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Cnoidal wave In fluid dynamics, a cnoidal wave is a nonlinear and exact periodic wave solution of the Korteweg–de Vries equation. These solutions are in terms of the Jacobi elliptic function "cn", which is why they are coined "cn"oidal waves. They are used to describe surface gravity waves of fairly long wavelength, as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave In its classical use, the KdV equation is applicable for wavelengths "λ" in excess of about five times the average water depth "h", so for "λ" > 5 "h"; and for the period "τ" greater than formula_1 with "g" the strength of the gravitational acceleration. To envisage the position of the KdV equation within ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave The surface elevation "η"("x","t"), as a function of horizontal position "x" and time "t", for a cnoidal wave is given by: where "H" is the wave height, "λ" is the wavelength, "c" is the phase speed and "η" is the trough elevation. Further cn is one of the Jacobi elliptic functions and "K"("m") is the comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Higher-order cnoidal wave theories remain valid for shorter and more nonlinear waves. A fifth-order cnoidal wave theory was developed by Fenton in 1979. A detailed description and comparison of fifth-order Stokes' and fifth-order cnoidal wave theories is given in the review article by Fenton. descriptions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave After multiplying with 4 "η’", and integrating once more with "s" another integration constant. This is written in the form The cubic polynomial "f"("η") becomes negative for large positive values of "η", and positive for large negative values of "η". Since the surface elevation "η" is real valued, also th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave This condition is satisfied with the following representation of the elevation "η"("ξ"): in agreement with the periodic character of the sought wave solutions and with "ψ"("ξ") the phase of the trigonometric functions sin and cos. From this form, the following descriptions of various terms in equations () ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Consequently, we find for "m" and for "Δ": The cnoidal wave solution can be written as: Second, the trough is located at "ψ" = ½ "π", so the distance between "ξ" = 0 and "ξ" = ½ "λ" is, with "λ" the wavelength, from equation (): where "K"("m") is the complete elliptic integral of the first kind. Third, sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave The trough level "η" and width parameter "Δ" can be expressed in terms of "H", "h" and "m": with "K"("m") the complete elliptic integral of the first kind and "E"("m") the complete elliptic integral of the second kind. Note that "K"("m") and "E"("m") are denoted here as a function of the elliptic parameter... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Analogue to the drivation of the cnoidal wave solution for the KdV equation, periodic wave solutions "η"("ξ"), with "ξ" = "x"−"ct" are considered Then the BBM equation becomes a third-order ordinary differential equation, which can be integrated twice, to obtain: Which only differs from the equation for th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Then the elliptic parameter "m" has to be determined from the above relations for "λ", "c" and "τ" through some iterative method. In this example, a cnoidal wave according to the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is considered. The following parameters of the wave are given: Instead of the period "τ", in ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Now the wavelength is known, the Ursell number can be computed as well: which is not small, so linear wave theory is not applicable, but cnoidal wave theory is. Finally, the ratio of wavelength to depth is "λ" / "h" = 10.2 > 7, again indicating this wave is long enough to be considered as a cnoidal wave. F... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave The Jacobi elliptic function cn can be expanded into a Fourier series "K’"("m") is known as the imaginary quarter period, while "K"("m") is also called the real quarter period of the Jacobi elliptic function. They are related through: "K’"("m") = "K"(1−"m") Since the interest here is in small wave height, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave This is of the same form as studied in Airy wave theory, but note that cnoidal wave theory is only valid for long waves with their wavelength much longer than the average water depth. The phase speed of a cnoidal wave, both for the KdV and BBM equation, is given by: In this formulation the phase speed is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave These phase speeds are in full agreement with the result obtained by directly searching for sine-wave solutions of the linearised KdV and BBM equations. As is evident from these equations, the linearised BBM equation has a positive phase speed for all "κh". On the other hand, the phase speed of the lineari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave While the free surface is at "z" = "ζ"("ξ"); note that "ζ" is the local water depth, related to the surface elevation "η"("ξ") as "ζ" = "h" + "η" with "h" the mean water depth. In this steady flow, the discharge "Q" through each vertical cross section is a constant independent of "ξ", and because of the ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave Consequently, the non-dimensional form of the equation is with First eliminate the pressure "p" from the momentum flux "S" by use of the Bernoulli equation: The streamfunction "Ψ" is expanded as a Maclaurin series around the bed at "z" = 0, and using that the impermeable bed is a streamline and the irrotat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Cnoidal wave The potential energy is not an invariant of the BBM equation, but ½"ρg" ["η" + "h" ("∂" "η")] is. First the variance of the surface elevation in a cnoidal wave is computed. Note that "η" = −(1/"λ") ∫ "H" cn("ξ"/"Δ"|m) d"x", cn("ξ"/"Δ"|m) = cos "ψ"("ξ") and "λ" = 2 "Δ" "K"("m"), so The potential energy, b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22463969 |
Porous glass is glass that includes pores, usually in the nanometre- or micrometre-range, commonly prepared by one of the following processes: through metastable phase separation in borosilicate glasses (such as in their system SiO-BO-NaO), followed by liquid extraction of one of the formed phases; through the sol-gel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Porous glass In 1934, Nordberg and Hood discovered that alkali borosilicate glasses separate in soluble (sodium borate rich) and insoluble (silica rich) phases if the glass is thermally treated. By extraction using mineral acids the soluble phase can be removed and a porous silica network remains. During a sintering pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Porous glass Precondition for repetitious manufacturing of porous glass is the knowledge about structure determining and structure controlling parameters. The composition of the initial glass is a structure controlling parameter. The manufacturing of the initial glass, mainly the cooling process, the temperature and ti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Porous glass The texture is influenced by the composition of the initial glass, which directs size and type of decomposition areas. In the context of porous glasses, "texture" implies properties like specific pore volume, specific surface, pore size, and porosity. The emerging areas of decomposition depend on time and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Porous glass An adaptation of stationary phase for a separation problem is possible by a specific modification of the surface of the porous glass. In biotechnology, porous glasses have benefits for the cleaning of DNA and the immobilization of enzymes or microorganisms. Controlled pore glass (CPG) with pore sizes betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Porous glass Membrane reactors can improve conversion of limited balance reactions, while one reaction product is removed by a selective membrane. For example, in the decomposition of hydrogen sulfide on a catalyst in a glass capillary, the conversion by reaction was higher with glass capillary than without. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22464823 |
Volume (thermodynamics) In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468364 |
Volume (thermodynamics) Liquids, however, are nearly incompressible, thus their volumes can be often taken as constant. In general, compressibility is defined as the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure, and may be determined for substances in any phase. Similarly, thermal expansion is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468364 |
Volume (thermodynamics) The second law of thermodynamics describes constraints on the amount of useful work which can be extracted from a thermodynamic system. In thermodynamic systems where the temperature and volume are held constant, the measure of "useful" work attainable is the Helmholtz free energy; and in system... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468364 |
Volume (thermodynamics) The specific volume of a substance is equal to the reciprocal of its mass density. Specific volume may be expressed in formula_14, formula_15, formula_16, or formula_17 . where, formula_3 is the volume, formula_20 is the mass and formula_21 is the density of the material. For an ideal gas, where... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468364 |
Volume (thermodynamics) Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed excluding the humidity content: "V" (volume dry). This fraction more accurately follows the ideal gas law. On the contrary "V" (volume saturated) is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% rela... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22468364 |
Davies equation The is an empirical extension of Debye–Hückel theory which can be used to calculate activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations at 25 °C. The equation, originally published in 1938, was refined by fitting to experimental data. The final form of the equation gives the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22476314 |
Tipson–Cohen reaction The is a name reaction first discovered by Stuart Tipson and Alex Cohen at the National Bureau of Standards in Washington D.C. The occurs when two neighboring secondary sulfonyloxy groups in a sugar molecule are treated with zinc dust (Zn) and sodium iodide (NaI) in a refluxing solvent such as "N"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22480924 |
Tipson–Cohen reaction The order of reactivity from most reactive to least reactive is: β-glucopyranosides > β-mannopyranosides > α-glucopyranosides> α-mannopyranosides. The reaction of β–mannopyranosides gives low yields and required longer reaction times than with β-glucopyranosides due to the presence of a neighborin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22480924 |
Crich beta-mannosylation The Crich β-mannosylation is a synthetic strategy which is used in carbohydrate synthesis to generate a 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. This type of linkate is generally very difficult to make, and specific methods like the Crich β-mannosylation are used to overcome these issues. The development of fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483052 |
Crich beta-mannosylation Low-temperature H, C, and F NMR spectroscopic investigations revealed that anomeric triflate 3 derived from 1 is the intermediate glycosyl donor. Moreover, the mechanism of glycosidic bond forming reaction (3→2) was examined thoroughly by the determination of kinetic isotopic effects (KIEs) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483052 |
Crich beta-mannosylation Additionally, the only intermediate observed by NMR spectroscopy is the covalent triflate 3, indicating that the complete set of equilibria between 3, the CIP 4, and SSIP 5 set is very heavily biased towards 3. Some representative examples of Crich’s β-mannosylation are shown in Scheme 3. It is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483052 |
Crich beta-mannosylation Overall, this is a powerful method for solid-phase synthesis of β-mannosides, which has great potential to be further extended, was established. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483052 |
Gas Safe Register is the official gas registration body for the United Kingdom, Isle of Man and Guernsey, appointed by the relevant Health and Safety Authority for each area. By law all gas engineers must be on the Gas Safe Register. replaced CORGI as the gas registration body in Great Britain and Isle of Man on 1 Apri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483611 |
Gas Safe Register The scheme is administered by Capita Group on behalf of the Health and Safety Executive. in the United Kingdom Mainland and for the Health and Safety Executive Northern Ireland. The contract differs in Northern Ireland in relation to the main contract for mainland of the United Kingdom. deals with all... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483611 |
Timeline of chemical warfare Chemical warfare is "the use of toxic chemicals in battle." The precise date of the first instances of chemical warfare is unknown, but scholars speculate that smoke have been used as an irritant in both battles and for hunting in prehistoric times. The first records of chemical warfare com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483910 |
Timeline of chemical warfare These weapons were first used during World War I in which the belligerents used more than 125,000 tons of chemical munitions. Despite great public opposition to chemical warfare after World War I, its development and practice continued. In the 1930s, Italy used chemical weapons during the S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22483910 |
Glycosyl donor A glycosyl donor is a carbohydrate mono- or oligosaccharide that will react with a suitable glycosyl acceptor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the donor is the member of this pair that contains the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. The resulting reaction is referred to as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484288 |
Glycosyl donor He and his group showed that armed glycosyl donors could be coupled to a glycosyl acceptor, that was at the same time a disarmed glycosyl donor, without self-coupling of the disarmed donor/acceptor. This approach allowed him to carry out a one-pot synthesis of a trisaccharide by the n-pentenyl glycoside ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484288 |
Glycosyl acceptor A glycosyl acceptor is any suitable nucleophile-containing molecule that will react with a glycosyl donor to form a new glycosidic bond. By convention, the acceptor is the member of this pair which did not contain the resulting anomeric carbon of the new glycosidic bond. Since the nucleophilic atom of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484332 |
Oxocarbenium An oxocarbenium ion (or oxacarbenium ion) is a chemical species characterized by a central sp-hybridized carbon, an oxygen substituent, and an overall positive charge that is delocalized between the central carbon and oxygen atoms. A oxocarbenium ion is represented by two limiting resonance structures, one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium In the language of canonical structures (or "resonance"), the polarization of the π bond is described by a secondary carbocationic resonance form, with a formal positive charge on carbon (see above). In terms of frontier molecular orbital theory, the Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) of the oxocar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium This is also the order of electrophilicity for species containing C=X (X = O, NR) bonds. This order is synthetically significant and explains, for example, why reductive aminations are often best carried out at pH = 5 to 6 using sodium cyanoborohydride (Na[HB(CN)]) or sodium triacetoxyborohydride (Na[HB(OA... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium The Lewis acid can be a wide range of molecules, from a simple hydrogen atom to metal complexes. The remainder of this article will focus on alkyl oxocarbenium ions, however, where the atom added to the oxygen is a carbon. One way that this sort of ion will form is the elimination of a leaving group. In ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium Based on the substituients present on the ring, the lowest energy conformation is determined, keeping in mind steric and steroelectronic effects (see the section below for a discussion of stereoelectronic effects in oxocarbenium rings). Once this conformation is established, one can consider the nucleophil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium In organic synthesis, vinyl oxocarbenium ions (structure on right) can be utilized in a wide range of cycloaddition reactions. They are commonly employed as dienophiles in the Diels–Alder reaction. An electron withdrawing ketone is often added to the dienophile to increase the rate of the reaction, and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium A second example is seen in the key step of the synthesis of (−)-neopeltolide, which uses another six-membered oxocarbenium ring reduction for a diastereoselective hydride addition. In biological systems, oxocarbenium ions are mostly seen during reactions of carbohydrates. Since sugars are present in the s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Oxocarbenium This process has important implications in the utilization of stored energy, like glycogen in animals, as well as in the breakdown of cellulose by organisms that feed on plants. In general, aspartic or glutamic acid residues in the active site of the enzyme catalyze the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22484557 |
Gold number Gold Number is the number of milligrams of a protective colloid which prevents the coagulation of 10 ml of a standard hydro gold sol,on coagulation changes from red to blue, which is prevented by a protective colloid. of 1ml 10% NaCl solution.<ref> Physical Pharmacy, page Coagulation of gold sol is indicate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22489171 |
Coupled-wave method In physics, the coupled-wave method (CWM) is a method for analysing the interaction between two electromagnetic waves in a crystal or a grating. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22491755 |
Alessandro Vaciago (September 11, 1931 – November 17, 1993) was a Professor of Chemical Structure, University of Rome from 1971 to 1993. He also served as a Cultural Counselor for the Italian Embassy. The Accademia dei Lincei awards yearly the Vaciago Prize to distinguished researchers in different fields of science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22494743 |
Double bond rule The double bond rule states that chemical elements with a principal quantum number greater than 2 for their valence electrons (period 3 elements and lower) should not form multiple bonds (e.g. double bonds and triple bonds) with themselves or with other elements. The double bonds, when they exist, are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497638 |
Abalone (molecular mechanics) Abalone is a general purpose molecular dynamics and molecular graphics program for simulations of bio-molecules in a periodic boundary conditions in explicit (flexible SPC water model) or in implicit water models. Mainly designed to simulate the protein folding and DNA-ligand complexes in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497840 |
Carbohydrate synthesis is a sub-field of organic chemistry concerned specifically with the generation of natural and unnatural carbohydrate structures. This can include the synthesis of monosaccharide residues or structures containing more than one monosaccharide, known as oligosaccharides. Generally speaking, carbohyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497985 |
Carbohydrate synthesis The number of monosaccharides, ring size, the different anomeric stereochemistry, and the existence of the branched-chain sugars all contribute to the amazing complexity of the oligosaccharide structures. The essence of the reducing oligosaccharide synthesis is connecting the anomeric hydroxyl of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497985 |
Carbohydrate synthesis Moreover, using different bases can selectively lead to different anomeric configurations. (Scheme 2) As to the thioglycosides, the greatest strength is that they can offer a temporary protection to the anomeric centre because they can survive after most of the activation processes. Additionally,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497985 |
Carbohydrate synthesis 1, 2-trans glycosidic linkages can be easily achieved by using 2-O-acylated glycosyl donors (neighboring group participation). To prevent the accumulation of the orthoester intermediates, the glycosylation condition should be slightly acidic. It is somewhat more difficult to prepare 1, 2-cis-β-gl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22497985 |
Inherent chirality In chemistry, inherent chirality is a property of asymmetry in molecules arising, not from a stereogenic or chiral center, but from a twisting of the molecule in 3-D space. The term was first coined by Volker Boehmer in a 1994 review, to describe the chirality of calixarenes arising from their non-pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22506127 |
Inherent chirality The inherently chiral calixarenes featured an XXYZ or WXYZ substitution pattern, such that the planar representation of the molecule does not show any chirality, and if the macrocycle were to be broken open, this would produce an achiral linear molecule. The chirality in these calixarenes is instead ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22506127 |
Inherent chirality The chirality of an unsubstituted corranulene (containing no classic stereogenic centers) cannot be seen in a 2D representation, but becomes clear when a 3D representation is evoked, as the C symmetry of corranulenes provides the molecules with a source of chirality (figure 2.) Racemization of these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22506127 |
Inherent chirality Spiro compounds (compounds with a twisted structure of two or more rings) can have inherent chirality at the spiroatom, due to the twisting of the achiral ring system. Inherently chiral alkenes have been synthesized through the use of a "buckle" where in an achiral, linear alkene is forced into a chi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22506127 |
Photothermal optical microscopy / "photothermal single particle microscopy" is a technique that is based on detection of non-fluorescent labels. It relies on absorption properties of labels (gold nanoparticles, semiconductor nanocrystals, etc.), and can be realized on a conventional microscope using a resonant modulate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22507026 |
Photothermal optical microscopy To increase the signal-to-noise ratio a lock-in technique may be used. To this end, the heating laser beam is modulated at a high frequency of the order of MHz and the detected probe beam power is then demodulated on the same frequency. For quantitative measurements, the photothermal sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22507026 |
Photothermal optical microscopy For a nanoparticle of radius formula_7 embedded in a homogeneous medium of refractive index formula_8 with a thermorefractive coefficient formula_9 the refractive index profile reads: formula_10 in which the contrast of the thermal lens is determined by the nanoparticle absorption cross-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22507026 |
Iron phosphide is a chemical compound of iron and phosphorus, with a formula of FeP. Its physical appearance is grey, hexagonal needles. Manufacturing of iron phosphide takes place at elevated temperatures, where the elements combine directly. reacts with moisture and acids producing phosphine (PH), a toxic and pyropho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22509369 |
Snf3 is a protein which regulates glucose uptake in yeast. It senses glucose in the environment with high affinity. Glucose sensing and signaling in budding yeast is similar to the mammalian system in many ways. However, there are also significant differences. Mammalian cells regulate their glucose uptake via hormones ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22513078 |
Snf3 is able to bind even low amounts of glucose due to its high affinity. The induction of by glucose leads to the activation of YckI, a yeast casein kinase. This is followed by the recruitment of Mth1 and Std1 to the C-terminus of which facilitates the phosphorylation of the two proteins by YckI. Phosphorylated Mth1 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22513078 |
Snf3 cerevisiae" and its downstream events are still poorly understood, but it seems clear that a second glucose sensor Rgt2 influences and vice versa. Furthermore, it is unclear whether these two proteins sense the glucose concentration on the outside or inside the cell. and Rgt2 influence directly or indirectly sever... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22513078 |
Gold party A gold party is similar to a Tupperware party in that a small group gathers at a host's home to sell their gold jewelry to a gold buyer. They were popular as people looked for ways to raise money during the Obama Recession. The buyer, generally, weighs and tests jewelry and other items for party guests. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22514360 |
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC, EDAC or EDCI) is a water-soluble carbodiimide usually handled as the hydrochloride. It is typically employed in the 4.0-6.0 pH range. It is generally used as a carboxyl activating agent for the coupling of primary amines to yield amide bonds. Additionally, EDC can als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22516223 |
Biodyl is a trademark of Merial for a dietary supplement used in animals. It is manufactured in two formulations: a powder for use in an individual animal's drinking water, and an injectable solution. The injectable solution is available by veterinary prescription in some countries and over the counter in others. is fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22523721 |
Biodyl A newspaper in Argentina reported 3 similar deaths of horses at an international competition in Uruguay. In the United States, concerns about a possible manufacturing error or tampering were lost amid a media outcry about the "illegal" use of "illegal" drugs not approved by the FDA, even "banned" by the FDA. In ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22523721 |
Benzopyrene A benzopyrene is an organic compound with the formula CH. Structurally speaking, the colorless isomers of benzopyrene are pentacyclic hydrocarbons and are fusion products of pyrene and a phenylene group. Two isomeric species of benzopyrene are benzo["a"]pyrene and the less common benzo["e"]pyrene. They belo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22523849 |
Benzopyrene The intestinal (but not hepatic) detoxification mechanism seems to depend on receptors that recognize bacterial surface components (TLR2). Evidence exists to link benzo["a"]pyrene to the formation of lung cancer. In February 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22523849 |
Thallium iodide can refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22527943 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walter Hartwell White Sr., also known by his clandestine alias Heisenberg, is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American neo-Western crime drama television series "Breaking Bad". He is portrayed by Bryan Cranston. A graduate of the California Institute of Technology (Calt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Although AMC officials initially hesitated to cast Cranston due to his previous comedic role on "Malcolm in the Middle", Gilligan cast him based on the actor's past performance in the "X-Files" episode "Drive", which Gilligan wrote. Cranston contributed greatly to the creation of his charact... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Gilligan needed to have this character come into a midlife crisis that would put him into seeking risky options that would turn him into more criminal activities. As the premise of "Breaking Bad" was based on a humorous idea that he and his fellow writer from "The X-Files", Thomas Schnauz ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) When Gilligan left much of Walter's past unexplained during the development of the series, the actor wrote his own backstory for the character. At the start of the show, Cranston gained 10 pounds to reflect the character's personal decline. He had the natural red highlights of his hair dyed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) " As the series progressed, Gilligan and the writing staff of "Breaking Bad" made Walt more and more unsympathetic. Gilligan said: "He's going from being a protagonist to an antagonist. We want to make people question who they're pulling for, and why." Cranston said by the fourth season: "I ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) At the age of 50, Walt works as a high school chemistry teacher in Albuquerque, New Mexico, providing instruction to uninterested and disrespectful students. Walt also has another job at a local car wash to supplement his income, which proves to be particularly humiliating when he has to cle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt gives Jesse his life savings to buy an RV that they can use as a rolling meth lab. After their first cook in the RV, Jesse brings a sample of the extremely pure meth to distributor Domingo "Krazy-8" Molina (Max Arciniega), and then brings Krazy-8 and the now-released Emilio to see the c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) He shaves his head to hide his chemotherapy-induced hair loss. Dissatisfied with Jesse's slow pace of selling the meth, Walt pushes him to sell it in bulk to local drug lord Tuco Salamanca (Raymond Cruz), who has taken over Krazy-8's former territory. Discovering that Tuco stole the meth and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) He brings them to an isolated house in the desert, planning to take them deep into Mexico where they would be forced to cook their blue meth for the cartel. After a failed attempt to poison Tuco, they manage to escape on foot. Hank, who had been searching for Jesse, spots his car at the hous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt breaks into Jesse's apartment where the meth is stored, and finds him passed out with his girlfriend Jane Margolis (Krysten Ritter). Walt finds the meth and makes the delivery on time, but misses the birth of his daughter. Jane blackmails Walt into giving Jesse his share of their drug m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt decides to get out of the meth business, refusing Gus' offer to produce meth in a state-of-the-art laboratory hidden under an industrial laundry for a million dollars a month. Now separated from Skyler and living in an apartment, Walt admits to her that he has been financing his treatme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Fearing that any of this will derail Hank’s career in law enforcement, Walt is forced to convince Gus to hire Jesse to replace Gale as his assistant. He also agrees to share 50% of his earnings with Jesse. Gambling that Skyler will not turn him in to the police due to the harm it would cause... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt angers Gus by killing two of Gus' dealers in an attempt to protect Jesse, who had been planning to kill them himself for their murder of a child gang member. Gus responds by putting a hit on Jesse and re-hiring Gale as Walt's assistant, with the intention of replacing Walt as soon as po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Hank suspects that Gus is involved in the blue meth business. With the DEA skeptical and unable to drive due to his condition, he enlists Walt's help in the investigation as a driver and tracker. Walt manages to sabotage the investigation, but Gus blames him nonetheless. Gus rids himself of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt rescues Jesse, who had been kept as a prisoner in the lab, and together they destroy all the evidence and torch the lab. After Brock recovers, Jesse learns that the boy had likely been poisoned by accidentally eating Lily of the Valley berries, not ricin. Walt responds that killing Gus ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt convinces him to pay off Jesse and Mike and begin distributing Walt's meth instead. Hank connects Mike to the blue meth, and begins pressing several of his associates, who are now in prison, to give information on the blue meth operation. When Walt delivers Mike's share of Declan's paym... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt eventually forces Hank to remain silent by crafting a fake confessional videotape in which he states that Hank is Heisenberg. Walt buries his money in seven barrels on the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation, and convinces Jesse to go into a relocation program. While waiting to be picked up, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) After several months alone, Walt goes to a local bar, where he calls Walter Jr. and tries to give him money. Walter Jr. angrily rejects the gesture, however, and hangs up. Feeling hopeless, Walt calls the DEA and gives himself up. As he waits for them, however, he sees Gretchen and Elliott o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) Walt then finds that he has been wounded by a ricocheted bullet. He answers a call from Lydia on Todd's phone and coldly informs her that she is going to die as a result of the poisoned drink she consumed. He exchanges a knowing nod with Jesse, who escapes the compound. Walt takes a moment t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) The character development of Walter White, as well as Bryan Cranston's performance, has received near-universal acclaim, from both critics and audiences. Walter White is considered to be one of the greatest and most iconic characters in television history. The web magazine "Grantland" quotes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) He was a genius; he was meant to be a millionaire, not this castrated cross between stepping stone and doormat. When you got down to it, Walt desperately wanted to teach every one ... a lesson, and I don't mean in the style of Mr. Chips. Similarly, Scott Meslow wrote in "The Atlantic" that W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) For the first three seasons, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series thrice consecutively, becoming the first actor to accomplish this feat since Bill Cosby for "I Spy". Cranston was also nominated in 2012 and 2013 for season four and the first half of se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Walter White (Breaking Bad) He won the TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Drama in 2009, and was nominated in 2010, 2012 and 2013; was nominated twice for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series Multi-Episode Storyline; won two Saturn Awards for Best Actor on Television in 2012 and 2013 (tying with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
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