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Lithium (medication) Lithium bromide and lithium chloride have been used in the past as table salt; however, they fell out of use in the 1940s, when it was discovered they were toxic in those large doses. Many other lithium salts and compounds exist, such as lithium fluoride and lithium iodide, but they are presumed to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Lithium (medication) Tentative evidence in Alzheimer's disease showed that lithium may slow progression. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39923620 |
Sublimation sandwich method The sublimation sandwich method (also called the sublimation sandwich process and the sublimation sandwich technique) is a kind of physical vapor deposition used for creating man-made crystals. Silicon carbide is the most common crystal grown this way, though others crystals may also created... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39933282 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (or ETH) is a set of ideas which purports to explain when and why an isolated quantum mechanical system can be accurately described using equilibrium statistical mechanics. In particular, it is devoted to understanding how systems which are i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis With this assumption, the ensemble average of an observable quantity is found by averaging the value of that observable formula_1 over all microstates formula_2 with the correct total energy: Importantly, this quantity is independent of everything about the initial state except for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis Given the state at time zero in a basis of energy eigenstates the expectation value of any observable formula_5 is Even if the formula_7 are incommensurate, so that this expectation value is given for long times by the expectation value permanently retains knowledge of the initial s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis We will refer to these states simply as "energy eigenstates." For simplicity, we will assume that the system has no degeneracy in its energy eigenvalues, and that it is finite in extent, so that the energy eigenvalues form a discrete, non-degenerate spectrum (this is not an unreason... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis The eigenstate thermalization hypothesis says that for an arbitrary initial state, the expectation value of formula_5 will ultimately evolve in time to its value predicted by a microcanonical ensemble, and thereafter will exhibit only small fluctuations around that value, provided t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis Assuming that the phase coherence between the different exponential terms in the second sum does not ever become large enough to rival this decay, the second sum will go to zero, and we find that the long-time average of the expectation value is given by This prediction for the time... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis If this is true, this one constant value A can be effectively pulled out of the sum, and the prediction of the diagonal ensemble is simply equal to this value, where we have assumed that the initial state is normalized appropriately. Likewise, the prediction of the microcanonical en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis For states of sufficiently high energy, Berry's conjecture states that energy eigenfunctions in this many-body system of hard sphere particles will appear to behave as superpositions of plane waves, with the plane waves entering the superposition with "random" phases and Gaussian-di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis Currently, it is not well understood how high the energy of an eigenstate of the hard sphere gas must be in order for it to obey the ETH. A rough criterion is that the average thermal wavelength of each particle be sufficiently smaller than the radius of the hard sphere particles, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis In order to deduce the conditions necessary for the observable's expectation value to exhibit small temporal fluctuations around its time-average, we study the mean squared amplitude of the temporal fluctuations, defined as where formula_54 is a shorthand notation for the expectatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis However, it has been shown that for an observable satisfying the ETH, quantum fluctuations in its expectation value will typically be of the same order of magnitude as the thermal fluctuations which would be predicted in a traditional microcanonical ensemble. This lends further cred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis It is also important to note that the ETH makes statements about "specific observables" on a case by case basis - it does not make any claims about whether every observable in a system will obey ETH. In fact, this certainly cannot be true. Given a basis of energy eigenstates, one ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
Eigenstate thermalization hypothesis Notice that while the ETH is typically applied to "simple" few-body operators such as these, these observables need "not" be local in space - the momentum number operator in the above example does not represent a local quantity. There has also been considerable interest in the case ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39937659 |
G-strain In EPR spectroscopy, g-strain refers to broadening of g-values owing to small sample inhomogeneity owing to slight variations in the orientation of the paramagnetic centers. The phenomenon is indicated by broadening of the g-values that depends on the frequency of the spectrometer, such as X- or Q-band. If the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39941202 |
Plasmonic lens In nano-optics, a plasmonic lens generally refers to a lens for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), i.e. a device that redirects SPPs to converge towards a single focal point. Because SPPs can have very small wavelength, they can converge into a very small and very intense spot, much smaller than the free... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39950774 |
Plasmonic lens These include photolithography, heat-assisted magnetic recording, microscopy, biophotonics, biological molecule sensors, and solar cells, as well as other applications. The term "plasmonic lens" is also sometimes used to describe something different: Any free-space lens (i.e., a lens that focuses free-sp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39950774 |
Marmesin (nodakenetin) is a chemical compound precursor in psoralen and linear furanocoumarins biosynthesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39951630 |
C4H7Cl The molecular formula CHCl may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953225 |
C23H38O2 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953261 |
C19H25NO3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953304 |
Thiolate-protected gold cluster Thiolate-protected gold clusters are a type of ligand-protected metal cluster, synthesized from gold ions and thin layer compounds that play a special role in cluster physics because of their unique stability and electronic properties. They are considered to be stable compounds. These cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953452 |
Thiolate-protected gold cluster If the synthesis is performed in a kinetically controlled manner, particularly stable representatives can be obtained with particles of uniform size (monodispersely), avoiding further separation steps. Rather than starting from "naked" gold ions in solution, template reactions can be use... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953452 |
Thiolate-protected gold cluster This existence of discrete electronic states was first indicated by the discrepancy between their optical absorption and the predictions of classical Mie scattering. The discrete optical transitions and occurrence of photoluminescence in these species are areas where they behave like mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953452 |
Thiolate-protected gold cluster Some important clusters with magic numbers are (SG:Glutathione): Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), Au(SG), and Au(SG). Au(SCHPh) is also well-known. It was greater than representatives Au(p-MBA) with the para-mercaptobenzoice (para-mercapto-benzoic acid, p-MBA) prod... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39953452 |
Ribosomal pause refers to the queueing or stacking of ribosomes during translation of the nucleotide sequence of mRNA transcripts. These transcripts are decoded and converted into an amino acid sequence during protein synthesis by ribosomes. Due to the pause sites of some mRNA’s, there is a disturbance caused in transl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954585 |
Ribosomal pause When the ribosome pauses, during translation, the fragments that started to translate before the pause took place are overrepresented. However, along with the mRNA if the ribosome pauses then specific bands will be improved in the trailing edge of the ribosome. Some of the elongation inhibitors, such as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954585 |
Ribosomal pause RQC can happen after the ribosomal pausing. Even though RQC works to undo the effects of the ribosomal pause, there are specific situations relating to proteins when the ribosomal pause is needed. Ribosomal pausing does have an impact on the rate of protein synthesis and it may decrease the rate that it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954585 |
Ribosomal pause An assay was put together by a group from the University of California in an effort to show a model of mRNA. The translation was monitored in two in vitro systems. It was found that translating ribosomes aren't uniformly distributed along an mRNA. Protein folding "in vivo" is also important and is relat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954585 |
Ribosomal pause Ribosome profiling has been used successfully in several recent studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39954585 |
Hexafluorotitanic acid (systematically named oxonium hexafluoridotitanate(2-)) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula (HO)[TiF]. As with most oxonium salts, it is not stable when undissolved, or under neutral to basic conditions, tending to decompose in those conditions to titanium fluorides or oxyfluorides... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39956692 |
Martin Schröder (chemist) Martin Schröder is a British inorganic chemist. He is Vice President and Dean for the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences and Professor of Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Manchester since June 2015. Previously served as executive dean of the Faculty of Sc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39965610 |
Copper (heraldry) In heraldry, copper is the tincture of metallic copper. Copper has been introduced in Canadian heraldry. It is considered a metal along with Argent (silver) and Or (gold) and should be depicted as bright, new copper metal. While not commonly used, it features prominently in the arms of the City of Whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39969498 |
Ailanthone is an allelopathic chemical that is produced by the "Ailanthus altissima" tree which inhibits the growth of other plants. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39972514 |
Cayman Chemical Company is an American biotechnology company founded in 1980, headquartered in Ann Arbor, MI. The company provides chemicals that are used primarily by universities and pharmaceutical companies for research and the development of medicines. The company is also known as a provider of reference standards ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39975065 |
Cayman Chemical Company Cayman Europe was established in January, 2005 in Tallinn, Estonia. Their operations focus on the distribution of Cayman Chemical products in Europe. Facilities are located in Neratovice, a town 18 miles north of Prague in the Czech Republic. Production is focused on pharmaceutical ingredients f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39975065 |
Geworkbench geWorkbench (genomics Workbench) is an open-source software platform for integrated genomic data analysis. It is a desktop application written in the programming language Java. geWorkbench uses a component architecture. , there are more than 70 plug-ins available, providing for the visualization and analysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39982437 |
ConverDyn is a general partnership between American multinational firms General Atomics and Honeywell that provides uranium hexafluoride (UF) conversion and related services to utilities operating nuclear power plants in North America, Europe, and Asia. The company is the sole marketing agent of UF produced at the Hone... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39986067 |
ConverDyn The plant has an annual conversion capacity of approximately 15,000 tU as UF accounting for approximately 20% of worldwide production capacity. The plant feeds UO yellowcake received from uranium mines and produces uranium hexafluoride gas for enrichment at one of the primary enrichment sites around the world... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39986067 |
ConverDyn The sized yellowcake is reacted with hydrogen in a fluidizing medium to form uranium dioxide The UO resulting from the previous reduction stage is then converted into uranium tetrafluoride intermediate (Green Salt) and additional impurities are removed from the system. The Metropolis Works Plant operates the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39986067 |
ConverDyn Honeywell elected to complete required upgrades and the plant restarted production of uranium hexafluoride in July 2013, after more than a year offline. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39986067 |
BIOPAN is a multi-user research program by the European Space Agency (ESA) designed to investigate the effect of the space environment on biological material. The experiments in are exposed to solar and cosmic radiation, the space vacuum and weightlessness, or a selection thereof. Optionally, the experiment temperature... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39993849 |
BIOPAN While the total weight of is close to 27 kg, including the experiments, the heat shield is responsible for 12 kg of that figure. The electronics consists of the following units: signal acquisition board, microcontroller board with its flight software, memory board and EGSE. The missions flown so far are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39993849 |
Ligation (molecular biology) In molecular biology, ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme. It is an essential laboratory procedure in the molecular cloning of DNA whereby DNA fragments are joined together to create recombinant DNA molecules, such as when a foreign DNA frag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) Finally, a phosphodiester bond between the two DNA ends is formed via the nucleophilic attack of the 3'-hydroxyl at the end of a DNA strand on the activated 5′-phosphoryl group of another. A nick in the DNA (i.e. a break in one strand of a double-stranded DNA) can be repaired very efficient... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) Ligation is complicated by the fact that the desired ligation products for most ligation reactions should be between two different DNA molecules and the reaction involves both inter- and intra-molecular reactions, and that an additional annealing step is necessary for efficient ligation. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) At a lower DNA concentration, the chance that one end of a DNA molecule would meet the other end of the same molecule increases, therefore intramolecular reaction that circularizes the DNA is more likely. The transformation efficiency of linear DNA is also much lower than circular DNA, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) High DNA ligase concentration may be used in conjunction with PEG for a faster ligation, and they are the components often found in commercial kits designed for rapid ligation. Two issues are involved when considering the temperature of a ligation reaction. First, the optimum temperature fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) Ligations also often involve ligating ends generated from different restriction enzymes in the same reaction mixture, therefore it may not be practical to select optimal temperature for a particular ligation reaction and most protocols simply choose 12-16C, room temperature, or 4C. The ioni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) For practical purposes, sticky end ligations are performed at 12-16C, or at room temperature, or alternatively at 4C for a longer period. For the insertion of a DNA fragment into a plasmid vector, it is preferable to use two different restriction enzymes to digest the DNA so that different ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) A major advantage of blunt-end cloning is that the desired insert does not require any restriction sites in its sequence as blunt-ends are usually generated in a PCR, and the PCR generated blunt-ended DNA fragment may then be ligated into a blunt-ended vector generated from restriction dige... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) PCR usually generates blunt-ended PCR products, but note that PCR using "Taq" polymerase can add an extra adenine (A) to the 3' end of the PCR product. This property may be exploited in TA cloning where the ends of the PCR product can anneal to the T end of a vector. TA ligation is therefor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Ligation (molecular biology) Another method of cloning without the use of ligase is by DNA recombination, for example as used in the Gateway cloning system. The gene, once cloned into the cloning vector (called entry clone in this method), may be conveniently introduced into a variety of expression vectors by recombina... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40002050 |
Isovalent hybridization In chemistry, isovalent or second order hybridization is an extension of orbital hybridization, the mixing of atomic orbitals into hybrid orbitals which can form chemical bonds, to include fractional numbers of atomic orbitals of each type (s, p, d). It allows for a quantitative depiction of bon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40006957 |
Isovalent hybridization The square of the hybridization parameter equals the "hybridization index" () of an orbital. formula_3. The fractional s character of orbital "i" is formula_4, and the s character of all the hybrid orbitals must sum to one, so that formula_5 The fractional character of orbital "i" is formula_6, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40006957 |
Isovalent hybridization As an application, the C-H coupling constants show that for the cycloalkanes, the amount of s character in the carbon hybrid orbital employed in the C-H bond decreases as the ring size increases. The value of "J" for cyclopropane, cyclobutane and cyclopentane are 161, 134, and 128 Hz, respective... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40006957 |
Gérard Maugin Gérard A. Maugin (born December 2, 1944 in Angers – September 22, 2016 in Villejuif) was a French engineering scientist. Maugin acquired his engineering degree in mechanical engineering in 1966 at the Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers (Ensam) and he continued his studies at the school of aerona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40007354 |
Gérard Maugin His work deals with continuum mechanics, including relativistic continuum mechanics, micro magnetism, electrodynamics of continua, thermo mechanics, surface waves and nonlinear waves in continua, lattice dynamics, material equations and biomechanical applications (tissue growth). In 2001 he received the M... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40007354 |
Ahmed Cemal Eringen Ahmet Cemal Eringen (February 15, 1921, in Kayseri, Turkey – December 7, 2009) was a Turkish- American engineering scientist. He was a professor at Princeton University and the founder of the Society of Engineering Science. The Eringen Medal is named in his honor. Eringen studied at the Technical Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40007405 |
Ahmed Cemal Eringen In 1973 he received the Distinguished Service Award and the 1976 as named in his honor A. C. Eringen Medal of the Society of Engineering Science, whose president he was in 1963 to 1973. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40007405 |
440C is a 400 series stainless steel, and is the highest carbon content from 400 stainless steel series. It is usually heat treated to reach hardness of 58–60 HRC. It is a bearing steel, and used in rolling contact stainless bearings, e.g. ball and roller bearings. It is also used to make knife blades. can be oil quenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40016771 |
Rafael Moure-Eraso (born May 2, 1946) is a former chairman and chief executive of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). Moure-Eraso was born in Cali, Colombia, in 1946. He grew up in Bogotá where he was educated by Augustinian friars and at the University of Los Andes. He received his B.Sc. in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40032774 |
Rafael Moure-Eraso In March 2015, he was called to testify in front of the House Oversight Committee regarding the management of the Chemical Safety Board. Following that testimony fourteen members of the committee issued a letter to the White House calling on the president to use his statutory authority to remove Mour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40032774 |
Indium Corporation is a refiner, producer, and supplier of indium and indium compounds. The company also has various products based on other metals. The company was founded in 1934, headquartered in Clinton, NY. was known as "The of America" in 1934. For many years the founders/scientists Dr. William S. Murray and Dani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40040442 |
Chromotropism is the (reversible) change in color of a substance due to the physical and chemical properties of its ambient surrounding medium, such as temperature and pressure, light, solvent, and presence of ions and electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40045124 |
Arsenic biochemistry refers to biochemical processes that can use arsenic or its compounds, such as arsenate. Arsenic is a moderately abundant element in Earth's crust, and although many arsenic compounds are often considered highly toxic to most life, a wide variety of organoarsenic compounds are produced biologically... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry In clean environments, the edible mushroom species Cyanoboletus pulverulentus hyperaccumulates arsenic in concentrations reaching even 1,300 mg/kg in dry weight; cacodylic acid is the major As compound. A very unusual composition of organoarsenic compounds was found in deer truffles ("Elaphomyces" ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Man-made sources of arsenic, include wastes from mineral processing, swine and poultry farms. For example, many ores, especially sulfide minerals, are contaminated with arsenic, which is released in roasting (burning in air). In such processing, arsenide is converted to arsenic trioxide, which is v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry The organoarsenic compound Salvarsan was the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent, discovered by Paul Ehrlich. The treatment, however, led to many problems causing long lasting health complications. Around 1943 it was finally superseded by penicillin. The related drug Melarsoprol is still in use ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Exposure to toxic doses begin when the liver's methylation capacity is exceeded or inhibited. There are two major forms of arsenic that can enter the body, arsenic (III) and arsenic (V). Arsenic (III) enters the cells though aquaporins 7 and 9, which is a type of aquaglyceroporin. Arsenic (V) compo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Cyt19 arsenic methyltransferase can methylate the complex one more time, and this forms a dimethylated arsenic GS complex, which is in equilibrium with a dimethyl arsenic (III) complex. Both of the mono-methylated and di-methylated arsenic compounds can readily be excreted in urine. However, the mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry In an SN2 reaction, the positive charge on the SAM sulfur atom pulls the bonding electron from the carbon of the methyl group, which interacts with the arsenic lone pair to form an As−C bond, leaving SAH. In humans, the major route of excretion of most arsenic compounds is via the urine. The biolog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Of particular note in these antioxidant proteins is heme oxygenase 1 ([HO-1]), NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and γ-glutamylcysteine synthase (γGCS) which work in conjunction to reduce the oxidative species such as hydrogen peroxide to decrease the oxidative stress upon the cell. The incr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Poisoning with arsenic can raise lactate levels and lead to lactic acidosis. Genotoxicity involves inhibition of DNA repair and DNA methylation. The carcinogenic effect of arsenic arises from the oxidative stress induced by arsenic. Arsenic's high toxicity naturally led to the development of a vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry At the substrate level, during glycolysis, glucose-6-arsenate binds as a substrate to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and also inhibits hexokinase through negative feedback. Unlike the importance of phosphate in glycolysis, the presence of arsenate restricts the generation of ATP by forming an u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Arsenic can cause oxidative stress through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Reactive oxygen species are produced by the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which transfers electrons from NADPH to oxygen, synthesizing a superoxide, which is a reactive free radic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry In cases of chronic arsenic exposure, the nitric oxide levels are depleted, due to the superoxide reactions. The enzyme NO synthase (NOS) uses L-arginine to form nitric oxide, but this enzyme is inhibited by monomethylated arsenic (III) compounds. Arsenic is reported to cause DNA modifications such... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry Nucleotide excision repair (NER) and base excision repair (BER) are the processes implicated in the repair of DNA base damage induced by ROS after arsenic exposure. In particular, the NER mechanism is the major pathway for repairing bulky distortions in DNA double helix, while the BER mechanism is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
Arsenic biochemistry The excess amount of granulocytes and monocytes lead to a chronic state of inflammation, which might result in cancer development. There are three molecules that serve as chelator agents that bond to arsenic. These three are British Anti-Lewisite (BAL, Dimercaprol), succimer (DMSA) and Unithiol (DM... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29855647 |
GFAJ-1 is a strain of rod-shaped bacteria in the family Halomonadaceae. It is an extremophile that was isolated from the hypersaline and alkaline Mono Lake in eastern California by geobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon, a NASA research fellow in residence at the US Geological Survey. In a 2010 "Science" journal publication, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 Molecular analysis based on 16S rRNA sequences shows to be closely related to other moderate halophile ("salt-loving") bacteria of the family Halomonadaceae. Although the authors produced a cladogram in which the strain is nested among members of "Halomonas", including "H. alkaliphila" and "H. venusta", they did... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 In addition to indicators to tell the novel species from other species, other analyses are required, such as fatty acid composition, respiratory quinone used and tolerance ranges and deposition of the strain in at least two microbiological repositories. New proposed names are given in italics followed by "sp. no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 It was observed that could grow through many doublings in cell numbers when cultured in either phosphate or arsenate media, but could not grow when placed in a medium of a similar composition to which neither phosphate nor arsenate was added. The phosphorus content of the arsenic-fed, phosphorus-starved bacteria... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 Nucleic acids from stationary phase cells starved of phosphorus were concentrated via five extractions (one with phenol, three with phenol-chloroform and one with chloroform extraction solvent), followed by ethanol precipitation. Although direct evidence of the incorporation of arsenic into biomolecules is still... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 Subsequent studies using mass spectrometry by the same group found no evidence of arsenate being incorporated into the DNA of GFAJ-1. Arsenate esters, such as those that would be present in DNA, are generally expected to be orders of magnitude less stable to hydrolysis than corresponding phosphate esters. dAMAs,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 NASA's announcement of a news conference "that will impact the search for evidence of extraterrestrial life" was criticized as sensationalistic and misleading; an editorial in "New Scientist" commented "although the discovery of alien life, if it ever happens, would be one of the biggest stories imaginable, this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 Harvard microbiologist Alex Bradley said that arsenic-containing DNA would be so unstable in water it could not have survived the analysis procedure. On 8 December 2010, "Science" published a response by Wolfe-Simon, in which she stated that criticism of the research was expected. In response, a "Frequently Aske... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
GFAJ-1 Then on January 2012 a group of researchers led by Rosie Redfield at the University of British Columbia analyzed the DNA of using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and could not detect any arsenic, which Redfield calls a "clear refutation" of the original paper's findings. A simple explanation for the grow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29856330 |
Moeller stain Moeller staining involves the use of a steamed dye reagent in order to increase the stainability of endospores; carbol fuchsin is the primary stain used in this method. Endospores are stained red, while the counterstain methylene blue stains the vegetative bacteria blue. Endospores are surrounded by a hig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29858554 |
Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors The leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILR) are a family of receptors possessing extracellular immunoglobulin domains. They are also known as CD85, ILTs and LIR, and can exert immunomodulatory effects on a wide range of immune cells. The human genes encoding these receptor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29859320 |
Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with a higher redox potential than NAD(P)/NAD(P)H, such as nitrite or sulfur compounds, must use energy to reduce NAD(P). This energy is supplied by consuming proton motive f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29863201 |
Royal Gold is a precious metals company with royalty claims on gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc at mines in over 20 countries (12 in the Americas, most of the rest spread between Africa, Western Europe and Australia). Over half of the developmental properties it has interests in are producing however most (130 repre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29866399 |
Royal Gold Royal Gold's business has over a short period of time become more internationalized and diversified (in 2010 60% of revenue came from abroad compared to 44% the year before). In 2010 40% of revenue came from the USA compared to 79% in 2008; Canada down to 4% from 27% in 2008 however most assets in Canada are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29866399 |
Royal Gold In the summer of 2011 paid Seabridge Gold C$160 million for a 2% net smelter return royalty claim on the KSM gold-copper-silver-molybdenum project in northern British Columbia. By the end of the 2010 fiscal year the company was receiving royalty payments from 34 mines (July 2010). The developmental projects ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29866399 |
Royal Gold Those mines produced in total 92,358 ounces of gold during the quarter up from 65,862 ounces during the same period a year earlier, only two of them produced anything besides gold. Voisey's Bay and Las Cruces are the only major mining operations that don't produce gold. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29866399 |
Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics The of Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) (now known as the Semenov ICP in Moscow ), was established in 1931 under the direction of Professor Nikolay Semyonov, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry (1956) on the basis of the Physico-Chemical Sector of the Leningrad Physical Technical Institut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29870342 |
MassTag-PCR MassTag PCR is a modification of PCR based on mass-spectrometric detection of an end product. This technology was pioneered by a scientist from Center for Infection and Immunity (CII) of the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, USA. Like conventional PCR, uses primer pairs. The difference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29872545 |
K factor (crude oil refining) The K factor or characterization factor is a systematic way of classifying a crude oil according to its paraffinic, naphthenic, intermediate or aromatic nature. 12.5 or higher indicate a crude oil of predominantly paraffinic constituents, while 10 or lower indicate a crude of more aromatic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=29882763 |
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