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Faiza Al-Kharafi In 1986 Al- Kharafi and her colleagues explored and compare the rich development of Kuwaiti scientific research in comparison to other nations in the third world. In her publication Al- Kharafi was able to demonstrate the ability of Kuwait higher education institutions to engage in relevant scientific ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731386 |
Faiza Al-Kharafi "Forbes" magazine named her as one of "The 100 Most Powerful Women – Women To Watch In The Middle East" in 2005. She received the Kuwait Prize in Applied Sciences in 2006. The Council for Gulf Relations named her Top Gulf Woman of the Year in 2008. In 2011 she was the recipient of the L'Oréal-UNESCO Aw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731386 |
Piotr Piecuch (born January 21, 1960) is a Polish-born American physical chemist. He holds the title of University Distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States. He supervises a group, whose research focuses on theoretical and computational ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Piotr Piecuch He was promoted to an associate professor in 2002 and professor in 2004. He was named a University Distinguished Professor in 2007. While his primary appointment at Michigan State University is with the Department of Chemistry, he has also held adjunct professorship appointments in the Department of Physi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Piotr Piecuch , can accurately describe potential energy surfaces, biradicals, and electronic excitations in molecules without resorting to complex multi-reference wave functions. In general, Piecuch has been among the early and lead developers of multi-reference, response, extended, generalized, and externally correct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Piotr Piecuch He has applied theoretical methods to solve many important problems in chemistry and physics. This is exemplified in papers by his group and collaborators on spectroscopy, reaction dynamics, ro-vibrational resonances in van der Waals complexes, several important reaction mechanisms in organic and bioinorg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Piotr Piecuch He has co-edited 6 books and 2 special journal issues, and served on many scientific committees and advisory boards, including the editorial boards of several scientific journals and book series. Piecuch is an elected member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science (2018), an elected Fell... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Piotr Piecuch Sloan Research Fellowship (2002–2004), the Wiley–International Journal of Quantum Chemistry Young Investigator Award (2000), three awards from the Polish Chemical Society for Research (1983, 1986, 1992), the award from the Minister of National Education of Poland (1989), and two awards from the Polish Aca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39731430 |
Mohamed M. Atalla Mohamed Mohamed Atalla (; August 4, 1924 – December 30, 2009) was an Egyptian–American engineer, physical chemist, cryptographer, inventor and entrepreneur. His pioneering work in semiconductor technology laid the foundations for modern electronics. Most importantly, his invention of the MOSFET (metal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla He made a series of breakthroughs in semiconductor technology during 19561962, starting with his development of the surface passivation and thermal oxidation processes (the basis for silicon semiconductor technologies such as the planar process and monolithic integrated circuit chips), followed by his... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla His work at HP and Fairchild included further research on Schottky diodes, in addition to research on gallium arsenide (GaAs), gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP), indium arsenide (InAs) and light-emitting diode (LED) technologies, contributing to the development of high-frequency network analyzers, de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla He later went to the United States, to study mechanical engineering at Purdue University. There, he received his master's degree (MSc) in 1947 and his doctorate (PhD) in 1949, both in mechanical engineering. His MSc thesis was "High Speed Flow in Square Diffusers" published in 1948, and his PhD thesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla They were new recruits at BTL, like himself, with no senior researchers on the team. Their work was initially not taken seriously by senior management at BTL and its owner AT&T, due to the team consisting of new recruits, and due to the team leader Atalla himself coming from a mechanical engineering b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla Due to the surface state problem, germanium was the dominant semiconductor material of choice for transistors and other semiconductor devices in the early semiconductor industry, as germanium was capable of higher carrier mobility. He made a breakthrough with his development of the surface passivation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla His surface passivation method was a critical step that made possible the ubiquity of silicon integrated circuits, and later became critical to the semiconductor industry. For the surface passivation process, he developed the method of thermal oxidation, which was a breakthrough in silicon semiconduct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla Oxide-passivation of silicon surfaces allowed diodes and transistors to be fabricated with significantly improved device characteristics, while the leakage path along the surface of the silicon was also effectively shut off. His surface oxidation method provided a semiconductor surface that was insens... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla Atalla's silicon transistor passivation technique by thermal oxide was the basis for several important inventions in 1959: the MOSFET (MOS transistor) by Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, the planar process by Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor, and the monolithic integrated circuit chip by Rob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla There were originally two types of MOSFET logic, PMOS (p-type MOS) and NMOS (n-type MOS). Both types were developed by Atalla and Kahng when they originally invented the MOSFET. They fabricated both PMOS and NMOS devices with a 20µm process. However, only the PMOS devices were practical working device... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla The development of MOS technology, which was capable of increasing miniaturisation, eventually became the focus of RCA, Fairchild, Intel and other semiconductor companies in the 1960s, fuelling the technological and economic growth of the early semiconductor industry in California (centred around what... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla The US Patent and Trademark Office calls the MOSFET a "groundbreaking invention that transformed life and culture around the world". The invention of the MOSFET by Atalla and Kahng has been credited as "the birth of modern electronics" and is considered to be possibly the most important invention in e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla The Schottky diode, also known as the Schottky-barrier diode, was theorized for years, but was first practically realized as a result of the work of Atalla and Kahng during 19601961. They published their results in 1962 and called their device the "hot electron" triode structure with semiconductor-met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla These devices became the core technology used by HP's Microwave Division to develop sweepers and network analyzers that pushed 2040 GHz frequency, giving HP more than 90% of the military communications market. Atalla helped create HP Labs in 1966. He directed its solid-state division. He oversaw HP's ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla He left the semiconductor industry in 1972, and began a new career as an entrepreneur in data security and cryptography. In 1972, he founded Atalla Technovation, later called Atalla Corporation, which dealt with safety problems of banking and financial institutions. He invented the first hardware secu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla It allowed the customer to type in a secret code, which is transformed by the device, using a microprocessor, into another code for the teller. During a transaction, the customer's account number was read by the card reader. This process replaced manual entry and avoided possible key stroke errors. It... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla The Atalla Box protected over 90% of all ATM networks in operation as of 1998, and secured 85% of all ATM transactions worldwide as of 2006. Atalla products still secure the majority of the world's ATM transactions, as of 2014. In 1972, Atalla filed for a remote PIN verification system, which utilized... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla In 1987, Atalla Corporation merged with Tandem Computers. Atalla went into retirement in 1990. As of 2013, 250million card transactions are protected by Atalla products every day. It was not long until several executives of large banks persuaded him to develop security systems for the Internet to work... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Mohamed M. Atalla He lived in Atherton, California. Atalla died on December 30, 2009, in Atherton. Atalla was awarded the Stuart Ballantine Medal (now the Benjamin Franklin Medal in physics) at the 1975 Franklin Institute Awards, for his important contributions to silicon semiconductor technology and his invention of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39739775 |
Doping at the Asian Games What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or before an Asian Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39747894 |
Methylquercetin may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39764572 |
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway. The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the energy producing step of glycolysis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39783756 |
CAMEO3D Continuous Automated Model EvaluatiOn (CAMEO) is a community-wide project to continuously evaluate the accuracy and reliability of protein structure prediction servers in a fully automated manner. CAMEO is a continuous and fully automated complement to the bi-annual CASP experiment. Currently, CAMEO evaluates p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796176 |
Objective stress rate In continuum mechanics, objective stress rates are time derivatives of stress that do not depend on the frame of reference. Many constitutive equations are designed in the form of a relation between a stress-rate and a strain-rate (or the rate of deformation tensor). The mechanical response of a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate Under rigid body rotations (formula_1), the Cauchy stress tensor formula_2 transforms as Since formula_2 is a spatial quantity and the transformation follows the rules of tensor transformations, formula_2 is objective. However, Therefore, the stress rate is not objective unless the rate of rotatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate The objective stress rate can be derived in two ways: While the former way is instructive and provides useful geometric insight, the latter way is mathematically shorter and has the additional advantage of automatically ensuring energy conservation, i.e., guaranteeing that the second-order work of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate Recall that the Truesdell rate of the Cauchy stress is given by From the polar decomposition theorem we have where formula_27 is the orthogonal rotation tensor (formula_28) and formula_29 is the symmetric, positive definite, right stretch. If we assume that formula_30 we get formula_31. Also since... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate One of these is the Oldroyd stress rate In simpler form, the Oldroyd rate is given by If the current configuration is assumed to be the reference configuration then the pull back and push forward operations can be conducted using formula_48 and formula_49 respectively. The Lie derivative of the Ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate A second-order approximation of these tensors is Consider a material element of unit initial volume, starting from an initial state under initial Cauchy (or true) stress formula_59 and let formula_2 be the Cauchy stress in the final configuration. Let formula_61 be the work done (per unit initial ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate From the symmetry of the Cauchy stress, we have For small variations in strain, using the approximation and the expansions we get the equation Imposing the variational condition that the resulting equation must be valid for any strain gradient formula_78, we have We can also write the above equati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate In particular, (Note that m = 2 leads to Engesser's formula for critical load in shear buckling, while m = -2 leads to Haringx's formula which can give critical loads differing by >100%). Other rates, used in most commercial codes, which are not work-conjugate to any finite strain tensor are: The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Objective stress rate Large strain often develops when the material behavior becomes nonlinear, due to plasticity or damage. Then the primary cause of stress dependence of the tangential moduli is the physical behavior of material. What Eq. (8) means that the nonlinear dependence of formula_128 on the stress must be di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39796969 |
Nuclear pasta In astrophysics and nuclear physics, nuclear pasta is a theoretical type of degenerate matter that is postulated to exist within the crusts of neutron stars. If it does in fact exist, nuclear pasta is the strongest material in the universe. Between the surface of a neutron star and the quark–gluon plasma ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797382 |
Nuclear pasta At the core, the pressure is so great that this Coulomb repulsion cannot support individual nuclei, and some form of ultradense matter, such as the theorized quark–gluon plasma, should exist. The presence of a small population of protons is essential to the formation of nuclear pasta. The nuclear attracti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797382 |
Nuclear pasta When the gnocchi phase is compressed, as would be expected in deeper layers of the crust, the electric repulsion of the protons in the gnocchi is not fully sufficient to support the existence of the individual spheres, and they are crushed into long rods, which, depending on their length, can contain many... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797382 |
Hypoelastic material In continuum mechanics, a hypoelastic material is an elastic material that has a constitutive model independent of finite strain measures except in the linearized case. models are distinct from hyperelastic material models (or standard elasticity models) in that, except under special circumstances,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797766 |
Hypoelastic material If this third criterion is adopted, it follows that a hypoelastic material might admit nonconservative adiabatic loading paths that start and end with the same deformation gradient but do "not" start and end at the same internal energy. Note that the second criterion requires only that the function... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797766 |
Hypoelastic material These are of two kinds: In the former kind, the total strain formulation described in the article on finite strain theory is appropriate. In the latter kind an incremental (or rate) formulation is necessary and must be used in every load or time step of a finite element computer program using updat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797766 |
Hypoelastic material Consequently, it is necessary to introduce the so-called objective stress rate formula_29, or the corresponding increment formula_30. The objectivity is necessary for formula_29 to be functionally related to the element deformation. It means that that formula_29 must be invariant with respect to co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39797766 |
Dichloroacetylene (DCA) is an oily pyrophoric liquid chemical compound with the chemical formula CCl. Its odor is sweet and "disagreeable". The compound is volatile at standard temperature and pressure and explodes on contact with air. It is a toxic compound. It displays nephrotoxic effects to rats, but not to humans. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39802470 |
Dichloroacetylene However, a 1980 report claimed that it is produced as a by-product in the production process of vinylidene chloride. The compound is also possible to produce by pyrolysis of some types of chlorohydrocarbons. For instance, it can be formed from trichloroethylene. This primarily occurs in the presence o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39802470 |
Dichloroacetylene Exposure to the chemical can also cause a large range of other symptoms, including a headache, vomiting and nausea, jaw pain, cranial nerve palsy, appetite loss, and acute lung edema. Dichloroacetylene's level of carcinogenity in humans is not classifiable, although there are small amounts of evidence... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39802470 |
Dichloroacetylene It is unsafe to store dichloroacetylene in close proximity to potassium, sodium, or aluminum powder. Like trichloroethylene, dichloroacetylene is metabolized to DCVC "in vivo". was first synthesized in 1930. It has been characterized by IR and mass spectrometry. However, there is no reported nuclear m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39802470 |
C27H32O15 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39809209 |
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the process by which superheated liquid droplets are phase-transitioned into gas bubbles by means of ultrasound. Perfluorocarbons and halocarbons are often used for the dispersed medium, which forms the core of the droplet. The surfactant, which forms a stabilizing shell around th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819074 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry Ion suppression in LC-MS and LC-MS/MS refers to reduced detector response, or signal:noise as a manifested effect of competition for ionisation efficiency in the ionisation source, between the analyte(s) of interest and other endogenous or exogenous (e.g. plast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry However, during and after uptake by bioanalytical laboratories worldwide, it became apparent that there were inherent problems with detection of relatively small analyte concentrations in the complex sample matrices associated with biological fluids (e.g. blood... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry In APCI, the sole source of ion suppression can be attributed to the change of colligative properties in the solute during evaporization (King et al, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom 2000, 11, 942-950). ESI has a more complex ionisation mechanism, relying heavily on d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry The third proposed theory for ion suppression in ESI relates to the presence of non-volatile species which can either cause co-precipitation of analyte in the droplet (thus preventing ionisation) or prevent the contraction of droplet size to the critical radius... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry This should allow the retention time of any such species under the analytical parameters of the assay to be determined. Any species causing a negative response may be considered to be contributing to ion suppression, but only if such species co-elute with the a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry These common approaches may also remove other interferences, such as isobaric species. Protein precipitation is another method that can be employed for small molecule analysis. Removal of all protein species from the sample matrix may be effective in some cases... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry plasma) by spiking a normal sample with known concentrations of analyte. This is not always possible for biological samples, since the analyte of interest is often endogenously present in a clinically significant, albeit normal, quantity. For matrix matched cal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Ion suppression in liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry To simplify the selection of internal standard, most laboratories use an analogous stable isotope in an isotope dilution type analysis. The stable isotope is almost guaranteed to be chemically and physically as close as possible to the analyte of interest, henc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39819676 |
Lancefield grouping is a system of classification that classifies catalase-negative Gram-positive cocci based on the carbohydrate composition of bacterial antigens found on their cell walls. The system, created by Rebecca Lancefield, was historically used to organize the various members of the family Streptococcaceae, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39821102 |
ProteoWizard is a set of open-source, cross-platform tools and libraries for proteomics data analyses. It provides a framework for unified mass spectrometry data file access and performs standard chemistry and LCMS dataset computations. Specifically, it is able to read many of the vendor-specific, proprietary formats a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39828207 |
Light booth A light booth is an apparatus which simulates lighting conditions. This apparatus is used to test products under a variety of lighting conditions, meaning that the user can accurately show how that product will appear under a variety of conditions independent of environmental influences. Light booths are pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39829701 |
Siege of Dura-Europos (256) The Siege of Dura Europos took place when the Sassanians under Shapur I besieged the Roman city of Dura-Europos in 256 after capturing Antioch. Dura-Europos was an important trading center in Roman Syria. It may or may not be the same as the "Doura" recorded in Shapur I's inscriptions. The t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39831094 |
Siege of Dura-Europos (256) In one such tunnel, when the Romans broke through into the Sassanian tunnel the tunnelers ignited a mixture of sulfur and pitch, producing a cloud of sulfur dioxide, which killed twenty Roman soldiers, one of which was carrying a coin dated 256, allowing the dating of the siege. Archaeologis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39831094 |
Autodisplay is a genetic engineering technique which is used to insert a protein of interest on the outer surface of gram-negative bacteria. This is accomplished by attaching the protein of interest to a protein which is known to localize to the surface of the bacterial outer membrane. First introduced in the 1990s, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39848744 |
Autodisplay is based on the autotransporter proteins of gram-negative bacteria, which were first discovered in the late 1980s, when the IgA1 protease of "Neisseria gonorrhoeae" was described. By the early 1990s, several groups had attempted to attach heterologous proteins to IgA1 protease and express the product in "Es... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39848744 |
Eshelby's inclusion In continuum mechanics, the term or problems refers to a set of problems involving ellipsoidal elastic inclusions in an infinite elastic body. Analytical solutions to these problems were first devised by John D. Eshelby in 1957. Eshelby started with a thought experiment on the possible stress, strai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39866230 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) – also known as ancestral gene/sequence reconstruction/resurrection – is a technique used in the study of molecular evolution. The method consists of the synthesis of an ancestral gene and expression of the corresponding ancestral protein. The idea of protein 'resurrection' was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction ASR has been used to probe the causative mutation that resulted in a protein's neofunctionalization after duplication by first determining that said mutation was located between ancestors '5' and '4' on the diagram (illustratively) using functional assays. In the field of protein bioph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction The nascent field of 'evolutionary biochemistry' has been bolstered by the recent increase in ASR studies using the ancestors as ways to probe organismal fitness within certain cellular contexts – effectively testing ancestral proteins "in vivo". Due to inherent limitations in these so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction Ancestral sequences are typically calculated by maximum likelihood, however Bayesian methods are also implemented. Because the ancestors are inferred from a phylogeny, the topology and composition of the phylogeny plays a major role in the output ASR sequences. Given that there is much... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction Hence, ASR allows one to probe the biophysical properties of past proteins and is indicative of ancient genetics. Maximum likelihood (ML) methods work by generating a sequence where the residue at each position is predicted to be the most likely to occupy said position by the method of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction In the trend of increasing thermostability, one explanation is that ML ASR creates a consensus sequence of several different, parallel mechanisms evolved to confer minor protein thermostability throughout the phylogeny – leading to an additive effect resulting in 'superior' ancestral t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction While this method does not offer a robust statistical, mathematical measure of reliability it does build off of the fundamental idea used in ASR that individual amino acid substitutions do not cause significant biophysical property changes in a protein – a tenant that must be held true... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction The Thornton lab notably resurrected several ancestral hormone receptors (from about 500Ma) and collaborated with the Stevens lab to resurrect ancient V-ATPase subunits from yeast (800Ma). The Marqusee lab has recently published several studies concerning the evolutionary biophysical h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction For example, ASR studies on bacterial EF-Tus (proteins involved in translation, that are likely rarely subject to HGT and typically exhibit Tms ~2C greater than Tenv) indicate a hotter Precambrian Earth which fits very closely with geological data on ancient earth ocean temperatures ba... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction This receptor was changed by seven mutations in a cortisol receptor, but reversing these mutations didn't give the original receptor back. Indicating that epistasis plays a major role in protein evolution – an observation that in combination with the observations of several examples of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
Ancestral sequence reconstruction Proponents of ASR such as Benner state that through these and other experiments, the end of the current century will see a level of understanding in biology analogous to the one that arose in classical chemistry in the last century. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39867144 |
FuseNet is an organization that unites, coordinates and sponsors European educational efforts in the field of nuclear fusion in order to increase, enhance, and broaden fusion training and education activities in Europe. The project exists of the establishment of a European Fusion Education Network (FuseNet) for educati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39893334 |
FuseNet The Association is an independent legal entity that was founded in December 2010 to form the sustainable continuation of the activities started by the equally named project. The association provides a platform for the coordination of European fusion education activities, the initiation, development and implemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39893334 |
Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain A (LOV domain) is a protein sensor used by a large variety of higher plants, microalgae, fungi and bacteria to sense environmental conditions. In higher plants, they are used to control phototropism, chloroplast relocation, and stomatal opening, whereas in fungal organisms, they are ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39900181 |
Light-oxygen-voltage-sensing domain In case of the fungus "Neurospora crassa", the circadian clock is controlled by two light-sensitive domains, known as the white-collar-complex (WCC) and the LOV domain vivid (VVD-LOV). WCC is primarily responsible for the light-induced transcription on the control-gene frequency (FRQ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39900181 |
Lithium (medication) Lithium compounds, also known as lithium salts, are primarily used as a psychiatric medication. It is primarily used to treat bipolar disorder and treat major depressive disorder that does not improve following the use of antidepressants. In these disorders, it reduces the risk of suicide. Lithium ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) In 2017, it was the 180th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions. Lithium is used primarily for bipolar disorder. It is sometimes used when other treatments are not effective in a number of other conditions, including major depression, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) If therapy with antidepressants does not fully treat the symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) then a second "augmentation agent" is sometimes added to the therapy. Despite not being approved by the FDA for use as an augmentation agent with any antidepressant for the treatment of MDD, lithium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) 5 mmol/l in those who accumulate the drug over time and to 3–10 mmol/l in acute overdose. Lithium salts have a narrow therapeutic/toxic ratio, so should not be prescribed unless facilities for monitoring plasma concentrations are available. Doses are adjusted to achieve plasma concentrations of 0.4... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) It increases the appetite and thirst ("polydypsia") and reduces the activity of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). The latter can be corrected by treatment with thyroxine and does not require the lithium dose to be adjusted. Lithium is also believed to permanently affect renal function, although thi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) It is estimated that impaired urinary concentrating ability is present in at least 50% of individuals on chronic lithium therapy, a condition called lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Continued use of lithium can lead to more serious kidney damage in an aggravated form of diabetes insi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Diuretics act by lowering water and sodium levels; this causes more reabsorption of lithium in the proximal tubules so that the removal of lithium from the body is less, leading to increased blood levels of lithium. ACE inhibitors have also been shown in a retrospective case-control study to increa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Indeed, these and other antipsychotics have been associated with increased risk of lithium neurotoxicity, even with low therapeutic lithium doses. Lithium toxicity, which is also called lithium overdose and lithium poisoning, is the condition of having too much lithium in the blood. This condition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Unlike many other psychoactive drugs, typically produces no obvious psychotropic effects (such as euphoria) in normal individuals at therapeutic concentrations. Lithium may also increase the release of serotonin by neurons in the brain. In vitro studies performed on serotonergic neurons from rat ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Inhibition of pAp-phosphatase by lithium leads to increased levels of pAp (3′-5′ phosphoadenosine phosphate), which was shown to inhibit PARP-1 Another mechanism proposed in 2007 is that lithium may interact with nitric oxide (NO) signalling pathway in the central nervous system, which plays a cruc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) During mania, there is an increase in neurotransmission of dopamine that causes a secondary homeostatic down-regulation, resulting in decreased neurotransmission of dopamine, which can cause depression. Additionally, the post-synaptic actions of dopamine are mediated through G-protein coupled recep... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) It was found that patients with bipolar disorder had lower GABA levels, which results in excitotoxicity and can cause apoptosis (cell loss). Lithium has been shown to increase the level of GABA in plasma and cerebral spinal fluid. Lithium counteracts these degrading processes by decreasing pro-apop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Inositol disruptions have been linked to memory impairment and depression. It is known with good certainty that signals from the receptors coupled to the phosphoinositide signal transduction is affected by lithium. myo-inositol is also regulated by the high affinity sodium mI transport system (SMIT... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) As accumulating knowledge indicated a role for excess sodium intake in hypertension and heart disease, lithium salts were prescribed to patients for use as a replacement for dietary table salt (sodium chloride). This practice and the sale of lithium itself were both banned in 1949, following public... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) The rest of the world was slow to adopt this treatment, largely because of deaths which resulted from even relatively minor overdosing, including those reported from use of lithium chloride as a substitute for table salt. Largely through the research and other efforts of Denmark's Mogens Schou and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) These include: "Equilibrium met Lithium" by South African artist Koos Kombuis, "Lithium" by Evanescence, "Lithium" by Nirvana, "Lithium and a Lover" by Sirenia, "Lithium Sunset", from the album "Mercury Falling" by Sting, and "Lithium" by Thin White Rope. As with cocaine in Coca-Cola, lithium was w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
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