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LcrV In addition, it is speculated that PcrV determines the size of the needle pore for type III secreted effectors. is a multifunctional protein that has been shown to act at the level of secretion control by binding the Ysc inner-gate protein LcrG and to modulate the host immune response by altering cytokine production. is also necessary for full induction of low-calcium response (LCR) stimulon virulence gene transcription. The polypeptide is encoded on a plasmid and is only present when the surroundings are around 37 Celsius | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18136205 |
Constant-energy surface In a Brillouin zone, the constant-energy surface represents the loci of all the formula_1-points (that is, all the crystal momentum values) that have the same energy. Fermi surface is a special constant-energy surface that separates the unfilled orbitals from the filled ones at zero kelvin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18152654 |
MAX IV Laboratory MAX IV is a next-generation synchrotron radiation facility in Lund, Sweden.</ref> Its design and planning has been carried out within the Swedish national laboratory, MAX-lab, which up until 2015 operated three accelerators for synchrotron radiation research: MAX I (550 MeV, opened 1986), MAX II (1,5 GeV, opened 1997) and MAX III (700 MeV, opened 2008). MAX-lab supported about 1000 users from over 30 countries annually. The facility operated 14 beamlines with a total of 19 independent experimental stations, supporting a wide range of experimental techniques such as macromolecular crystallography, electron spectroscopy, nanolithography and production of tagged photons for photo-nuclear experiments. The facility closed on 13 December (St Lucia dagen) 2015 in preparation for MAX IV. On 27 April 2009 the Swedish Ministry of Education and Research, Swedish Research Council, Lund University, Region Skåne and Vinnova, a Swedish government funding agency, decided to fund the research center. The new laboratories, including two storage rings and a full-energy linac is situated in Brunnshög in Lund North East. The inauguration of MAX IV took place 21 June 2016, on the day of summer solstice. The larger of the two storage rings has a circumference of 528 meters, operates at 3 GeV energy, and has been optimized for high-brightness x-rays. The smaller storage ring (circumference 96 meters) is operated at 1.5 GeV energy and has been optimized for UV | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18160937 |
MAX IV Laboratory There are also plans for a future expansion of the facility that would add a free-electron laser (FEL) to the facility, but is yet to be funded. At this point the 3 GeV ring along with the first few beam-lines has been opened for users to start their experiments. The smaller storage ring will not be opened for users until 2018. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18160937 |
Stanisław Smreczyński (1899–1975) was the founding father of the Department of Systematic zoology and Zoogeography of the Jagiellonian University. He was known for his contributions to contemporary understanding of early embryonic development of amphibians and insects as well as his expertise in Pleistocene and extant weevils (Curculionidae). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18164171 |
Zhou Peiyuan (; August 28, 1902 – November 24, 1993) was a Chinese theoretical physicist and politician. He served as president of Peking University, and was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Born in Yixing, Jiangsu, China, Zhou graduated from Tsinghua University in 1924. Then he went to the United States and obtained a bachelor's degree from University of Chicago in Spring of 1926, and a master's degree at the end of the same year. In 1928, he obtained his doctorate degree from California Institute of Technology under Eric Temple Bell with thesis "The Gravitational Field of a Body with Rotational Symmetry in Einstein's Theory of Gravitation". In 1936, he studied general relativity under Albert Einstein in the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton. He did his post-doc researches in quantum mechanics at University of Leipzig in Germany and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. He was a professor of physics at Peking University, and later served as the president of the University. He was elected as a founding member of CAS in 1955. Tsinghua University's Zhou Pei-Yuan Center for Applied Mathematics is named in his honor. In 2003, a bronze statue of Zhou was unveiled on the campus of Peking University. Zhou's most famous work is the transport equation of Reynolds stress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18166526 |
Clas Bjerkander (23 September 1735, Skara – 1 August 1795) was a Swedish meteorologist, botanist, and entomologist. A Lutheran pastor, Bjerkander studied at the University of Uppsala. With Anders Dahl he wrote "Svenska Topographiska Sällskapet i Skara" ("Schwedische topographische Gesellschaft zu Skara") and, as sole author several short scientific papers on Microlepidoptera. Taxa named for him include In 1778, Bjerkander was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18180097 |
Siderophilic bacteria are bacteria that require or are facilitated by free iron. They may include "Vibrio vulnificus", "Listeria monocytogenes", "Yersinia enterocolica", "Salmonella enterica" (serotype Typhimurium), "Klebsiella pneumoniae" and "Escherichia coli". One possible symptom of haemochromatosis is susceptibility to infections from these species. Certain non-bacterial microorganisms such as "Rhizopus arrhizus" and "Mucor" may also be siderophilic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18180411 |
Telescoping generations can occur in parthenogenetic species, such as aphids or other life forms that have the ability to reproduce without ovum fertilization. This occurrence is characterized by a viviparous female having a daughter growing inside her that is also parthenogenetically pregnant with a daughter cell. This pattern of reproduction can also occur in certain mites that are not parthenogenetic, e.g. "Adactylidium", in which the young hatch and mate within the mother, eating her from the inside and then escaping; in some species the males never escape, and in others they die shortly afterwards. However, the resulting inbreeding has consequences much like those of parthenogenesis, and the females are not actually pregnant on hatching but become pregnant before emerging into free living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18182366 |
Photodissociation region Photodissociation regions (or photon-dominated regions, or PDRs) are predominantly neutral regions of the interstellar medium in which far ultraviolet photons strongly influence the gas chemistry and act as the most important source of heat. They occur in any region of interstellar gas that is dense and cold enough to remain neutral, but that has too low a column density to prevent the penetration of far-UV photons from distant, massive stars. A typical and well-studied example is the gas at the boundary of a giant molecular cloud. PDRs are also associated with HII regions, reflection nebulae, active galactic nuclei, and Planetary nebulae. All the atomic gas and most of the molecular gas in the galaxy is found in PDRs. The study of photodissociation regions began from early observations of the star-forming regions Orion A and M17 which showed neutral areas bright in infrared radiation lying outside ionised HII regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18193302 |
K-Poincaré algebra In physics and mathematics, the κ-Poincaré algebra, named after Henri Poincaré, is a deformation of the Poincaré algebra into a Hopf algebra. In the bicrossproduct basis, introduced by Majid-Ruegg its commutation rules reads: Where formula_4 are the translation generators, formula_5 the rotations and formula_6 the boosts. The coproducts are: The antipodes and the counits: The κ-Poincaré algebra is the dual Hopf algebra to the κ-Poincaré group, and can be interpreted as its “infinitesimal” version. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18193964 |
Paul S. Anderson (born February 3, 1938) is an American chemist. He worked at Merck, DuPont-Merck, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. was born February 3, 1938 in Concord, Vermont, and grew up in Swanton, Vermont. He attended Highgate High School, then went on to attend the University of Vermont, receiving his B.S. in chemistry in 1959. He then studied at the University of New Hampshire, receiving his Ph.D. in chemistry in 1963. He briefly accepted a post-doctoral fellowship with Jerrold Meinwald at Cornell University. Anderson accepted a senior research position at the Merck, Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories. In 1995 he received the E. B. Hershberg Award from the American Chemical Society for his work on medicinally-active substances. Other significant awards include the Perkin Medal in 2002, the NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society in 2003 and the Priestley Medal in 2006. He was the 1997 President of the American Chemical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18195037 |
Stilb (unit) The stilb (sb) is the CGS unit of luminance for objects that are not self-luminous. It is equal to one candela per square centimeter or 10 nits (candelas per square meter). The name was coined by the French physicist André Blondel around 1920. It comes from the Greek word "stilbein" meaning "to glitter". It was in common use in Europe up to World War I. In North America self-explanatory terms such as candle per square inch and candle per square meter were more common. The unit has since largely been replaced by the SI unit: candela per square meter. The current national standard for SI in the United States discourages the use of the stilb. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18195589 |
Ribonucleoside A ribonucleoside is a type of nucleoside including ribose as a component. An example is cytidine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18199450 |
Grindometer A grindometer is a device used to measure the particle size of suspensions, typically inks such as those used in printing, or paints. It consists of a steel block with a channel of varying depth machined into it, starting at a convenient depth for the type of suspension to be measured, and becoming shallower until it ends flush with the block's surface. The depth of the groove is marked off on a graduated scale next to it. The suspension to be tested is poured into the deep end of the groove, and scraped towards the shallow end with a flat metal scraper. At the point where the depth of the groove equals the largest particles in the suspension, irregularities (for example pinholes in an ink sample) will become visible. The advantages of this method are that it uses a small sample and gives a very quick indication of the high end of the particle size distribution, allowing production processes to be followed in real time. The following standards are relevant on conjunction with the use of grindometers: ASTM D 1210, ASTM D 1316, JIS K 5600-2-5, ISO 1524, EN ISO 1524, BS 3900-C6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18207727 |
Doushantuo type preservation The preservational mode of the Doushantuo formation involves very early phosphatisation on a cellular level - with cells being replaced by phosphate before they degrade. The mode of preservation is typically found in shallow, high energy waters, as lenses of phosphate in carbonate rocks. Its occurrence is assisted by high concentrations of phosphate, which are presumably led to precipitate around the degradation products of cells and cell walls. Cells are preserved at a cellular level, with arguments that sub-cellular structures may even represent cell nuclei. Although the preservational window is open pretty continually from about through most of the Cambrian, it tends to preserve microscopic things, such as embryos and bacteria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18229389 |
Tussock grasslands of New Zealand Tussock grasslands form expansive and distinctive landscapes in the South Island and to a lesser extent in the central plateau region of the North Island of New Zealand. Most of the plants referred to as tussocks are in the genera "Carex", "Chionochloa", "Festuca", and "Poa". What would be termed "herbfields" for European mountains, and bunchgrass meadows in North America, are referred to as tussock herbfields in New Zealand due to a dominance of this type of plant. Species of the genus "Chionochloa" dominate in these areas. The larger tussocks are called snow grass (or less commonly as snow tussocks) and may grow up to 2 metres in height. They grow slowly and some specimens are estimated to be several centuries old. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18240273 |
List of quasiparticles This is a list of quasiparticles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18242141 |
Morley Kare Dr. Morley Richard Kare (1922–1990) was a physiologist and biologist. Morley Richard Kare was born in 1922 in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He received his bachelor's degree in agriculture from the University of Manitoba in 1943, his master’s in nutrition from the University of British Columbia in 1948 and his Ph.D. in physiology from Cornell University in 1952. Dr. Kare taught physiology at Cornell University, North Carolina State University and the University of Pennsylvania. Although his early research focused on muscle biochemistry and metabolism, he became increasingly interested in the senses of taste and smell and how these senses contribute to nutrition and food choice across species. Kare is best remembered for founding the Monell Chemical Senses Center, a multidisciplinary basic research institute devoted to the science of taste and smell, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He served as the Center’s first Director from 1968 until his death in 1990, at which point Dr. Gary Beauchamp took over. In his memory, the Monell Center created the Morley R. Kare Fellows Fund in 1990. The Fund helps support scientists beginning careers in the chemical senses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18247348 |
Combinatorial biology In biotechnology, combinatorial biology is the creation of a large number of compounds (usually proteins or peptides) through technologies such as phage display. Similar to combinatorial chemistry, compounds are produced by biosynthesis rather than organic chemistry. This process was developed independently by Richard A. Houghten and H. Mario Geysen in the 1980s. allows the generation and selection of the large number of ligands for high-throughput screening. techniques generally begin with large numbers of peptides, which are generated and screened by physically linking a gene encoding a protein and a copy of said protein. This could involve the protein being fused to the M13 minor coat protein pIII, with the gene encoding this protein being held within the phage particle. Large libraries of phages with different proteins on their surfaces can then be screened through automated selection and amplification for a protein that binds tightly to a particular target. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18259841 |
Improvision is a software developer based in Coventry, England. The company is the developer of Confocal, live cell imaging solutions and image analysis software for 2D, 3D and 4D imaging. was founded in 1990 by Ken Salisbury, Andrew Waterfall and John Zeidler. was acquired by PerkinElmer on 2 April 2007, in a cash transaction. The company is based in Coventry, England, and it develops and sells scientific imaging equipment and software including confocal microscopy systems and image analysis software (Volocity) for the Life Sciences industry. In 2004, was runner-up in the Apple Design Awards for Best Mac OS X Scientific Computing Solution for their Volocity 2.6.1 software release. In 2002, it was a winner in the annual Lord Stafford Awards for Innovation. In April 2000, received a Queen's Award for Enterprise, the highest honour which can be given to a UK company, in recognition of outstanding achievement in export sales. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18263923 |
Intron-encoded endonuclease I-SceI Intron-encoded endonuclease I-Sce I is a homing endonuclease. The enzyme is used in biotechnology as a meganuclease. It recognises an 18-base pair sequence TAGGGATAACAGGGTAAT and leaves a 4 base pair 3' hydroxyl overhang. It is a rare cutting endonuclease. Statistically an 18-bp sequence will occur once in every 6.9*10 base pairs (a frequency of 1 in 4). This sequence does not normally occur in a human or mouse genome. I-SceI is coded by introns. It is present in the mitochondria of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18267886 |
Group (stratigraphy) A group in stratigraphy is a lithostratigraphic unit, a part of the geologic record or rock column that consists of defined rock strata. Groups are generally divided into individual formations. Groups may sometimes be divided into "subgroups" and are themselves sometimes grouped into "supergroups". Some well known groups of northwestern Europe have in the past also been used as units for chronostratigraphy and geochronology. These are the Rotliegend and Zechstein (both of Permian age); Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk, and Keuper (Triassic in age); Lias, Dogger, and Malm (Jurassic in age) groups. Because of the confusion this causes, the official geologic timescale of the ICS does not contain any of these names any longer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18310979 |
Stellarium A stellarium is a three-dimensional map of the stars, typically centered on Earth. They are common fixtures at planetariums, where they illustrate the local deep space out to perhaps 50 light years. Older examples were normally built using small colored balls or lights on support rods (painted black to make them less obvious), but more recent examples use a variety of projection techniques instead. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18312794 |
Tadeusz Baranowski (chemist) Tadeusz Baranowski (September 13, 1910 in Lwów – March 23, 1993 in Wrocław) was a Polish chemist. From 1965 to 1968 he was the rector of "Wrocław Medical University". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18327548 |
Mieczysław Biernacki Mieczysław Kwiryn Biernacki (March 30, 1891 – November 21, 1959) was a Polish mathematical chemist. He fought in World War I in the French Army and later in the forces of Polish general Józef Haller. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18327668 |
Stanisław Biniecki (July 29, 1907 in Sławno – May 3, 1999) was a Polish chemist. He discovered Todralazine in 1964 and Gapicomine in 1970. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18327725 |
Kazimierz Boratyński (born July 30, 1906 in Gródek – December 8, 1991 in Wrocław) was a Polish chemist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18328075 |
Michał Abramowicz (1884 – 1965) was an Azerbaijani-Soviet geologist of Polish origin. He was born and died in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan and was a member of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18328126 |
Giant resonance is a high-frequency collective excitation of atomic nuclei, as a property of many-body quantum systems. In the macroscopic interpretation of such an excitation in terms of an oscillation, the most prominent giant resonance is a collective oscillation of all protons against all neutrons in a nucleus. In 1947, G. C. Baldwin and G. S. Klaiber observed the giant dipole resonance (GDR) in photonuclear reactions, and in 1972 the giant quadrupole resonance (GQR) was discovered, and in 1977 the giant monopole resonance (GMR) was discovered in medium and heavy nuclei. Giant dipole resonances may result in a number of de-excitation events, such as nuclear fission, emission of neutrons or gamma rays, or combinations of these. Giant dipole resonances can be caused by any mechanism that imparts enough energy to the nucleus. Classical causes are irradiation with gamma rays at energies from 7 to 40 MeV, which couple to nuclei and either cause or increase the dipole moment of the nucleus by adding energy that separates charges in the nucleus. The process is the inverse of gamma decay, but the energies involved are typically much larger, and the dipole moments induced are larger than occur in the excited nuclear states that cause the average gamma decay. High energy electrons of >50 MeV may cause the same phenomenon, by coupling to the nucleus via a "virtual gamma photon", in a nuclear reaction that is the inverse (i.e., reverse) of internal conversion decay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18332975 |
Hiroshi Inoue Inoue's botanical publications are from Japan. He described or recognized many species of liverworts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18333986 |
Edwin J. Vandenberg (September 13, 1918 – 2005) was a chemist at Hercules Inc. and a researcher at Arizona State University. Vandenberg is best known for his work at Hercules in the 1950s through the 1970s that included the independent discovery of isotactic polypropylene and the development of Ziegler-type catalysts. The Vandenberg catalyst is named after him. This catalyst is an aluminoxane, prepared from an alkyl-aluminium and water, used as a catalyst in the manufacture of polyether elastomers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18335428 |
Pressure melting point The pressure melting point is the temperature at which ice melts at a given pressure. The pressure melting point is nearly a constant 0 °C at pressures above the triple point at 611.7 Pa, where water can exist in only the solid or liquid phases, through atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) until about 10 MPa. With increasing pressure above 10 MPa, the pressure melting point decreases to a minimum of −21.9 °C at 209.9 MPa. Thereafter, the pressure melting point rises rapidly with pressure, passing back through 0 °C at 632.4 MPa. Glaciers are subject to geothermal heat flux from below and atmospheric warming or cooling from above. As the pressure increases with depth in a glacier from the weight of the ice above, the pressure melting point of ice decreases within bounds, as shown in the diagram. The level where ice can start melting is where the pressure melting point equals the actual temperature. In static equilibrium conditions, this would be the highest level where water can exist in a glacier. It would also be the level of the base of an ice shelf, or the ice-water interface of a subglacial lake. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18344791 |
Photoinduced phase transitions Photoinduced phase transition is a process to the nonequilibrium phases generated from an equilibrium by shining on high energy photons, and the nonequilibrium phase is a macroscopic excited domain that has new structural and electronic orders quite different from the starting ground state (equilibrium phase). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18353210 |
Juan Ismael Calzada is a Mexican botanist and collector. Dr Calzada is credited with the discovery of the elm "Ulmus ismaelis", named in his honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18363233 |
Walter R. Gross Walter Robert Gross (20 August 1903 – 9 June 1974) was a German palaeontologist. During his career, Gross made important studies on prehistoric fishes. He was the graduate mentor to paleontologists Hans-Peter Schultze and Klaus Fahlbusch. The genus "Grossopterus" was named in Gross' honor by fellow paleontologist Leif Størmer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18371500 |
Crystal chemistry is the study of the principles of chemistry behind crystals and their use in describing structure-property relations in solids. The principles that govern the assembly of crystal and glass structures are described, models of many of the technologically important crystal structures (Zinc Blende, Alumina, Quartz, Perovskite) are studied, and the effect of crystal structure on the various fundamental mechanisms responsible for many physical properties are discussed. The objectives of the field include: Topics studied are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18388283 |
Joseph Kriechbaumer (21 March 1819, Tegernsee- 2 May 1902), Munich was a German entomologist who specialised in Hymenoptera especially Ichneumonidae. A Dr.phil. Kriechbaumer was Kurator (Director) of the Munich Natural History Museum (Zoologische Staatssammlung München). His son Anton Kriechbaumer (1849-1935) was also an entomologist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18395739 |
Bermuda Weather Service The is Bermuda's national meteorological service. It provides public, marine, tropical and aviation weather forecasts as well as warnings and climatolological services. The service began operations under contract from the Department of Airport Operations, Ministry of Transport and Tourism, in 1995. Prior to that, the island's meteorological services were provided by a US Navy base on the island. Official website | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18398279 |
Geroch group The is an infinite-dimensional symmetry group of axisymmetric, stationary vacuum spacetimes that are solutions of Einstein's equations of general relativity. It is generated by two non-commuting subgroups: the Matzner–Misner group (after Richard Alfred Matzner and Charles W. Misner) of linear combinations (with constant coefficients) of the two Killing vector fields associated with the spacetime's axisymmetry and stationarity, and the Ehlers group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18400317 |
Naturhistorieselskabet - the Society for Natural History - was a private society that was the only institution to offer education in natural history in Denmark in the late 18th century. The spirit of the Age of Enlightenment and an escalating agricultural crisis, led the king and the Danish elite to call foreign experts on economy, including botany and silviculture, to the country. The autonomous University of Copenhagen, on the other hand, was reluctant to employ foreign experts in little-established disciplines. was formed in 1788 in order to ensure education in botany, zoology and mineralogy based on private funds. For example, Martin Vahl lectured in botany. After the appointment in 1795 of a professor in geology and in 1797 one in botany, the society gradually lost its importance. It was soon abolished and its collections donated to the state (much later united with the university collections). Wagner, P.H. 2001. Institutionaliseringen af botanik og geologi i Danmark-Norge i det 18. århundrede (colloquium). Institut for Videnskabshistorie. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18400577 |
Chelating resin Chelating resins are a class of ion exchange resins. They are almost always used to bind cations. They utilize chelating agents covalently attached to a polymer matrix. Chelating resins have the same bead form and polymer matrix as usual ion exchangers. Their main use is for preconcentration of metal ions in a dilute solution. Chelating resins operate similarly to ordinary ion exchange resins. Most chelating resins are polymers (copolymers to be precise) with reactive functional groups that chelate to metal ions. The variation in chelating resins arises from the nature of the chelating agents pendant from the polymer backbone. Dowex chelating resin A-1, also known as Chelex 100, is based on iminodiacetic acid in a styrene-divinylbenzene matrix. Dowex A-1 is available commercially and is widely used to determine general properties of chelating resins such as rate determining step and pH dependence, etc. Dowex A-1 is produced from chloromethylated styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer via amination with aminodiacetic acid. Poly metal chelating resin has almost negligible affinity to both alkali and alkaline earth metals; small quantities of resin can be utilized to concentrate trace metals in natural water systems or biological fluids, in which there are three or four orders of magnitude greater alkali and alkaline earth metal concentration than the trace metal concentrations. Other functional groups bound to chelating resins are aminophosphonic acids, thiourea, and 2-picolylamine | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18400581 |
Chelating resin Soil contaminated with heavy metals including radionuclides is mitigated primarily using chelating resins. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18400581 |
Eurasian Astronomical Society (EAAS) is a scientific society, which comprises professional astronomers from the former Soviet republics, Europe, Israel and United States. It was founded in 1990. The governing bodies are placed in Moscow at the State Astronomical Institute named after P.K. Shternberg. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18423237 |
TRACER (cosmic ray detector) Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation (TRACER) is a balloon flown cosmic ray detector built and designed at the University of Chicago. The detector is designed to measure the energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei with atomic numbers between five and twenty-six (boron to iron). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18428527 |
Pacific Research Laboratories Pacific Research Laboratories, Inc. (PRL) is a design, research and development (R&D) and prototype manufacturing company. It is the leading producer of Sawbones, designed to simulate bone architecture and a bone’s physical properties. It was founded in 1978. The company had 135 employees as of April 2016 and is the largest manufacturer in Vashon, Washington. It is locally referred to as "The Bone Factory." PRL has capabilities in (R&D) prototypes, short run production, and rapid prototyping. It is the manufacturer for Seaglider fairings, wings and rudders; Seaglider is an underwater glider autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) developed by the University of Washington. PRL also manufactures Super Shroud cell tower concealment shrouds. The company also works in product development and design, including quick-turnaround projects using urethanes, silicones, glass/carbon fibers, braided fiberglass, thermoplastics, electronics, hydraulics, and pneumatics; the creation of prototypes, master patterns, and tooling; reverse engineering; laser scanning; and manufacturing using 3D printing, 3-axis CNC router, 4-axis CNC machining, and a triaxial fiberglass braider. In December 2010, became employee owned under an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18441713 |
Tepetate (Spanish "tepetate"; Nahuatl "tepetlatl") is a Mexican term for a geological horizon, hardened by compaction or cementation, found in Mexican volcanic regions. Tepetates at the surface are problematic for agriculture, because of their hardness, poor drainage, and poor fertility. When tepetates lie under the soil, they present a risk for erosion and landslides, because water runs off laterally, rather than being absorbed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18454996 |
Moschellandsbergite is a rare isometric mineral made up of a silver-white amalgam of mercury and silver with the chemical makeup AgHg. It was first described in 1938 and named after Moschellandsberg Mountain near Obermoschel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is considered a low-temperature hydrothermal mineral which occurs with metacinnabar, cinnabar, mercurian silver, tetrahedrite–tennantite, pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18455109 |
GRB 070125 is a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that occurred on 2007 January 25. It is unique in that it did not occur in a galaxy, but in intergalactic space. This is unusual, since this type of GRB are caused by hypernovae of young massive stars, which usually means having to reside in a galaxy, as almost all stars are formed in galaxies, particularly high mass ones. It has a redshift of 1.55, which equals to a light travel distance of 9.5 billion years. It is theorized that the star formed in the tidal tail resulting from the interaction of two nearby galaxies, deep in intergalactic space. A month after it was detected, the Large Binocular Telescope observed a 26th magnitude optical afterglow from the gamma ray burst. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18475290 |
Absorption edge An absorption edge, absorption discontinuity or absorption limit is a sharp discontinuity in the absorption spectrum of a substance. These discontinuities occur at wavelengths where the energy of an absorbed photon corresponds to an electronic transition or ionization potential. When the quantum energy of the incident radiation becomes smaller than the work required to eject an electron from one or other quantum states in the constituent absorbing atom, the incident radiation ceases to be absorbed by that state. For example, incident radiation on an atom of a wavelength that has a corresponding energy just below the binding energy of the K-shell electron in that atom cannot eject the K-shell electron. Siegbahn notation is used for notating absorption edges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18482489 |
Beard and Chuang model The is a well known and leading theoretical force balance model used to derive the rotational cross-sections of raindrops in their equilibrium state by employing Chebyshev polynomials in series. The radius-vector of the raindrop's surface formula_1 in vertical angular direction formula_2 is equal to formula_3, where shape coefficients formula_4 are defined for the raindrops with different equivolumetric diameter as in following table The description of raindrop shape has some rather practical uses. Understanding rain is particularly important with regard to the propagation of electromagnetic signals. A portion of atmosphere that has rain in it, or a rain cell, has the characteristic of attenuating and de-polarizing EM signals that pass through it. The attenuation of such a signal is approximately proportional to the square of the frequency of the signal, and the de-polarization is proportional to the shape distribution of raindrops in the rain cell. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18483373 |
Brighter than a Thousand Suns (book) Brighter than a Thousand Suns: A Personal History of the Atomic Scientists, by Austrian Robert Jungk, is the first published account of the Manhattan Project and the German atomic bomb project. The book studied the making and dropping of the atomic bomb from the viewpoints of the atomic scientists. The book is largely based on personal interviews with persons who played leading parts in the construction and deployment of the bombs. In 1956 the book was published in German by Alfred Scherz Verlag with the title "Heller als tausend Sonnen". James Cleugh translated it into English, and it was published in 1958 by Harcourt, Brace and Company. The book's title is based on the verse from the Bhagavad Gita that J. Robert Oppenheimer is said to have recalled at the Trinity nuclear test. Later in life Robert Jungk no longer stood behind some portions of his book. In a forward published in a 1990 book on Germany's wartime atomic research he appeared to accuse Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker and Werner Heisenberg, both of whom he consulted during the writing, of misleading him about the intentions of German physicists during World War II. In a 1967 interview, the military head of the Manhattan Project, General Leslie Groves, said: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18489571 |
Amateur chemistry or home chemistry is the pursuit of chemistry as a private hobby. is usually done with whatever chemicals are available at disposal at the privacy of one's home. It should not be confused with clandestine chemistry, which involves the illicit production of controlled drugs. Notable amateur chemists include Oliver Sacks and Sir Edward Elgar. shares its early history with that of chemistry in general. Pioneers of modern chemistry such as Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier were gentlemen scientists who pursued their research independently from their source of income. Only with the coming of the industrial era, and the rise of universities as research institutions, did any significant distinction between amateurs and professionals emerge. Nevertheless, amateur progress lasted well into the 19th century. For example, in 1886, Charles Martin Hall co-invented the Hall-Héroult process for extracting aluminium from its oxide whilst working in a woodshed behind his family home. The history of amateur chemistry ties in well with that of chemistry in general. The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis to the various branches of chemistry. These processes include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18504176 |
Amateur chemistry Throughout much of the 20th century, amateur chemistry was an unexceptional hobby, with high-quality chemistry sets readily available, and laboratory suppliers freely selling to hobbyists. For example, Linus Pauling had no difficulty in procuring potassium cyanide at the age of eleven. However, due to increasing concerns about terrorism, drugs, and safety, suppliers became increasingly reluctant to sell to amateurs, and chemistry sets were steadily toned down. This trend has gradually continued, leaving hobbyists in many parts of the world without access to most reagents. Whilst the hobby is probably legal in most jurisdictions, the relationship between amateur chemists and law enforcement agencies is often fraught. Hobbyists are often affected by laws intended to fight drugs and terrorism. Furthermore, many chemical supply houses refuse to sell to amateurs, with such policies sometimes being stated openly. In Canada, a wide range of basic laboratory reagents such as nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide are restricted as "explosives precursors". German amateur chemists have been raided by the police, despite not being in the possession of illegal chemicals. In the United States, some regions have stringent regulations concerning the ownership of chemicals and equipment. For example, Texas once required the registration of even the most basic laboratory glassware. However, this requirement was repealed on June 6, 2019 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18504176 |
Amateur chemistry United Nuclear, an amateur science supplier based in New Mexico was raided at the behest of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, and subsequently fined $7,500 for "Selling Illegal Fireworks Components". The United States Drug Enforcement Administration maintains lists regarding the classification of illicit drugs, which contain chemicals that are used to manufacture the controlled substances/illicit drugs. The lists are designated within The Controlled Substances Act, , paragraphs 34 (list I) and 35 (list II). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18504176 |
Brewer–Dobson circulation is a model of atmospheric circulation, proposed by Alan Brewer in 1949 and Gordon Dobson in 1956, which attempts to explain why tropical air has less ozone than polar air, even though the tropical stratosphere is where most atmospheric ozone is produced. It is a simple circulation model that posits the existence of a slow current in the winter hemisphere which redistributes air from the tropics to the extratropics. The is driven by atmospheric waves and may be speeding up due to climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18506435 |
The Natural History of Iceland () is a natural history of Iceland by Danish lawyer Niels Horrebow. It was published in Danish in 1752, with an English translation in 1758. The book was intended to correct errors in past natural histories of Iceland, particularly the work of Hamburg mayor Johann Anderson, who had written about the island without ever actually visiting it. Anderson had relied entirely on accounts from German and Dutch sea captains, but Horrebow lived in Iceland for two years, studying the animals, plants, weather, and geological features. He also made note of the cultural practices of the Icelandic people. Horrebow's resulting work was published in Danish in 1752, then translated into German (1753), Dutch (1754), English (1758) and French (1764). "The Natural History of Iceland" is often noted for its seventy-second chapter, "Concerning Snakes", which, in its English translation, consists solely of one sentence: Several works of English literature make light of this brief passage. For example, James Boswell's "Life of Johnson" (1791) relates how Samuel Johnson bragged to a friend that he could recite the chapter in its entirety. And William Morris' utopian novel "News From Nowhere" (1890) contains a short chapter called "Concerning Politics", in which a resident of "Nowhere" tells the narrator, "We are very well off as to politics,—because we have none. If you ever make a book out of this conversation, put this in a chapter by itself, after the model of old Horrebow's Snakes in Iceland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18509998 |
The Natural History of Iceland " The original Danish version of the chapter on snakes was actually a full paragraph, rather than just one sentence. It was a direct response to a paragraph in Johann Anderson's book, which claimed that snakes could not survive the cold of Iceland. Horrebow's full chapter was translated into English in an 1870 issue of "Notes and Queries": Although the contributor to "Notes and Queries" remarked that "Horrebow's chapter is ... not so ridiculous as generally supposed", the earlier English translation of the chapter is still much better-known. The phrase "snakes in Iceland" is listed in the "Oxford English Dictionary", where it is traced to the 1758 translation and defined as "something posited only to be dismissed as non-existent". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18509998 |
Maurice Emile Marie Goetghebuer (1876–1962) was a Belgian entomologist. He concentrated on Diptera, especially the Chironomidae. Photo of Goetghebuer | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18518015 |
Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) also known as fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is a method used for finding lead compounds as part of the drug discovery process. Fragments are small organic molecules which are small in size and low in molecular weight. It is based on identifying small chemical fragments, which may bind only weakly to the biological target, and then growing them or combining them to produce a lead with a higher affinity. FBLD can be compared with high-throughput screening (HTS). In HTS, libraries with up to millions of compounds, with molecular weights of around 500 Da, are screened, and nanomolar binding affinities are sought. In contrast, in the early phase of FBLD, libraries with a few thousand compounds with molecular weights of around 200 Da may be screened, and millimolar affinities can be considered useful. FBLD is a technique being used in research for discovering novel potent inhibitors. This methodology could help to design multitarget drugs for multiple diseases.The multitarget inhibitor approach is based on designing an inhibitor for the multiple targets. This type of drug design opens up new polypharmacological avenues for discovering innovative and effective therapies. Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s, among others, also show rather complex etiopathologies. Multitarget inhibitors are more appropriate for addressing the complexity of AD and may provide new drugs for controlling the multifactorial nature of AD, stopping its progression. <ref name="DOI: 10.1002/cem | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18526787 |
Fragment-based lead discovery 2556"></ref> In analogy to the rule of five, it has been proposed that ideal fragments should follow the 'rule of three' (molecular weight < 300, ClogP < 3, the number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors each should be < 3 and the number of rotatable bonds should be < 3). Since the fragments have relatively low affinity for their targets, they must have high water solubility so that they can be screened at higher concentrations. In fragment-based drug discovery, the low binding affinities of the fragments pose significant challenges for screening. Many biophysical techniques have been applied to address this issue. In particular, ligand-observe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods such as water-ligand observed via gradient spectroscopy (waterLOGSY), saturation transfer difference spectroscopy (STD-NMR), F NMR spectroscopy and inter-ligand Overhauser effect (ILOE) spectroscopy, protein-observe NMR methods such as H-N heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) that utilises isotopically-labelled proteins, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and Microscale Thermophoresis (MST) are routinely-used for ligand screening and for the quantification of fragment binding affinity to the target protein. Once a fragment (or a combination of fragments) have been identified, protein X-ray crystallography is used to obtain structural models of the protein-fragment(s) complexes | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18526787 |
Fragment-based lead discovery Such information can then be used to guide organic synthesis for high-affinity protein ligands and enzyme inhibitors. Advantages of screening low molecular weight fragment based libraries over traditional higher molecular weight chemical libraries are several. These include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18526787 |
George Wulff George (Yuri Viktorovich) Wulff () (22 June 1863, Nizhyn (Russian Empire, nowadays Ukraine) – 25 December 1925, Moscow) was a Russian crystallographer. The Wulff construction, Wulff net, Wulff-Bragg's condition and the mineral wulffite are named after him. Wulff was one of the first to experiment with X-ray crystallography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18534557 |
Henrik Nikolai Krøyer (22 March 1799 – 14 November 1870) was a Danish zoologist. Born in Copenhagen, he was a brother of the composer Hans Ernst Krøyer. He started studying medicine at the University of Copenhagen in 1817, which he later changed to history and philology. While a student, he was a supporter of the Philhellenic movement, and he participated as a volunteer in the Greek War of Independence along with several fellow students. Upon his return to Denmark, Krøyer gained an interest in zoology. In 1827, he took the position as assistant teacher in Stavanger, where he met, and later married, Bertha Cecilie Gjesdal. Bertha's sister, Ellen Cecilie Gjesdal, was deemed unfit to bring up her child, so Henrik and Bertha adopted the boy, who took on the name Peder Severin Krøyer, and later became a well-known painter. Krøyer returned to Copenhagen in 1830 where he was employed as a teacher in natural history at the Military Academy. As the course lacked a textbook, Krøyer wrote and published " (1833). During his career he often travelled along the coasts of Denmark where he studied marine life, especially fish and crustaceans, and this resulted in his main work " ("The Fish of Denmark", 3 volumes, 1838-1853). Krøyer also founded the journal "Naturhistorisk tidsskrift", for which he served as editor and to which he contributed numerous articles. During his life he visited most of the coasts of Western Europe as well as Newfoundland | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18537302 |
Henrik Nikolai Krøyer But his health eventually deteriorated and in 1869 he had to take his leave of his position of head of the Natural Museum of Copenhagen which he had held since 1847. He gained the title of professor in 1853. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18537302 |
Takasi Tokioka At least a dozen species are named in his honor, including these below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18542343 |
Roberto Merlin Roberto D. Merlin is an Argentine physicist and Peter A. Franken Collegiate Professor of Physics and Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Michigan. He is known, among other things, for his work on quasiperiodic superlattices, squeezed phonons, and, most recently, for the discovery of "superfocusing", a method for creating lenses that can surpass the diffraction limit without using negative refraction materials. was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He received his master's degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1973 and his doctorate from the University of Stuttgart in 1978. His graduate advisor was Professor Manuel Cardona. After a postdoctoral position in the group of Professor Miles V. Klein at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he joined the Physics faculty of the University of Michigan in 1980. In 1985 he was promoted to associate professor, and then professor in 1989. From 1993 to 1996, Merlin served as Associate Chair for Research and Facilities of the Department of Physics. In 2000, he received a joint appointment to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. He is now the director of the Optical Physics Interdisciplinary Laboratory. Merlin is a fellow of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, the von Humboldt Foundation, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In 2006 he received the Frank Isakson Prize for Optical Effects in Solids from the American Physical Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18556981 |
Roberto Merlin Merlin does a variety of interdisciplinary work, mostly related to condensed matter physics. He has done research on Raman spectroscopy, rare-earth magnet semiconductors, superconductors, superlattices, ultrafast lasers, intercalated graphite, and negative refraction. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18556981 |
Inuit astronomy The Inuit have traditional names for many constellations, asterisms and stars. A number of these constellations overlap with, or can be found within, more commonly known western constellations: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18561915 |
NGC 5879 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation Draco. The galaxy was discovered in 1788 by William Herschel. It is a member of the NGC 5866 Group. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18563380 |
Histolysis is the decay and dissolution of organic tissues or of blood. It is sometimes referred to as histodialysis. In cells, histolysis may be caused by uracil-DNA degradation. Origin: New Latin, from Greek (histos) tissue + (lusis) dissolution from to loosen, dissolve. Increase in histolysis has been found to correspond with the phase of insect metamorphosis in which metabolism is decreasing. in this context is thought to be initiated by a changed hormonal balance presumably by causing a disturbed respiratory metabolism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18571333 |
Cabalzarite is a rare arsenate mineral with formula: (Ca(Mg,Al,Fe)[AsO]·2(HO,OH). It is a member of the tsumcorite group. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system and typically occurs as clusters of crystals or granular aggregates. It was first described for samples from an abandoned manganese mine in Falotta, Graubünden, Switzerland and named for Swiss amateur mineralogist Walter Cabalzar. It was approved as a new mineral by the IMA in 1997. It has also been reported from the Aghbar mine in Ouarzazate Province, Morocco. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18582351 |
Gwihabaite is a rare ammonium potassium nitrate mineral (NH,K)(NO). It is orthorhombic in form, colorless with a vitreous luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 5 and a specific gravity of 1.77. It is deliquescent and water-soluble. The mineral is also known as "nitrammite". It was first described in 1996 for an occurrence in Gcwihaba Caves (Drotsky's Cavern, type locality), Maun, North-West District, Botswana. It occurs as incrustations and efflorescences on cave surfaces formed by bacterial action on bat guano. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18583336 |
Mr. Freeze (Dr. Victor Fries) is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Dave Wood and artist Sheldon Moldoff, he first appeared in "Batman" #121 (February 1959) as the ice-based criminal Mr. Zero, but he was soon renamed "Mr. Freeze". Years later, his origin story was revamped to match the one conceived by writer Paul Dini for "". Dr. Victor Fries was a cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was caught in a laboratory mishap while attempting to cure his terminally ill wife, Nora; the accident drastically lowered his body temperature to sub-zero levels, forcing him to wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive. This depiction of has since endured as one of the superhero Batman's most recurring enemies and belongs to the collective of adversaries that make up his central rogues gallery. IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked as #67. The character has been portrayed in live-action by George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach in the "Batman" television series; by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 film "Batman & Robin"; and by Nathan Darrow on the Fox crime series "Gotham". He has also been voiced by Michael Ansara in the DC animated universe, by Clancy Brown in "The Batman", and by Maurice LaMarche in the "" video game franchise. Originally called Mr. Zero, he was renamed and popularized by the 1960s "Batman" television series, in which he was played by several actors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze Nearly 30 years later, a television adaptation of Batman revitalized him once again. "" retold Mr. Freeze's origin in "", an episode by writer Paul Dini. The episode introduced his terminally ill, cryogenically frozen wife Nora, which explained his obsession with ice and need to build a criminal empire to raise research funds. This more complex, tragic character was enthusiastically accepted by fans, and has become the standard portrayal for the character in most forms of media, including the comic book series itself, which previously had the character casually killed off by the Joker. Freeze was resurrected in the comic after the episode aired. The episode was seen as groundbreaking for a Saturday morning cartoon and helped set the tone for the rest of the series. This backstory was also made canon in the comics and has been the character's official origin in almost every incarnation of Batman until September 2011, when The New 52 rebooted DC's continuity. Elements of this origin story were incorporated into the 1997 film "Batman & Robin", in which he was portrayed by Arnold Schwarzenegger. From the time of his first appearance in 1959, was portrayed as one of many "joke" villains (see also Killer Moth) cast as stock enemies of Batman. He was originally called Mr. Zero, but the producers of the 1960s "Batman" television series renamed him and portrayed Batman addressing him as "Dr. Art Schivel", and the name quickly carried over to the comic books | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze The actors who portrayed were George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach. In the Pre-"Crisis" continuity, it is explained that is a rogue scientist whose design for an "ice gun" backfires when he inadvertently spills cryogenic chemicals on himself, resulting in him needing sub-zero temperatures to survive. Freeze was revamped using a history similar to the one created by Paul Dini for "Batman: The Animated Series". Dr. Victor Fries, Ph.D. (surname pronounced "freeze") was a brilliant cryogenicist. As a child, he was fascinated with cryonic preservation, so he begins freezing animals. His parents are horrified by his "hobby" and send him to a strict boarding school, where he is miserable and feels detached from humanity. In college, he meets a woman named Nora, whom he ultimately marries. Nora contracts a fatal illness 1½ years after Bruce Wayne becomes Batman, so Fries begins developing a freeze ray for GothCorp in order to preserve her in suspended animation until a cure can be found. Fries' boss Ferris Boyle decides to tell the mob about the gun, leading Batman to create a team of specialists to help him do his job better. As Fries puts Nora in suspended animation, Boyle interrupts and tampers with the experiment, resulting in an explosion that kills Nora. Fries survives, but the chemicals in the freeze ray lower his body temperature to the point that he must wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze He swears revenge on those responsible for the death of his wife (whom he talks to often), and becomes Mr. Freeze, the first superpowered villain whom Batman faces in this continuity. Eventually, Batman's operatives find Freeze, who shoots one of them with his freeze gun, but Batman eventually apprehends him. Initially locked in Arkham Asylum, Freeze was eventually transferred to the Gotham State Penitentiary, from where he escaped and attempted to steal technology from S.T.A.R. Labs until he was stopped and returned to prison by Batman. Freeze's crimes tend to involve freezing everyone and everything that he encounters so he never forges alliances with the other criminals in Gotham, preferring to work alone. On rare occasions, he has worked with another member of Batman's rogues gallery, usually as an enforcer for Gotham's mob bosses, such as the Penguin during his or Black Mask during the of Jason Todd. In one of his notable team-ups, Freeze constructs a cryogenic machine for Hush so that Hush might take revenge on Batman, Freeze's equipment allowing Hush to preserve Catwoman's surgically removed heart to use as a means of threatening her life. After Batman's death, most of the Arkham inmates were by a new Black Mask. Freeze was among them and he started working on a project called Ice-X Protocol when the GCPD tried to capture him. He stunned them with his gun and captured Gordon, taking him to his secret lair. Gordon managed to break free and defeat Freeze by causing an explosion that weakened Freeze | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze After his capture, Freeze was taken to Iron Heights prison. During his time with the Secret Society of Super Villains, he fashions a sub-zero machine for Nyssa al Ghul in exchange for the use of her Lazarus Pit. He attempts to restore Nora to life without waiting for the adjusting needed in the pool chemicals; she returns to life as the twisted Lazara and escapes. She blames her husband for her plight, and she estranges herself from him. In September 2011, "The New 52" rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, during the "Night of the Owls" crossover, the Court of Owls sends assassins known as Talons to kill 40 of the most important citizens of Gotham, including Mr. Freeze. The Red Hood, Starfire and Arsenal choose to save him, and subsequently remand him into Batgirl's custody. "Batman Annual" (vol. 2) #1 introduces a new origin for Mr. Freeze. Here, Victor Fries' fascination with cryonics began when he was a boy and his mother fell through the ice of a frozen lake. The ice was able to keep her preserved long enough for help to arrive, thus sparking his lifelong obsession with the cold. It is later revealed that the accident left Fries' mother in constant pain, and Fries ended her suffering by pushing her into the same frozen lake. In this new origin, Nora was never Fries' wife. Her name was Nora Fields, a woman born in 1943. When Nora was 23, she was diagnosed with incurable heart disease, so her family placed her in cryogenic stasis hoping that a cure would be found in the future | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze Fries, having written his doctoral thesis on Nora, took on a position as a cryogenic researcher and technician at Wayne Enterprises, the facility that housed Nora's body. Eventually, he fell in love with Nora and became dedicated to finding a reliable method for slowly thawing cryogenic subjects. However, Bruce Wayne ordered the project to be shut down, as he began to feel uncomfortable with Fries' obsession with Nora. Furious, Fries hurled a chair at Wayne, who dodged the attack; the chair smashed into an array of cryonic chemical tanks, the contents of which sprayed onto Fries and transformed him into Mr. Freeze. The Court of Owls uses Freeze's cryogenic-thaw formula to revive their Talons, and then they try to kill him. Freeze survives but is captured by the Red Hood and sent to Arkham Asylum. He escapes shortly afterward and rearms himself with the Penguin's help. Freeze decides to kill Bruce Wayne and takes Nora, whom he believes to be his wife so that they can leave Gotham City behind forever. Infiltrating Wayne Enterprises, Freeze has a brief fight with Nightwing and Robin, but he subdues them. Then, Freeze goes to the penthouse, where he finds Batman and the frozen Nora. Batman defeats by injecting his suit with the thawing formula, which he had intended to use to revive Nora from suspended animation. During the "Forever Evil" storyline, appears as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains at the time when the Crime Syndicate arrived from their world | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze The Scarecrow later visits to let him know of the war going on at Blackgate Penitentiary. The Man-Bats are able to bring the remaining Talons to after Man-Bat and Scarecrow steal them from Blackgate. and Clayface later encounter the Rogues when they land in their territory. tells Mirror Master II he is not interested in capitalizing on the bounty on their heads, only to use Weather Wizard to create optimal conditions for him to freeze Gotham. As the Rogues are fighting the two, Black Mask (alongside his False Face society) arrives to capture the Rogues to receive the bounty. In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock", is among the villains that attend the underground meeting held by Riddler that talks about the Superman Theory. When Comedian crashes the meeting, Mr. Freeze's helmet is punctured by a bullet shot by an unseen combatant. In the "Ends of the Earth" story arc of "All-Star Batman", Freeze has awoken many people that have been held in cryogenic stasis—using them as an army to steal resources for his research to cure his wife Nora, himself, and all of these people—and plans to release deadly bacteria held in one of the world's oldest ice cores to make a new world, but Batman has injected himself with a cold-resistant virus that becomes airborne when his skin is exposed and is able to kill the spores. Like most Batman villains, plans his crimes about a specific theme; in his case, ice, snow and cold. He freezes areas around him using special weapons and equipment, most notably a handheld "Freeze gun" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze and His refrigeration power suit grants him superhuman strength and durability, making him a powerful villain in Batman's Rogues' gallery. In the "Underworld Unleashed" storyline, the demon Neron grants the ability to generate subzero temperatures, no longer needing his freeze gun or refrigeration power suit. However, after his encounter with Green Lantern, Donna Troy, and Purgatory in Central Park, he reverted to his original subzero biology. He then gained a new subzero armor and weaponry. appears in the comic book adaptation of "Smallville", partnered with the Prankster of Intergang. He agrees to work for Intergang in order to fund Nora's treatment. Freeze is betrayed by Prankster, however, and is defeated by Batman and Green Arrow. In "Blackhawk", appears as a robot that is controlled by Doctor Thurman. Based in the DC Animated Universe, is part of a group of ice-themed villains called the "Cold Warriors" that tried to overthrow a small African nation. The Cold Warriors appear in "Justice League Adventures" #12 (December 2002). Based in the DC Super Friends universe, is part of a group of ice-themed villains called the "Ice Pack" that encased a city in ice and snow. The Ice Pack appears in "DC Super Friends" #16 (August 2009). In the alternate timeline of "Flashpoint", attacks the S.T.A.R. Labs in Central City to find a cure for his wife Nora. However, Citizen Cold attacks and uses his cold gun to freeze Mr. Freeze's body | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze tries to escape on robotic legs, but Citizen Cold freezes him to death and tells him that Nora is dead. This version of is a friend of Fallout's and pursues revenge against Citizen Cold for murdering him. It is later revealed that radiation produced by Fallout is the cure was searching for. During the Rotworld storyline where Swamp Thing traveled to an alternate Earth afflicted by a mutating plague, was mentioned to be an inmate in Arkham, not making attempts to escape out of Batman's false claims of implanting him with explosives. In the "" reality, despite his cell still being kept cold for him, Freeze did not stay locked inside Arkham after clashing with Batman. Instead, he remained surprisingly low-key during Superman's Regime, remaining in hiding for five years before being captured by Killer Croc. Detained in a prison in the sewers of Gotham, Freeze was soon rescued by Harley Quinn and her Joker Clan. In the crossover comic, was mutated into a humanoid mutant polar bear by Shredder. Victor Fries appears in the 2017 series "". In this series, Victor Fries has retired from his criminal lifestyle to focus on curing his wife's disease. It is later revealed that, due to his unique, cryogenically-dependent physiology, Fries's aging had been slowed considerably, and that his father was a member of the Nazi SS during the Second World War, but acted as a double agent, allowing America to stay one step ahead of Germany on the scientific front | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Mr. Freeze As a result of this, a massive freeze cannon was constructed beneath a lighthouse off the coast of Gotham City. The superweapon is discovered by Neo-Joker (the second Harley Quinn who felt that by taking pills to retain his sanity, Jack Napier was destroying the most beautiful part of himself) and is used to freeze most, if not all, of Gotham. Freeze is able to reverse the effects with the aid of Batgirl. It is also revealed that Fries had been contacted by Batman in an attempt to secure the villain's aid to save the life of Alfred Pennyworth, but unfortunately, their efforts were in vain. also appears in several "Batman" video games: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18588727 |
Cafarsite (Ca(Ti,Fe,Fe,Mn)(AsO)·4HO) is a rare calcium iron arsenite mineral. Manganese and titanium occur with iron in the formula. It was first described in 1966 for an occurrence in the Binn Valley, Valais, Switzerland. Its name is from the composition, "ca"lcium, "f"errum (iron), and "ars"enic. It has also been reported from Piedmont, Italy and the Hemlo gold mine in the Thunder Bay District, Ontario, Canada. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18591272 |
Bioelectronics is a field of research in the convergence of biology and electronics. At the first C.E.C. Workshop, in Brussels in November 1991, bioelectronics was defined as 'the use of biological materials and biological architectures for information processing systems and new devices'. Bioelectronics, specifically bio-molecular electronics, were described as 'the research and development of bio-inspired (i.e. self-assembly) inorganic and organic materials and of bio-inspired (i.e. massive parallelism) hardware architectures for the implementation of new information processing systems, sensors and actuators, and for molecular manufacturing down to the atomic scale'. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, defined bioelectronics in a 2009 report as "the discipline resulting from the convergence of biology and electronics". Sources for information about the field include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) with its Elsevier journal Biosensors and published since 1990. The journal describes the scope of bioelectronics as seeking to : "... exploit biology in conjunction with electronics in a wider context encompassing, for example, biological fuel cells, bionics and biomaterials for information processing, information storage, electronic components and actuators. A key aspect is the interface between biological materials and micro- and nano-electronics | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18601295 |
Bioelectronics " The first known study of bioelectronics took place in the 18th century, when scientist Luigi Galvani applied a voltage to a pair of detached frog legs. The legs moved, sparking the genesis of bioelectronics. Electronics technology has been applied to biology and medicine since the pacemaker was invented and with the medical imaging industry. In 2009, a survey of publications using the term in title or abstract suggested that the center of activity was in Europe (43 percent), followed by Asia (23 percent) and the United States (20 percent). Organic bioelectronics is the application of organic electronic material to the field of bioelectronics. Organic materials (i.e. containing carbon) show great promise when it comes to interfacing with biological systems. Current applications focus around neuroscience and infection. Conducting polymer coatings, an organic electronic material, shows massive improvement in the technology of materials. It was the most sophisticated form of electrical stimulation. It improved the impedance of electrodes in electrical stimulation, resulting in better recordings and reducing "harmful electrochemical side reactions." Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECT) were invented in 1984 by Mark Wrighton and colleagues, which had the ability to transport ions. This improved signal-to-noise ratio and gives for low measured impedance | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18601295 |
Bioelectronics The Organic Electronic Ion Pump (OEIP), a device that could be used to target specific body parts and organs to adhere medicine, was created by Magnuss Berggren. As one of the few materials well established in CMOS technology, titanium nitride (TiN) turned out as exceptionally stable and well suited for electrode applications in medical implants. is used to help improve the lives of people with disabilities and diseases. For example, the glucose monitor is a portable device that allows diabetic patients to control and measure their blood sugar levels. Electrical stimulation used to treat patients with epilepsy, chronic pain, Parkinson's, deafness, Essential Tremor and blindness. Magnuss Berggren and colleagues created a variation of his OEIP, the first bioelectronic implant device that was used in a living, free animal for therapeutic reasons. It transmitted electric currents into GABA, an acid. A lack of GABA in the body is a factor in chronic pain. GABA would then be dispersed properly to the damaged nerves, acting as a painkiller. Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) is used to activate the Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathway (CAP) in the Vagus Nerve, ending in reduced inflammation in patients with diseases like arthritis. Since patients with depression and epilepsy are more vulnerable to having a closed CAP, VNS can aid them as well. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18601295 |
Bioelectronics At the same time, not all the systems that have electronics used to help improving the lives of people are necessarily bioelectronic devices, but only those which involve an intimate and directly interface of electronics and biological systems . The improvement of standards and tools to monitor the state of cells at subcellular resolutions is lacking funding and employment. This is a problem because advances in other fields of science are beginning to analyze large cell populations, increasing the need for a device that can monitor cells at such a level of sight. Cells cannot be used in many ways other than their main purpose, like detecting harmful substances. Merging this science with forms of nanotechnology could result in incredibly accurate detection methods. The preserving of human lives like protecting against bioterrorism is the biggest area of work being done in bioelectronics. Governments are starting to demand devices and materials that detect chemical and biological threats. The more the size of the devices decrease, there will be an increase in performance and capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18601295 |
Push moraine A push moraine or pushed moraine is in geomorphology a moraine (a landform formed by glacial processes) that forms when the terminus advance of a lowland glacier pushes unstratified glacial sediment into a pile or linear ridge in front of it. A push moraine is identified by its ability to push sediment upwards from its original horizontal position. Push moraines are limited in size by the advance of a glacier front and its tendency to shear over the top of any ridge large enough to resist the movement of ice. Pushed moraines generally occur in low, flat plains at higher latitudes and were formed during the glacial stages of the Quaternary ice age. They can be up to 100 km long and several hundreds of metres in height. Pushed moraines can be found in the North American plains, in Siberia and in Northern Europe. They were formed during cool, glacial stages, when glaciers advanced and covered large parts of North America and Eurasia. In some regions pushed moraines of more than one glacial stage can be recognised, or different generations from a single glacial phase. Since new glacial advances tend to destroy older pushed moraines, most were formed during the last (110,000 to 10,000 years ago) or second-last (238,000 to 128,000 years ago) glacial advances. Today push moraines can be found anywhere an advancing glacier is pushing sediment into a ridge at the terminus. Examples can be found in Alaska. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18603260 |
Chavicine is an alkaloid found in black pepper and other species of the genus "Piper". It is one of the four geometric isomers of piperine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18617894 |
International Journal of Biometeorology The is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes original research papers, review articles, and short communications on studies examining the interactions between living organisms and factors of the natural and artificial physical environment. The journal is published by Springer Science+Business Media on behalf of the International Society of Biometeorology, its scope includes the fields of Earth and environmental science, life sciences, animal physiology, plant physiology and environmental medicine/environmental psychology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18646738 |
IC 1838 (also known as MCG+03-08-002 or LEDA 10389) is a spiral galaxy of type Sc. It lies in the Taurus constellation, 471 million light years away from Earth. It has a diameter of 13,046.5 light years and a thickness of 1,304.7 light years. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18653648 |
Marjan Mashkour () received her Ph.D. in zooarchaeology in Paris (2001) and is a member of CNRS. She is the first Iranian to specialize in the field of zooarchaeology and has been engaged in many field and laboratory projects in Iran and the Near East. PhD Thesis (2001, University of Paris I-Sorbonne): ""Chasse et élevage du Néolithique à l’Âge du Fer dans la plaine de Qazvin (Iran). Étude archéozoologique des sites de Zagheh, Qabrestan et Sagzabad"", (""Hunting and farming from the Neolithic to the Iron Age in the plain of Qazvin (Iran). Archaeozoological study sites Zagheh, and Qabrestan Sagzabad"") Mashkour has published widely on the archaeology of the Near-East, including editing 'Zooarchaeology of the Ancient Near East' with Mark Beech. Her research interest is late Paleolithic fauna of the Zagros Mountains and the domestication of the wild goat in Iran. Research in 2006 focussed on the role of pigs and boars on the ancient Iranian plateau. She has also published new collaborative research onto the origins of the donkey. Recent research has explored the domestication of dogs in the near east. As well as researching the physicality of ancient animals, Mashkour also researches how herds may have behaved in the ancient past. This leads into her wider research on palaeo-diet. This has led to further research looking at coat colour variation in ancient canids. She is helping the National Museum of Iran to establish a center for zooarchaeology and was involved in the setting up of the Zagros Paleolithic Museum | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18666703 |
Marjan Mashkour Places and areas that Mashkour has excavated or suveryed include: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18666703 |
Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines The Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Software (NOVAS) is a software library for astrometry-related numerical computations. It is developed by the Astronomical Applications Department, United States Naval Observatory. Currently, NOVAS has three different editions for C, Fortran, and Python, respectively. The algorithms used by NOVAS are based on vector astrometry theories and the IAU resolutions. Instead of using trigonometric formulae from spherical astrometry, NOVAS uses the matrix and vector formulation which is more rigorous. This version implements the resolutions on astronomical reference systems and Earth rotation models passed at the IAU General Assemblies in 1997, 2000, and 2006. According to the Astronomical Applications Department, the algorithms used in NOVAS are identical to those used in the production of the US part of the Astronomical Almanac. A detailed description of the algorithms can be found here: Kaplan, et al. (1989) "Astron. J." 97, 1197. The NOVAS library provides three levels of subroutines (functions): basic, utility, and supervisory. Basic-level subroutines supply the values of fundamental variables, such as the nutation angles and the heliocentric positions of solar system bodies for specific epoches. Utility-level subroutines perform transformations, such as those caused by precession, nutation and aberration | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18677318 |
Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines Supervisory-level subroutines serve as interfaces to the basic and utility subroutines to compute the coordinates of stars or Solar System bodies for specific dates and times. The NOVAS library can be linked by programs that work with positions of celestial bodies. For example, "Pocket Stars", an astronomy software for Smartphone and PDA platforms, used the NOVAS as its astrometry engine. The Python edition allows calling the NOVAS functions from Python. It is mostly feature complete with respect to the C edition, with a few exceptions, and shares the C edition's API. The current edition uses Python's foreign function library, ctypes. Future versions of the Python interface will add support for passing data via NumPy types (and therefore support vectorized operations), and present a more Pythonic interface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18677318 |
Paul Breslin is a geneticist and biologist. He is most notable for his work in taste perception and oral irritation, in humans as well as in "Drosophila melanogaster", the common fruit fly. He is a member of the faculty at the Monell Chemical Senses Center and acts as director of the Science Apprenticeship Program. He is a professor in the Department of Nutritional Sciences at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18682025 |
Calciborite Calciborite, CaBO, is a rare calcium borate mineral. It was first described in 1955 in the Novofrolovskoye copper–boron deposit, near Krasnoturinsk, Turinsk district, Northern Ural Mountains, Russia. It occurs in a skarn deposit formed in limestone adjacent to a quartz diorite intrusive. It occurs associated with: sibirskite (another rare calcium borate mineral), calcite, dolomite, garnet, magnetite and pyroxene. It has also been reported from the Fuka mine of Okayama Prefecture, Japan. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18684614 |
Ranunculetum fluitantis is one of the 24 Aquatic plant communities (A18) included in the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC). The vegetation type or community comprises stands of submerged vegetation dominated by clumps of River water crowfoot. Few other plants are found with any frequency among the denser stands but there can be "Myriophyllum"; "Potamogeton perfoliatus" and patches of moss on submerged stones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18689064 |
Arp 104 Arp 104, also known as Keenan's system, is entry 104 in Halton Arp's Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies catalog for spiral galaxy NGC 5216 and globular galaxy NGC 5218. The two galaxies are joined by a bridge of galactic material spanning 22 000 light years. In 1790 William Herschel discovered the galaxies, and in 1926 they were studied by Edwin Hubble. In 1935 Philip C. Keenan first published a paper about the bridge connecting the galaxies, which was rediscovered in 1958 at the Lick and Palomar observatories. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18690003 |
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