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Transition metal carbyne complex Transition metal carbyne complexes are organometallic compounds with a triple bond between carbon and the transition metal. This triple bond consists of a σ-bond and two π-bonds. The HOMO of the carbyne ligand interacts with the LUMO of the metal to create the σ-bond. The two π-bonds ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29889269 |
Transition metal carbyne complex Many cluster-bound carbyne complexes are known, typically with CO ligands. These compounds do not feature MC triple bonds; instead the carbyne carbon is tetrahedral. Some of the best known are the tricobalt derivatives, which are prepared by treating cobalt carbonyl with haloforms: Mono... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29889269 |
Transition metal carbyne complex Metal alkylidyne complexes have mainly been used for specialized reactions in the laboratory, the main used being alkyne metathesis. Triply-bridging carbynes are sometimes prepared by the condensation of terminal carbyne complexes with other metals. Transition metal carbyne complexes us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29889269 |
Transition metal carbyne complex The compound, trifluoro(2,2,2-trifluoroethylidyne)-λ-sulfurane, FC–C≡SF, prepared by dehydrofluorination of FC–CH=SF or FC–CH–SF, is an unstable gas that readily undergoes dimerization to form "trans"-(CF)(SF)C=C(CF)(SF) at above –50 °C. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29889269 |
Oxaziridine An oxaziridine is an organic molecule that features a three-membered heterocycle containing oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon. In their largest application, oxaziridines are intermediates in the industrial production of hydrazine. derivatives are also used as specialized reagents in organic chemistry for a varie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine The unusual electronics of the oxaziridine system may be exploited to perform a number of oxygen and nitrogen transfer reactions including, but not limited to: α-hydroxylation of enolates, epoxidation of alkenes, selective oxidation of sulfides and selenides, amination of "N"-nucleophiles and "N"-acylamidat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine Davis synthesized the first "N"-sulfonyloxaziridines, which act exclusively as oxygen transfer reagents, and are the most predominantly used class of oxaziridines today. While originally synthesized with mCPBA and the phase transfer catalyst benzyltrimethylammonium chloride, an improved synthesis using oxon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine α-Hydroxyketones have been synthesized in many ways, including reduction of α-diketones, substitution of a hydroxyl for a leaving group and direct oxidation of an enolate. Oxodiperoxymolybdenum(pyridine)-(hexamethylphosphoric triamide) (MoOPH) and "N"-sulfonyloxaziridines are the most common electrophilic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine In these instances it is proposed that the reaction proceeds through a closed transition state where the metal oxyanion is stabilized by chelation from the sulfate and coordinating groups on the camphor skeleton. α-Hydroxylation with oxaziridines has been widely implemented in total synthesis. It is a key s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine It has even possible to effect stereospecific epoxidation catalytically in the oxaziridine chiral unit. Further investigation into these reactions may be required before levels of enantiometic excess become practical for large scale synthesis. Lusinichi et al. have investigated asymmetric epoxidation with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine Hydrazines may be derived from the amination of secondary or tertiary amines, hydroxylamine and thiohydroxamines may be formed from their corresponding alcohols and thiols, sulfimides may be formed from thioethers and α-aminoketones may be formed by attack of corresponding enolates. The transfer of acylated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Oxaziridine In the rearrangement on the left the thermodynamically unfavorable product is observed exclusively, while in the reaction on the right the product derived from the less stable radical intermediate is favored. Aubé takes advantage of this rearrangement as the key step in his synthesis of (+)-yohimbine, a nat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29890027 |
Metal carbon dioxide complex Metal carbon dioxide complexes are coordination complexes that contain carbon dioxide ligands. Aside from the fundamental interest in the coordination chemistry of simple molecules, studies in this field are motivated by the possibility that transition metals might catalyze useful transform... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29904190 |
Metal carbon dioxide complex Metallacarboxylic acids protonate at oxygen and eventually convert to metal carbonyl complexes: This reaction is relevant to the potential catalytic conversion of CO to fuels. N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) supported Cu complexes catalyze carboxylation of organoboronic esters. The catalyst fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29904190 |
Metal carbon dioxide complex Similar to Cu(I) chemistry mentioned above, Rh(I) complexes can also transmetallate with arylboronic esters to get aryl rhodium intermediates, to which CO is inserted giving carboxylic acids. Later, Iwasawa "et al". described C-H carboxylation strategy. Rh(I) undergoes oxidative addition to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29904190 |
C3H8O10P2 The molecular formula CHOP may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29906062 |
C3H7O7P The molecular formula CHOP may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29906173 |
C3H7O6P The molecular formula CHOP may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29906407 |
Reaxys is a web-based tool for the retrieval of chemistry information and data from published literature, including journals and patents. The information includes chemical compounds, chemical reactions, chemical properties, related bibliographic data, substance data with synthesis planning information, as well as exper... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29914012 |
Reaxys The content covers more than 200 years of chemistry and has been abstracted from several thousands of journal titles, books and patents. Today the data is drawn from selected journals (400 titles) and chemistry patents, and the excerption process for each reaction or substance data included needs to meet three c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29914012 |
Arc system The stands for Anoxic Respiratory Control system. It is an example of a two-component system, in that it has a sensor molecule and a response regulator. It has been determined that the regulates as many as 30 genes, with repression of the following examples: cytochrome o oxidase, cytochrome d oxidase, and va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29916392 |
Swelling capacity The swelling capacity of a polymer is determined by the amount of liquid material that can be absorbed by it. This test can done by two methods: In this method | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29920367 |
Bismuthate is an ion. Its chemical formula is BiO. It has bismuth in its +5 oxidation state. It is a very strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with hot water to make bismuth(III) oxide and oxygen. It also reacts with acids. Sodium bismuthate is the most common bismuthate. It is one of the few sodium compounds that does no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29927036 |
C6H14O12P2 The molecular formula CHOP may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29927807 |
C6H13O10P The molecular formula CHOP (molar mass: 276.134 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29928070 |
5-Deoxyinositol (quercitol) is a cyclitol. It can be found in wines aged in oak wood barrels. It can also be found in "Quercus" sp. (oaks) and in "Gymnema sylvestre". It is different from , a synonym of quercetin. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29930851 |
Orbital overlap In chemical bonds, an orbital overlap is the concentration of orbitals on adjacent atoms in the same regions of space. can lead to bond formation. The importance of orbital overlap was emphasized by Linus Pauling to explain the molecular bond angles observed through experimentation and is the basis for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29943244 |
Orbital overlap In addition, if the basis vectors form an orthonormal set, the overlap matrix will be the identity matrix. The overlap matrix is always "n"×"n", where "n" is the number of basis functions used. It is a kind of Gramian matrix. In general, each overlap matrix element is defined as an overlap integral: whe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29943244 |
C17H16O9 The molecular formula CHO may refer to : | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29946093 |
Chlorophyll fluorescence is light re-emitted by chlorophyll molecules during return from excited to non-excited states. It is used as an indicator of photosynthetic energy conversion in higher plants, algae and bacteria. Excited chlorophyll dissipates the absorbed light energy by driving photosynthesis (photochemical e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29946595 |
Chlorophyll fluorescence Subsequently, fluorescence decreases over a few minutes. This is due to; 1. more "photochemical quenching" in which electrons are transported away from PSII due to enzymes involved in carbon fixation; and 2. more "non-photochemical quenching" in which more energy is converted to heat. Usually t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29946595 |
Chlorophyll fluorescence The efficiency of non-photochemical quenching is altered by various internal and external factors. Alterations in heat dissipation mean changes in formula_2. Heat dissipation cannot be totally stopped, so the yield of chlorophyll fluorescence in the absence of non-photochemical quenching cannot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29946595 |
Chlorophyll fluorescence formula_21 is the ratio of variable fluorescence to maximal fluorescence. Calculated as formula_22. This is a measure of the maximum efficiency of PSII (the efficiency if all PSII centres were open). formula_21 can be used to estimate the potential efficiency of PSII by taking dark-adapted meas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29946595 |
European Coatings Journal The is an English-language trade magazine for the coatings industry. It is published by Vincentz Network. It was established in 1986. According to the Informationsgemeinschaft zur Feststellung der Verbreitung von Werbeträgern, it reached about 33.000 readers per issue in 2010. The "European Co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29947591 |
Phase telescope A phase telescope or Bertrand lens is an optical device used in aligning the various optical components of a light microscope. In particular it allows observation of the back focal plane of the objective lens and its conjugated focal planes. The phase telescope/Bertrand lens is inserted into the microsc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949355 |
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds The A.N. of Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS) () was founded in 1954 by a prominent scientist, the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, academician A. N. Nesmeyanov (1899–1980), who was a "father" of the modern chemistry of organoelement and organometallic com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949856 |
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Antipin and many others have been fruitfully working at INEOS RAS. For recent years the scientific activities of the Institute have been supported by ~20 international grants (7th European Commission program, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNCF), Deutsche Forschungsge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949856 |
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds For the past five years, mutually beneficial contracts have been signed with numerous universities, institutes and industrial centres in Russia and abroad. Outstanding foreign scientists and representatives of science-oriented companies are frequent visitors to INEOS RAS.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949856 |
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Apart from traditional, scientific disciplines (to which the organoelement chemistry itself belongs too), valuable experience accumulated during these years has given rise to a series of new scientific fields which are characterized by a unique combination of organic, org... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949856 |
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds The works at the junction of the organic and inorganic chemistry, studies of the processes of polymer formation as well as structure—property relations, brought about the chemistry of polymers with organoelement and inorganic molecular chains and opened the routes to nove... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29949856 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History is a 2010 BBC documentary on the history of chemistry presented by Jim Al-Khalili. It was nominated for the 2010 British Academy Television Awards in the category Specialist Factual. Only in the last 200 years have we known what an element is – a substance that cannot be broken down furthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History In 1669 Hennig Brand was looking for a way of extracting gold from the human body, and struck upon the idea of using urine, thinking that urine might contain some part of the ‘life force’ vital to sustaining human life. To get rid of the unimportant parts, primarily water, Brand boiled the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History More than a decade earlier in 1661, a year after the Royal Society opened, Boyle deposited "The Sceptical Chymist" in its vaults. This book is usually regarded as the turning point that signaled the transition from alchemy to chemistry. "The Sceptical Chymist" was innovative in several way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History A major shareholder in the Bank of England with royal connections, Henry Cavendish was a painfully shy character, who made the vital chemical contribution of discovering the first elemental gas. He added some zinc to spirit of salt (hydrochloric acid) and collected the evanescence given of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History By the mid-1700s there were three known ‘airs’: It was this last air which caught the attention of Joseph Priestley, a Unitarian minister whose favourite pastime was the investigation of airs – specifically, fixed air, given off by the fermentation process in breweries. Priestley's passion... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Lavoisier weighted a sample of tin, then reweighed after he had heated it and found it had increased in mass. This was an unexpected result given that the tin was thought to have released phlogiston during the burning process. Lavoisier was struck with a ground-breaking thought – maybe the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History He also set about drawing up a list of all the elements – now 33 elements replaced the ancient four. His list was grouped into four categories: gases, non-metals, metals and earths. On top of this, Lavoisier created a classification system for the ever-increasing array of chemicals being d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Since then however, the first electric battery had recently been invented (rows of metal plates and cardboard soaked in saltwater). Although scientists were aware that the production of a continuous electric current was due to some property of the metals, Davy believed that a chemical reac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History John Dalton thought that for this to happen, each element had to be made of its own unique building blocks, which he called atoms. Dalton suggested that everything in the universe was made of atoms, and that there are as many kinds of atoms as there are elements, each one with its own sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Having already discovered three other elements prior to silicon: thorium, cerium and selenium, Berzelius spent the next ten years obsessively measuring more than two thousand chemical compounds in pursuit of accurate atomic weights for the elements. Eventually Berzelius had remarkably accu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History At the time the scientific community was grappling with the problem of how to bring order to the 63 elements that were now known. Mendeleev was still a student when he attended the world's first international chemistry congress – convened to settle the confusion surrounding atomic weights.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Today, Newlands’ Octaves are known as the Law of Periodicity, and Mendeleev was thinking along the same lines. By 1869 Mendeleev had been trying to find an order for the elements for a decade. One day he struck upon the idea of making up a pack of cards with the elements’ names on and bega... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Robert Bunsen knew that when certain elements burned in the flames of his burner they each turned the flame a different colour. Copper burned green, strontium red and potassium lilac – Bunsen wondered if every element had a unique colour. Bunsen was joined in his research by Gustav Kirchho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History As well as his telescope, he also went equipped with a spectroscope, to study the spectral lines of the light emitted from the sun. Normally, due to the intensity of sunlight many weaker spectral lines are not visible next to the extreme brightness of the stronger lines. Janssen hoped that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History All the elements of this new group had one overwhelming characteristic; their lack of reactivity. It was this particular characteristic that brought to mind a name for the new group: the noble gases. Mendeleev's periodic table had brought order to all the elements, allowing him to make pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History The chemical behaviour of all elements is explained by the number of electrons in their outer shells: to increase the energetic stability of their electron configurations atoms have a tendency to gain or lose electrons in such a way so as to achieve a full outer shell. Sodium, with 11 elec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Because this is the number of protons, the atomic number must be a whole number – there cannot be any fractional values. Moseley realised it was the atomic number, not the atomic weight that determines the order of the elements. What's more, because the atomic number increases in whole num... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History After heating the resulting solid to an ash, filtering and diluting, Diesbach added green vitriol (iron sulphate) to create a complex ion: ferric ferrocyanide. Finally, adding spirit of salt (hydrochloric acid) draws out a brilliant colour: Prussian blue. Ever since seeing fireworks as a c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Chemists started to realise that understanding the arrangement of atoms within compounds was crucial if they wished to design new compounds, and the first step in this direction was taken by studying carbon. In 1796 Smithson Tennant was experimenting on diamonds when he decided to burn one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Somehow, Couper realised that carbon can form four bonds, thereby attaching itself with different strengths to other carbon atoms in a compound: The ability of carbon to form four bonds also means it can exist in a huge variety of chemical structures, such as long chains and even rings, ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History However, now that scientists were beginning to understand the way carbon combines with itself and other elements, it was possible to create new compounds by design and industrial chemistry was born. Two decades after the world's first plastic – Bakelite – had been invented in 1907, Wallace... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History In 1896 the French scientist Henri Becquerel was working with uranium crystals when he found UV light made them glow. Leaving the uranium crystals on an unexposed photographic plate overnight, he returned the next morning to discover they had caused the part of the plate they were sat on t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Rutherford had already revealed the structure of an atom to consist mostly of empty space with a dense nucleus of protons at the centre, and Henry Mosley had shown that it is the number of protons that gives an atom its identity as a particular element. An atom of the element carbon has 6 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History However, the nucleus of nitrogen – having absorbed two protons but lost only one – had gained a proton and become a nucleus of oxygen. Rutherford's work gave hope to scientists trying to create new elements, but one final discovery about the atom was necessary. In 1932 the Cambridge scient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History Meitner's work was published in 1939, but as well generating interest amongst the scientific community, Meitner's revelations were also coming to the attention of governments on the verge of war. Fuelled by fears Nazi Germany was investigating nuclear weapons of its own, scientists were as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Chemistry: A Volatile History The next synthetic element, plutonium, quickly followed in 1941, which scientists realized was readily able to undergo fission in a way capable of producing the desired chain reaction. It was soon being made into a bomb. A mere seven years after the discovery of nuclear fission, on 6 Augus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29952420 |
Critical illumination or Nelsonian illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy. focuses an image of a light source on to the specimen for bright illumination. generally has problems with evenness of illumination as an image o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29953061 |
Borrowing hydrogen catalysis, also called hydrogen autotransfer, is an important catalytic concept. "Borrowing hydrogen" can be seen as an example of Green chemistry. It is based on the intermediate oxidation of an alcohol substrate to the corresponding aldehyde by the catalyst (which "borrows" hydrogen from the substr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29953491 |
Borrowing hydrogen Microwave heating enables a Borrowing Hydrogen strategy to form C-N bonds from alcohols and amines, removes the need for solvent and reduces the reaction times, while the results are comparable with those using thermal heating. Nitroaromatics can also give this reaction, reducing nitro to amine and i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29953491 |
List of radioactive nuclides by half-life This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days, and years. Tellurium-128's half-life is over 160 trillion times greater than the age of the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29969297 |
Ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) is a metallurgical processing technique, similar to work hardening, in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object. This technique is part of the High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) processes. Other acronyms are also equivalent: Ultrasonic Needle Peening (UNP), Ultrasonic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29972322 |
Ultrasonic impact treatment Depending on the desired effects of treatment a combination of different frequencies and displacement amplitude is applied. Depending on the tool and the Original Equipment Manufacturer, these frequencies range between 15 and 55 kHz, with the displacement amplitude of the resonant body of be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29972322 |
Ultrasonic impact treatment Originally developed and utilized to enhance the fatigue and corrosion attributes of ship and submarine structures, UIT has been utilized in aerospace, mining, offshore drilling, shipbuilding, infrastructure, automotive, energy production and other industries. Different industrial solutions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29972322 |
Dynamic strain aging Although sometimes dynamic strain aging (DSA) is used interchangeably with the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (or serrated yielding), dynamic strain aging refers specifically to the microscopic mechanism that induces the Portevin–Le Chatelier effect. This strengthening mechanism is related to solid-s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29985074 |
Dynamic strain aging That becomes negative in the Portevin–Le Chatelier regime. also causes a plateau in the strength, a peak in flow stress a peak in work hardening, a peak in the Hall–Petch constant, and minimum variation of ductility with temperature. Since dynamic strain aging is a hardening phenomenon it increases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29985074 |
Dynamic strain aging Arising from the repeated nucleation of shear bands and the continuous propagation of Lüders bands, this type consists of periodic locking serrations with abrupt increase in flow stress followed by drop of stress below the general level of the stress-strain curve. It is usually seen in the low temp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29985074 |
Lead picrate Lead picrate, Pb(CH(NO)O), is an organic chemical compound from the group of picrates, salt of picric acid and lead with a +2 oxidation state. It is an initiating explosive, and thus highly sensitive. For demonstration purposes, it can be most easily and safely prepared "in situ". Picric acid is mixed with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29987638 |
C7H12N2O4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29998984 |
C11H19N3O6 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 289.285 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29998992 |
Steven M. Weinreb (born May 10, 1941) is an American chemist and is a professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University in United States. Together with Steven Nahm, he developed the Weinreb ketone synthesis, which allows for mono-addition of an organometallic reagent such as a Grignard reagent or organolithium re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30007715 |
Filamin Filamins are a class of proteins that hold two actin filaments at large angles. protein in mammals is made up of an actin-binding domain at its N-terminus that is followed by 24 immunoglobulin-like repeat modules of roughly 95 amino acids. There are two hinge regions; between repeats 15-16 and 23-24. gets cleav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30015453 |
Photochemistry and Photobiology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering photochemistry and photobiology. It was established in 1962 and is pub lished by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Society for Photobiology. The editor-in-chief is Jean Cadet (University of Sherbrooke). The journal's name w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30025579 |
Photochemistry and Photobiology According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 2.214. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30025579 |
Magic pipe A magic pipe is a surreptitious change to a ship's oily water separator, or other waste-handing equipment, which allows waste liquids to be discharged in contravention of maritime pollution regulations. The pipe may be improvised, aboard ship, from available hoses and pumps, to discharge untreated waste wate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30027748 |
Magic pipe In some serious emergencies ship's crews are allowed to discharge untreated bilge water overboard, but they need to declare these emergencies in the ship's records and oil record book. Unregistered discharges violate the MARPOL 73/78 international pollution control treaty. The problem is worsened by a lack o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30027748 |
Cocrystal Cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline single phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of two or more components that form a unique crys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal A majority of the organic:organic cocrystals contained aromatic compounds, with a significant fraction containing di- or trinitro aromatic compounds. The existence of several cocrystals containing eucalyptol, a compound which has no aromatic groups, was an important finding which taught scientists that pi sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal However, it has been argued that this separation based on ambient phase is arbitrary. A more inclusive definition is that cocrystals "consist of two or more components that form a unique crystalline structure having unique properties." Due to variation in the use of the term, structures such as solvates and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Phase diagrams determined from the "contact method" of thermal microscopy is valuable in the detection of cocrystals. The construction of these phase diagrams is made possible due to the change in melting point upon cocrystallization. Two crystalline substances are deposited on either side of a microscope sli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Another method to synthesize cocrystals is to conduct the crystallization in a slurry. As with any crystallization, solvent considerations are important. Changing the solvent will change the intermolecular interactions and possibly lead to cocrystal formation. Also, by changing the solvent, phase consideratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Using intermediate phases to synthesize solid-state compounds is also employed. The use of a hydrate or an amorphous phase as an intermediate during synthesis in a solid-state route has proven successful in forming a cocrystal. Also, the use of a metastable polymorphic form of one cocrystal former can be empl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Aside from common spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, solid state NMR spectroscopy allows differentiation of chiral and racemic cocrystals of similar structure. Other physical methods of characterization may be employed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calori... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal engineering has become of such great importance in the field of pharmaceuticals that a particular subdivision of multicomponent cocrystals has been given the term pharmaceutical cocrystals to refer to a solid cocrystal former component and a molecular or ionic API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). However, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Most commonly, APIs have hydrogen-bonding capability at their exterior which makes them more susceptible to polymorphism, especially in the case of cocrystal solvates which can be known to have different polymorphic forms. Such a case is in the drug sulfathiazole, a common oral and topical antimicrobial, whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal If the solubility of the cocrystal is lower, this means that there exists a driving force for the cocrystallization to occur. Even more important for pharmaceutical applications is the ability to alter the stability to hydration and bioavailability of the API with cocrystal formation, which has huge implicati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Another example of an API being studied would be that of Piracetam, or (2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)acetamide, which is used to stimulate the central nervous system and thus, enhance learning and memory. Four polymorphs of Piracetam exist that involve hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl and primary amide. It is these s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Cocrystal Physically mixing explosives creates a mixture that has the same sensitivity as the most sensitive component, which cocrystallisation overcomes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30031679 |
Separator (electricity) A separator is a permeable membrane placed between a battery's anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30038658 |
Separator (electricity) Later in 1985, it was found that using lithium cobalt oxide as the cathode and graphite as the anode produced an excellent secondary battery with enhanced stability, employing the frontier electron theory of Kenichi Fukui. This enabled the development of portable devices, such as cell phones and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=30038658 |
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