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Brine spring A brine spring or salt spring is a saltwater spring. Brine springs are not necessarily associated with halite deposits in the immediate vicinity. They may occur at valley bottoms made of clay and gravel which became soggy with brine seeped downslope from the valley sides. Historically, brine springs have been early sources of U.S. salt production, as in the case of the salterns in Syracuse, New York and at the Illinois Salines. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41479658 |
C18H18O3 The molecular formula CHO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41492020 |
C21H26N2O The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 322.452 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41492109 |
Polymacon is a non-proprietary (i.e., generic) term for a hydrophilic polymer of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (62%) and water (38%). It is used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses, and is considered a low hydration hydrogel of nonionic polymer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41498248 |
Sharp series The sharp series is a series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum caused when electrons jump between the lowest p orbital and s orbitals of an atom. The spectral lines include some in the visible light, and they extend into ultraviolet. The lines get closer and closer together as the frequency increases never exceeding the series limit. The sharp series was important in the development of the understanding of electron shells and subshells in atoms. The sharp series has given the letter "s" to the s atomic orbital or subshell. The sharp series has a limit given by formula_1 The series is caused by transitions from the lowest P state to higher energy S orbitals. One terminology to identify the lines is: 1P-mS But note that 1P just means the lowest P state in an atom and that the modern designation would start at 2P, and is larger for higher atomic numbered atoms. The terms can have different designations, mS for single line systems, mσ for doublets and ms for triplets. Since the P state is not the lowest energy level for the alkali atom (the S is) the sharp series will not show up as absorption in a cool gas, however it shows up as emission lines. The Rydberg correction is largest for the S term as the electron penetrates the inner core of electrons more. The limit for the series corresponds to electron emission, where the electron has so much energy it escapes the atom. Even though the series is called sharp, the lines may not be sharp. In alkali metals the P terms are split formula_2 and formula_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41499099 |
Sharp series This causes the spectral lines to be doublets, with a constant spacing between the two parts of the double line. The sharp series used to be called the second subordinate series, with the diffuse series being the first subordinate, both being subordinate to the principal series. The sharp series limit is the same as the diffuse series limit. In the late 1800s these two were termed supplementary series. In 1896 Arthur Schuster stated his law: "If we subtract the frequency of the fundamental vibration from the convergence frequency of the principal series , we obtain the convergence frequency of the supplementary series". But in the next issue of the journal he realised that Rydberg had published the idea a few months earlier. Rydberg Schuster Law: Using wave numbers, the difference between the sharp and diffuse series limits and principle series limit is the same as the first transition in the principal series. Runge's Law: Using wave numbers the difference between the sharp series limit and fundamental series limit is the same as the first transition in the diffuse series. The sharp series has wave numbers given by: formula_4 The sodium diffuse series has wave numbers given by: formula_5 when n tends to infinity the diffuse and sharp series end up with the same limit. A sharp series of triplet lines is designated by series letter "s" and formula "1p-ms". The sharp series of singlet lines has series letter "S" and formula "1P-mS". Calcium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41499099 |
Sharp series Magnesium has a sharp series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets. At Cambridge University George Liveing and James Dewar set out to systematically measure spectra of elements from groups I, II and III in visible light and ultraviolet that would transmit through air. They noticed that lines for sodium were alternating sharp and diffuse. They were the first to use the term "sharp" for the lines. They classified alkali metal spectral lines into sharp and diffuse categories. In 1890 the lines that also appeared in the absorption spectrum were termed the principal series. Rydberg continued the use of sharp and diffuse for the other lines, whereas Kayser and |Runge preferred to use the term second subordinate series for the sharp series. Arno Bergmann found a fourth series in infrared in 1907, and this became known as Bergmann Series or fundamental series. In 1896 Edward C. Pickering found a new series of lines in the spectrum of ζ Puppis. This was believed to be the sharp series of hydrogen. In 1915 proof was given that it was actually ionised helium - helium II. Heinrich Kayser, Carl Runge and Johannes Rydberg found mathematical relations between the wave numbers of emission lines of the alkali metals. Friedrich Hund introduced the s, p, d, f notation for subshells in atoms. Others followed this use in the 1930s and the terminology has remained to this day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41499099 |
Osmotic blistering is a chemical phenomenon where two substances attempt to reach equilibrium through a semi-permeable membrane. Water will flow from one solution to another, trying to create equilibrium between both solutions. Usually, the two solutions are concrete and the coating application on top of the concrete. Concrete is very porous, so water beneath the concrete, will force itself through the concrete, typically through vapor transmission. The water will then try to break through the semi-permeable membrane (either the surface of the concrete or the primer). Most epoxies or urethanes or polymer applications are not permeable so the water will stop at the polymer coating. However, the pressure from the water does not stop, forcing the water to collect directly in between the concrete and the layer of epoxy/urethane. This collection creates the notorious “osmotic blister” that is commonly feared by coating specialists. For steel substrates: The presence of soluble salts (particularly sulfates and chlorides) at the metal/paint interface is known to have a detrimental effect on the integrity of most paint systems including fluorocoatings. The salts come from atmospheric pollution and contamination during blasting or other substrate preparation processes. These salts promote osmotic blistering of the coating and underfilm metallic corrosion. As a result, loss of adhesion, cathodic disbondment, and scribe creep can be observed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41502288 |
Osmotic blistering A coating behaves as a semi-impermeable membrane; allowing moisture to pass through but not salts4,5. When a paint coating is applied on a metallic surface contaminated with soluble salts, an osmotic blistering process takes place (Figure 8.10). Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules (water) through a semipermeable membrane (coating film) into a region of higher solute concentration (the salt contaminated substrate). The process drives to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides, but because salt cannot pass through the membrane (coating) it can never equalize. Water continues to permeate into the region. As the soluble substance dissolves under the paint layer, the pressure caused by the increase in volume can exert a greater force than the paint adhesion and cohesion forces, giving rise to the formation of a blister; the process called osmotic blistering. The blisters are first filled with water and later with corrosion products from the corrosion of the metallic substrate. <refhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/osmotic-blistering></ref> https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/osmotic-blistering | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41502288 |
Nitrosyl-O-hydroxide Nitrosyl-"O"-hydroxide (molecular formula HOON) is an isomer of nitrous acid, which has been experimentally observed in the gas phase. HOON contains the longest oxygen-oxygen bond thus far observed in any known molecule, measured to be 1.9149 angstroms. There had been speculation about the existence of this molecule, and "ab initio" calculations have suggested that it might have a stable chemically bonded structure. The HOON structure was generated by the McCarthy group in a pulsed supersonic expansion of a gaseous mixture of nitric oxide and water vapor diluted with neon. The molecule was detected using Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The equilibrium structure of nitrosyl-"O"-hydroxide in the gas-phase was determined to be a planar structure, adopting a "trans" conformation. The structure shown below is a semi-empirical structure derived from a combination of experimental data and theoretically derived vibration-rotation constants. Early theoretical work had suggested the HOON structure should be extremely unstable, decomposing with no significant activation barrier . as predicted below: nitrous acid | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41509216 |
Hemichrome A hemichrome (FeIII) is a form of low-spin methemoglobin (metHb). Hemichromes, which precede the denaturation processes of haemoglobin (Hb), are mainly produced by partially denaturated haemoglobins and form histidine complexes. Hemichromes are usually associated with blood disorders. Hemichromes can be classified in two main categories: reversible and irreversible. Reversible hemichromes (Hch-1) have the ability to return to their native formation (haemoglobin). Some hemichromes can be reduced to the high-spin state of deoxyhaemoglobin, while others are first being reduced to hemochromes (FeII) and then to deoxyhaemoglobin through anaerobic dialysis. Photolysis, in the presence of oxygen from CO and its reaction with the hemochrome, can quickly convert a hemichrome to oxyhaemoglobin (HbO2). Irreversible hemichromes (Hch-2) cannot be converted to their native form. Both the reversible and irreversible hemichromes have a similar rate during proteolytic degradation and they both have a lower percentage of alpha helixes. Upon blood exiting the body, haemoglobin in blood transits from bright red to dark brown, which is attributed to oxidation of oxy-hemoglobin (HbO) to methemoglobin (met-Hb) and ending up in hemichrome (HC). For forensic purposes, the fractions of HbO, met-Hb and HC in a bloodstain can be used for age determination of bloodstains when measured with Reflectance Spectroscopy . Hemichromes form an insoluble macromolecule (macromolecular aggregate) by copolymerization with the cytoplasm of band 3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41510897 |
Hemichrome Covalent bonds reinforce the aggregate interactions of the hemichromes which are accumulated on the surface of the membrane. However, hemichromes are less stable than their native form. Hemoglobin A in humans can form hemichromes even under physiological conditions as a result of pH and temperature alterations, and the autoxidation of oxyhaemoglobin. formation, followed by a band 3 clustering and the formation of Heinz bodies, can take place during the physiological clearance of damaged red blood cells. The difference between a normal red blood cell (RBC) and a red blood cell with unstable haemoglobin (such as in the case of haemolytic anaemia) is that, in a normal RBC, the formation of Heinz bodies is significantly delayed. In cells with unstable haemoglobin, hemichromes are formed soon after the cell has been released into the bloodstream and they precipitate on the membrane's surface. When haemoglobin is exposed to certain conditions, reversible or irreversible hemichromes are formed. "Reversible" hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of: "Irreversible" hemichrome formation occurs in the presence of: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41510897 |
Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists The (CSCC) is a non-profit national scientific and professional society which represents clinical chemists (also known as clinical biochemists) across Canada. Its purpose is to advance the practice of clinical chemistry in Canada through the promotion of excellence in education, research and practice, by means of activities at the international, national, provincial and local levels. In Canada, clinical chemists are members of the medical laboratory management team that consists of pathologists, laboratory managers and senior technologists. They are primarily responsible for setting the standards of performance for the clinical biochemistry laboratory. They use skills developed through post doctoral training programs to ensure that laboratory services meet the needs of the patients while being delivered in an efficient manner. They monitor the quality of the testing services and act as technical experts to evaluate and select methods and instrumentation. They apply clinical and technical knowledge to assist physicians with the selection and interpretation of tests and to support the research and teaching activities of the laboratory. The founding meeting for the CSCC was held in Montreal, Quebec on Oct 17th 1956. Since that time the membership has grown to several hundred clinical chemists and highlights of the society's accomplishments during its first 50 years were documented by Dr. Arlene Crowe (past president) in Clinical Biochemistry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41513000 |
Canadian Society of Clinical Chemists In 1986 the Canadian Academy of Clinical Biochemistry was established as the academic body of the CSCC to oversee training, certification, accreditation, and professional development of clinical chemists in Canada. A syllabus for post doctoral training in clinical biochemistry was developed and is maintained by the CACB as a guide to program directors and trainees. The CSCC holds an Annual Scientific Congress and Annual General Meeting. The 61st annual CSCC conference was held in San Diego, CA, USA July 31-August 4, 2017 as a joint meeting with the AACC. Publications include the scientific journal Clinical Biochemistry, a member newsletter "CSCC News", and position papers on current issues such as cardiac troponin testing. Special interest groups have been developed to advance knowledge and produce solutions in: Clinical Toxicology, Point-Of-Care Testing, Pediatric and Perinatal Biochemistry, Monoclonal Gammopathy, Autoverification of test results and the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Paediatric Reference Intervals - CALIPER. The CSCC is a full member of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC), which is associated with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41513000 |
Phytoglycogen is a type of glycogen extracted from plants. It is a highly branched, water-soluble polysaccharide derived from glucose. It can be found in millets grown in Central and Southern parts of India. is a highly branched polysaccharide used to store glucose in a similar way that glycogen is the glucose storage for animals. It is made up of branched, flexible chains on glucose molecules that grow similarly to synthetic dendrimers. The special structure of the phytoglycogen allows it to have low viscosity, high water retention, as well as high stability in water, and stabilize bioactive compounds and form films on surfaces. Thus, this monodisperse nanoparticle is able to be used in many different technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41519148 |
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry (SWIFTS), or standing-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry, is an analytical technique used for measuring the distribution of light across an optical spectrum. SWIFTS technology is based on a near-field Lippmann architecture. An optical signal is injected into a waveguide and ended by a mirror (true Lippman configuration). The input signal interferes with the reflected signal, creating a standing, or stationary, wave. In a counter-propagative architecture, the two optical signals are injected at the opposite ends of the waveguide. The evanescent waves propagating within the waveguide are then sampled by optical probes. This results in an interferogram. A mathematical function known as a Lippmann transform, similar to a Fourier transform, is later used to give the spectrum of the light. In 1891, at the Académie des Sciences in Paris, Gabriel Lippmann presented a colour photograph of the Sun's spectrum obtained with his new photographic plate. Later, in 1894, he published an article on how his plate was able to record colour information in the depth of photographic grainless gelatin and how the same plate after processing could restore the original colour image merely through light reflection. He was thus the inventor of true interferential colour photography. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908 for this breakthrough. Unfortunately, this principle was too complex to use. The method was abandoned a few years after its discovery | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41527719 |
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry One aspect of the Lippmann concept that was ignored at that time relates to spectroscopic applications. Early in 1933, Herbert E. Ives proposed to use a photoelectric device to probe stationary waves to make spectrometric measurements. In 1995, P. Connes proposed to use the emerging new technology of detectors for three-dimensional Lippmann-based spectrometry. Following this, a first realization of a very compact spectrometer based on a microoptoelectromechanical system (MOEMS) was reported by Knipp et al. in 2005, but it had a very limited spectral resolution. In 2004, two French researchers, Etienne Le Coarer from Joseph Fourier University and Pierre Benech from INP Grenoble, coupled sensing elements to the evanescent part of standing waves within a single-mode waveguide. In 2007, those two researchers reported a near-field method to probe the interferogram within a waveguide. The first SWIFTS-based spectrometers appeared in 2011 based on a SWIFTS linear configuration. The technology works by probing an optical standing wave, or the sum of the standing waves in the case of polychromatic light, created by a light to be analyzed. In a SWIFTS linear configuration (true Lippman configuration), the stationary wave is created by a single-mode waveguide ended by a fixed mirror. The stationary wave is regularly sampled on one side of a waveguide using nano-scattering dots. These dots are located in the evanescent field | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41527719 |
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry These nanodots are characterized by an optical index difference with the medium in which the evanescent field is located. The light is then scattered around an axis perpendicular to the waveguide. For each dot, this scattered light is detected by a pixel aligned with this axis. The intensity detected is therefore proportional to the intensity inside the waveguide at the exact location of the dot. This results in a linear image of the interferogram. No moving parts are used. A mathematical function known as a Lippmann transform, similar to a Fourier transform, is then applied to this linear image and gives the spectrum of the light. The interferogram is truncated. Only the frequencies corresponding to the zero optical path difference at the mirror, up to the farthest dots are sampled. Higher frequencies are rejected. This interferogram’s truncation determines the spectral resolution. The interferogram is undersampled. A consequence of this under-sampling is a limitation of the wavelength bandwidth to which the mathematical function is applied. SWIFTS technology displays the Fellgett's advantage, which is derived from the fact that an interferometer measures wavelengths simultaneously with the same elements of the detector, whereas a dispersive spectrometer measures them successively | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41527719 |
Stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry Fellgett's advantage also states that when collecting a spectrum whose measurement noise is dominated by detector noise, a multiplex spectrometer such as a Fourier-transform spectrometer will produce a relative improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio, with respect to an equivalent scanning monochromator, that is approximately equal to the square root of the number of sample points comprising the spectrum. The Connes advantage states that the wavenumber scale of an interferometer, derived from a helium–neon laser, is more accurate and boasts better long-term stability than the calibration of dispersive instruments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41527719 |
Metachirality is a stronger form of chirality. It applies to objects or systems that are chiral (not identical to their mirror image) and where, in addition, their mirror image has a symmetry group that differs from the symmetry group of the original object or system. Many familiar chiral objects, like the capital letter 'Z' embedded in the plane, are not metachiral. The symmetry group of the capital letter 'Z' embedded in the plane consists of the identity transformation and a rotation over 180˚ (a half turn). In this case, the mirror image has the same symmetry group. In particular, asymmetric objects (that only have the identity transformation as symmetry, like a human hand) are not metachiral, since the mirror image is also asymmetric. In general, two-dimensional objects and bounded three-dimensional objects are not metachiral. An example of a metachiral object is an infinite helical staircase. A helix in 3D has a "handedness" (either left or right, like screw thread), whereby it differs from its mirror image. An infinite helical staircase, however, does have symmetries: screw operations, that is, a combination of a translation and a rotation. The symmetry group of the mirror image of an infinite helical staircase also contains screw operations. But they are of the opposite handedness and, hence, the symmetry groups differ. Note, however, that these symmetry groups are isomorphic. Of the 219 space groups, 11 are metachiral | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41528945 |
Metachirality A nice example of a metachiral spatial structure is the K crystal, also known as Triamond, and featured in the "Bamboozle" mathematical artwork. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41528945 |
Arginine catabolic mobile element The arginine catabolic mobile element (ACME) is a mobile genetic element of "Staphylococcus" bacterial species. This genetic element provides for several immune modulating functions, including resistance to polyamines which serve as a non-specific immune response both on intact skin and following the inflammatory response in wound healing. Diverse ACME are present in several species of "Staphylococcus", including "Staphylococcus epidermidis". ACME are not common among antibiotic sensitive "S. aureus" (MSSA). The elements for the most prominent MRSA ACME appear to have assembled recently in "S. epidermidis" into the speG-positive ACME which was transferred to virulent "S. aureus" during the evolution of the epidemic USA300 MRSA strain. This broadened the ability of "S. aureus" to colonize sites other than a specific part of the nose. This strain is able to persist on intact skin and is spread rapidly person-to-person. As a result, the speG-positive ACME is a particularly important element of MRSA pathogenesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41529879 |
Efrapeptin Efrapeptins are peptides produced by fungi in the genus "Tolypocladium" that have antifungal, insecticidal, and mitochondrial ATPase inhibitory activities. They are produced via a biosynthetic pathway similar to but simpler than the Ciclosporin pathway, with nonribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) and/or polyketide synthase (PKS) being the key elements. The amino acid sequences of efrapeptins are: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41533281 |
MV Cape Ray (T-AKR-9679) The 648-foot roll-on/roll-off and container ship , built in 1977, was previously known as "MV Saudi Makkah" and "MV Seaspeed Asia". She can carry 1,315 containers and has both bow and stern thrusters. After being acquired on 29 April 1994, was in the Ready Reserve Force. She is generally used to transport vehicles to war zones from the United States. "Cape Ray" played a central role in the 2014 destruction of Syria's declared stockpile of chemical weapons. For that mission she was under the command of civilian master Rick Jordan and was outfitted with two Field Deployable Hydrolysis Systems by United States Army civilians, who then performed the destruction operations at sea. On 16 January 2014 the Italian Minister of Infrastructures and Transports, Maurizio Lupi, said that "MV Cape Ray" would load 530 tons of chemical weapons material in the port of Gioia Tauro in Calabria, Italy, from the Danish ship "MV Ark Futura". She deployed on 25 June 2014 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41539974 |
Nitroalkene A nitroalkene, or nitro olefin, is a functional group combining the functionality of its constituent parts, an alkene and nitro group, while displaying its own chemical properties through alkene activation, making the functional group useful in specialty reactions such as the Michael reaction or Diels-Alder additions. Nitroalkenes are synthesized by various means, notable examples include: Nitroalkenes are useful intermediates for various chemical functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41546833 |
C16H26N2O4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41551965 |
C18H25N5O4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41554401 |
C19H29NO2 The molecular formula CHNO (molar mass: 303.439 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41555364 |
C18H29NO4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41557441 |
Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry The (RSEQ) is a Spanish scientific society dedicated to the development and dissemination of chemistry, in its aspect of pure science and in its applications. It originated in 1980 after the split of the Spanish Royal Society of Physics and Chemistry which itself was founded in 1903. The purpose of the RSEQ is "to facilitate the advancement and improvement of scientific activity, teaching, research and professional in the field of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering." The RSEQ is a member of EuCheMS (European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences), a non-profit organization founded in 1970 that promotes cooperation between scientific societies and European techniques in the field of chemistry. Although the (RSEQ) emerged in 1980, its history dates back to 1903, the year of the founding of the Spanish Society of Physics and Chemistry (SEFQ) and soon began publishing the journal Annals of the Spanish Society Physics and Chemistry. The number of members was 263 in the first year, professionals experimental sciences, primarily engaged in the field of chemistry. In the 1920s, after major development and internationalization, the company incorporated at the IUPAC. In 1928, to mark the 25th anniversary of its founding, the company was honored by King Alfonso XIII with the name Royal Spanish Society of Physics and Chemistry. From this date forward, it created local branches (Sevilla, Barcelona, Madrid, Valencia) and hold biennial meetings of the Society | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41557458 |
Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry In 1934, the Royal Society organized the IX International Congress of Chemistry in Madrid, attended by 1,500 chemists in all countries. At that time, the Society already had about 1400 members. After the interruption of the Spanish Civil War and its disastrous consequences, the society began to reach new heights, especially from the 60s onward, as a result of the developing policies of the time. In the 70 territorial sections are consolidated specialized groups, such as Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (created in 1967), and Adsorption (created in 1978). At the end of the decade it was decided to divide the society into two independent branches, the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSEQ) and Physics (RSEF). Successors of the work of the parent company held their biennial meeting in Burgos, 29 September to 3 October 1980. In the following years the focus groups were widespread within the RSEQ, and biennial meetings continued. The publication "Annals of Chemistry" was divided into three series between 1980 and 1989: From 1990 to 1995, subseries A, B and C are joined to form again Annals of Chemistry, (, CODEN ANQUEX). Between 1996 and 1998 the magazine changed its name to Annals of Chemistry, International Edition, (, CODEN AQIEFZ) and published in English during this period. In 1998 it merged with other European publications, to edit together several magazines in English, but the tradition of publishing in Spanish with the founding in 1999 of continuing Annals of the (Annals RSEQ), , quarterly | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41557458 |
Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry Since 1999, "Annals of the Spanish Royal Society of Chemistry", , is published quarterly. This journal is a continuation of classical "Annals of Chemistry", which was integrated into a consortium of European magazines along with "Acta Chimica Hungarica", "Models in Chemistry", "Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges", "Bulletin of Société Chimique de France", "Chemische Berichte", "Chimika Chronika", "Gazzetta Chimica Italiana", "Liebigs Annalen", "Polish Journal of Chemistry", "Recueil des Travaux des Pays-Bas Chimiques" and "Revista Portuguesa de Química". The Association of European Journals in partnership with Wiley-VCH publishes several magazines: "Chemistry - A European Journal", "European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry", "European Journal of Organic Chemistry", "ChemBioChem", "ChemMedChem" and "ChemSusChem". The RSEQ is also co-editor of the journal "Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry" (published by Springer ) and "Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics" (PCCP), published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society also periodically publishes a newsletter and other publications without fixed periodicity. Anales de Química | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41557458 |
Patchy particles are micron- or nanoscale colloidal particles that are anisotropically patterned, either by modification of the particle surface chemistry ("enthalpic patches"), through particle shape ("entropic patches"), or both. The particles have a repulsive core and highly interactive surfaces that allow for this assembly. The placement of these patches on the surface of a particle promotes bonding with patches on other particles. are used as a shorthand for modelling anisotropic colloids, proteins and water and for designing approaches to nanoparticle synthesis. range in valency from two (Janus particles) or higher. of valency three or more experience liquid-liquid phase separation. Some phase diagrams of patchy particles do not follow the law of rectilinear diameters. The interaction between patchy particles can be described by a combination of two discontinous potentials. A hard sphere potential accounting for the repulsion between the cores of the particles and an attractive square potential for the attraction between the "patches". With the interaction potential in hand one can use different methods to compute thermodynamic properties. Using a continuous representation of the discontinous potential described above enables the simulation of patchy particles using molecular dynamics. One simulation done involves a Monte Carlo method, where the best “move” ensures equilibrium in the particle. One type of move is rototranslation | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41558978 |
Patchy particles This is carried out by choosing a random particle, random angular and radial displacements, and a random axis of rotation. Rotational degrees of freedom need to be determined prior to the simulation. The particle is then rotated/moved according to these values. Also, the integration time step needs to be controlled because it will affect the resulting shape/size of the particle. Another simulation done is the grand-canonical ensemble. In the grand-canonical ensemble, the system is in equilibrium with a thermal bath and reservoir of particles. Volume, temperature, and chemical potential are fixed. Because of these constants, a number of particles (n) changes. This is typically used to monitor phase behaviour. With these additional moves, the particle is added at a random orientation and random position. Other simulations involve biased Monte Carlo moves. One type is aggregation volume-bias moves. It consists of 2 moves; the first tries to form bond between two previously unbonded particles, the second tries to break an existing bond by separation. Aggregation volume-bias moves reflects the following procedure: two particles are chosen, I and J, which are not neighboring particles, particle J is moved inside the bonding volume of particle I. This process is carried out uniformly. Another aggregation volume-bias move follows a method of randomly choosing a particle J that is bonded to I. Particle J is then moved outside the bonding volume of particle I, resulting in the two particles no longer being bonded | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41558978 |
Patchy particles A third type of aggregation volume-bias move takes a particle I bonded to particle J and inserts it into a third particle. Grand canonical ensemble is improved by aggregation volume-bias moves. When aggregation volume-bias moves are applied, the rate of monomer formation and depletion in enhanced and the grand-canonical ensemble moves increase. A second biased Monte Carlo simulation is virtual move Monte Carlo. This is a cluster move algorithm. It was made to improve relaxation times in strongly interacting, low density systems and to better approximate diffusive dynamics in the system. This simulation is good for self-assembling and polymeric systems that can find natural moves that relax the system. Self-assembly is also a method to create patchy particles. This method allows formation of complex structures like chains, sheets, rings, icosahedra, square pyramids, tetrahedra, and twisted staircase structures. By coating the surface of particles with highly anisotropic, highly directional, weakly interacting patches, the arrangement of the attractive patches can organize disordered particles into structures. The coating and the arrangement of the attractive patches is what contributes to the size, shape, and structure of the resulting particle. Developing entropic patches that will self-assemble into simple cubic, body-centered cubic (bcc), diamond, and dodecagonal quasicrystal structures. The local coordination shell partially dictates the structure that is assembled | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41558978 |
Patchy particles Spheres are simulated with cubic, octahedral, and tetrahedral faceting. This allows for entropic patches to self-assemble. Tetrahedral faceted spheres are targeted by beginning with simple spheres. In coordination with the faces of a tetrahedron, the sphere is sliced at four equal facets. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to determine different forms of α, the faceting amount. The particular faceting amount determines the lattice that assembles. Simple cubic lattices are achieved in a similar way by slicing cubic facets into spheres. This allows for the assembly of simple cubic lattices. A bcc crystal is achieved by faceting a sphere octahedrally. The faceting amount, α, is used in the emergent valence self-assembly to determine what crystal structure will form. A perfect sphere is set as α=0. The shape that is faceted to the sphere is defined at α=1. By fluctuating the faceting amount between α=0 and α=1, the lattice can change. Changes include effects on self-assembly, packing structure, amount of coordination of the faceting patch to the sphere, shape of the faceting patch, type of crystal lattice formed, and the strength of the entropic patch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41558978 |
Acid anhydride An acid anhydride is a type of chemical compound derived by the removal of water molecules from an acid. In organic chemistry, organic acid anhydrides contain the functional group R(CO)O(CO)R'. Organic acid anhydrides often form when one equivalent of water is removed from two equivalents of an organic acid in a dehydration reaction. In inorganic chemistry, an acid anhydride refers to an acidic oxide, an oxide that reacts with water to form an oxyacid (an inorganic acid that contains oxygen or carbonic acid), or with a base to form a salt. The nomenclature of organic acid anhydrides is derived from the names of the constituent carboxylic acids which underwent dehydration to form the compound. In symmetrical acid anhydrides, where only one constituent carboxylic acid was used to form the compound (such as the dehydration of propanoic acid, 2CHCHCOOH → CHCHC(O)OC(O)CHCH + HO), only the prefix of the original carboxylic acid is used and the suffix "anhydride" is added. In asymmetrical acid anhydrides, where two different carboxylic acids were used to give the anhydride (for example, the dehydration between benzoic acid and propanoic acid, CHCOOH + CHCHCOOH → CHC(O)OC(O)CHCH + HO), the prefixes from both acids reacted are listed before the suffix, in this case giving benzoic propanoic anhydride, which may alternatively be referred to as benzenecarboxylic ethanoic anhydride. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41560816 |
Base anhydride A base anhydride is an oxide of a chemical element from group 1 or 2 (the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, respectively). They are obtained by removing water from the corresponding hydroxide base. If water is added to a base anhydride, a corresponding hydroxide salt can be re-formed. Base anhydrides are not Brønsted–Lowry bases because they are not proton acceptors. However, they are Lewis bases, because they will share an electron pair with some Lewis acids, most notably acidic oxides. They are potent alkalis and will produce alkali burns on skin, because their affinity for water (that is, their affinity for being slaked) makes them react with body water. For example, quicklime (calcium oxide) reacts with skin to become hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), which is a strong base, chemically akin to lye. Group 1 oxides Group 2 oxides Other | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41561062 |
C18H29NO2 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41563895 |
C14H16N2O3 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41564074 |
Diiodoethane may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41564866 |
C2H4I2 The molecular formula CHI (molar mass: 281.863 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41564872 |
Cheapium is a term used for several theoretically stable binary platinum-group combinations sifted from thousands of potential platinum-group compounds using supercomputers, databases, and algorithms. By using theories on how atoms interact with model chemical structures to automate new compounds testing, years of laboratory research and money can be potentially saved to discover cheaper (thus the name Cheapium) alternatives to expensive currently known platinum based compounds. The term was coined by materials scientist Stefano Curtarolo as a mixture of inexpensive elements (cheap) having chemical, physical or structural property equivalent to an expensive and rare element (Expensium). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41570222 |
Burgers vortex In fluid dynamics, the is an exact solution to the Navier–Stokes equations governing viscous flow, named after Jan Burgers. The describes a stationary, self-similar flow. An inward, radial flow, tends to concentrate vorticity in a narrow column around the symmetry axis. At the same time, viscous diffusion tends to spread the vorticity. The stationary arises when the two effects balance. The Burgers vortex, apart from serving as an illustration of the vortex stretching mechanism, may describe such flows as tornados, where the vorticity is provided by continuous convection-driven vortex stretching. The flow for the is described in cylindrical formula_1 coordinates. Assuming axial symmetry (no formula_2-dependence), the flow field associated with the axisymmetric stagnation point flow is considered: where formula_6 (strain rate) and formula_7 (circulation) are constants. The flow satisfies the continuity equation by the two first of the above equations. The azimuthal momentum equation of the Navier-Stokes equations then reduces to The equation is integrated with the condition formula_9 so that at infinity the solution behaves like a potential vortex, but at finite location, the flow is rotational. The choice formula_10 ensures formula_11 at the axis. The solution is The vorticity equation only gives a non-trivial component in the formula_13-direction, given by Intuitively the flow can be understood by looking at the three terms in the vorticity equation for formula_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573644 |
Burgers vortex The axial velocity formula_16 intensifies the vorticity of the vortex core at the axis by vortex stretching. The intensified vorticity tries to diffuse outwards radially, but prevented by radial vorticity convection due to formula_17. The three-way balance establishes a steady solution. In 1959, Roger D. Sullivan extended the solution by considering the solution of the form where formula_21. The functions formula_22 and formula_23 are given by For formula_26, formula_27 and formula_28 are always positive, Sullivans result shows that formula_29 for formula_30 and formula_31 for formula_32. Thus Sullivan vortex resembles for formula_33, but develops a two-cell structure near the axis due to the sign change of formula_34. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573644 |
C24H25FN4O2 The molecular formula CHFNO (molar mass: 420.479 g/mol) may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573825 |
OxFA process The is a process to produce formic acid from biomass by catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen or air. Polyoxometalates of the Keggin-type are used as catalysts. Formic acid is obtained by aqueous catalytic partial oxidation of wet biomass. A Keggin-type polyoxometalate (HPVMoO) is used as the homogeneous catalyst to convert sugars, wood, waste paper or cyanobacteria to formic acid and CO as the sole byproduct. Yields of up to 53% formic acid can be achieved. It is possible to convert water-insoluble biomass in a suspension with the catalyst. After the reaction, formic acid is separated from the reaction mixture. Depending on the separation process, the formic acid can be further purified or used as it is. The remaining solution of the catalyst, residual formic acid and additives are recycled to the reaction. In this step, solids (e.g. soil from dirty biomass) or unreactive inorganics (e.g. inorganic salts from the natural salt content of the biomass) may be separated from the catalyst solution. The general reaction for a simple sugar like glucose can be summarized as follows: CHO + wO → xHCOOH + yCO + zHO Water-insoluble biomass must be shredded to an appropriate size to enhance the surface area at which the reaction takes place. Water-soluble biomass needs no special pretreatment. The reaction is carried out at 363K and 30bar oxygen partial pressure, either as pure oxygen or air. Since hot formic acid is corrosive, suitable autoclaves (e.g. Hastelloy) must be used | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573990 |
OxFA process Reaction times depend on the reactivity of the feed. for example, microcristalline cellulose is converted to 15 and 22% after 24h and 66h, respectively, whereas the more reactive xylan is converted to 88% and 94% respectively. The use of additives more than doubles the reaction rates, especially for the refractory compound cellulose. If p-toluenesulfonic acid is used as the additive, conversion of cellulose rises from 22% to 68% after 66h. Under the reaction conditions, overoxidation of the produced formic acid does not occur. In another recent examples, formic acid was produced from biomass-derived sugars using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant over heterogeneous catalysts. Formic acid can be separated from the reaction mixture by means of distillation or extraction. Distillation of the reaction mixture yields a condensate that is high in water content, since water and formic acid form a high boiling azeotrope. Formic acid is concentrated in the still bottom. If all the volatile compound are distilled, the concentration of the received formic acid is that of the original reaction mixture. Extraction of formic acid can be effected with several solvents. The solvents listed in the table were found to be stable against oxidation by the catalyst. Only the solvent Dibutyl ether leaves the catalyst in the aqueous phase, whereas with Dibutylformamide the catalyst is completely extracted into the organic phase | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573990 |
OxFA process After most or all of the formic acid is separated from the reaction mixture, the remaining solution contains water, the catalyst, additives and residual formic acid. This solution can be directly recycled to the reaction without loss of performance. Formic acid has been considered as a material for hydrogen storage. This process would allow to use bio-based instead of fossil-based formic acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41573990 |
Glycolytic oscillation In biochemistry, a glycolytic oscillation is the repetitive fluctuation of in the concentrations of metabolites, classically observed experimentally in yeast and muscle. The first observations of oscillatory behaviour in glycolysis were made by Duysens and Amesz in 1957. The problem of modelling glycolytic oscillation has been studied in control theory and dynamical systems since the 1960s since the behaviour depends on the rate of substrate injection. Early models used two variables, but the most complex behaviour they could demonstrate was period oscillations due to the Poincaré–Bendixson theorem, so later models introduced further variables. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41576767 |
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies (bNAbs) are neutralizing antibodies which neutralize multiple HIV-1 viral strains. bNAbs are unique in that they target conserved epitopes of the virus, meaning the virus may mutate, but the targeted epitopes will still exist. In contrast, non-bNAbs are specific for individual viral strains with unique epitopes. The discovery of bNAbs has led to an important area of research, namely, discovery of a vaccine, not only limited to HIV, but also other rapidly mutating viruses like Influenza. The following table shows the characteristics of various HIV-1 bNAbs Online databases like bNAber and LANL constantly report and update the discovery of new HIV bNAbs. In 1990, researchers identified the first HIV bNAb, far more powerful than any antibody seen before. They described the exact viral component, or epitope that triggered the antibody. Six amino acids at the tip of HIV's surface protein, gp120, were responsible. The first bNAb turned out to be clinically irrelevant, but in 1994 another team isolated a bNAb that worked on cells taken from patients. This antibody attached to a "conserved" portion of gp120 that outlasts many of its mutations, affecting 17/24 tested strains at low doses. Another bNAb was discovered that acted on protein gp41 across many strains. Antibodies require antigens to trigger them and these were not originally identified | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41578185 |
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies Over time more bNAbs were isolated, while single cell antibody cloning made it possible to produce large quantities of the antibodies for study. Low levels of bNAbs are now found in up to 25% of HIV patients. bNAbs evolve over years, accumulating some three times as many mutations as other antibodies. By 2006, researchers had identified a few so-called "broadly neutralizing antibodies" (bNAbs) that worked on multiple HIV strains. They analyzed 1800 blood samples from HIV-infected people from Africa, South Asia and the English-speaking world. They individually probed 30,000 of one woman's antibody-producing B cells and isolated two that were able to stop more than 70% of 162 divergent HIV strains from establishing an infection. Since 2009, researchers have identified more than 50 HIV bNAbs. Integrated web resource BNAber, focused on broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies, has recently been introduced. In 2006, a Malawian man joined a study within weeks of becoming infected. Over a year, he repeatedly donated blood, which researchers used to create a timeline of changes in his virus' gp120, his antibody response and the ultimate emergence of a bNAb. Researchers want to direct this evolution in other subjects to achieve similar results. A screen of massive gp120 libraries led to one that strongly bound both an original antibody and the mature bNAb that evolved from it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41578185 |
Broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies Giving patients a modified gp120 that contains little more than the epitope that both antibodies target could act to "prime" the immune system, followed by a booster that contains trimer spikes in the most natural configuration possible. However, it is still under study whether bNAbs could prevent HIV infection. In 2009, researchers isolated and characterized the first HIV bNAbs seen in a decade. The two broadest neutralizers were PGT151 and PGT152. They could block about two-thirds of a large panel of HIV strains. Unlike most other bNAbs, these antibodies do not bind to known epitopes, on Env or on Env's subunits (gp120 or gp41). Instead, they attach to parts of both. Gp120 and gp41 assemble as a trimer. The bNAbs binding site occurs only on the trimer structure, the form of Env that invades host cells. Recent years have seen an increase in HIV-1 bNAb discovery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41578185 |
Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis. It was established in 1970 as "CRC Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry", obtaining its current name in 1989. The journal covers research in all areas of analytical chemistry. The editor-in-chief is Stephen E. Bialkowski (Utah State University). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service, Compendex, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Science Citation Index, Scopus, and MEDLINE. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.231 and is ranked 23/75 in the Analytical Chemistry category. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41579100 |
Actaplanin is a complex of broad-spectrum antibiotics made by "Actinoplanes" bacteria. Research carried out by a group in Eli Lilly and Co. in 1984 identified several actaplanins using high-performance liquid chromatography. Actaplanins A, B, B, B, C and G were shown to be composed of the same peptide core, an amino sugar, and varying amounts of glucose, mannose, and rhamnose. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41579756 |
Adarotene is a bioactive retinoid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41579783 |
Afovirsen is an oligonucleotide capable of antisense interactions with mRNA of human papillomavirus. It has been investigated as a tool for diagnostics and therapeutics. consists of a sequence of 20 nucleic acids | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41579826 |
Aluminium price-fixing conspiracy The aluminium price-fixing conspiracy was an alleged effort by Goldman Sachs Group Inc, JPMorgan Chase & Co, Glencore Xstrata and their warehouse companies to inflate the price of aluminium by creating artificial supply shortages at their warehouses between 2010 and 2013. On July 20, 2013, "The New York Times" published an article outlining the scheme which subsequently brought about the attention of the United States Justice Department. The New York Times went on to estimate that the actions of the accused cost American consumers almost $5 billion during its duration. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41588109 |
Magnetic 3D bioprinting is a methodology that employs biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles to print cells into 3D structures or 3D cell cultures. In this process, cells are tagged with magnetic nanoparticles ("nanoshuttle") that are used to render them magnetic. Once magnetic, these cells can be rapidly printed into specific 3D patterns using external magnetic forces that mimic tissue structure and function. There are several advantages to using magnetic 3D bioprinting over other 3D printing modalities such as extrusion, photolithography, and stereolithography. This includes the rapid bioprinting process (15 min – 1 h) compared to the days-long processes of others; the endogenous synthesis of extracellular matrix (ECM) without the need of an artificial protein substrate; and fine spatial control. Using this system, 3D cell culture models can be rapidly printed, from simple spheroids and rings, to more complex organotypic models, like of the lung, aortic valve, and fat. The first commercially available 3D bioprinting system is being commercialized by Nano3D Biosciences, Inc. The first application of this system is for high-throughput and high-content drug screening. The cells first need to be incubated in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles to make them more susceptible to manipulation through magnetic fields | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41596497 |
Magnetic 3D bioprinting The system developed by Nano3D Biosciences uses a "nanoshuttle" which is a nanoparticle assembly consisting of gold, magnetic iron oxide, and poly-L-lysine which assists in adhesion to the cell membrane via electrostatic interactions. In this system, cells are magnetically printed into 3D patterns (rings or dots) using fields generated by permanent magnets. The cells within the printed construct interact with surrounding cells and the ECM to migrate, proliferate, and ultimately shrink the structure, typically within 24 hours. When used as a toxicity assay, this shrinkage varies with drug concentration and is a label-free metric of cell function that can be easily captured and measured with brightfield imaging. In the system developed by Nano3D Biosciences, the size of the pattern can be captured using an iPod-based system, which is programmed using a freely available app (Experimental Assistant) to image whole plates of up to 96 structures at small intervals (as small as 1 s) to efficiently capture pharmacodynamics. Results employing magnetic 3D bioprinting were recently published in Scientific Reports in October 2013. Cells can be assembled without using magnetic nanoparticles by employing diamagnetism. Some materials are strongly attracted, or susceptible, to magnets than others. Materials with higher magnetic susceptibility will experience stronger attraction to a magnet and move towards it | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41596497 |
Magnetic 3D bioprinting The weakly attracted material with lower susceptibility is displaced to lower magnetic field regions that lie away from the magnet. By designing magnetic fields and carefully arranged magnets, it is possible to use the differences in the magnetic susceptibilities of two materials to concentrate only one within a volume. An example is to be found in the work where a bioink was formulated by suspending human breast cancer cells in a cell culture medium that contained the paramagnetic salt, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium (III) dihydrogen salt hydrate (Gd-DTPA). Like most cells, these breast cancer cells are much more weakly attracted by magnets than Gd-DTPA, which is an FDA-approved MRI contrast agent for use in humans. Therefore, when a magnetic field was applied, the salt hydrate moved towards the magnets, displacing the cells to a predetermined area of minimum magnetic field strength, which seeded the formation of a 3D cell cluster. can be used to screen for cardiovascular toxicity, which accounts for 30% of drug withdrawals. Vascular smooth muscle cells are magnetically printed into 3D rings to mimic blood vessels that can contract and dilate. This system could potentially replace experiments using ex vivo tissue, which are costly and yield few data per experiment. Furthermore, magnetic 3D bioprinting can use human cells to approximate a human "in vivo" response better than with an animal model | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41596497 |
Magnetic 3D bioprinting This has been demonstrated by the bioassay which combines the benefits of 3D bioprinting in building tissue-like structures for study with the speed of magnetic printing. The target users for magnetic 3D bioprinting are in the pharmaceutical and CRO industries, where this system can be integrated early in the drug discovery process as a compound screen for toxicity and efficacy. In the future, magnetic 3D bioprinting could be applied to the field of regenerative medicine and organogenesis. Overall, magnetic 3D bioprinting is an effective tool to create faithful models of native tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41596497 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment Free Ocean CO Enrichment (FOCE) is a technology facilitating studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and communities by enabling the precise control of CO enrichment within in situ, partially open, experimental enclosures. Current FOCE systems control experimental CO perturbations by real-time monitoring of differences in seawater pH between treatment (i.e. high-CO) and control (i.e. ambient) seawater within experimental enclosures. In situ, controlled perturbation experiments, often conducted over weeks to months, can provide inference concerning the response of natural communities to ocean acidification that is difficult or impossible to derive from laboratory experiments. Studies conducted in situ can include the effects of potentially important factors such as natural variation in planktonic food resources, larval abundance, changes in predators or competitors, as well as oceanographic conditions (e.g. changes in upwelling intensity). Drawing on the experience of Free Air CO Enrichment (FACE) experiments used to investigate the response of terrestrial plant communities to rising atmospheric CO levels, the scientific community has developed an analogous approach, Free Ocean CO Enrichment (FOCE) experiments, for studying marine communities, and to complement a range of experimental methods and technologies for ocean acidification studies research. FOCE was first proposed and implemented by researchers at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment As studies of the consequences of ocean acidification for marine organisms and ecosystems expanded rapidly over the past decade, the methods employed to evaluate the effects of expected future changes in ocean chemistry have become more sophisticated. Initial studies frequently involved measurements of the survival or physiological response of individuals of marine species to large changes in pCO2 or pH, while held in small containers under laboratory conditions. This approach increased the level of understanding of the effects of these environmental changes on individual species but provided little information concerning the response of natural assemblages of interacting species, in which the direct impacts of ocean acidification as well as their cascading indirect consequences (e.g. changes in the intensity of interaction strengths among predators or competitors) may be evident. Pelagic mesocosm experiments that examined the response of natural plankton communities to controlled pH perturbations helped move methods of ocean acidification research toward more comprehensive studies of whole communities and embedded processes under mostly natural conditions. The FOCE approach represents an analogous advance for benthic assemblages, by allowing examination of the direct effects of acidification on particular species, but also potential changes in interactions among species. Moreover, FOCE methods provide precise control of pH, while allowing many other parameters to vary naturally | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment Like mesocosm studies, FOCE methods exploit the advantages of studying a natural community under mostly natural ranges of environmental variability. The key elements of any FOCE experimental units are perspex, partially open, chambers, a CO mixing system, sensors to continuously monitor ambient and chamber pH, and a control loop to regulate the addition of gases or liquids to each experimental chamber. The carbonate chemistry of seawater can be manipulated using different approaches to mimic future conditions. It is possible to directly inject gases (pure CO or CO-enriched air) but this is more difficult than delivering water to achieve precise pH control. Current FOCE systems lower pH using metered addition of CO-enriched seawater into the experimental chambers. pH is controlled as a constant pH offset relative to ambient values, maintaining natural variability, or as a constant value. Other approaches have been used to manipulate the seawater carbonate chemistry in the field. In pelagic mesocosm experiments, the carbonate chemistry is generally altered at the beginning of the experiment and subsequently drifts as a function of biological processes and air-sea gas transfer. CO bubbling in open water has also been used. This approach does not enable precise control of the carbonate chemistry because it does not include a device to ensure full equilibration of added CO in seawater and its precise control | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment There are no experimental chambers to regulate water flow, and thus allows for natural near-bottom flow conditions, but it generates highly variable pH under variable current speed or direction. This approach is therefore more similar to natural CO vents than to FOCE systems. Current users of FOCE systems have organized to release guidelines and best practices information for future users. Furthermore, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute will release an open source package to transfer FOCE technology to interested researchers (xFOCE). This package will comprise all engineering information required to develop cost effective FOCE systems. Future development of FOCE systems will include the study of the combined effects of ocean acidification and other environmental factors such as temperature or the concentration of dissolved oxygen. A FOCE system for studies of deep-sea benthic communities (designated dp-FOCE) was developed by Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. The dpFOCE project, deployed at a depth of 900 m, was attached to the MARS cabled seafloor observatory in Monterey Bay, central California. The system used a flume concept for maintaining greater control over the experimental volume while still maintaining access to natural seafloor sediments and suspended particulate material | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment Time-delay wings attached to either end of the dpFOCE chamber allow for tidally driven changes in near-bottom currents, and provide sufficient time for full hydration of the injected CO enriched seawater before entering into the experiment chamber. Fans are integrated into the dpFOCE design to control flow rates through the experimental chamber and to simulate typical local-scale flow conditions. Multiple sensors (pH, CTD, ADV, and ADCP) used in conjunction with the fans and the enriched seawater injection system allow the control loop software to achieve the desired pH offset. dpFOCE connects to shore via the MARS cabled observatory, which provides power and data bandwidth. Enriched CO seawater is produced from liquid CO held in a small container near the dpFOCE chamber; seawater flowing slowly over the top of the liquid CO dissolves some of the liquid CO producing a CO-rich dissolution plume used for injection into the dpFOCE chamber. The dpFOCE system operated over 17 months and verified the effectiveness of the design hardware and software. The cpFOCE uses replicate experimental flumes to enclose sections of a coral reef and dose them with CO-enriched seawater using peristaltic pumps with computer controlled feedback loop to maintain a specified pH offset from ambient conditions. A cpFOCE chamber has forward and rear flow conditioners on either end to accommodate bidirectional ocean currents | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment The openings are placed parallel to the dominant axis of tidal currents over the reef flat, and the chamber is anchored with sand stakes. The flow conditioners are attached to maximize turbulence and provide passive mixing of the CO enriched seawater. Four of the tubes in the flow conditioners furthest from the chamber have small holes along their length through which low pH water is pumped to dispense it evenly along the entire width and height of the conditioner. The flow conditioners are also painted white to minimize heating and algal growth. The cpFOCE system was deployed at Heron Island (Great Barrier Reef) to investigate the response of coral communities to ocean acidification. The European FOCE (eFOCE) comprises two open-top chambers (control and experimental) as well as a surface buoy housing the electronics and pumps to produce CO-enriched water. The system is powered by solar and wind energy. Data packets are wirelessly sent to the nearby laboratory and can be monitored on the internet. The eFOCE system is currently deployed in the bay of Villefranche-sur-mer (France) at about 12 m depth and 300 m offshore. The eFOCE project has been developed to investigate the long-term effects of acidification on benthic marine communities of the North West Mediterranean Sea, especially Posidonia seagrass beds. Over a 3-year period, the aim of the project is to develop relatively long (> 6 month) experiments | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Free Ocean CO2 Enrichment In collaboration with Hopkins Marine Station and the Center for Ocean Solutions, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute is developing a swFOCE system to examine the effects of ocean acidification on shallow subtidal communities in central California. swFOCE will use a shore side station for the control system and production of CO enriched seawater, and will also use and will use an existing cabled observational and research platform to connect the swFOCE node. Two swFOCE chambers will be installed initially at a depth of 15 m, approximately 250 m offshore. The nearby node of the cabled observatorynode, has instruments to monitor local currents, temperature, pH, and O2 in real-time, as a cabled observatory platform for scientific research. The first polar FOCE (antFOCE) experiment was awarded funding in November 2012, followed by design and concept studies initiated in 2013. Installation and initial science experiments are planned for 2014. antFOCE is a collaborative effort between the University of Tasmania, Australian Antarctic Division, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute and specialist ocean acidification policy advisors from the International Ocean Acidification Reference Users Group (IOA-RUG). The IOA-RUG will take the lead in communicating the outcomes of the FOCE experiment to global climate and ocean policy related organizations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41597458 |
Diffuse series The diffuse series is a series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum caused when electrons jump between the lowest p orbital and d orbitals of an atom. The total orbital angular momentum changes between 1 and 2. The spectral lines include some in the visible light, and may extend into ultraviolet or near infrared. The lines get closer and closer together as the frequency increases never exceeding the series limit. The diffuse series was important in the development of the understanding of electron shells and subshells in atoms. The diffuse series has given the letter "d" to the d atomic orbital or subshell. The diffuse series has values given by formula_1 The series is caused by transitions from the lowest P state to higher energy D orbitals. One terminology to identify the lines is: 1P-mD But note that 1P just means the lowest P state in the valence shell of an atom and that the modern designation would start at 2P, and is larger for higher atomic numbered atoms. The terms can have different designations, mD for single line systems, mδ for doublets and md for triplets. Since the Electron in the D subshell state is not the lowest energy level for the alkali atom (the S is) the diffuse series will not show up as absorption in a cool gas, however it shows up as emission lines. The Rydberg correction is largest for the S term as the electron penetrates the inner core of electrons more. The limit for the series corresponds to electron emission, where the electron has so much energy it escapes the atom | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41600720 |
Diffuse series In alkali metals the P terms are split formula_2 and formula_3. This causes the spectral lines to be doublets, with a constant spacing between the two parts of the double line. This splitting is called fine structure. The splitting is larger for atoms with higher atomic number. The splitting decreases towards the series limit. Another splitting occurs on the redder line of the doublet. This is because of splitting in the D level formula_4 and formula_5. Splitting in the D level has a lesser amount than the P level, and it reduces as the series limit is approached. The diffuse series used to be called the first subordinate series, with the sharp series being the second subordinate, both being subordinate to the principal series. The diffuse series limit is the same as the sharp series limit. In the late 1800s these two were termed supplementary series. Spectral lines of the diffuse series are split into three lines in what is called fine structure. These lines cause the overall line to look diffuse. The reason this happens is that both the P and D levels are split into two closely spaced energies. P is split into formula_6 . D is split into formula_7. Only three of the possible four transitions can take place because the angular momentum change cannot have a magnitude greater than one. In 1896 Arthur Schuster stated his law: "If we subtract the frequency of the fundamental vibration from the convergence frequency of the principal series , we obtain the convergence frequency of the supplementary series" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41600720 |
Diffuse series But in the next issue of the journal he realised that Rydberg had published the idea a few months earlier. Rydberg Schuster Law: Using wave numbers, the difference between the diffuse and sharp series limits and principal series limit is the same as the first transition in the principal series. This difference is the lowest P level. Runge's Law: Using wave numbers the difference between the diffuse series limit and fundamental series limit is the same as the first transition in the diffuse series. This difference is the lowest D level energy. Lithium has a diffuse series with diffuse lines averaged around 6103.53, 4603.0, 4132.3, 3915.0 and 3794.7 Å. The sodium diffuse series has wave numbers given by: formula_8 The sharp series has wave numbers given by: formula_9 when n tends to infinity the diffuse and sharp series end up with the same limit. A diffuse series of triplet lines is designated by series letter "d" and formula "1p-md". The diffuse series of singlet lines has series letter "S" and formula "1P-mS". Helium is in the same category as alkaline earths with respect to spectroscopy, as it has two electrons in the S subshell as do the other alkaline earths. Helium has a diffuse series of doublet lines with wavelengths 5876, 4472 and 4026 Å. Helium when ionised is termed He and has a spectrum very similar to hydrogen but shifted to shorter wavelengths. This has a diffuse series as well with wavelengths at 6678, 4922 and 4388 Å. Magnesium has a diffuse series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41600720 |
Diffuse series Calcium has a diffuse series of triplets and a sharp series of singlets. With strontium vapour, the most prominent lines are from the diffuse series. Barium has a diffuse series running from infrared to ultraviolet with wavelengths at 25515.7, 23255.3, 22313.4; 5818.91, 5800.30, 5777.70; 4493.66, 4489.00; 4087.31, 4084.87; 3898.58, 3894.34; 3789.72, 3788.18; 3721.17, and 3720.85 Å At Cambridge University George Liveing and James Dewar set out to systematically measure spectra of elements from groups I, II and III in visible light and longer wave ultraviolet that would transmit through air. They noticed that lines for sodium were alternating sharp and diffuse. They were the first to use the term "diffuse" for the lines. They classified alkali metal spectral lines into sharp and diffuse categories. In 1890 the lines that also appeared in the absorption spectrum were termed the principal series. Rydberg continued the use of sharp and diffuse for the other lines, whereas Kayser and Runge preferred to use the term first subordinate series for the diffuse series. Arno Bergmann found a fourth series in infrared in 1907, and this became known as Bergmann Series or fundamental series. Heinrich Kayser, Carl Runge and Johannes Rydberg found mathematical relations between the wave numbers of emission lines of the alkali metals. Friedrich Hund introduced the s, p, d, f notation for subshells in atoms. Others followed this use in the 1930s and the terminology has remained to this day. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41600720 |
Concentration polarization is a term used in the scientific fields of electrochemistry and membrane science. In electrochemistry, concentration polarization denotes the part of the polarization of an electrolytic cell resulting from changes in the electrolyte concentration due to the passage of current through the electrode/solution interface. Here "polarization" is understood as the shift of the Electrochemical potential difference across the cell from its equilibrium value. When the term is used in this sense, it is equivalent to “concentration overpotential”. the changes in concentration (emergence of concentration gradients in the solution adjacent to the electrode surface) is the difference in the rate of electrochemical reaction at the electrode and the rate of ion migration in the solution from/to the surface. When a chemical species participating in an electrochemical electrode reaction is in short supply, the concentration of this species at the surface decreases causing diffusion, which is added to the migration transport towards the surface in order to maintain the balance of consumption and delivery of that species. In membrane science and technology, concentration polarization refers to the emergence of concentration gradients at a membrane/solution interface resulted from selective transfer of some species through the membrane under the effect of transmembrane driving forces | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41601329 |
Concentration polarization Generally, the cause of concentration polarization is the ability of a membrane to transport some species more readily than the other(s) (which is the membrane permselectivity): the retained species are concentrated at the upstream membrane surface while the concentration of transported species decreases. Thus, concentration polarization phenomenon is inherent to all types of membrane separation processes. In the cases of gas separations, pervaporation, membrane distillation, reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration separations, the concentration profile has a higher level of solute nearest to the upstream membrane surface compared with the more or less well mixed bulk fluid far from the membrane surface. In the case of dialysis and electrodialysis, the concentrations of selectively transported dissolved species are reduced at the upstream membrane surface compared to the bulk solution. The emergence of concentration gradients is illustrated in Figs. 1a and 1b. Fig. 1a shows the concentration profile near and within a membrane when an external driving force is just applied to an initially equilibrium system. Concentration gradients have not yet formed. If the membrane is selectively permeable to species 1, its flux (formula_1) within the membrane is higher than that in the solution (formula_2). Higher flux in the membrane causes a decrease in the concentration at the upstream membrane surface (formula_3) and an increase at the downstream surface (formula_4), Fig. 1b | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41601329 |
Concentration polarization Thus, the upstream solution becomes depleted and the downstream solution becomes enriched in regard to species 1. The concentration gradients cause additional diffusion fluxes, which contribute to an increase of the total flux in the solutions and to a decrease of the flux in the membrane. As a result, the system reaches a steady state where formula_5. The greater the external force applied, the lower formula_6. In electrodialysis, when formula_3 becomes much lower than the bulk concentration, the resistance of the depleted solution becomes quite elevated. The current density related to this state is known as the limiting current density. strongly affects the performance of the separation process. First, concentration changes in the solution reduce the driving force within the membrane, hence, the useful flux/rate of separation. In the case of pressure driven processes, this phenomenon causes an increase of the osmotic pressure gradient in the membrane, which reduces the net driving pressure gradient. In the case of dialysis, the driving concentration gradient in the membrane is reduced. In the case of electromembrane processes, the potential drop in the diffusion boundary layers reduces the gradient of electric potential in the membrane. Lower rate of separation under the same external driving force means increased power consumption. Moreover, concentration polarization leads to: Thus, the selectivity of separation and the membrane lifetime are deteriorated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41601329 |
Concentration polarization Generally, to reduce the concentration polarization, increased flow rates of the solutions between the membranes as well as spacers promoting turbulence are applied [5, 6]. This technique results in better mixing of the solution and in reducing the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is defined as the region in the vicinity of an electrode or a membrane where the concentrations are different from their value in the bulk solution. In electrodialysis, additional mixing of the solution may be obtained by applying an elevated voltage where current-induced convection occurs as gravitational convection or electroconvection. Electroconvection is defined as current-induced volume transport when an electric field is imposed through the charged solution. Several mechanisms of electroconvection are discussed. In dilute solutions, electroconvection allows increasing current density several times higher than the limiting current density. Electroconvection refers to electrokinetic phenomena, which are important in microfluidic devices. Thus, there is a bridge between membrane science and micro/nanofluidics. Fruitful ideas are transferred from microfluidics: novel conceptions of electro-membrane devices for water desalination in overlimiting current range have been proposed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41601329 |
ORCA (quantum chemistry program) ORCA is an ab initio quantum chemistry program package that contains modern electronic structure methods including density functional theory, many-body perturbation, coupled cluster, multireference methods, and semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. Its main field of application is larger molecules, transition metal complexes, and their spectroscopic properties. ORCA is developed in the research group of Frank Neese. The free version is available only for academic use at academic institutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41602395 |
Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry The is the named Chair of Chemistry in the School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester, established through an endowment of £36,000 in 1913 by the Hall family. This chair has been occupied by the following chemists: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41603701 |
Hydroxydopamine may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41605042 |
Chemical Society Located in Taipei (CSLT; ; literally 'Chinese Chemical Society') is a Taiwanese scholarly organization dedicated to chemistry. The organization traces its roots to the establishment of Chinese Chemical Society in Nanjing in 1932 and was reestablished in Taiwan in 1950. For political reasons, the organization's English name was changed to "Chemical Society Located in Taipei" although it still retains the name "Chinese Chemical Society" (中國化學會) in Chinese. CSLT and Wiley publish a monthly periodical - Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41608446 |
Chromium(II) bromide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrBr. CrBr is reduced to CrBr by exposing CrBr to hydrogen gas for 6–10 hours at 350-400 °C, yielding CrBr and hydrobromic acid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41609211 |
Chromium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF. Powdered chromium or CrCl is exposed to fluorine gas at a temperature of 350-500 °C, which creates a mix of CrF and CrF. The CrF settles out as varnish-like brown beads upon cooling. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41618156 |
APV plc APV was the name of a company making process equipment, and remains as a brand name. It was founded in 1910 as the Aluminium Plant & Vessel Company Limited, fabricating equipment for breweries and vegetable oil in Wandsworth. In the 1950s it moved to Crawley and expanded considerably, under the name A.P.V. Co. Ltd. Continuing expansion led to a works of 1600 employees under the name APV International, supplying equipment services to the dairy, food and chemical industries by 1984. In addition a foundry employing 350 people named APV Paramount made high alloy steels and Vent-Axia a subsidiary company making fans, were near by. In 1987 it merged with Baker Perkins to become APV Baker, later shortened to APV. The two manufacturing arms remained physically separate and the APV section was acquired by Siebe plc in 1997. After the merger of Siebe with BTR plc, APV was acquired by SPX Corporation in 2007 where it remains as a brand name for pumps, valves, heat exchangers, mixers and homogenizers in the process industries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41620765 |
Sequence space (evolution) In evolutionary biology, sequence space is a way of representing all possible sequences (for a protein, gene or genome). The sequence space has one dimension per amino acid or nucleotide in the sequence leading to highly dimensional spaces. Most sequences in sequence space have no function, leaving relatively small regions that are populated by naturally occurring genes. Each protein sequence is adjacent to all other sequences that can be reached through a single mutation. It has been estimated that the whole functional protein sequence space has been explored by life on the Earth. Evolution can be visualised as the process of sampling nearby sequences in sequence space and moving to any with improved fitness over the current one. A sequence space is usually laid out as a grid. For protein sequence spaces, each residue in the protein is represented by a dimension with 20 possible positions along that axis corresponding to the possible amino acids. Hence there are 400 possible dipeptides arranged in a 20x20 space but that expands to 10 for even a small protein of 100 amino acids arranges in a space with 100 dimensions. Although such overwhelming multidimensionality cannot be visualised or represented diagrammatically, it provides a useful abstract model to think about the range of proteins and evolution from one sequence to another. These highly multidimensional spaces can be compressed to 2 or 3 dimensions using principal component analysis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41624922 |
Sequence space (evolution) A fitness landscape is simply a sequence space with an extra vertical axis of fitness added for each sequence. Despite the diversity of protein superfamilies, sequence space is extremely sparsely populated by functional proteins. Most random protein sequences have no fold or function. Enzyme superfamilies, therefore, exist as tiny clusters of active proteins in a vast empty space of non-functional sequence. The density of functional proteins in sequence space, and the proximity of different functions to one another is a key determinant in understanding evolvability. The degree of interpenetration of two neutral networks of different activities in sequence space will determine how easy it is to evolve from one activity to another. The more overlap between different activities in sequence space, the more cryptic variation for promiscuous activity will be. Protein sequence space has been compared to the "Library of Babel", a theoretical library containing all possible books that are 410 pages long. In the "Library of Babel", finding any book that made sense was impossible due to the sheer number and lack of order. The same would be true of protein sequences if it were not for natural selection, which has selected out only protein sequences that make sense. Additionally, each protein sequences is surrounded by a set of neighbours (point mutants) that are likely have at least some function | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41624922 |
Sequence space (evolution) On the other hand, the effective "alphabet" of the sequence space may in fact be quite small, reducing the useful number of amino acids from 20 to a much lower number. For example, in an extremely simplified view, all amino acids can be sorted into two classes (hydrophobic/polar) by hydrophobicity and still allow many common structures to show up. Early life on Earth may have only four or five types of amino acids to work with, and researches have shown that functional proteins can be created from wild-type ones by a similar alphabet-reduction process. Reduced alphabets are also useful in bioinformatics, as they provide an easy way of analyzing protein similarity. A major focus in the field of protein engineering is on creating DNA libraries that sample regions of sequence space, often with the goal of finding mutants of proteins with enhanced functions compared to the wild type. These libraries are created either by using a wild type sequence as a template and applying one or more mutagenesis techniques to make different variants of it, or by creating proteins from scratch using artificial gene synthesis. These libraries are then screened or selected, and ones with improved phenotypes are used for the next round of mutagenesis. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41624922 |
Molybdenum(IV) fluoride is a binary compound of molybdenum and fluorine with the chemical formula MoF. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41626548 |
Canadian Reference Materials (CRM) are certified reference materials of high-quality and reliability produced by the National Metrology Institute of Canada – the National Research Council Canada. The NRC Certified Reference Materials program is operated by the Measurement Science and Standards portfolio and provides CRMs for environmental, biotoxin, food, nutritional supplement, and stable isotope analysis. The program was established in 1976 to produce CRMs for inorganic and organic marine environmental analysis and remains internationally recognized producer of CRMs. NRC produces certified reference materials of biological tissues, isotopic standards, natural waters, sediments, supplements, and natural health products. With the exception of the ORMS, the river water CRM with elevated mercury, all materials contain natural levels of analytes in their native matrix. In 1977, Edmonds et al. reported the identification, isolation, and synthesis of major arsenic-containing substance in sea organisms, the arsenobetaine. In 1999, NRC certified arsenobetaine in the dogfish muscle material DORM-2, which became the first matrix reference material certified for arsenobetaine. Before DORM-2, DORM-1 (issued in 1986) served as the reference material for which the concentration of arsenobetaine was widely reported in scientific literature. Besides arsenobetaine, NRC currently offers matrix reference materials certified for methylmercury (TORT-3), dibutyltin, and tributyltin (PACS-3). In 1987 Canada witnessed a crisis in the seafood industry | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41631284 |
Canadian Reference Materials Shellfish toxins present in PEI mussels caused amnesic shellfish poisoning taking several lives. In response, shellfish toxin research was initiated at NRC Canada. Today, NRC remains the premier producer of biotoxin CRMs in the world and is recognized for its expertise. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41631284 |
C28H50 The molecular formula CH may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41633272 |
C8H7NO2 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41641313 |
Field Deployable Hydrolysis System The (FDHS) is a transportable, high throughput neutralization system developed by the U.S. Army for converting chemical warfare material into compounds not usable as weapons. Neutralization is facilitated through chemical reactions involving reagents that are mixed and heated to increase destruction efficiency, which is rated at 99.9 percent. The transportable FDHS is a self-contained system that includes power generators and a laboratory. Operational inputs include consumable materials such as water, reagents and fuel. It is designed to be set up within 10 days and is equipped with redundant critical systems. An on-site a crew of 15 trained personnel, including SME support, is needed for each shift of a possible 24-hour operational cycle. A 20-week design and development phase was funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency in February 2013. The effort to develop a functional prototype was led by subject-matter experts from the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC) in partnership with the United States Army Chemical Materials Agency. An operational model was developed over the course of six months, with the participation of 50 ECBC employees. Two of these units were deployed on the for use in the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons. They are the "centerpiece" of the disarmament effort. The United Kingdom gave the United States £2.5 million of specialist equipment and training to enable the highest-priority chemicals to be processed more quickly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41663808 |
Alafosfalin is an phosphonodipeptide with antibacterial and antifungal properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41672562 |
Alfaprostol is a bioactive analog of prostaglandin F. is a luteolytic agent used injectably for scheduling of estrus in mares for purposes of planned breeding. It is also used for treating of postweaning anestrus in economically important farm animals. For these purposes, alfaprostol is more potent than naturally occurring prostaglandin F. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41672628 |
Alifedrine is a partial beta-adrenergic agonist. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41672648 |
Albifylline is a bio-active xanthine derivative. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41672659 |
Damascenine is an alkaloid found in the plant "Nigella damascena". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41673961 |
Legionnaires' disease Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis, is a form of atypical pneumonia caused by any type of "Legionella" bacteria. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, high fever, muscle pains, and headaches. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may also occur. This often begins 2–10 days after exposure. The bacterium is found naturally in fresh water. It can contaminate hot water tanks, hot tubs, and cooling towers of large air conditioners. It is usually spread by breathing in mist that contains the bacteria. It can also occur when contaminated water is aspirated. It typically does not spread directly between people, and most people who are exposed do not become infected. Risk factors for infection include older age, a history of smoking, chronic lung disease, and poor immune function. Those with severe pneumonia and those with pneumonia and a recent travel history should be tested for the disease. Diagnosis is by a urinary antigen test and sputum culture. No vaccine is available. Prevention depends on good maintenance of water systems. Treatment of is with antibiotics. Recommended agents include fluoroquinolones, azithromycin, or doxycycline. Hospitalization is often required. About 10% of those who are infected die. The number of cases that occur globally is not known. is the cause of an estimated 2–9% of pneumonia cases that are acquired outside of a hospital. An estimated 8,000–18,000 cases a year in the United States require hospitalization. Outbreaks of disease account for a minority of cases | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41678169 |
Legionnaires' disease While it can occur any time of the year, it is more common in the summer and fall. The disease is named after the outbreak where it was first identified, at a 1976 American Legion convention in Philadelphia. The length of time between exposure to the bacteria and the appearance of symptoms (incubation period) is generally 2–10 days, but can rarely extend to as long as 20 days. For the general population, among those exposed, between 0.1 and 5.0% develop the disease, while among those in hospital, between 0.4 and 14% develop the disease. Those with usually have fever, chills, and a cough, which may be dry or may produce sputum. Almost all experience fever, while around half have cough with sputum, and one-third cough up blood or bloody sputum. Some also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, loss of coordination (ataxia), chest pain, or diarrhea and vomiting. Up to half of those with have gastrointestinal symptoms, and almost half have neurological symptoms, including confusion and impaired cognition. "Relative bradycardia" may also be present, which is low to normal heart rate despite the presence of a fever. Laboratory tests may show that kidney functions, liver functions, and electrolyte levels are abnormal, which may include low sodium in the blood. Chest X-rays often show pneumonia with consolidation in the bottom portion of both lungs. Distinguishing from other types of pneumonia by symptoms or radiologic findings alone is difficult; other tests are required for definitive diagnosis | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41678169 |
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