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Walter White (Breaking Bad) On October 19, 2013, actor Jackamoe Buzzell organized a mock funeral procession (including a hearse and a replica of Walt's meth lab RV) and service for the character was held at Albuquerque's Sunset Memorial Park cemetery. A headstone was placed with a photo of Cranston as Walt, which is pe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22530352 |
Penny battery The penny battery is a voltaic pile which uses various coinage as the metal disks (pennies) of a traditional voltaic pile. The coins are stacked with pieces of electrolyte soaked paper in between (see diagram at right). The penny battery experiment is common during electrochemistry units in an educational... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22535079 |
Penny battery Stack the pennies on top of one another with a piece of matboard in between them. The zinc side should be facing upward. Use a penny that has not been scratched on either side and place it on top. Finally connect an LED with the longer lead attached to the top and shorter lead touching the bottom. The LED... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22535079 |
Penny battery Fourth, it can be beneficial to sand down the coins instead of scratching off the copper to reach the zinc layer underneath. Batteries convert the chemical energy of the two metals (electrodes) interacting with the acid on the matboard (electrolyte) into electrical energy. In this situation, the metal sur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22535079 |
Hector Medal The Hector Medal, formerly known as the Hector Memorial Medal, is a science award given by the Royal Society of New Zealand in memory of Sir James Hector to researchers working in New Zealand. It is awarded annually in rotation for different sciences – currently there are three: chemical sciences; physical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22545239 |
PstI is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from the Gram negative species, "Providencia stuartii". cleaves DNA at the recognition sequence 5′-CTGCA/G-3′ generating fragments with 3′-cohesive termini. This cleavage yields sticky ends 4 base pairs long. is catalytically active as a dimer. The two subunits are re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22555068 |
PstI The enzyme systems have similar methyltransferases (41% amino acid identity), restriction endonucleases (46% amino acid identity), and genetic makeup (58% nucleotide identity). These observations suggest a shared evolutionary history. When examining the preferential double strand cleavage of DNA, the restriction e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22555068 |
Post-combustion capture refers to the removal of "CO" from power station flue gas prior to its compression, transportation and storage in suitable geological formations, as part of carbon capture and storage. A number of different techniques are applicable, almost all of which are adaptations of acid gas removal proces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22558189 |
Very long chain fatty acid A very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) is a fatty acid with 22 or more carbons. Their biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. VLCFA's can represent up to a few percent of the total fatty acid content of a cell. Unlike most fatty acids, VLCFAs are too long to be metabolized in the mito... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22561373 |
Purnell equation The is an equation used in analytical chemistry to calculate the resolution "R" between two peaks in a chromatogram. where The higher the resolution, the better the separation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22562598 |
Hexaarylbiimidazole (HABI) is an organic compound and an imidazole derivative. In its natural state, HABI is colorless, but when ultraviolet light breaks one of the bonds in the molecule, it produces a version that is dark blue. The transformation takes ten seconds or longer. By adding naphthalene to the compound, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22571665 |
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson. In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are superimposed over the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Arrow pushing For clarity, when pushing arrows, it is best to draw the arrows starting from a lone pair of electrons or a σ or π bond and ending in a position that can accept a pair of electrons, allowing the reader to know exactly which electrons are moving and where they are ending. Bonds are broken in places where a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Arrow pushing This is the initiation stage of free radical halogenation. Heterolytic bond cleavage is a process where the electron pair that comprised a bond moves to one of the atoms that was formerly joined by a bond. The bond breaks, forming a negatively charged species (an anion) and a positively charged species (a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Arrow pushing Because an S1 reaction proceeds with the Substitution of a leaving group with a Nucleophile, the S designation is used. Because the initial solvolysis step in this reaction involves a single molecule dissociating from its leaving group, the initial stage of this process is considered a uni-molecular react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Arrow pushing E1 eliminations proceed with the Elimination of a leaving group leading to the E designation. Because this mechanism proceeds with the initial dissociation of a single starting material forming a carbocation, this process is considered a uni-molecular reaction. The involvement of only 1 species in the ini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Arrow pushing The designations 1,2 and 1,4 are derived from numbering the atoms of the starting compound where the oxygen is labeled “1” and each atom adjacent to the oxygen are sequentially numbered out to the site of nucleophilic addition. A 1,2-addition occurs with nucleophilic addition to position 2 while a 1,4-add... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22576085 |
Linear ion trap The linear ion trap (LIT) is a type of ion trap mass spectrometer. In a linear ion trap, ions are confined radially by a two-dimensional radio frequency (RF) field, and axially by stopping potentials applied to end electrodes. Linear ion traps have high injection efficiencies and high ion storage capaci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22579952 |
Linear ion trap Ions are either injected into or created within the interior of the ion trap. They are confined by application of appropriate RF and DC voltages with their final position maintained within the center section of the ion trap. The RF voltage is adjusted and multi-frequency resonance ejection waveforms are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22579952 |
Linear ion trap Linear ion traps can be used as stand alone mass analyzers, and they can be combined with other mass analyzers, such as 3D Paul ion traps, TOF mass spectrometers, FTMS, and other kind of mass analyzers. 3D ion trap (or Paul trap) mass spectrometers are widely used but have limitations. With a continuous... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22579952 |
Linear ion trap Both 3D and linear traps have been combined with TOF mass analyzers. A trap can also add MSn capabilities to the system. Linear traps can be used to improve the performance of FTICR (or FTMS) systems. As with 3D ion traps, the duty cycle can be increased to nearly 100% if ions are accumulated in a linea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22579952 |
Hotbed A hotbed is a biological term for an area of decaying organic matter that is warmer than its surroundings. The heat gradient is generated by the decomposition of organic substituents within the pile by microorganism metabolization. A hotbed covered with a small glass cover (also called a hotbox) is used as a sma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22584796 |
Vortex stretching In fluid dynamics, vortex stretching is the lengthening of vortices in three-dimensional fluid flow, associated with a corresponding increase of the component of vorticity in the stretching direction—due to the conservation of angular momentum. is associated with a particular term in the vorticity equ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22586949 |
Polymer ratio In a given formulation or recipe of a polymer compound, the total amount/parts per hundred of polymer added to prepare certain compound is called polymer ratio. It basically refers to the aggregated amount of polymer content within the formulation that may undergo any physical or chemical change during th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22591659 |
Process simulation is used for the design, development, analysis, and optimization of technical processes such as: chemical plants, chemical processes, environmental systems, power stations, complex manufacturing operations, biological processes, and similar technical functions. is a model-based representation of chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22594732 |
Process simulation Model development is done on the chemical engineering side but also in control engineering and for the improvement of mathematical simulation techniques. is therefore one of the few fields where scientists from chemistry, physics, computer science, mathematics, and several engineering fields work tog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22594732 |
Process simulation Early working simple implementations of partial aspects of chemical processes were introduced in the 1970s when suitable hardware and software (here mainly the programming languages FORTRAN and C) became available. The modelling of chemical properties began much earlier, notably the cubic equation of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22594732 |
Process simulation The online case being model predictive control, where the real-time simulation results are used to predict the changes that would occur for a control input change, and the control parameters are optimised based on the results. Offline process simulation can be used in the design, troubleshooting and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22594732 |
Structure-based combinatorial protein engineering (SCOPE) is a synthetic biology technique for creating gene libraries (lineages) of defined composition designed from structural and probabilistic constraints of the encoded proteins. The development of this technique was driven by fundamental questions about protein str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22596736 |
Structure-based combinatorial protein engineering SCOPE was then used to construct a synthetic enzyme lineage, which was biochemically characterized to recapitulate the evolutionary divergence of two modern day enzymes. The rapid evolvability of chemical diversity in terpene synthases were demonstrated through processe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22596736 |
In situ polymerization In polymer chemistry, "in situ" polymerization is a preparation method that occurs "in the polymerization mixture" and is used to develop polymer nanocomposites from nanoparticles. There are numerous unstable oligomers (molecules) which must be synthesized "in situ" (i.e. in the reaction mixture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization There are several advantages of the "in situ" polymerization process, which include the use of cost-effective materials, being easy to automate, and the ability to integrate with many other heating and curing methods. Some downsides of this preparation method, however, include limited availabilit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization One of the major findings was that the more favorable nanocomposite product was produced with a more polar monomer and initiator. "In situ" polymerization is an important method of preparing polymer grafted nanotubes using carbon nanotubes. Due to their remarkable mechanical, thermal and electron... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization With regards to their energy-related applications, carbon nanotubes have been used to make electrodes, with one specific example being the CNT/PMMA composite electrode. "In situ" polymerization has been studied to streamline the construction process of such electrodes. Huang, Vanhaecke, and Chen ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization The two main types of nanocomposites formed by "in situ" polymerization are 1) biomolecule-linear polymer hybrids, which are linear or have a star-like shape, and contain covalent bonds between individual polymer chains and the biomolecular surface and 2) biomolecule-crosslinked polymer nanocapsu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization This process produces nanogels/nanocapsules via a covalent or non-covalent approach. In the covalent approach, the two steps are the conjugation of acryloyl groups to protein followed by in situ free radical polymerization. In the non-covalent approach, proteins are entrapped within nanocapsules.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
In situ polymerization "In situ" polymerized nanogels are capable of delivering the appropriate amount of protein to the site of treatment; certain chemical and physical factors including pH, temperature, and redox potential manage the protein delivery process of nanogels. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) and melamine formaldehy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22597036 |
Cadmium cyanide is an inorganic compound with the formula Cd(CN). It is a white crystalline compound that is used in electroplating. It is very toxic, along with other cadmium and cyanide compounds. is prepared commercially by treating cadmium hydroxide with hydrogen cyanide: It can also be generated from tetracyanocad... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22599311 |
TSE buffer TSE or Tris/Saline/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, Sodium chloride and EDTA. In molecular biology, TSE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions, which keep DNA deprotonated and soluble i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22600725 |
Jugyeom To make , sea salt is packed into bamboo canisters and sealed with yellow clay. The mixture is baked in an iron oven and roasted in a pine fire. A bamboo stem is filled with bay salt produced from the west coast, sealed with red clay, and baked in a kiln with pine tree firewood. The baked salt lumps, hardening ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22603189 |
Jugyeom According to "The Universe and God's Medicine" by Il-hoon (In-san) Kim in 1981, can be used to treat: In the 2012 film "Masquerade", bamboo salt caused a silver spoon in a bowl of soup to turn black, but before this explanation was discovered, the event caused the king to believe people were trying to poison hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22603189 |
Chain shuttling polymerization is a dual-catalyst method for producing block copolymers with alternating or variable tacticity. The desired effect of this method is to generate hybrid polymers that bear the properties of both polymer chains, such as a high melting point accompanied by high elasticity. It is a relativel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22606070 |
Chain shuttling polymerization While the specific tacticity can be controlled by altering the type of catalyst used, creating a block copolymer requires that the polymerization be terminated, the catalyst destroyed, and that the chain re-propagate using another catalyst that produces the desired stereochemistry. Such m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22606070 |
Chain shuttling polymerization This competition means that a chain can leave Cat1 via a CSA and the reattach to Cat1, polymerizing the same tacticity. The rate at which the reattachment of Cat1 occurs can be controlled by altering the relative concentrations of Cat1, Cat2 and CSA. For example, if one wanted to produce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22606070 |
Cross-coupling reaction A cross-coupling reaction in organic chemistry is a reaction where two fragments are joined together with the aid of a metal catalyst. In one important reaction type, a main group organometallic compound of the type R-M (R = organic fragment, M = main group center) reacts with an organic halide ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22610613 |
Cross-coupling reaction Palladium catalysts can be problematic for the pharmaceutical industry, which faces extensive regulation regarding heavy metals. Many pharmaceutical chemists attempt to use coupling reactions early in production to minimize metal traces in the product. Heterogeneous catalysts based on Pd are als... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22610613 |
Cross-coupling reaction Some polymers and monomers are also prepared in this way. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22610613 |
Lindhard theory Lindhard theory, named after Danish professor Jens Lindhard, is a method of calculating the effects of electric field screening by electrons in a solid. It is based on quantum mechanics (first-order perturbation theory) and the random phase approximation. Thomas–Fermi screening can be derived as a speci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613078 |
Lindhard theory Second, consider the static limit (formula_15). The Lindhard formula becomes Inserting the above equalities for the denominator and numerator, we obtain Assuming a thermal equilibrium Fermi–Dirac carrier distribution, we get here, we used formula_19 and formula_20. Therefore, Here, formula_22 is the 3D ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613078 |
Lindhard theory The Lindhard formula becomes Inserting the above equalities for the denominator and numerator, we obtain Assuming a thermal equilibrium Fermi–Dirac carrier distribution, we get here, we used formula_19 and formula_20. Therefore, formula_22 is 2D screening wave number(2D inverse screening length) defined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613078 |
Placebo in history The word placebo was used in a medicinal context in the late 18th century to describe a "commonplace method or medicine" and in 1811 it was defined as "any medicine adapted more to please than to benefit the patient". Although this definition contained a derogatory implication, it did not necessarily... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history According to Nicholas Jewson, eighteenth century English medicine was gradually moving away from a model in which the patient had considerable interaction with the physician – and, through this consultative relationship, had an equal influence on the physician's therapeutic approach. It was moving to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history In 1811, Hooper's "Quincy's Lexicon–Medicum" defined placebo as "an epithet given to any medicine adapted more to please than benefit the patient". In 1903 Richard Cabot said that he was brought up to use placebos, but he ultimately concluded by saying that "I have not yet found any case in which a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history He tested a popular medical treatment of his time, called "Perkins tractors", and concluded that the remedy was ineffectual by demonstrating that the results from a "dummy" remedy were just as useful as from the alleged "active" remedy. Émile Coué, a French pharmacist, working as an apothecary at Tro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history He tested a popular medical treatment of his time, called "Perkins tractors", which were metal pointers supposedly able to 'draw out' disease. They were sold at the extremely high price of five guineas, and Haygarth set out to show that the high cost was unnecessary. He did this by comparing the resu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history In 1946, the Yale biostatistician and physiologist E. Morton Jellinek described the "placebo reaction" or "response". He probably used the terms "placebo response" and "placebo reaction" as interchangeable. Henry K. Beecher's 1955 paper "The Powerful Placebo" was the first to use the term "placebo ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Placebo in history Most studies have attributed the difference from baseline until the end of the trial to a placebo effect, but the reviewers examined studies which had both placebo and untreated groups in order to distinguish the placebo effect from the natural progression of the disease. Placebo observations differ ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22613807 |
Sodium in biology Sodium ions (Na) are necessary in small amounts for some types of plants, but sodium as a nutrient is more generally needed in larger amounts by animals, due to their use of it for generation of nerve impulses and for maintenance of electrolyte balance and fluid balance. In animals, sodium ions are ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22615598 |
Sodium in biology A serum sodium level of less than 135 mEq/L qualifies as hyponatremia, which is considered severe when the serum sodium level is below 125 mEq/L. The renin–angiotensin system and the atrial natriuretic peptide indirectly regulate the amount of signal transduction in the human central nervous system, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22615598 |
Sodium in biology This requires some herbivores to obtain their sodium from salt licks and other mineral sources. The animal need for sodium is probably the reason for the highly conserved ability to taste the sodium ion as "salty." Receptors for the pure salty taste respond best to sodium, otherwise only to a few othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22615598 |
Sodium in biology Sodium is the primary cation (positive ion) in extracellular fluids in animals and humans. These fluids, such as blood plasma and extracellular fluids in other tissues, bathe cells and carry out transport functions for nutrients and wastes. Sodium is also the principal cation in seawater, although the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22615598 |
Sodium in biology These must be very carefully and slowly returned to normal, since too-rapid correction of hypernatremia may result in brain damage from cellular swelling, as water moves suddenly into cells with high osmolar content. In humans, a high-salt intake was demonstrated to attenuate nitric oxide production. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22615598 |
ITIES In electrochemistry, (interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions) is an electrochemical interface that is either polarisable or polarised. An is polarisable if one can change the Galvani potential difference, or in other words the difference of inner potentials between the two adjacent phases, without... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22616026 |
ITIES To study charge transfer reactions of an ITIES, a four-electrode cell is used. Two reference electrodes are used to control the polarisation of the interface, and two counter electrodes made of noble metals are used to pass the current. The aqueous supporting electrolyte must be hydrophilic, such as LiCl, and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22616026 |
PowerGenix PowerGenix, was a San Diego-based company developing and manufacturing Nickel-zinc (NiZn) rechargeable batteries, prior to being acquired by ZincFive, Inc. in 2016. ZincFive manufacturers cell and monobloc nickel-zinc batteries and is the world leader in innovation and delivery of nickel-zinc battery-based u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22619349 |
Barium sulfite is the barium salt of sulfurous acid with the chemical formula BaSO. It is a white powder which is used in paper manufacturing. Like other barium compounds, it is toxic. It may be formed by the action of sulfur dioxide on barium oxide or barium hydroxide. It can also be formed by treating barium with sul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22623943 |
European Calcium Society The is a non-profit society that aims to develop relationships between different generations of scientists in Europe working in the field of calcium signaling and the proteins involved in the Calcium Toolkit. The First European Symposium took place in 1989 and covered calcium binding proteins i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22625701 |
European Calcium Society Since 2000, ECS has been selected as an EU High-level Scientific Conference allowing it to offer grants to young European researchers. The board was enlarged to include Volker Gerke and Steve Moss. ECS provided posters, prizes and recently special grants for young researchers. Since its creatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22625701 |
Rhodium(IV) oxide (or rhodium dioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula RhO. RhO is highly insoluble even in hot aqua regia. RhO has the tetragonal rutile structure. RhO has metallic resistivity with values <10 Ohm·cm. It transforms in air to RhO at 850 °C and then to metal and oxygen at 1050 °C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22626054 |
Rhodium oxide can refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22626067 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory In chemistry, frontier molecular orbital theory is an application of MO theory describing HOMO/LUMO interactions. In 1952, Kenichi Fukui published a paper in the "Journal of Chemical Physics" titled "A molecular theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons." Though widely criticized a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory The first and second observations correspond to taking into consideration the filled-filled interaction and Coulombic interaction terms of the equation, respectively. With respect to the third observation, primary consideration of the HOMO-LUMO interaction is justified by the fact that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory The transition states for these reactions typically involve the electrons of the molecules moving in continuous rings, making it a pericyclic reaction. These reactions can be predicted by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and thus are closely approximated by FMO Theory. The Diels–Alder react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory Furthermore, though the "exo"-product is the more thermodynamically stable isomer, there are secondary (non-bonding) orbital interactions in the "endo"- transition state, lowering its energy and making the reaction towards the "endo"- product faster, and therefore more kinetically favo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory a constructive bond) and the LUMO of butadiene on the remaining 4 carbons is observed. Assuming the reaction happens suprafacially, the shift results with the HOMO of butadiene on the 4 carbons that are not involved in the sigma bond of the product. Since the pi system changed from the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Frontier molecular orbital theory a constructive bond) and the LUMO of the pi bond are important in the FMO theory consideration. If the ring opening uses a conrotatory process then the reaction results with the HOMO of butadiene. As in the previous examples the pi system moves from a LUMO species to a HOMO species, me... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629003 |
Cerium anomaly The cerium anomaly, in geochemistry, is the phenomenon whereby cerium (Ce) concentration is either depleted or enriched in a rock relative to the other rare-earth elements (REEs). A Ce anomaly is said to be "negative" if Ce is depleted relative to the other REEs and is said to be "positive" if Ce is enri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629902 |
Cerium anomaly This shows that both Ce and Ce are present and that the Ce being compatible in zircon is causing the anomaly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22629902 |
Cobalt(II) cyanide is the inorganic compound with the formula Co(CN). It is coordination polymer that has attracted intermittent attention over many years in the area of inorganic synthesis and homogeneous catalysis. has been used as a precursor to cobalt carbonyl. The trihydrate salt is obtained as a reddish-brown pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22633997 |
Hydrindantin is an organic chemical thought to be involved with the ninhydrin test for amines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22635133 |
Wetting transition A wetting transition (Cassie–Wenzel transition) may occur during the process of wetting of a solid (or liquid) surface with a liquid. The transition corresponds to a certain change in contact angle, the macroscopic parameter characterizing wetting. Various contact angles can co-exist on the same soli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22639515 |
Wetting transition Transition from Cassie to Wenzel regime is also called wetting transition. Under certain external stimuli, such as pressure or vibration, the Cassie air trapping wetting state could be converted into the Wenzel state. It is well accepted that the Cassie air trapping wetting regime corresponds to a hi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22639515 |
Ascalaph Designer is a computer program for general purpose molecular modelling for molecular design and simulations. It provides a graphical environment for the common programs of quantum and classical molecular modelling ORCA, NWChem, Firefly, CP2K and MDynaMix . The molecular mechanics calculations cover model build... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22640378 |
Electrocapillarity or electrocapillary phenomena are the phenomena related to changes in the surface energy (or interfacial tension) of the dropping mercury electrode (DME), or in principle, any electrode, as the electrode potential changes or the electrolytic solution composition and concentration change. The term "el... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649696 |
Ion association In chemistry, ion association is a chemical reaction whereby ions of opposite electrical charge come together in solution to form a distinct chemical entity. Ion associates are classified, according to the number of ions that associate with each other, as ion pairs, ion triplets, etc. Ion pairs are also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association Lastly, when the ions are in contact with each other, the ion pair is termed a "contact" ion pair. Even in a contact ion pair, however, the ions retain most of their solvation shell. The nature of this solvation shell is generally not known with any certainty. In aqueous solution and in other donor solv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association This is described by Coulomb's law: where "F" is the force of attraction, "q" and "q" are the magnitudes of the electrical charges, ε is the dielectric constant of the medium and "r" is the distance between the ions. For ions in solution this is an approximation because the ions exert a polarizing effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association Dielectric constant is the most important factor in determining the occurrence of ion association. A table of some typical values can be found under Dielectric constant. Water has a relatively high dielectric constant value of 78.7 at 298K (25 °C), so in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures 1:1 ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association With lithium salts there is evidence to show that both inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexes exist in liquid-ammonia solutions. Of the solvents with dielectric constant of 10 or less, tetrahydrofuran (THF) is particularly relevant in this context, as it solvates cations strongly with the result that s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association The anion vibration frequency is "shifted" on formation of ion pairs and other associates, and the extent of the shift gives information about the nature of the species. Other monovalent anions that have been studied include nitrate, nitrite and azide. Ion pairs of monatomic anions, such as halide ions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Ion association Instead, the formation of a contact ion pair is seen to depend more on the energy needed to displace a solvent molecule from the primary solvation sphere of the cation. This energy decreases with the size of the cation, making ion pairing occur to a greater extent with the larger cations. The trend may ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22649721 |
Boron monoxide (BO) is a chemical compound of boron and oxygen. Two experimental studies have proposed existence of diamond-like and graphite-like BO, as for boron nitride and carbon solids. However, a later, systematic, experimental study of boron oxide phase diagram suggests that BO is unstable. The instability of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22650244 |
Magnetolithography (ML) is a method for pattern surfaces. ML based on applying a magnetic field on the substrate using paramagnetic metal masks named "magnetic mask". Magnetic masks are analogous to a photomask in photolithography, in that they define the spatial distribution and shape of the applied magnetic field. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22682042 |
Zippe-type centrifuge The is a gas centrifuge designed to enrich the rare fissile uranium isotope Uranium-235 out of the mixture of isotopes found in naturally occurring uranium compounds. The isotopic separation is based on the slight difference in mass of the isotopes. The Zippe design was originally developed in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22685481 |
Zippe-type centrifuge Separation of uranium isotopes requires a centrifuge that can spin at 1,500 revolutions per second (90,000 RPM). If we assume a rotor diameter of 20 cm (actual rotor diameter is likely to be less), this corresponds to a linear speed of greater than Mach 2 (Mach 1 = 340 m/s). For comparison, automa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22685481 |
Zippe-type centrifuge A magnetic bearing holds the top of the rotor steady, and the only physical contact is the conical jewel bearing on which the rotor sits. The three gas lines must be concentric with the fixed axis as the outer rim is spinning very quickly, and the seal is very important. After the scientists were ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22685481 |
Zippe-type centrifuge To do so, even stronger materials, such as carbon fiber-reinforced composite materials, are used; and various techniques are used to avoid forces causing destructive vibrations, including the use of flexible "bellows" to allow controlled flexing of the rotor, as well as careful speed control to en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22685481 |
Zippe-type centrifuge The Soviets credit Steenbeck, Isaac Kikoin and Evgeni Kamenev with originating different valuable aspects of the design. They state Zippe was engaged in building prototypes for the project for two years from 1953. Since the centrifuge project was top secret the Soviets did not challenge any of Zip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22685481 |
Concurrent tandem catalysis (CTC) is a technique in chemistry where multiple catalysts (usually two) produce a product otherwise not accessible by a single catalyst. It is usually practiced as homogeneous catalysis. Scheme 1 illustrates this process. Molecule A enters this catalytic system to produce the comonomer, B, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22686225 |
Concurrent tandem catalysis If side products were to be generated, it may be capable of interfering with the catalytic system. Thus in-depth knowledge is required of the mechanistic characteristics of both catalytic processes and the activity of the catalysts. Kinetic measurements are a crucial instrument in the develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22686225 |
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