influence on medical literature." As many as 50% of physicians have expressed skepticism about large trials like the WHI and HERS. The positive perceptions of many physicians of HRT in spite of large trials showing risks that potentially outweigh any benefits may be due to the efforts of pharmaceutical companies like Wyeth. The 1990s showed a dramatic decline in prescription rates, though more recently they have begun to rise again. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19526030 |
Hermann Haupt (24 January 1873, in Langensalza, Unstrut-Hainich, Thuringia – 2 June 1959, in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt) was a German entomologist who worked mainly on Auchenorrhyncha and Hymenoptera. He was an intermediate school (Mittelschule) teacher. He described many new species. Haupt’s Hymenoptera and Auchenorrhyncha collections are conserved in the University of Halle-Wittenberg (Geiseltalmuseum Halle) and Biozentum), Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden (Cicadidae) and Naturkundemuseum Erfurt (other Orders). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19537526 |
Ekrem Ekinci is Professor of Chemistry and the rector of Işık University in Istanbul, Turkey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19537792 |
Ernst Otto Wilhelm Taschenberg (23 March 1854, Halle - 20 March 1923) was a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera. He was the son of Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg. From 1879, after studying zoology at the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, he worked alongside his father at the zoological institute in Halle. After his father’s death, he became curator (Kustos) of the Institute’s museum and professor of entomology. He worked on all Hymenoptera but mainly Cynipidae. His collections are held by Halle University (Biozentrum). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19538033 |
Chemical equator The chemical equator concept was coined in 2008 when researchers from University of York discovered a distinct divide between the polluted air over Indonesia from the largely uncontaminated atmosphere over Australia. The divide of the atmosphere of the northern hemisphere from the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere is different from that of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19539482 |
Jacques Surcouf Jacques M R Surcouf (1873–1934) was a French entomologist. He held the title of baron and may have been of corsair descent (see Robert Surcouf). From at least 1906–1911, he was head of zoology at the colonial laboratory of the Paris National Museum of Natural History. He published a number of notable studies, largely on the subject of flies. In 1909 he published a description of four new species of horse-fly (Tabanidae) from India and Assam with Gertrude Ricardo, a scientist from the British Museum. In 1911 he published a noted study of South American Diptera (flies) with R. Gonzales-Rincones. Surcouf was a difficult person to work with and clashed with his peers, particularly, for example, Eugene Seguy. In 1920 he distinguished the genus Caiusa from Phumosia in the family Calliphoridae based on flies he discovered in southern India and in Australia. He was a member of the Société entomologique de France starting in 1905, and the President of la Société entomologique de France in 1921. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19554308 |
Angiosperm Phylogeny Website The (or APweb) is a well-known website dedicated to research on angiosperm phylogeny and taxonomy. The site is hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden website and maintained by researchers, Peter F. Stevens and Hilary M. Davis. Peter F. Stevens is a member of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). The taxonomy presented is broadly based on the work of the APG, with modifications to incorporate new results. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19554955 |
Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award The is a prize for "outstanding achievements" in the field of analytical spectroscopy. It has been awarded since 1990 by the German Working Group for Applied Spectroscopy, and is endowed with by PerkinElmer, Germany. The prize is named in honor of chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19557886 |
Acid maceration is a technique to extract organic microfossils from a surrounding rock matrix using acid. Hydrochloric acid or acetic acid may be used to extract phosphatic fossils, such as the small shelly fossils, from a carbonate matrix. Hydrofluoric acid is also used in acid macerations to extract organic fossils from silicate rocks. Fossiliferous rock may be immersed directly into the acid, or a cellulose nitrate film may be applied (dissolved in amyl acetate), which adheres to the organic component and allows the rock to be dissolved around it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19577314 |
Gao Xing (; born 1974) is a Chinese amateur astronomer from Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China. He built Xingming Observatory (星明天文台) in 2006 and discovered Comet C/2008 C1 (Chen-Gao) on February 1, 2008 with Chen Tao from Jiangsu and Comet P/2009 L2 (Yang-Gao) on June 15, 2009 with Yang Rui from Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Comet C/2015 F5 (SWAN-Xingming) on April 4, 2015 with Guoyou Sun from Wenzhou, Zhejiang. China and hence won the Edgar Wilson Award for 2008. In the night on February 26, 2009, he discovered a nova in Sagittarius in the Galaxy's central part at night with his partner Sun Guoyou from Wenzhou. Gao reported his new discovery to the International Astronomical Union on May 29 and acquired the identification.In the night on October 3, 2010, he discovered a new Supernova in NGC5430 at night with his partner Sun Guoyou.He also discovered several SOHO comets and NEAT Asteroids. Currently, he is working as a physics teacher at the Urumqi No.1 High School. He also has a daughter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19587932 |
Iain Coldham is an organic chemist and Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Sheffield. He obtained his PhD from the University of Cambridge before relocating to Austin, Texas in 1989 for postdoctoral research. His areas of study have included intramolecular trapping of episulfonium ions with amine nucleophiles and the use of triisopropylsilyl enol ethers in organic synthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19590427 |
Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV) is a negative-sense, single-stranded enveloped RNA virus. It is the type species of the "Orthobunyavirus" genus, in the "Bunyavirales" order. "Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus" can infect both humans and "Aedes aegypti" (yellow fever mosquito). It is named for Bunyamwera, a town in western Uganda, where the type species was isolated in 1943. Reassortant viruses derived from "Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus", such as "Ngari virus", have been associated with large outbreaks of viral haemorrhagic fever in Kenya and Somalia. The genetic structure of "Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus" is typical for "Bunyavirales" viruses, which are an order of enveloped negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a genome split into three parts—Small (S), Middle (M), and Large (L). The L RNA segment encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L protein), the M RNA segment encodes two surface glycoproteins (Gc and Gn) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), while the S RNA segment encodes a nucleocapsid protein (N) and, in an alternative overlapping reading frame, a second nonstructural protein (NSs). The genomic RNA segments are encapsidated by copies of the N protein in the form of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The N protein is the most abundant protein in virus particles and infected cells and, therefore, the main target in many serological and molecular diagnostics. In humans, "Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus" causes Bunyamwera fever. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19602006 |
K-Poincaré group In physics and mathematics, the κ-Poincaré group, named after Henri Poincaré, is a quantum group, obtained by deformation of the Poincaré group into a Hopf algebra. It is generated by the elements formula_1 and formula_2 with the usual constraint: where formula_4 is the Minkowskian metric: The commutation rules reads: In the (1 + 1)-dimensional case the commutation rules between formula_1 and formula_2 are particularly simple. The Lorentz generator in this case is: and the commutation rules reads: The coproducts are classical, and encode the group composition law: Also the antipodes and the counits are classical, and represent the group inversion law and the map to the identity: The κ-Poincaré group is the dual Hopf algebra to the K-Poincaré algebra, and can be interpreted as its “finite” version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19618101 |
Residual property (physics) In thermodynamics a residual property is defined as the difference between a real gas property and an ideal gas property, both considered at the same pressure, temperature, and composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19625403 |
Making a Real Killing Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West is a 1999 book by Len Ackland. Ackland draws on information obtained from governmental sources, federal contractors, personal interviews, and newspaper articles to form a multi-layered history about the controversial Rocky Flats nuclear facility. The book also explores the creation and collapse of the nuclear weapons complex in the United States. Reviews of "Making a Real Killing" have been published in "Environmental History" and "Pacific Historical Review". Len Ackland is the former editor of the "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" and director for environmental journalism at the University of Colorado at Boulder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19646123 |
Sun transit time The sun transit time, also referred to as Sun–meridian transit time, is the daily moment when the Sun culminates on the observer's meridian, reaching its highest position in the sky. This solar time is most often used as local noon and therefore will vary with longitude. For example, on April 29, the sun transit time in Boston, Massachusetts is 12:42 p.m., whereas that for New York, New York is 12:53 p.m. This is due to longitudinal distance between the two cities. Sun transit corresponds to solar noon. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19650502 |
List of dyes This is a list of dyes with Colour Index International generic names and numbers. Note | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19667303 |
Cheuk-Yin Wong (born 1941) is former president of the Overseas Chinese Physics Association (OCPA) and a fellow of the American Physics Society (APS). He received his Ph.D. in 1966 from Princeton University under thesis advisor John Wheeler. He has worked at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory since 1966. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19671898 |
Peter Johan Schei (born 5 January 1945) is a Norwegian biologist and civil servant. He is a cand.real. by education. From 1989 to 1995 he served as director of the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Before this he worked as assisting director from 1985, and after this he has worked as an advisor. In 2004 he was hired as director of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19673937 |
Meteosat 8 is a weather satellite, also known as MSG 1. The Meteosat series are operated by EUMETSAT under the Meteosat Transition Programme (MTP) and the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) program. Notable for imaging the first meteor to be predicted to strike the earth, 2008 TC3. Launched 28 Aug 2002 by an Ariane V155, this European Meteorology satellite is in a Geostationary orbit. While meteorological instruments are working OK, its solid state power amplifier SSPA-C failed in October 2002. On 22 May 2007, the satellite experienced an unexpected orbit change. This was initially inappropriately assessed as being hit by an unknown object, but that was later assessed as not credible. The thermal protection was damaged at the same time as the orbit change. Subsequent investigation assessed the Meteosat-8 spinning spacecraft's orbit change due to the mass release of thermal covering whose attachment failed. Meteosat-8 is still operating, and as of April 2013 is providing a backup capability to the Meteosat-10 primary 0-degree Full Earth Scan Service and also a backup to the Meteosat-9 Rapid Scan Service over Europe. In May 2012 Meteosat-8 switched to operating in an Earth Sensor Mode due to a problem with the sun sensor data on board. After modifying the ground image processing system the Rapid Scan Service image quality was restored back to nominal. On 29 June 2016, EUMETSAT approved the proposal of relocating Meteosat-8 to 41.5°E, for the continuation of the Indian Ocean Data Coverage (IODC), replacing Meteosat-7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19676226 |
Meteosat 8 Meteosat-8 arrived at 41.5°E on 21 September. The distribution of IODC Meteosat-8 data, in parallel to Meteosat-7 data, started on 20 October. On 1 February 2017, Meteosat-8 replaced Meteosat-7 as the official EUMETSAT geostationary satellite for the Indian Ocean. Meteosat-8 is expected to run out of fuel sometime in 2020. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19676226 |
Polygnotus (crater) Polygnotus is a crater on Mercury, named by the IAU in 1976. This basin has a central peak ring and is embayed with smooth plains material, which is very different in texture from the surrounding terrain. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19680409 |
Fayet–Iliopoulos D-term In theoretical physics, the (introduced by Pierre Fayet and John Iliopoulos) is a D-term in a supersymmetric theory obtained from a vector superfield "V" simply by an integral over all of superspace: Because a natural trace must be a part of the expression, the action only exists for U(1) vector superfields. In terms of the components, it is proportional simply to the last auxiliary D-term of the superfield "V". It means that the corresponding "D" that appears in D-flatness conditions (and whose square enters the ordinary potential) is additively shifted by formula_2, the coefficient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19683347 |
Solvent casting and particulate leaching In solvent casting and particulate leaching (SCPL), a polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent. Particles, mainly salts, with specific dimensions are then added to the solution. The mixture is shaped into its final geometry. For example, it can be cast onto a glass plate to produce a membrane or in a three-dimensional mold to produce a scaffold. When the solvent evaporates, it creates a structure of composite material consisting of the particles together with the polymer. The composite material is then placed in a bath which dissolves the particles, leaving behind a porous structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19683961 |
Slovenian Museum of Natural History The (, ) is a Slovenian national museum with natural history, scientific, and educational contents. It is the oldest cultural and scientific Slovenian institution. The museum features national, European, and worldwide collections demonstrating the changes in biodiversity, the development of the natural history thought, as well as different techniques of collection and preparation of samples. Its research activities focus on natural heritage of Slovenia. The operates in the Center District in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, at Museum Street (), near Tivoli Park, the Parliament and the Opera House. Along with the National Museum of Slovenia, it is housed in a building from 1885, built upon the plans by the Viennese architect Wilhelm Rezori and the master builder Wilhelm Treo from Ljubljana. The symbol of the museum is an almost complete woolly mammoth skeleton, found in Nevlje near Kamnik in 1938. Its official publication, published since autumn 1978, has been named "Scopolia" in honour of Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, a leading Carniolan naturalist of the 18th century. The museum was founded in 1821 as the "Carniolan Estates Museum" (). Five years later, the Austrian Emperor Francis II decided to personally sponsor the museum and ordered its renaming to "Carniolan Provincial Museum". In 1882, the museum was renamed to "Carniolan Provincial Museum - Rudolphinum" in honour of the Crown Prince Rudolph. After the establishment of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the name was changed to "National Museum" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19695163 |
Slovenian Museum of Natural History In 1944, it was divided into the National Museum of Slovenia and the (then known as "Museum of Natural Sciences"). in 2005, the museum acquired its largest object, a skeleton of a young female fin whale Leonora, which was found dead at the Slovenian coast in 2003. The corpse weighted and was long. After an elaborate procedure, the skeleton was put on display in autumn 2011. The museum's geological-palaeontological collections include fossils from various Slovenian sites. In addition to the mammoth from Nevlje, also of significance are a 210-million-year-old long fish skeleton found in the Triglav Mountains and a Miocene-era baleen whale skeleton found in the Slovene Hills. One of the museum's founding collections was Sigmund Zois's mineral collection. Although it is an outstanding historical collection, minerals are now exhibited as classified by modern methods according to their internal structure, and among them is the mineral zoisite, named after Zois. There are also two Biedermeier wooden tables that are covered by tiles from Palnstorf's collection of minerals and rocks. Hohenwart's collection of mollusc shells comprises about 5,000 specimens, dating from 1831 and originating mainly from the Indo-Pacific. The insect collection of Ferdinand J. Schmidt includes several interesting specimens, notably the "narrow-necked" blind cave beetles ("Leptodirus hochenwartii") that were described in 1831 as the first cave insect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19695163 |
Slovenian Museum of Natural History The plants and animals of the mountains, marshes, and woods are shown in specialised dioramas. Also on view are permanent bird, reptile, fish, mammal and skeleton collections. The Slovenian Wildlife Sound Archive is a collection of animal sounds, mainly on Heteroptera and cicadas, stored on digital and analogue recording media. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19695163 |
Einstein protocol is a standard used for precisely measuring the distance between two objects in space. The of finding the distance between two points is sending light from point to point and then immediately sending a signal, using light, from point to point . The calculations done with this data uses the formula <math> D = c | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19713730 |
Aneesur Rahman (24 August 1927 – 6 June 1987) pioneered the application of computational methods to physical systems. His 1964 paper on liquid argon studied a system of 864 argon atoms on a CDC 3600 computer, using a Lennard-Jones potential. His algorithms still form the basis for many codes written today. Moreover, he worked on a wide variety of problems, such as the microcanonical ensemble approach to lattice gauge theory, which he invented with David J E Callaway. was a native of Hyderabad, India. He earned his undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics from Cambridge University in England and his Ph.D. in theoretical physics from Louvain University in Belgium. In 1960, Dr. Rahman began a 25-year tenure as a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, Ill.) (operated by the University of Chicago). In 1985, Dr. Rahman joined the faculty at the University of Minnesota as a professor of physics and fellow at the Supercomputer Institute. Dr. Rahman is known as the father of molecular dynamics, a discipline of physics that utilizes computers to simulate microscopic behavior of physical systems. In 1977 Dr. Rahman was awarded the Irving Langmuir Prize by the American Physical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19729567 |
Aneesur Rahman Enrico Fermi's Group (at Los Alamos during the 1950s), George Vineyard's group (radiation damage studies at Brookhaven in 1960), as well as Tom Wainwright and Berni Alder's group (at the Livermore Radiation Laboratory in the 1950s) developed generalized leapfrog and event-driven molecular dynamics algorithms a bit earlier than Rahman. Berni Alder received a National Medal of Science award from President Obama in 2009. The American Physical Society annually awards the Prize for outstanding achievement in computational research. First awarded in 1993, the Prize is the highest honour in the field of computational physics given by the American Physical Society. Argonne National Laboratory offers a special postdoctoral fellowship named after to be awarded internationally on an annual basis to an outstanding doctoral scientist who is at an early point in a promising career. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19729567 |
Ibsen (crater) Ibsen is a crater on Mercury. It is located near the antipode of Caloris Basin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19731062 |
Stravinsky (crater) Stravinsky is a crater on Mercury. It overlays the rim of the much older Vyāsa crater. It was named by the IAU in 1979 for the influential Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19731414 |
En echelon veins In structural geology, en échelon veins or "en échelon gash fractures" are structures within rock caused by noncoaxial shear. They appear as sets of short, parallel, planar, mineral-filled lenses within a body of a rock. They originate as tension fractures that are parallel to the major stress orientation, σ, in a shear zone. They are subsequently filled by precipitation of a mineral, typically quartz or calcite. As soon as they form, they begin to rotate in the shear zone. Subsequent growth of the fracture therefore causes the vein to take on a sigmoidal shape. They can be used to determine the incremental kinematics of the deformation history of the rock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19750198 |
Henry Travers (naturalist) Henry Hammersley Travers (1844 – 16 February 1928) was a New Zealand naturalist, professional collector and taxidermist. He was the son of the politician William Travers. Born in Hythe, Kent, England, in 1844, and baptised at Cheriton, Kent, on 13 October of that year, Travers was the son of William Thomas Locke Travers and Jane Travers (née Oldham). The family emigrated to New Zealand by the ship "Kelso" in 1849. Travers was educated at Nelson College from 1856 to 1860. Specimens collected by Travers are in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Travers died in Wellington on 16 February 1928. The following species were named in his honour: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19782669 |
Plate scale The plate scale of a telescope connects the angular separation of an object with the linear separation of its image at the focal plane If focal length formula_1 is measured in mm, the plate scale in radians per mm is given by angular separation "θ" and the linear separation of the image at the focal plane "s", or by simply the focal length "f": since is usually expressed in arc-seconds per mm: where "f" is in mm, or expressed in arc-seconds per pixel after further division through the pixel scale. The plate scale of the James Webb Space Telescope component Fine Guidance Sensor and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph is about 0.065 arcsec/pixel. It uses a 2048 x 2048 pixel array with a pixel size of 18 microns a side with a field of view of 2.2' x 2.2' | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19789151 |
Dark current (physics) In physics and in electronic engineering, dark current is the relatively small electric current that flows through photosensitive devices such as a photomultiplier tube, photodiode, or charge-coupled device even when no photons are entering the device; it consists of the charges generated in the detector when no outside radiation is entering the detector. It is referred to as reverse bias leakage current in non-optical devices and is present in all diodes. Physically, dark current is due to the random generation of electrons and holes within the depletion region of the device. The charge generation rate is related to specific crystallographic defects within the depletion region. Dark-current spectroscopy can be used to determine the defects present by monitoring the peaks in the dark current histogram's evolution with temperature. Dark current is one of the main sources for noise in image sensors such as charge-coupled devices. The pattern of different dark currents can result in a fixed-pattern noise; dark frame subtraction can remove an estimate of the mean fixed pattern, but there still remains a temporal noise, because the dark current itself has a shot noise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19805906 |
Dark current (chemistry) In analytical chemistry, dark current refers to the constant response produced by a spectrochemical receptor, even in the absence of radiation. This response adds to the signal produced when the receptor is used to measure light and so must be dealt with to determine how much of the detector response is actually due to the radiation. To compensate for this extra signal, the dark current may be measured in the absence of radiation and then subtracted from the final signal or reduced to zero by a compensating circuit. This is often referred to as "blanking" and is a form of blank correction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19805948 |
Buckingham (unit) The Buckingham (symbol: B) is a CGS unit of electric quadrupole, named in honour of the chemical physicist A. David Buckingham who was the first to measure a molecular quadrupole moment. It is defined as 1 statcoulomb-centimetre. This is equivalent to 1 Debye-Ångström, where 1 Debye = 1 statcoulomb-centimetre is the cgs unit of molecular dipole moment and 1 Ångström = 1 cm. One Buckingham corresponds to the quadrupole moment resulting from two opposing dipole moments but an equal magnitude of 1 Debye which are separated by a distance of 1 Angstrom, a typical bond length. This is analogous to the Debye unit for the dipole moment of two opposing charges of 1 statcoulomb separated by 1 Angstrom, and the name Buckingham for the unit was in fact suggested by Peter Debye in 1963 in honour of Buckingham. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19821268 |
Suresh Jayakar Suresh Dinakar Jayakar (21 September 1937, Bombay-21 January 1988) was an Indian biologist who pioneered in the use of quantitative approaches in genetics and biology. He studied mathematical statistics, physics and mathematics at the University of Lucknow and joined the Indian Statistical Institute in 1959 where he met J. B. S. Haldane who had just moved to India. At that institute, Jayakar received early instruction in genetics in a course taught by Krishna Dronamraju and additional training with Helen Spurway. He moved to Orissa when Haldane moved. He became the director of the Genetics and Biometry Laboratory after Haldane's death. He made many studies on yellow-wattled lapwings along with Helen Spurway. He collaborated with Helen Spurway and Krishna Dronamraju in studies of the nest building activity of the wasp "Sceliphron madraspatanum" (Fabr.). He also made studies on quantitative genetics, sex-determination mechanisms. He began work with J. B. S. Haldane working on quantitative aspects of genetics and biology. After Haldane's death, he moved to Italy at the invitation of Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza at the University of Pavia. Haldane considered him as a star who would rise in the "Indian scientific firmament". A partial list of publications includes: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19833089 |
Voltaire (crater) Voltaire is an impact crater on Mars's moon Deimos and is approximately across. Voltaire crater is named after François-Marie Arouet, a French Enlightenment writer who was better known by the pen name Voltaire, who in his 1752 short story "Micromégas" predicted that Mars had two moons. Voltaire crater is one of two named features on Deimos, the other being Swift crater. On 10 July 2006, Mars Global Surveyor took an image of Deimos from away showing Voltaire crater and Swift crater. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19839815 |
William Walter Watts Reverend (1856–1920) was one of New South Wales's greatest authorities on moss. He might be best known for his unfinished "Census of Australian Mosses." The fern genus "Revwattsia" is named in his honour as are at least 30 other species including the fern species "Grammitis wattsii". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19841392 |
Mukhtar Aymakhanov Mukhtar Rabatuly Aymakhanov (, "Muhtar Rabatuly Aımahanov"; born January 1, 1967 in Zhosaly, Kazakhstan) is a Russian cosmonaut; he was originally a Kazakhstani cosmonaut. Aimakhanov and Aidyn Aimbetov were selected as the first class of Kazakh cosmonauts in 2002, for the Kazakhstan National Space Agency, KazCosmos. They trained at Star City as cosmonauts from 2003 to 2009, until the world financial crisis indefinitely postponed the prospective Kazakhstan mission. In 2012, to pursue his cosmonaut dreams, Aymakhanov became a Russian citizen, and gave up his Kazakhstani citizenship. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19842425 |
Shape waves are excitations propagating along Josephson vortices or fluxons. In the case of two-dimensional Josephson junctions (thick long Josephson junctions with an extra dimension) described by the 2D sine-Gordon equation, shape waves are distortions of a Josephson vortex line of an arbitrary profile. have remarkable properties exhibiting Lorentz contraction and time dilation similar to that in special relativity. Position of the shape wave excitation on a Josephson vortex acts like a “minute-hand” showing the time in the rest-frame associated with the vortex. At some conditions, a moving vortex with the shape excitation can have less energy than the same vortex without it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19849627 |
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