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Acervulus An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes). It has the form of a small cushion at the bottom of which short crowded conidiophores are formed. The spores escape through an opening at the top. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18692328 |
Sporodochium A sporodochium (pl. sporodochia) is a small, compact stroma (mass of hyphae) usually formed on host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Tuberculariales (subdivision Deuteromycota, class Hyphomycetes). This stroma bears the conidiophores on which the asexual spores or conidia are formed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18692401 |
Cerro Toro is a Cretaceous landform of the Magallanes Foreland in the Patagonian region of southeastern Chile. The is an element of the southern Andes and a product of the Andean orogeny, caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate. The formation of the began in the Jurassic. The Cueva del Milodón Natural Monument is situated on the southern flank of Cerro Benítez, a lower hill associated with the formation of Cerro Toro. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18697277 |
Kunio Yamazaki Dr. was a biologist who worked at the Monell Chemical Senses Center from 1980 until his death. Yamazaki is most notable for his extensive work with the major histocompatibility complex. He has worked with Dr. Gary Beauchamp, also of Monell, before. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18733535 |
Chen Hang (Traditional Chinese: 陳杭; Simplified Chinese: 陈杭) was born in 1931. She is a botanist and horticulturist. Chen was born in Guangde County, Anhui Province. In 1949, she studied in the Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University. In 1953, she graduated from the Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang Agricultural College (previous and current Zhejiang University. Chen has worked in Beijing for a long time. Chen is a main founder of the modern Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC; 北京蔬菜研究中心), and she is the current Director of the center. Chen is the Vice-president and a researcher of the Beijing Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (北京農林科學院/北京农林科学院). She is also a part-time professor at Zhejiang University. Chen is a director of the Chinese Horticultural Society. In 1990, Chen was awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal (Gold), by the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). She is the first Chinese to receive this honour. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18735389 |
Agustín Fernández Mallo (A Coruña, 1967) is a physicist and Spanish writer. He lives in Palma de Mallorca. He is a member of the so-called Nocilla Generation. Although he works as a physicist, he also collaborates with cultural magazines such as "Lateral", "Contrastes", "La Bolsa de Pipas", "La fábrica" and "Anónima". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18737402 |
Gliese 22 Gliese 22, also catalogued V547 Cassiopeiae, is a hierarchical star system approximately 33 light-years away in the constellation of Cassiopeia. The system consists of two red dwarf stars, Gliese 22A and Gliese 22B in an outer orbit of about 320 years, and a brown dwarf, Gliese 22C, which orbits Gliese 22A in about 16 years. As of 2008, it was announced that a possible extrasolar planet, Gliese 22B b, or brown dwarf orbits Gliese 22B but this is currently unconfirmed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18740252 |
Total fatty matter (TFM) is one of the most important characteristics describing the quality of soap and it is always specified in commercial transactions. It is defined as the total amount of fatty matter, mostly fatty acids, that can be separated from a sample after splitting with mineral acid, usually hydrochloric acid. The fatty acids most commonly present in soap are oleic, stearic and palmitic acids and pure, dry, sodium oleate has TFM 92.8%, while top quality soap noodles now increasingly used for making soap tablets in small and medium size factories, are typically traded with a specification TFM 78% min., moisture 14% max. But besides moisture, finished commercial soap, especially laundry soap, and also contains fillers used to lower its cost or confer special properties, plus emollients, preservatives, etc. and then the TFM can be as low as 50%. Fillers, which are usually dry powders, also make the soap harder, harsher on the skin and with greater tendency to become 'mushy' in water and so low TFM is usually associated with lower quality and hardness. In older days in Europe and in some countries now, soap with TFM 75% minimum was referred to as Grade 1 and 65% minimum as Grade 2 and less 60% as Grade 3. TFM should be 75% to 100% is referred as Grade 1 soap. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18740337 |
OneGeology is an international collaborative project in the field of geology supported by 113 countries, UNESCO and major global geoscience bodies. It is an International Year of Planet Earth flagship initiative that aims to enable online access to dynamic digital geological map of the world for everyone. The project uses the newly introduced GeoSciML markup language and initially targets a scale of approximately 1:1 million. Downstream uses could be to identify areas suitable for mining, oil and gas exploration or areas at risk from landslides or earthquakes, to help understanding of formations which store groundwater for drinking or irrigation, and to help locate porous rocks suitable for burying emissions of greenhouse gases. The project portal was launched on August 6, 2008 at the 33rd International Geological Congress (IGC) in Oslo, Norway. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18741849 |
Johan Lundström Dr. Johan N. Lundström (born 1973) is a Swedish biologist and psychologist. He was awarded his Ph.D. in 2005 from Uppsala University and is most notable for his chemosensory work, and currently works at the Monell Chemical Senses Center. His experiments involve the use of neuroimaging and testing of human behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18744801 |
Pockmark (geology) PockmarkAccording to the 'Glossary of Geology' (Bates and Jackson, 1987): "A concave crater-like depression of the type that occurs in profusion on mud bottoms across Scotian Shelf (King & McLean, 1970). They range in diameter from 15 to 45 meters and in depth from 5 to 10 meters. Pockmarks have also been found in the North Sea (Fannin, 1981) and elsewhere. Their origin is debatable." (Bates and Jackson, 1987, p. 514. Pockmarks were discovered off the coasts of Nova Scotia, Canada in the late 1960s by Lew King and Brian McLean of the Bedford Institute of Oceanography.They were discovered off Nova Scotia, using a new side scan sonar developed in the late 1960s by Kelvin Hughes. Before the two researchers King and McLean used the side scan sonar, they had noticed 'notches' on echo sounder and shallow seismic records in the seafloor off Nova Scotia. They believed these notches to represent gullies and curvilinear troughs in the muddy seafloor. However, they could never work out how to join these notches from one survey line to the next. It was, therefore, not before they surveyed with the area-coverage system, Side scan sonar, that they realized the notches were in fact closed depressions (craters) and not curvilinear features. This was a great surprise, because there are very few craters on the Earth's surface. Although pockmarks were first documented and published 50 years ago, they are currently still being discovered on the ocean floor and in many lakes, the world over | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18773514 |
Pockmark (geology) The craters off Nova Scotia are up to in diameter and deep. Pockmarks have been found worldwide. Discovery was aided by the use of high-resolution multibeam acoustic systems for bathymetric mapping. In these cases, pockmarks have been interpreted as the morphological expression of gas or oil leakage from active hydrocarbon system or a deep overpressured petroleum reservoir. Paull CK, Ussler W III (2008) Re-evaluating the significance of sea- floor accumulations of methanederived carbonates: seepage or erosion indicators? In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Gas Hydrates (ICGH 2008). Paper 5581 Petersen CJ, Biinz S, Hustoft S, :Mienert J, Klaeschen D (2010) High- resolution P-Cable 3D seismic imaging of gas chimney structures in gas hydrated sediments of an Arctic sediment drift. Mar Pet Geo127:1981-1994 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18773514 |
Seismic vibrator A seismic vibrator is a truck-mounted or buggy-mounted device that is capable of injecting low-frequency vibrations into the earth. It is one of a number of seismic sources used in reflection seismology. The ‘Vibroseis’ exploration technique (performed with vibrators) was developed by the Continental Oil Company (Conoco) during the 1950s and was a trademark until the company's patent lapsed. Today, seismic vibrators are used to perform about half of all seismic surveys on land. The largest seismic vibration truck in the world, known as 'Nomad 90’, weighs 41.5T and has a 90,000 lbf force. A seismic vibrator transforms the energy provided by a diesel engine into a vibration. It is performed by a shaker, a movable element that generates the vibration thanks to a piston-reaction mass device driven by an electrohydraulic servo valve. The shaker is applied to the ground for each vibration, then raised up so that the seismic vibrator can move to another vibrating point. Vibrator capability is defined by the maximum force it is capable to generate, called High Peak Force and measured in pound-force. To transmit a maximum force to the ground and prevent the shaker from bumping, part of the weight of the vibrator is applied to the shaker. The plot of Ken Follett's 1998 thriller "The Hammer of Eden" turns on the use of a stolen seismic vibrator truck by ecoterrorists. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18773592 |
Lyons Groups of Galaxies (or LGG) is an astronomical catalog of nearby groups of galaxies complete to a limiting apparent magnitude B0=14.0 with a recession velocity smaller than 5,500 km/s. Two methods were used in group construction: a percolation method derived from Huchra and Geller and a hierarchical method initiated by R. Brent Tully. The catalog is a synthesized version of the two results. The LGG includes 485 groups and 3,933 member galaxies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18786805 |
NOAA-13 NOAA-13, also known as NOAA-I, was a U.S. weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-I continues the third-generation operational, polar orbiting, meteorological satellite series operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the NOAA. continues the series of Advanced TIROS-N spacecraft begun with the launch of NOAA-8 in 1983. was launched on an Atlas E rocket on August 9, 1993 from Vandenberg Air Force Base. Just 12 days later on August 21, a short circuit occurred that prevented the solar array from charging the satellite's batteries. Later investigation determined the short-circuit was due to a screw that extended too far below an aluminum plate designed to dissipate heat, improperly making contact with a radiator plate that carried current, causing the short circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18787228 |
Sohan Lal Jain is an Indian paleontologist, who worked for many years at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata. The large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur genus "Jainosaurus", was named in his honour after it was identified as a distinct genus although initially thought to be a species of "Antarctosaurus". His other major contributions to paleontology were in the study of sauropod braincases and some fossil turtles. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18793433 |
Bernard de Wit Bernard Quirinus Petrus Joseph de Wit (born 1945 in Bergen op Zoom) is a Dutch theoretical physicist specializing in supergravity and particle physics. studied theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he got his PhD under supervision of Nobel Prize laureate Martinus Veltman in 1973. After postdoc stints in Stony Brook, Utrecht and Leiden, he became a staff member at National Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Physics (NIKHEF) in 1978, where became head of the theory group in 1981. In 1984 he became professor of theoretical physics at Utrecht University where he has stayed for the rest of his career. During the years, de Wit spent several periods at CERN as a visiting scientist in the Theory Division. He officially retired in 2010, but continues to engage in research. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18795607 |
Aggregate Spend is the process used in the United States to aggregate and monitor the total amount spent by healthcare manufacturers on individual healthcare professionals and organizations (HCP/O) through payments, gifts, honoraria, travel and other means. Also often referred to as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, this initiative is a growing body of federal and state legislations intended to collectively address all or some of the following goals: Organizations monitored include pharmaceutical, biotechnology and, in some states, medical device organizations. On September 6, 2007, Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) introduced the Physician Payments Sunshine Act of 2007 (S. 2029). In March 2008, Rep. Peter DeFazio (D-Oregon) and Rep. Pete Stark (D-California) introduced a slightly different companion bill in the House of Representatives. (H.R. 5605). These bills were reintroduced in 111th Congress as the Physician Payments Sunshine Act of 2009 (S. 301 and H.R. 3138), again by Senator Chuck Grassley and in the House of Representatives by Rep. Baron Hill (D-Indiana). The bills all aimed to replace the differing state legislations with a single law, common to all 50 states. According to Ashley Glacel, the press secretary for the Senate Aging Committee, whose chairman, Herb Kohl, co-sponsored the bill, the Senate bill is more expansive because it also include Medical Device makers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18797385 |
Aggregate Spend The bills would amend the Social Security Act "to provide for transparency in the relationship between physicians and manufacturers of drugs, devices, or medical supplies for which payment is made under Medicare, Medicaid, or SCHIP." The bill proposed that each quarter, beginning on January 1, 2008, companies or their agents which manufacture drugs, medical devices, or medical supplies would be required to disclose all payments over $25 in value made "to a physician, or to an entity that a physician is employed by, has tenure with, or has an ownership interest in". The bill would also require manufacturers to provide details on the date, value and nature of the payment, such as whether it was for "food, entertainment, or gifts", "trips or travel", "a product or other item provided for less than market value", "participation in a medical conference, continuing medical education, or other educational or informational program or seminar, provision of materials related to such a conference or educational or informational program or seminar, or remuneration for promoting or participating in such a conference or educational or informational program or seminar", "product rebates or discounts", "consulting fees or honoraria" or "any other economic benefit". Companies would be required to submit a summary report in electronic format. The proposed penalties for breaches were "not less than $10,000, but not more than $100,000", for each such failure | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18797385 |
Aggregate Spend The proposed federal law would undermine a stronger Vermont law if passed, according to state officials and advocacy groups. The reporting threshold under the proposed federal law is $500 - much higher than the $25 threshold found in a similar Vermont law passed five years ago. If passed, the federal bill would preempt the state law. In May 2008, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America stated that they supported a revised version of the bill, but only on condition of "the continued inclusion of the provision that preempts state law". In a media statement, the PhRMA president, Billy Tauzi,n stated that "PhRMA believes that preempting local and state marketing reporting or disclosure laws that have been enacted or are pending avoids a confusing myriad of local, state and federal requirements that confuse patients accessing the information and are overly burdensome and costly for those required to report." The federal bill was finally passed on March 21, 2010, as a provision under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care (PPAC) Act (https://www.cms.gov/LegislativeUpdate/downloads/PPACA.pdf), and several states — including California, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Maine, District of Columbia, West Virginia, Vermont and Nevada — have already passed their versions of the Sunshine Law. The federal law was due to go into effect from January 1, 2012, with the earliest reports (covering January - December 2012) mandated on or before March 31, 2013 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18797385 |
Aggregate Spend The penalties range from $10,000 to $100,000 for each violation, and can go up to $1 million. In February 2013 the planned dates for implementation were changed to: earliest reports to cover August - December 2013; submission by March 31, 2014. In February 2014 CMS (The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services) advised the planned submission dates and what would be submitted were changed. In essence this was because the required registration process, for those who would submit data and attest to the accuracy of that data, was not ready for use, nor were the supporting systems, people and processes for receiving the data On February 18, Open Payments registration and data submission for applicable manufacturers and applicable GPOs opened with a two-phased approach for the first reporting year of the new program: Phase 1 (February 18 through March 31) includes user registration in CMS’ Enterprise Portal (the gateway to CMS’ Enterprise Identity Management system (EIDM)) and submission of corporate profile information and summary aggregate 2013 (August - December) payment data. Phase 2 (begins in May and extends for no fewer than 30 days) includes industry registration in the Open Payments system, submission of detailed 2013( August - December) payment data, and legal attestation to the accuracy of the data | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18797385 |
Aggregate Spend After Phase 2 submission is complete, physicians and teaching hospitals will have the opportunity to register with OpenPayments and view the transactions reported under their name, prior to it being made available to the public. During this review period, any reported transactions may be disputed by the recipient. If a transfer of value is disputed, it will still be publicized, but remain flagged as disputed, until the dispute has been resolved. compliance has been affected by individual state law compliance, which requires healthcare manufacturers to address and collect distinct spend types to comply with disclosure requirements at the HCP/O aggregate level. Minnesota, West Virginia, Vermont, California, Nevada, and Washington D.C. all have some type of gift-giving limit or disclosure law. Starting in July 2009, Massachusetts and Vermont Gift Ban Law became active with bans of $5,000 and $10,000 per violation respectively. Other states are evaluating similar options as well. On June 29, 2011, the Maine legislature passed House Paper No. 530 which was subsequently signed into law by Governor LePage on July 8, 2011, effectively repealing Maine’s aggregate spend reporting requirements (22 MRSA §2698-A) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18797385 |
Fluid extract is a type of fluid-solid extraction, that usually employs Soxhlet Apparatus to extract certain compound with known solubility in a solvent. Some applications include extracting lipids from a plant (solid) using ethanol (liquid). In recent years this has expanded to include specialized extraction methodologies and equipment of a proprietary nature to ratio-intact extract multiple groups of compounds with discovered solubility in a solvent. This expansion has led to many successful applications such as extracting polysaccharides, resins and organic acids from a plant (solid) using glycerol (liquid). Fluid extracts are always permanent. They are concentrated. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18822050 |
Mirror furnace In a mirror furnace, material is heated by the lamps whose radiation is focused by mirrors. They are widely used for growing single crystals for scientific purposes, using the "floating zone" method. Solar furnace | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18848251 |
Stephan Swanson came to prominence as a marine researcher when he successfully placed the satellite transmitter on the famous Great white shark Nicole, the first great white shark ever to be tracked on a 20,000 kilometer migration from South Africa to Australia and back. Due to his ability to handle large marine predators, such as the great white shark, he was contracted as an expedition biologist to travel to Guadeloupe and place satellite transmitters on the dorsal fins of Great Whites. His historical capture and release of a 5m long, 1800 kilogram great white shark is documented in the National Geographic Marine Special "Ultimate Shark". Swanson is currently co-owner of False Bay White Shark Adventures (trading as Shark Explorers) which was established in 2008. They provide shark scuba diving excursions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18877204 |
Mount Aka (Yatsugatake) Mount Aka is a stratovolcano. This mountain is a center of the Yatsugatake-Chūshin Kōgen Quasi-National Park. There are several routes to reach to the top of Mount Aka. The most popular route is from Minoto. It takes about four and half hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18899092 |
GrADS The Grid Analysis and Display System (GrADS) is an interactive desktop tool that is used for easy access, manipulation, and visualization of earth science data. The format of the data may be either binary, GRIB, NetCDF, or HDF-SDS (Scientific Data Sets). has been implemented worldwide on a variety of commonly used operating systems and is freely distributed over the Internet. uses a 4-Dimensional data environment: longitude, latitude, vertical level, and time. Data sets are placed within the 4-D space by use of a data descriptor file. interprets station data as well as gridded data, and the grids may be regular, non-linearly spaced, Gaussian, or of variable resolution. Data from different data sets may be graphically overlaid, with correct spatial and time registration. It uses the "ctl" mechanism to join differing time group data sets. Operations are executed interactively by entering FORTRAN-like expressions at the command line. A rich set of built-in functions are provided, but users may also add their own functions as external routines written in any programming language. Data may be displayed using a variety of graphical techniques: line and bar graphs, scatter plots, smoothed contours, shaded contours, streamlines, wind vectors, grid boxes, shaded grid boxes, and station model plots. Graphics may be output in PostScript or image formats. provides geophysically intuitive defaults, but the user has the option to control all aspects of graphics output | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18899704 |
GrADS has a programmable interface (scripting language) that allows for sophisticated analysis and display applications. Scripts can display buttons and drop menus as well as graphics, and then take action based on user point-and-clicks. can be run in batch mode, and the scripting language facilitates using to do long overnight batch jobs. As of version 2.2.0, graphics display and printing are now handled as independent plug-ins. A C-language Python extension for called GradsPy was introduced in version 2.2.1. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18899704 |
Bionta is a defunct taxon created by Lee Barker Walton in 1930, to denominate all the living beings. It was divided up into three subkingdoms; Protistodeae, Metaphytodeae (multicellular plants), and Zoodeae (multicellular animals). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18913335 |
Fischer assay The is a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction. A 100 gram oil shale sample crushed to <2.38 mm is heated in a small aluminum retort to at a rate of 12°C/min (22°F/min), and held at that temperature for 40 minutes. The distilled vapors of oil, gas, and water are passed through a condenser and cooled with ice water into a graduated centrifuge tube. The oil yields achieved by other technologies are often reported as a percentage of the Fischer Assay oil yield. The original Fischer Assay test was developed in the early low temperature coal retorting research by Franz Joseph Emil Fischer and Hans Schrader. It was adapted for evaluating oil shale yields in 1949 by K. E. Stanfield and I. C. Frost. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18915587 |
NGC 6263 is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Hercules. It was discovered by Albert Marth on June 28, 1864. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18928599 |
Primordial isocurvature baryon model A primordial isocurvature baryon model (PIB model) is a theoretical model describing the development of the early universe. It may be contrasted with the cold dark matter model (CDM model). The PIB model was proposed in 1987 by Jim Peebles as an alternative to the CDM model, which does not necessitate the existence of exotic dark matter. PIB models, which ascribe all cosmic density perturbations to isocurvature modes, predict results that are inconsistent with the observational data. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18930968 |
Pomeranchuk cooling (named after Isaak Pomeranchuk) is the phenomenon in which liquid helium-3 will cool if it is compressed isentropically when it is below 0.3 K. This occurs because helium-3 has the unique property that solidification below 0.3 K requires pressure. This can be used to construct a cryogenic cooler. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18932382 |
Bad Science (Taubes book) Bad Science: The Short Life and Weird Times of Cold Fusion is book of science history by Gary Taubes about the early years (1989–1991) of the cold fusion controversy. This text is not a scholarly work, but a popular retelling of the events, based on interviews with over 260 people. The book presents a timeline of the events, making the case that the cold fusion field has many examples of poorly performed science. The actions of Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons, and Steven E. Jones, the scientists who made the dramatic first claims of fusion, are described in rich detail. The book then shows the worldwide reaction and later disrepute of the cold fusion field, with Taubes placing himself in the side of "good science". Taubes says at the end that cold fusion had only demonstrated that research can continue even if the phenomenon doesn't actually exist, as long as there is funding available. Taubes had previously written an article for "Science" in which he insinuates that the cold fusion work of A&M University was fraudulent. The book received a positive review in "American Journal of Physics". While observing that the book was "readable, suspenseful, and insightful", the reviewer criticized it for including too many footnotes (over 300), some of which were deemed unimportant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18949111 |
LBLRTM - The Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model is an accurate, efficient and highly flexible model for calculating spectral transmittance and radiance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18950062 |
Geography (from Greek: , "geographia", literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the Earth and planets. The first person to use the word γεωγραφία was Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE). is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. is often defined in terms of two branches: human geography and physical geography. Human geography deals with the study of people and their communities, cultures, economies, and interactions with the environment by studying their relations with and across space and place. Physical geography deals with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. The four historical traditions in geographical research are spatial analyses of natural and the human phenomena, area studies of places and regions, studies of human-land relationships, and the Earth sciences. has been called "the world discipline" and "the bridge between the human and the physical sciences". is a systematic study of the Universe and its features. Traditionally, geography has been associated with cartography and place names. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography Geographers study the space and the temporal database distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and its spatial patterns. as a discipline can be split broadly into two main subsidiary fields: human geography and physical geography. The former largely focuses on the built environment and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. The latter examines the natural environment, and how organisms, climate, soil, water, and landforms produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to a third field, environmental geography, which combines physical and human geography and concerns the interactions between the environment and humans. Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an Earth science. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere, and global flora and fauna patterns (biosphere). Physical is the study of earth's seasons, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and oceans. Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape the human society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography It encompasses the human, political, cultural, social, and economic aspects. Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include: Integrated geography is concerned with the description of the spatial interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the traditional aspects of physical and human geography, as well as the ways that human societies conceptualize the environment. Integrated geography has emerged as a bridge between human and physical geography, as a result of the increasing specialisation of the two sub-fields. Furthermore, as the human relationship with the environment has changed as a result of globalization and technological change, a new approach was needed to understand the changing and dynamic relationship. Examples of areas of research in environmental geography include: emergency management, environmental management, sustainability, and political ecology. Geomatics is concerned with the application of computers to the traditional spatial techniques used in cartography and topography. Geomatics emerged from the quantitative revolution in geography in the mid-1950s. Today, geomatics methods include spatial analysis, geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, and global positioning systems (GPS). Geomatics has led to a revitalization of some geography departments, especially in Northern America where the subject had a declining status during the 1950s | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography Regional geography is concerned with the description of the unique characteristics of a particular region such as its natural or human elements. The main aim is to understand, or define the uniqueness, or character of a particular region that consists of natural as well as human elements. Attention is paid also to regionalization, which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions. As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical cartography has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based geographic information systems (GIS). In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches: Cartography studies the representation of the Earth's surface with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science. Cartographers must learn cognitive psychology and ergonomics to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively, and behavioural psychology to induce the readers of their maps to act on the information. They must learn geodesy and fairly advanced mathematics to understand how the shape of the Earth affects the distortion of map symbols projected onto a flat surface for viewing | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography It can be said, without much controversy, that cartography is the seed from which the larger field of geography grew. Most geographers will cite a childhood fascination with maps as an early sign they would end up in the field. Geographic information systems (GIS) deal with the storage of information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer, in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose. In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand computer science and database systems. GIS has revolutionized the field of cartography: nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of GIS software. GIS also refers to the science of using GIS software and GIS techniques to represent, analyse, and predict the spatial relationships. In this context, GIS stands for "geographic information science". Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about Earth features from measurements made at a distance. Remotely sensed data comes in many forms, such as satellite imagery, aerial photography, and data obtained from hand-held sensors | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography Geographers increasingly use remotely sensed data to obtain information about the Earth's land surface, ocean, and atmosphere, because it: (a) supplies objective information at a variety of spatial scales (local to global), (b) provides a synoptic view of the area of interest, (c) allows access to distant and inaccessible sites, (d) provides spectral information outside the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and (e) facilitates studies of how features/areas change over time. Remotely sensed data may be analysed either independently of, or in conjunction with other digital data layers (e.g., in a geographic information system). Geostatistics deal with quantitative data analysis, specifically the application of statistical methodology to the exploration of geographic phenomena. Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including hydrology, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, urban planning, logistics, and epidemiology. The mathematical basis for geostatistics derives from cluster analysis, linear discriminant analysis and non-parametric statistical tests, and a variety of other subjects. Applications of geostatistics rely heavily on geographic information systems, particularly for the interpolation (estimate) of unmeasured points. Geographers are making notable contributions to the method of quantitative techniques. Geographic qualitative methods, or ethnographical research techniques, are used by human geographers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography In cultural geography there is a tradition of employing qualitative research techniques, also used in anthropology and sociology. Participant observation and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data. The oldest known world maps date back to ancient Babylon from the 9th century BC. The best known Babylonian world map, however, is the "Imago Mundi" of 600 BC. The map as reconstructed by Eckhard Unger shows Babylon on the Euphrates, surrounded by a circular landmass showing Assyria, Urartu and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" (Oceanus), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived. In contrast to the "Imago Mundi", an earlier Babylonian world map dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent. The ideas of Anaximander (c. 610–545 BC): considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the gnomon, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of latitude. Thales is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. The foundations of geography can be traced to the ancient cultures, such as the ancient, medieval, and early modern Chinese | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography The Greeks, who were the first to explore geography as both art and science, achieved this through Cartography, Philosophy, and Literature, or through Mathematics. There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the Earth is spherical in shape, with the credit going either to Parmenides or Pythagoras. Anaxagoras was able to demonstrate that the profile of the Earth was circular by explaining eclipses. However, he still believed that the Earth was a flat disk, as did many of his contemporaries. One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by Eratosthenes. The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to Hipparchus. He employed a sexagesimal system that was derived from Babylonian mathematics. The meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 (minutes). To measure the longitude at different locations on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for Ptolemy to construct detailed atlases. He extended the work of Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree. From the 3rd century onwards, Chinese methods of geographical study and writing of geographical literature became much more comprehensive than what was found in Europe at the time (until the 13th century) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography Chinese geographers such as Liu An, Pei Xiu, Jia Dan, Shen Kuo, Fan Chengda, Zhou Daguan, and Xu Xiake wrote important treatises, yet by the 17th century advanced ideas and methods of Western-style geography were adopted in China. During the Middle Ages, the fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the Islamic world. Muslim geographers such as Muhammad al-Idrisi produced detailed world maps (such as Tabula Rogeriana), while other geographers such as Yaqut al-Hamawi, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Ibn Battuta, and Ibn Khaldun provided detailed accounts of their journeys and the geography of the regions they visited. Turkish geographer, Mahmud al-Kashgari drew a world map on a linguistic basis, and later so did Piri Reis (Piri Reis map). Further, Islamic scholars translated and interpreted the earlier works of the Romans and the Greeks and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad for this purpose. Abū Zayd al-Balkhī, originally from Balkh, founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in Baghdad. Suhrāb, a late tenth century Muslim geographer accompanied a book of geographical coordinates, with instructions for making a rectangular world map with equirectangular projection or cylindrical equidistant projection. Abu Rayhan Biruni (976–1048) first described a polar equi-azimuthal equidistant projection of the celestial sphere | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography He was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping cities and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations, in order to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of latitude and longitude. He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the valleys, and expanse of the horizon. He also discussed human geography and the planetary habitability of the Earth. He also calculated the latitude of Kath, Khwarezm, using the maximum altitude of the Sun, and solved a complex geodesic equation in order to accurately compute the Earth's circumference, which was close to modern values of the Earth's circumference. His estimate of 6,339.9 km for the Earth radius was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km. In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two different locations, al-Biruni developed a new method of using trigonometric calculations, based on the angle between a plain and mountain top, which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference, and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography The European Age of Discovery during the 16th and the 17th centuries, where many new lands were discovered and accounts by European explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Marco Polo, and James Cook revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail, and more solid theoretical foundations in Europe. The problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location. The problem of latitude was solved long ago but that of longitude remained; agreeing on what zero meridian should be was only part of the problem. It was left to John Harrison to solve it by inventing the chronometer H-4 in 1760, and later in 1884 for the International Meridian Conference to adopt by convention the Greenwich meridian as zero meridian. The 18th and the 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete academic discipline, and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and Berlin). The development of many geographic societies also occurred during the 19th century, with the foundations of the Société de Géographie in 1821, the Royal Geographical Society in 1830, Russian Geographical Society in 1845, American Geographical Society in 1851, and the National Geographic Society in 1888. The influence of Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Ritter, and Paul Vidal de la Blache can be seen as a major turning point in geography from a philosophy to an academic subject | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Geography Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases: environmental determinism, regional geography, the quantitative revolution, and critical geography. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and botany, as well as economics, sociology and demographics have also grown greatly, especially as a result of earth system science that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18963910 |
Alan S. Kornacki Alan Stanley Kornacki (born May 4, 1952, in Bayonne, New Jersey) is an American geologist and retired Army colonel, currently the Senior Staff Geochemist at Shell International Exploration and Production Inc. He received a B.S. in Geology from University of Missouri–Rolla in 1974, before completing his M.S. and Ph.D. in Geology at Harvard University in 1984, on a Graduate Research Fellowship. His dissertation focused on refractory inclusions in Carbonaceous Chondrites. He began a career in the petroleum industry in 1985 when he joined Shell USA. In 1981, he was awarded the Nininger Meteorite Award, and in 2008 he was awarded a professional degree by University of Missouri–Rolla. Alan Kornacki is most known for his characterization of wax from deep water crude oil, an important obstacle in modern drilling and refining technology, and his research on new sources of hydrocarbons such as oil shale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18971312 |
JULES (Joint UK Land Environment Simulator) is a land-surface parameterisation model scheme describing soil-vegetation-atmosphere interactions. is a community lead project which is based on MOSES the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18992839 |
Phytomer Phytomers are functional units of a plant, continually produced by root and shoot meristems throughout a plant's vegetative life-cycle. The phytomer unit originates at the shoot (or root) apex, and a typical phytomer consists of a node to which a leaf is attached, a subtending internode, and an axillary bud at the base of the leaf. Each component of a phytomer can continue to differentiate and grow. Increases in a phytomer can be measured using the rate of phyllochron (rate of appearance of leaves on a shoot). Related to the phyllochron is the plastochron, which is the rate of leaf primordia initiation. Since many more leaf primordia are initiated than leaves develop, the plastochron develops at a much faster rate (sometimes as much as twice as quickly) as the phyllochron. Initially, a young plant will only produce phytomers at its apical meristems but later in development, secondary meristems will begin to form and phytomers will be formed on this lateral plant growth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19002387 |
IHS Markit Ltd is a London–based global information provider formed in 2016 with the merger of IHS Inc. and Markit Ltd. Some parts of this company are pre-1800. One part of this conglomerate originally was a firm that assigns IMO identification numbers for ships, companies and registered owners. It has since grown to incorporate other companies in the information services sector, many dating back to the late 1700s and 1800s. These include Cambridge Energy Research Associates, Global Insight, Jane's Information Group, Carfax, Inc., Prime Publications Limited, and John S. Herold, Inc. In 2016 Englewood, Colorado–based IHS and London-based Markit merged. Information Handling Services (IHS) "was founded in 1959 as Information Handling Services to provide information for aerospace engineers through microfilm databases." Jerre Stead was the chief executive from 2006 to 2013 and from 2015 until the merger with Markit. Markit was founded in 2003 as Mark-it Partners, a financial data provider for daily credit default swap pricing. The company grew via joint ventures and by acquiring other companies, merging with IHS in 2016. IHS's founding date refers to a 1959-initiated publication about microfilm begun by an Englewood, Colorado-based former RELX- precursor which Norman L. Cahners' 1945-initiated publishing empire, led by Modern Materials Handling acquired and expanded. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19035615 |
Dühring's rule The is a scientific rule developed by Eugen Dühring which states that a linear relationship exists between the temperatures at which two solutions exert the same vapour pressure. The rule is often used to compare a pure liquid and a solution at a given concentration. Dühring's plot is a graphical representation of such a relationship, typically with the pure liquid's boiling point along the x-axis and the mixture's boiling point along the y-axis; each line of the graph represents a constant concentration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19047741 |
NGC 1134 is a spiral galaxy in the Aries constellation. It has a highly inclined disk, with respect to the line of sight from Earth. There is a weak outer extension of the spiral structure in this galaxy. It has been listed in the Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies (Arp number 200), under the "Galaxies with material ejected from nuclei" section. is classified as a galaxy with reduced surface brightness, and it possesses a distinct bulge in its centre, as judged by photometric analysis. It has a small and distant companion about 7' to the south. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19063394 |
NGC 935 and IC 1801 are a pair of interacting galaxies within the Aries constellation. NGC 935 is the northern member of the pair and IC 1801 is the southern. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19065175 |
UGC 2140 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Aries. It was thought to be a compact group of galaxies, catalogued as HCG 18, but in 1999 the object was found to be a single galaxy with multiple star-forming regions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19065354 |
Niklaus Gerber (8 June 1850 – 9 February 1914) was a Swiss dairy chemist and industrialist. He was born in 1850 in Thun, Switzerland. He attended the University of Bern and University of Zurich, studied chemistry in Paris and Munich and spent 2 years at the Swiss-American Milk Co. in Little Falls, New York. In 1887, Gerber founded United Dairies of Zurich. At this time, the quality of raw milk was poor due to lack of hygiene. Further, dishonest dairymen would dilute raw milk with water and no means existed to effectively test the milk. In 1892, Dr. Gerber developed a method of analyzing fat content in milk in a relatively fast, simple and reliable manner for the time. Niklaus obtained a patent on this "Acid-Butyrometry," which came to be known as the "Gerber Method". Although the method was originally developed for use only by United Dairies, Dr. Gerber began to sell the equipment to milk processors globally and created a separate company to commercialise the Gerber Method. In 1904, Gerber founded the "Dr. N. Gerber's Acid-Butyrometry Ltd., Leipzig", which later merged with another entity to create "Dr. N. Gerber's m.b.H Zurich and Leipzig" to produce and develop the Gerber instruments. Gerber died in 1914. The Gerber method remains in wide use throughout much of the world. The Babcock test is similar and is more widely used in the United States. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19077833 |
2XMM J083026+524133 (2XMM J0830) is a very large galaxy cluster that lies 7.7 billion light-years away. It was discovered by chance by ESA's XMM Newton and the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) in Arizona in 2008 while it was looking at the quasar APM 08279+5255. As of 2008, it was the largest known galaxy cluster at red shift z ≧ 1, weighing in at an estimated 10 solar masses. However, galaxy cluster XMMXCS 2215-1738 is several billion light years farther away. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19079366 |
Kyriakos Tamvakis (; born in 1950) is a Greek theoretical physicist and professor at the University of Ioannina. studied at the University of Athens and gained his Ph.D. at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA in 1978. His thesis title was "Induced Boson Selfcouplings In Four Fermion And Yukawa Theories". Since then he has held several positions at CERN’s Theory Division in Geneva, Switzerland. He has been Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Ioannina, Greece, since 1982. Professor Tamvakis has published more than 100 articles on theoretical high-energy physics in various journals and has written two textbooks in Greek, on quantum mechanics and on classical electrodynamics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19079639 |
Licensed to Kill? The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Shoreham Power Plant, a 1998 book by Joan Aron, presents the first detailed case study of how an activist public and elected officials of New York state opposed the Shoreham Nuclear Power Plant on Long Island. The book explains that nuclear power faltered when "public concerns about health, safety, and the environment superseded other interests about national security or energy supplies". Aron argues that the Shoreham closure resulted from the collapse of public trust for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the entire nuclear industry. For Aron, the unwillingness of the Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO) management to consider true public interest in the debate resulted in "the loss of the goodwill of its customers". Also, the willingness of LILCO to press on with plans for Shoreham despite changes in the economics of nuclear power and market demand "reflected a basic failure of foresight". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19082332 |
John Loveday (physicist) Dr. John Stephen Loveday is an experimental physicist working in high pressure research. He was educated at Coopers School in Chislehurst and at the University of Bristol, from where he took his PhD in Physics. He currently works as a Reader in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. Loveday is considered one of the pioneers of neutron diffraction at high pressure and was a founder member of the Paris–Edinburgh high-pressure neutron diffraction collaboration. His specialism is in techniques for high-pressure neutron scattering and examining the application of these techniques for investigating structures and transitions in planetary ices, hydrates, water and other simple molecular systems. He is the author of more than seventy papers and his work on the behaviour of clathrate hydrates at high pressure and their relevance to models of planetary bodies including Titan was published in "Nature" and has been highly cited. In 2004 he helped establish the Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, where he works with Andrew D. Huxley and Paul Attfield. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19090834 |
Critical Masses Critical Masses: Opposition to Nuclear Power in California, 1958–1978 is the first detailed history of the anti-nuclear movement in the United States, written by Thomas Wellock. It is also the first state-level research on the subject with a focus on California. Reviewer Paula Garb has said: The book is rich with vivid verbal pictures and the passionate voices of participants on all sides of the controversy around the peaceful atom. It is based on interviews, documents from state and federal archives, and activist papers. Wellock brings to this project the expertise of a former engineer for civilian and navy nuclear reactors, a thorough archivist, and a sensitive interviewer. The central argument of the book is that the anti-nuclear movement played a key part in the Californian nuclear power demise up to 1978. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19101081 |
Alfred Kohn (22 February 1867 – 15 January 1959) was the head of the Institute of Histology at the Medical Faculty of German University in Prague for 26 years. He entered the history of medicine by discovery of the nature and origin of parathyroid glands and by pioneering research into chromaffin cells and sympathetic paraganglia. Kohn's papers on the pituitary, interstitial cells of testes, and ovaries are also related to endocrinology. All his studies are based on descriptive and comparative histological and embryological observations. Kohn was twice the dean of German Medical Faculty, and a member or honorary member of many important scientific societies. He was repeatedly nominated for Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine. For his Jewish origin he was expelled from Deutsche Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften und Künste für die Tschechoslowakische Republik in 1939 and transported to Terezin (Theresienstadt) ghetto in 1943. After the war he lived in Prague. On the occasion of his 90th birthday he was elected honorary president of Anatomische Gesellschaft and awarded by the Czechoslovak Order of Labour. died in 1959. He was one of the outstanding personalities that Prague gave to the world of science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19105502 |
Paul Hahnel (17 April 1843, Schlegenburg in Leobsanütz, Silesia - 12 May 1887, Manicore) He collected Lepidoptera and Coleoptera in Venezuela (1877/79) and made two Amazon expeditions the first 1879-1884) and the second, with Otto Michael 1885/87). His collection was sold to Otto Staudinger and Andreas Bang-Haas Based on Hahnel's collection of frogs from Yurimaguas, Peru, George Albert Boulenger described eight new species and named one of them, "Ameerega hahneli", after him. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19119392 |
Otto Michael (1859 - 1934) was a German explorer, zoologist and entomologist. He made three expeditions to the Amazon, 1885-1888 (until 1887 accompanied by Paul Hahnel ), 1889–1893 and 1894-1921, collecting mainly Lepidoptera for the dealership Otto Staudinger Andreas Bang-Haas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19119498 |
Silylium ion A silylium ion is a reactive silyl-containing cation with the formula . With three rather than the usual four bonds to Si, silylium ions are the silicon analogues of carbenium ions. They can be viewed as protonated silylenes. Early efforts to generate these cations produced salts of the pyridine complex [(CH)Si-NCH], the hydride-bridged species [(EtSi)H], and the toluene complex [(mes)Si(toluene)]. Well-characterized silylium salts with well-defined three-coordinate silicon cations trimesitylsilylium and tris(pentamethylphenyl) . These cations are related to trityl (), with the extra methyl groups providing steric protection, compensating for the greater size of Si vs C. Its Si NMR chemical shift is 225.5 ppm, downfield of TMS, which indicates that the cation is quite "naked". Trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (MeSiOTf), normally considered a source of electrophilic silicon, has a Si NMR shift of 43 ppm. Salts of and have been crystallized with the carborane [HCBMeBr] and decaborate [BCl], respectively. Weakly coordinating anions are essential for the isolation of these highly electrophilic cations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19128515 |
Potato yellow vein virus The (PYVV) is a plant pathogen of the "Closteroviridae" family. It is a whitefly-transmitted closterovirus vectored by "Trialeurodes vaporariorum", which is known to cause a yellowing disease in potato crops in South America. PYVV RNA have a conserved 3'-terminal secondary structure, which includes a pseudoknot. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19132471 |
Nuclear Politics in America is a 1997 book by Robert J. Duffy. According to Duffy, the "promise and peril of nuclear power have been a preoccupation of the modern age", who was then an assistant professor of political science at Rider University. The book discusses the controversy over radioactive waste disposal, licensing procedures relating to the Atomic Energy Act, and the effects of deregulation of electric utilities. By analysing policy frameworks and describing the process by which regulatory change occurs, "Nuclear Politics in America" offers a perspective on policymaking in America. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19140623 |
Winter rest (from the German term "Winterruhe") is a state of reduced activity of plants and warm-blooded animals living in extratropical regions of the world during the more hostile environmental conditions of winter. In this state, they save energy during cold weather while they have limited access to food sources. Deciduous trees lose their foliage in the winter. Tree growth rings are a result of winter rest, as there is rapid growth in the warmer spring, then slower growth later in the year. Perennial and biennial herbaceous plants lose their frost-sensitive, above-ground parts before the winter, and regrow in the spring. Herbaceous plants that are annual, producing seeds before the winter, can also be considered to have winter rest in some form, because their seeds may stay inactive over the winter before germinating. Annual plants which have seeds that germinate before winter also have winter rest. Winter cereals, for example, which are sown in the fall and germinate before the frost, become dormant during the winter and actually require a few weeks of cold before they are able to flower. in an animal is different from true hibernation, since the metabolism is not reduced drastically. The body temperature is not significantly lowered, however the heart rate is reduced. This means that animals like the raccoon can quickly become active again if temperatures rise or the snow melts. Other animals that winter rest are badgers and brown bears. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19151199 |
On Nuclear Terrorism In his 2007 book On Nuclear Terrorism, author Michael A. Levi surveys the issue of nuclear terrorism and explores the decisions a terrorist leader might take in pursuing a nuclear plot. Levi points out the many obstacles that such a terrorist scheme may encounter, which in turn leads to a host of possible ways that any terrorist plan could be foiled. Professor John Mueller's 2010 book "Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda" is an expansion of the same theme. Michael Levi is a Senior Fellow for energy and environment at the Council on Foreign Relations, New York. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19156682 |
The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons Now is a 1998 book by Jonathan Schell. The book is based on interviews with individuals who had responsibility for nuclear weapons policy in the United States, Russia and Europe, and who came to advocate the global elimination of nuclear weapons. Schell addresses the key issues of nuclear deterrence, disarmament, abolition, and breakout associated with nuclear weapons policy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19170098 |
Siemens cycle The is a technique used to cool or liquefy gases. A gas is compressed, leading to an increase in its temperature due to the directly proportional relationship between temperature and pressure (as stated by Gay-Lussac's law). The compressed gas is then cooled by a heat exchanger and decompressed, resulting in a (possibly condensed) gas that is colder than the original at the same pressure. Carl Wilhelm Siemens patented the in 1857. In the the gas is: The gas which is now at its coolest in the current cycle, is recycled and sent back to be - In each cycle the net cooling is more than the heat added at the beginning of the cycle. As the gas passes more cycles and becomes cooler, reaching lower temperatures at the expanding cylinder (stage 4 of the Siemens cycle) becomes more difficult. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19173393 |
United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols model The United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols (UKCA) is a community Chemistry-Aerosol-Climate model which are research runs of the Met Office's operational Unified Model. It runs within the Hadley Centre example with multiple flavours of varying horizontal resolutions and vertical layers. It is a collaboration of the Met Office with the University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, University of Oxford, University of Reading, University of East Anglia, and Lancaster University in the UK and the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research of New Zealand. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19173632 |
Nuclear Weapons: The Road to Zero is a 1998 book edited by Joseph Rotblat. The book is based on the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, and in particular on a detailed international study published in 1993 on the importance of, and practical mechanisms to, eliminate nuclear weapons. This monograph is a series of essays that describe the many complex technical, economic, legal and political issues involved. Contrary to the approach of nuclear powers -- that these weapons are needed for national security -- is the "no longer fanciful dream" of a nuclear-weapon-free world. Rotblat suggests that this is "a sound and practical objective, which could be realized in the foreseeable future." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19179639 |
The Seventh Decade The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger is a 2007 book by Jonathan Schell. It is described as a provocative book which explores the threat posed by some new nuclear policies of the United States. Schell argues that "a revolution in nuclear affairs has occurred under the watch of the Bush administration", including a historic embrace of a first-strike policy and the development of new generations of nuclear weapons. Schell contends that this policy has provoked weapons proliferation in Iran, North Korea, and elsewhere; accelerated global trafficking in nuclear weapons; and advanced nuclear terrorism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19184708 |
Megawatts and Megatons is a 2001 book by Richard L. Garwin and Georges Charpak. The book is said to be a good primer on nuclear power and also a detailed discussion of nuclear weapons and potential paths for weapons reduction. The book presents detailed information about nuclear reactors and provides useful information on nuclear power program development in the United States and France. A discussion on nuclear weapons and non-proliferation follows. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19198243 |
The Unfinished Twentieth Century In the 2001 book The Unfinished Twentieth Century, author Jonathan Schell suggests that an essential feature of the twentieth century was the development of humankind's capacity for self-destruction, with the rise in many forms of "policies of extermination". Schell goes on to suggest that the world now faces a clear choice between the abolition of all nuclear weapons, and full nuclearization, as the necessary technology and materials diffuse around the globe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19214894 |
Subhelic arc A subhelic arc is a rare halo, formed by internal reflection through ice crystals, that curves upwards from the horizon and touches the tricker arc above the anthelic point. Subhelic arcs are a result of ray entrance and exit through prism end faces with two intermediate internal reflections. A subhelic arc is formed when sun rays enter one end face of an ice crystal in singly oriented columns and Parry columns, reflect off two of the crystals side faces, and exits the crystal through the opposite end face. The ray leave the crystal in the exact opposite angle, resulting in a net deviation angle of 120°, the angle for the formation of 120° parhelia. The subhelic arc touches the top of the tricker arc, an indication the two have closely related ray paths. The subhelic arc crosses the parhelic circle in an acute angle, and at a sun elevation of 27° it passes exactly through the 120° parhelion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19221718 |
Tropical Easterly Jet The is the meteorological term referring to an upper level easterly wind that starts in late June and continues until early September. This strong flow of air that develops in the upper atmosphere during the Asian monsoon is centred on 15°N, 50-80°E and extends from South-East Asia to Africa. The strongest development of the jet is at about 15 km above the Earth's surface with wind speeds of up to 40 m/s over the Indian Ocean. (TEJ) comes into existence quickly after the Sub Tropical Jet (STJ) has shifted to the north of the Himalayas (Early June). TEJ flows from east to west over peninsular India at 6 – 9 km and over the Northern African region. The formation of TEJ results in the reversal of upper air circulation patterns (high pressure switches to low pressure) and leads to the quick onset of monsoon. Recent observations have revealed that the intensity and duration of heating of Tibetan Plateau has a direct bearing on the amount of rainfall in India by the monsoons. When the summer temperature of air over Tibet remains high for a sufficiently long time, it helps in strengthening the easterly jet and results in heavy rainfall in India. The easterly jet does not come into existence if the snow over the Tibet Plateau does not melt. This hampers the occurrence of rainfall in India. Therefore, any year of thick and widespread snow over Tibet will be followed by a year of weak monsoon and less rainfall. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19228318 |
The Four Faces of Nuclear Terrorism is a 2004 book by Charles D. Ferguson and William C. Potter (with Amy Sands, Leonard S. Spector and Fred L. Wehling) which explores the motivations and capabilities of terrorist organizations to carry out significant attacks using stolen nuclear weapons, to construct and detonate crude nuclear weapons, to release radiation by attacking or sabotaging nuclear facilities, and to build and use radiological weapons or "dirty bombs." The authors argue that these "four faces" of nuclear terrorism are real threats which U.S. policy has failed to take into account. The book is the result of a two-year study by the Monterey Institute's Center for Nonproliferation Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19228597 |
Rutherford cable A is a way of forming a superconducting electrical cable, often used to generate magnetic fields in particle accelerators. The superconducting strands are arranged as a many-stranded helix that has been flattened into a rectangular cable, it can typically only be applied to flexible superconductors that can be drawn into wire such as the niobium-based superconductors used in the LHC. The cable is named after the Rutherford Laboratory where the cable design was developed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19232924 |
NGC 1664 is an open cluster in the constellation of Auriga. It contains stars with a total of around 640 solar masses with a tidal radius of . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19241715 |
Nuclear Terrorism: The Ultimate Preventable Catastrophe is a 2004 book by Harvard scholar Graham Allison. Allison explains that terrorists have been striving to acquire and then use nuclear weapons against the United States. During the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, President George W. Bush and Senator John Kerry featured the issue of terrorism in their foreign policy platforms, and both said it is the nation's foremost security challenge. "Nuclear Terrorism" is described as a well-written report for general readers on the terrorist threat and what is needed to reduce it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19257629 |
Membranome is the set of biological membranes existing in a specific organism. The term was proposed by British biologist Thomas Cavalier-Smith to discuss epigenetics of biological membranes. The term was also used to define the entire set of membrane proteins in an organism or a combination of membrane proteome and lipidome. database | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19268700 |
Voices from Chernobyl Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster (titled Chernobyl Prayer: A Chronicle of the Future in the UK) is a book about the Chernobyl disaster by the Belarusian Nobel Laureate Svetlana Alexievich. At the time of the disaster (April 1986), Alexievich was a journalist living in Minsk, the capital of what was then the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Alexievich interviewed more than 500 eyewitnesses, including firefighters, liquidators (members of the cleanup team), politicians, physicians, physicists, and ordinary citizens over a period of 10 years. The book relates the psychological and personal tragedy of the Chernobyl accident, and explores the experiences of individuals and how the disaster affected their lives. "Chernobyl Prayer" was first published in Russian in 1997 as "Чернобыльская молитва"; a revised, updated edition was released in 2013. The American translation was awarded the 2005 National Book Critics Circle Award for general non-fiction. The HBO television miniseries "Chernobyl" often relies on the memories of Pripyat locals, as told by Svetlana Alexievich in her book. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19270903 |
Clearing factor In centrifugation the clearing factor or k factor represents the relative pelleting efficiency of a given centrifuge rotor at maximum rotation speed. It can be used to estimate the time formula_1 (in hours) required for sedimentation of a fraction with a known sedimentation coefficient formula_2 (in svedbergs): The value of the clearing factor depends on the maximum angular velocity formula_4 of a centrifuge (in rad/s) and the minimum and maximum radius formula_5 of the rotor: As the rotational speed of a centrifuge is usually specified in RPM, the following formula is often used for convenience: Centrifuge manufacturers usually specify the minimum, maximum and average radius of a rotor, as well as the formula_8 factor of a centrifuge-rotor combination. For runs with a rotational speed lower than the maximum rotor-speed, the formula_8 factor has to be adjusted: The K-factor is related to the sedimentation coefficient formula_11 by the formula: formula_12 Where formula_13 is the time to pellet a certain particle in hours. Since formula_11 is a constant for a certain particle, this relationship can be used to interconvert between different rotors. formula_15 Where formula_16 is the time to pellet in one rotor, and formula_17 is the K-factor of that rotor. formula_18 is the K-factor of the other rotor, and formula_19, the time to pellet in the other rotor, can be calculated. In this manner, one does not need access to the exact rotor cited in a protocol, as long as the K-factor can be calculated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19276893 |
Clearing factor Many online calculators are available to perform the calculations for common rotors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19276893 |
Samuel C. Lind Samuel Colville Lind (June 15, 1879, McMinnville, Tennessee – February 12, 1965) was a radiation chemist, referred to as "the father of modern radiation chemistry". He was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1930. He served as president of the American Electrochemical Society in 1927 and the American Chemical Society in 1940. Among his awards was the Ira Remsen Award in 1947, and the Priestley Medal in 1952. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19277655 |
Van Krevelen diagram Van Krevelen diagrams are graphical plots developed by Dirk Willem van Krevelen (chemist and professor of fuel technology at the TU Delft) and used to assess the origin and maturity of kerogen and petroleum. The diagram cross-plots the hydrogen:carbon atomic ratio as a function of the oxygen:carbon atomic ratio. Different types of kerogen have differing potentials to produce oil during maturation. These various types of kerogen can be distinguished on a van Krevelen diagram. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19281502 |
Haloplasma contractile is a halophilic, cell wall-less bacterium. It is the only known representative of a deep lineage, and is classified in its own family (Haloplasmataceae) and order (Haloplasmatales), in the class Mollicutes. In terms of genetics, the bacterium contractile contains a dcwgene cluster is responsible for containing all the genes of the organism and promoting peptidoglycan synthesis. Also, MreB/Mbl are specific homologous parts of this bacterium that are vital in the contractility of the cell. In regards to its physical attributes, this organism consists of a spherical body with approximately two protrusions which alternate between straight and contracted forms. 3. Antunes, A., et al. “A New Lineage of Halophilic, Wall-Less, Contractile Bacteria from a Brine-Filled Deep of the Red Sea.” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 190, no. 10, July 2008, pp. 3580–3587., doi:10.1128/jb.01860-07. 4. Antunes, A., et al. “Genome Sequence of Contractile, an Unusual Contractile Bacterium from a Deep-Sea Anoxic Brine Lake.” Journal of Bacteriology, vol. 193, no. 17, 2011, pp. 4551–4552., doi:10.1128/jb.05461-11. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19282025 |
The Truth About Chernobyl is a 1991 book by Grigori Medvedev. Medvedev served as deputy chief engineer at the No. 1 reactor unit of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the 1970s. At the time of the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, Medvedev was deputy director of the main industrial department in the Soviet Ministry of Energy dealing with the construction of nuclear power stations. Since Medvedev knew the Chernobyl plant well, he was sent back as a special investigator immediately after the 1986 catastrophe. In his book, Medvedev provides extensive first-hand testimony, based on many interviews, describing minute by minute precisely what was and was not done both before and after the explosion. It has been described as a tragic tale of pervasive, institutionalized, bureaucratic incompetence leading up to the accident; and heroic, heartbreaking sacrifice among those who had to deal with the emergency afterwards. The book is the single prime source for much of the actions of the operators, managers, firemen and others who are the actors in the Chernobyl disaster. The book is written not in a documentary style but in a very personal style, often speaking in the first person. While it includes extensive direct quotes from some of those who survived the disaster, it does not include references beyond a bare seven footnotes. In 1991, it was awarded the Los Angeles Times Book Prize, Science and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19283801 |
Carlo Vidano (1923, in Caluso – 1989, in Turin) was an Italian entomologist who specialised in Auchenorrhyncha. Vidano attended the University of Turin, graduating from the Faculty of Agriculture in 1949. He was immediately appointed assistant professor to the chair of Agricultural Entomology in Turin. In 1968, he became a full professor of Apiculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19284302 |
Jan Hendrik de Boer (19 March 1899 – 25 April 1971) was a Dutch physicist and chemist. De Boer was born in Ruinen, now De Wolden, and died in The Hague. He studied at the University of Groningen and was later employed in industry. Together with Anton Eduard van Arkel, de Boer developed a chemical transport reaction for titanium, zirconium, and hafnium known as the crystal bar process. In a closed vessel the metal reacts with iodine at elevated temperature forming the iodide. At a tungsten filament of 1700 °C the reverse reaction occurs, and the iodine and the metal are set free. The metal forms a solid coating at the tungsten filament and the iodine can react with additional metal, resulting in a steady turnover. De Boer became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1940, and foreign member in 1947. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19284762 |
Get (animal) The get of an animal are the offspring of a particular individual male animal. It is derived from the term "begat", meaning to father offspring. The term is frequently used in livestock raising and informal animal husbandry, notably horse breeding to describe the offspring of a stallion. In show competition, a "get of sire" class evaluates a group of animals who have the same sire and evaluates the consistency with which a given sire is able to pass on desirable characteristics to his offspring. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19288064 |
Inyoite Inyoite, named after Inyo County, California, where it was discovered in 1914, is a colourless monoclinic mineral. It turns white on dehydration. Its chemical formula is Ca(HBO)(OH)·4HO or CaBO(OH)·4HO. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19325934 |
PKS 2155-304 is one of the active galaxies in the sky. It is a strong emitter from radio to high-energy frequencies. is at redshift z = 0.116 (Falomo, Pesce & Treves 1993) and it is one of the brightest and most studied BL Lacs and is often considered the prototype of X-ray selected BL Lacs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19334077 |
PKS 0521-365 is an active galactic nucleus in the constellation Columba. The source (BL Lac object) is a strong emitter from radio to gamma frequencies. The object is at z = 0.055. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19334416 |
Antoine Joseph Jean Solier (8 February 1792, in Marseille – 27 November 1851, in Marseille) was a French naturalist, entomologist and plant collector. Captain of engineers in the French army, he made collections in France, Algeria and the Mediterranean area and on an expedition to Oceania especially of Coleoptera. Solier worked on world beetle fauna writing many scientific papers and "Orden III. Coleopteros". His collections, especially important for Tenebrionidae, are in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. He was a Member of the Société entomologique de France. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19344158 |
Osialfecanakmg is an acronym made up of the chemical symbols of the 8 most abundant elements in the Earth's crust. Because they are so important, geologists sometimes refer to the elements named below as the BIG 8. Element Volume proportions are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19346963 |
Ernst Pfeiffer (20 December 1893, Munich – 28 May 1955, Munich) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera He was a publisher and bookseller. Pfeiffer made numerous collecting trips to Hungary, Dalmatia, Bulgaria, and Persia. He published many scientific papers on Rhopalocera in "Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft" and with Osthelder edited "Lepidopteren-Fauna von Marasch in türkisch Nordsyrien" in the same journal. His collection of Palearctic and Nearctic butterflies is in the Munich zoological museum Zoologische Staatssammlung München. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19357171 |
Collisional family In astronomy, a collisional family is a group of objects that are thought to have a common origin in an impact (collision). They have similar compositions and most share similar orbital elements. Known or suspected collisional families include numerous asteroid families, most of the irregular moons of the outer planets, the Earth and the Moon, and the dwarf planets Pluto, Eris, and Haumea and their moons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19363963 |
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