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Open-channel flow If we start from the integral form of the continuity equation:formula_13it is possible to decompose the volume integral into a cross-section and length, which leads to the form:formula_14Under the assumption of incompressible, 1D flow, this equation becomes:formula_15By noting that formula_16 and defi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 |
Open-channel flow Defining the friction slope formula_35, a way of quantifying friction losses, leads to the final form of the momentum equation:formula_36 To derive an energy equation, note that the advective acceleration term formula_37 may be decomposed as:formula_38where formula_39 is the vorticity of the flow and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235244 |
Octahedral molecular geometry In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron. The octahedron has eight faces, hence the prefix "octa". The octahedron is one of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235522 |
Octahedral molecular geometry These isomers of MLL are "cis", if the L ligands are mutually adjacent, and "trans", if the L groups are situated 180° to each other. It was the analysis of such complexes that led Alfred Werner to the 1913 Nobel Prize–winning postulation of octahedral complexes. For MLL, two isomers are p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235522 |
Octahedral molecular geometry To generate two diastereomers in an organic compound, at least two carbon centers are required. The term can also refer to octahedral influenced by the Jahn–Teller effect, which is a common phenomenon encountered in coordination chemistry. This reduces the symmetry of the molecule from O t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235522 |
Octahedral molecular geometry Metal tetrahalides often exist as polymers with edge-sharing octahedra. Zirconium tetrachloride is an example. Compounds with face-sharing octahedral chains include MoBr, RuBr, and TlBr. For compounds with the formula MX, the chief alternative to octahedral geometry is a trigonal prismatic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235522 |
Octahedral molecular geometry The energy gap is labeled "Δ", which varies according to the number and nature of the ligands. If the symmetry of the complex is lower than octahedral, the e and t levels can split further. For example, the t and e sets split further in "trans"-MLL. Ligand strength has the following order ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235522 |
Silver standard The silver standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is a fixed weight of silver. The silver specie standard was widespread from the fall of the Byzantine Empire until the 19th century. Following the discovery in the 16th century of large deposits of silver at the Cerr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard In 1873, Imperial Germany changed over to the gold standard in conjunction with the new gold mark coin. The United States changed over to gold "de facto" in the same year, and over the next 35 years, all other nations changed to gold, leaving only China and the British colonies of Hong Kong and Weihaiwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard Silver made a partial comeback in the first decade of the 20th century, such that the silver dollar coins of the Straits Settlements and silver peso coins of the Philippines had to be made smaller in size, and with a reduced silver content in order to prevent their silver value exceeding their recently ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard During the Song dynasty, for the first time in history the government became the sole issuer of paper currency after 1024, but cast coins and silver ingots were still used as a medium of exchange. In the Shanyuan Treaty, signed with the state of Liao in 1004, Song China agreed to pay an annual indemnity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard However the reform would not have been a success or even feasible if the enormous amounts of silver had not been available through trade and imports from the Americas, mainly through the Spanish. During the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), silver ingots were still used, but various foreign silver dollars had b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard The yuan was subdivided into 10 jiao or 100 fen, and specified as 0.72 tael of 900 fineness silver. The next year, 1911, the so-called "Great Qing Silver Coin" one yuan (dollar) was issued, but soon after the dynasty was replaced by the Republic. The silver standard was again adopted and codified in 191... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard After its victory in the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), Germany extracted a huge indemnity from France of £200,000,000 in gold, and used it to join Britain on a gold standard. Germany's abandonment of the silver standard put further pressure on other countries to move to the gold standard. The first met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard The Indian rupee is derived from the "Rūpaya" (silver is called "rūpa" in Sanskrit) a silver coin introduced by Sher Shah Suri during his reign from 1540 to 1545. Since this is around about the same time that the Spanish discovered silver at the Cerro Rico in Potosí, the silver value of the rupee mainta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard When the coin-masters of the coin melted the European coins or the crack, they were purified them before they were minted again in the form of Iranian currency. Usually the weight of the coins was correct, so that businessmen and government agents used both for a major payment of bags containing a certa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard Given that the tendency toward gold to keep its value historically longer than the West in relation to silver in India, it was often preferable to export to India, since at least until the 1080s of the lunar year in India, and in particular the Cromandal (south-east coast India) had a better rate. Howev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard In short, in this system, the common currency was coins that were manually multiplied in the mint of all major cities and managed by privileged holders who paid royalties. The value of money was theoretically based on their precious metal content, which was guaranteed by the government. The Qajar period... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard For example, the idea that the metal is the base of real money is found in this rule of law that the paper money is backed by gold or foreign currency. However, the passage to the new currency system was one of the achievements of Reza Shah's reign. Rich deposits of silver in the Spanish colonies of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard Fixed in weight at to the troy pound from 1670, this coin's value varied considerably until 1717, when it was fixed at 21 shillings (21/-, 1.05 pounds). However, this valuation overvalued gold relative to silver compared to other European countries. British merchants sent silver abroad in payments while... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard Because of the huge debt taken on by the US federal government to finance the Revolutionary War, silver coins struck by the government left circulation, and in 1806 President Jefferson suspended the minting of silver coins. The US Treasury was put on a strict hard money standard, doing business only in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard The combination that produced economic stability was restriction of supply of new notes, a government monopoly on the issuance of notes directly and indirectly, a central bank, and a single unit of value. As notes devalued, or silver ceased to circulate as a store of value, or there was a depression, go... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard The Treasury Department was re-empowered to issue paper currency redeemable in silver dollars and bullion, thereby divorcing the "domestic" economy from bimetallism and leaving it on the silver standard, although "international" settlements were still in gold. This meant that for every ounce of silver i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Silver standard Because the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 granted the right to issue silver certificates to the president, Kennedy issued Executive Order 11110 to delegate that authority to the Treasury Secretary during the transition. Silver certificates continued to be issued until late 1963, when the $1 Federa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2235798 |
Gallate may refer to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2236798 |
Staudinger reaction The is a chemical reaction of an azide with a phosphine or phosphite produces an iminophosphorane. The reaction was discovered by and named after Hermann Staudinger. The reaction follows this stoichiometry: The Staudinger reduction is conducted in two steps. First phosphine imine-forming reaction is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237293 |
Staudinger reaction In aqueous media, the aza-ylide intermediate rearranges, to produce an amide linkage and the phosphine oxide, and is so named the Staudinger ligation because it ligates two molecules together, whereas in the classical Staudinger reaction, the two products are not covalently linked after hydrolysis. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237293 |
Cohesion (chemistry) Cohesion (from Latin "cohaesiō" "cling" or "unity") or cohesive attraction or cohesive force is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, which makes t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237309 |
Cohesion (chemistry) This charge polarization within the molecule allows it to align with adjacent molecules through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding, rendering the bulk liquid cohesive. Van der Waals gases such as methane, however, have weak cohesion due only to van der Waals forces that operate by induced polar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237309 |
Methyl nitrate is the methyl ester of nitric acid and has the chemical formula CHNO. It is a colourless volatile liquid that is explosive. It can be produced by the condensation of nitric acid and methanol: can be produced on a laboratory or industrial scale either through the distillation of a mixture of methanol and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237679 |
Methyl nitrate This mixture would evaporate at a constant rate and so its composition would not change over time. It presents a slight explosive danger (it is somewhat difficult to detonate) and does not detonate easily via shock. As well as being an explosive, methyl nitrate is toxic and causes headaches when inhaled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2237679 |
Krypton fluoride laser A krypton fluoride laser (KrF laser) is a particular type of excimer laser, which is sometimes (more correctly) called an exciplex laser. With its 248 nanometer wavelength, it is a deep ultraviolet laser which is commonly used in the production of semiconductor integrated circuits, industrial mic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238022 |
Krypton fluoride laser The ground state complex quickly dissociates into unbound atoms: The result is an exciplex laser which radiates energy at 248 nm, near the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum, corresponding with the energy difference between the ground state and the excited state of the complex. The most widespre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238022 |
Krypton fluoride laser From an even broader scientific and technological perspective: since the invention of the laser in 1960, the development of excimer laser lithography has been highlighted as one of the major milestones in the 50-year history of the laser. The KrF laser has been of utility in the nuclear fusion en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238022 |
Krypton fluoride laser Gloves are needed to protect the flesh from the potentially carcinogenic properties of the UV beam, and UV goggles are needed to protect the eyes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238022 |
Bioactive glass Bioactive glasses are a group of surface reactive glass-ceramic biomaterials and include the original bioactive glass, Bioglass. The biocompatibility and bioactivity of these glasses has led them to be investigated extensively for use as implant device in the human body to repair and replace diseased or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Bioactive glass Early attention was paid to changes in the bioactive glass surface. Five inorganic reaction stages are commonly thought to occur when a bioactive glass is immersed in a physiological environment: Later, it was discovered that the morphology of the gel surface layer was a key component in determining the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Bioactive glass The first microarray studies on bioactive glasses demonstrated that genes associated with osteoblast growth and differentiation, maintenance of extracellular matrix, and promotion of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion were up-regulated by conditioned cell culture media containing the dissolution product... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Bioactive glass The content of FeO yields high absorption with maximum at 1100 nm, and gives the glass a green tint. The use of infrared radiation instead of flame or contact heating helps preventing contamination of the device. After implantation, the glass reacts with the environment in two phases, in the span of abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Bioactive glass The key composition features of Bioglass is that it contains less than 60 mol% SiO, high NaO and CaO contents, high CaO/PO ratio, which makes Bioglass highly reactive to aqueous medium and bioactive. High bioactivity is the main advantage of Bioglass, while its disadvantages includes mechanical weakness... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Bioactive glass Bioglass 45S5 is manufactured by conventional glass-making technology, using platinum or platinum alloy crucibles to avoid contamination. Contaminants would interfere with the chemical reactivity in organism. Annealing is a crucial step in forming bulk parts, due to high thermal expansion of the materia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2238741 |
Deep inelastic scattering is the name given to a process used to probe the insides of hadrons (particularly the baryons, such as protons and neutrons), using electrons, muons and neutrinos. It provided the first convincing evidence of the reality of quarks, which up until that point had been considered by many to be a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239113 |
Deep inelastic scattering Also, note that in the perturbative approximation it is a high-energy virtual photon emitted from the lepton and absorbed by the target hadron which transfers energy to one of its constituent quarks, as in the adjacent diagram. The Standard Model of physics, in particular the work of Murray Ge... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239113 |
Deep inelastic scattering Electrons were ideal for the role, as they are abundant and easily accelerated to high energies due to their electric charge. In 1968, at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), electrons were fired at protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei. The collision absorbs some kinetic energy, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239113 |
Foil (fluid mechanics) A foil is a solid object with a shape such that when placed in a moving fluid at a suitable angle of attack the lift (force generated perpendicular to the fluid flow) is substantially larger than the drag (force generated parallel to the fluid flow). If the fluid is a gas, the foil is called an a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239614 |
Foil (fluid mechanics) When set at an angle (the angle of attack) to the flow the plate will deflect the fluid passing over and under it, and this deflection will result in a lift force on the plate. However, while it does generate lift, it also generates a large amount of drag. Since even a simple flat plate can gener... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239614 |
Foil (fluid mechanics) The most dramatic changes are due to different fluids and levels of altitude. The most interesting sector to discuss lift is close to sea level: aircraft approaching the ground, plates planing on water and hydrofoils only barely submerged in water. There is one basic similarity across of these: A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2239614 |
Black smoke (The War of the Worlds) The black smoke, or black powder, is a fictitious poisonous gas in H. G. Wells' 1898 science fiction novel "The War of the Worlds", used by the Martians to eliminate groups of humans, especially artillery crews, and conveyed by shells fired from a gun-like ""black tube"" carried by t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240357 |
Black smoke (The War of the Worlds) The black smoke is briefly mentioned in the 1978 musical version, where a tripod releases it while engaging the "Thunder Child" and later when the narrator is trapped. Its effects are not mentioned, however. This is likely the result of an earlier usage being removed at the script ed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240357 |
Black smoke (The War of the Worlds) A fleet of jets, upgraded with the Martian technology left from the first film, are equipped with a kind of Heat-Ray and missiles containing mustard gas, a weapon only used in warfare once before, in World War I. The black smoke is not used in Steven Spielberg's 2005 adaptation, but ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240357 |
Pelopium was the proposed name for a new element found by the chemist Heinrich Rose in 1845. The name derived from the Greek king and later god Pelops, son of Tantalus. During the analysis of the mineral tantalite he concluded that it does contain an element similar to niobium and tantalum. The similar reactivity of ni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240788 |
Ausonium (atomic symbol Ao) was the name assigned to the element with atomic number 93, now known as neptunium. It was named after a Greek name of Italy, Ausonia. The same team assigned the name hesperium to element 94, after Hesperia, a poetic name of Italy. (Element 94 was later named plutonium). The discovery of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240860 |
Decipium was the proposed name for a new chemical element isolated by Marc Delafontaine from the mineral samarskite. He published his discovery in 1878 and a follow-up paper in 1881. Considered to be in the cerium group of rare earths. Later it was shown that decipium was a mixture of samarium and other rare earth elem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2240892 |
Shock sensitivity is a comparative measure of the sensitivity to sudden compression (by impact or blast) of an explosive chemical compound. Determination of the shock sensitivity of a material intended for practical use is one important aspect of safety testing of explosives. A variety of tests and indices are in use, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2242641 |
Shock sensitivity Many practical commercial materials of intermediate sensitivity, such as gelignites and water gel explosives, can be safely handled as they will not explode from casual shocks such as being dropped or lightly knocked by a tool. However, they may explode if struck forcefully by a metal tool, and would ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2242641 |
Thermal Hall effect The thermal Hall effect is the thermal analog of the Hall effect. Here, a thermal gradient is produced across a solid instead of an electric field. When a magnetic field is applied, an orthogonal temperature gradient develops. For conductors, a significant portion of the thermal current is carried b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243574 |
Silvering is the chemical process of coating glass with a reflective substance. When glass mirrors first gained widespread usage in Europe during the 16th century, most were silvered with an amalgam of tin and mercury, but by the 19th century, mirrors were commonly made through a process by which silver was coated onto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243850 |
Silvering The process was further refined and made easier by French chemist Tony Petitjean (1857). This reaction is a variation of the Tollens' reagent for aldehydes. A diamminesilver(I) solution is mixed with a sugar and sprayed onto the glass surface. The sugar is oxidized by silver(I), which is itself reduced to sil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243850 |
Silvering Mirrors made by this method are classified as either "back-silvered", with the silvered layer viewed through the glass; or "front-silvered", (called a first surface mirror) with the reflective layer on the surface towards the incoming light or image. Most common household mirrors are back-silvered, since this... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243850 |
Silvering Conversely, a thin gold coating is used to create optical filters which block infrared (by mirroring it back towards the source) while passing visible light. occurs in black and white photography when the black silver oxide is reduced to silver metal, the result is a reflective metallic patch in the image. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243850 |
Titanium oxide may refer to: Often used as an active ingredient in sunscreens combined with oxybenzone and octyl methoxycinnamate. Also used in making of vehicle exhaust pipes due to its aesthetic value of the purple color. Also used as the white pigment in white house paint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2243964 |
Jeanatope is iodinated I-125 human serum albumin, typically injected to aid in the determination of total blood and plasma volume. I-125 is a radioactive isotope of Iodine, it decays by electron capture with a physical half-life of 60.14 days. The biologic half-life in normal individuals for I-125 has been reported to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2247115 |
Effluent is an outflowing of water or gas to a natural body of water, from a structure such as a wastewater treatment plant, sewer pipe, or industrial outfall. Effluent, in engineering, is the stream exiting a chemical reactor. is defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency as "wastewater - treated or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248284 |
Effluent In sugar beet processing, effluent is often settled in water tanks that allow the mud-contaminated water to settle. The mud sinks to the bottom, leaving the top section of water clear, free to be pumped back into the river or be reused in the process again. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248284 |
Sulfone A sulfone is a chemical compound containing a sulfonyl functional group attached to two carbon atoms. The central hexavalent sulfur atom is double-bonded to each of two oxygen atoms and has a single bond to each of two carbon atoms, usually in two separate hydrocarbon substituents. Sulfones are typically prepar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248623 |
Sulfone They exhibit high strength and resistance to oxidation, corrosion, high temperatures, and creep under stress. For example, some are valuable as replacements for copper in domestic hot water plumbing. Precursors to such polymers are the sulfones bisphenol S and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone. Examples of sulfones... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248623 |
Benazepril Benazepril, sold under the brand name Lotensin among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, and diabetic kidney disease. It is a reasonable initial treatment for high blood pressure. It is taken by mouth. Versions are available as the combinations benazepril/hydrochlorothia... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248644 |
Benazepril Anaphylaxis, angioedema, and elevation of potassium levels are more serious side effects that can also occur. should be discontinued during pregnancy, as it can harm the fetus. It is also available in combination with hydrochlorothiazide, under the trade name Lotensin HCT', and with amlodipine (trade name Lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248644 |
Sulfoxide A sulfoxide is a chemical compound containing a sulfinyl (SO) functional group attached to two carbon atoms. It is a polar functional group. Sulfoxides are the oxidized derivatives of sulfides. Examples of important sulfoxides are alliin, a precursor to the compound that gives freshly crushed garlic its aroma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248699 |
Sulfoxide A lone pair of electrons resides on the sulfur atom, giving it tetrahedral electron-pair geometry and trigonal pyramidal shape (steric number 4 with one lone pair; see VSEPR theory). When the two organic residues are dissimilar, the sulfur is a chiral center, for example, in methyl phenyl sulfoxide. The energ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248699 |
Sulfoxide Typically metal complexes are used to catalyze the reaction, using hydrosilanes as the stoichiometric reductant. The deoxygenation of dimethylsulfoxide is catalyzed by DMSO reductase, a molybdoenzyme: Sulfoxides can be oxidized to sulfones using peroxide: The α-CH groups of alkyl sulfoxides are susceptible to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2248699 |
Ammonia (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia. Table data (above) obtained from "CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics" 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid. Otherwise temperature is equilibrium of vapor over liquid. Vapor-pressure formula for a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2252847 |
Coking is the heating of coal in the absence of oxygen to a temperature above 600 °C, to drive off the volatile components of the raw coal, leaving a hard, strong, porous material of high carbon content, called coke. Coke consists almost entirely of hydrocarbons. The porousity gives it a high surface area, which makes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2253446 |
Coking Typically coking is reversed by combustion, provided that the catalyst will tolerate such. A simplified equation for coking is shown in the case of ethylene: A more realistic but complex view involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring of a coke nucleus. Acidic catalysts are thus especially prone to coking becau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2253446 |
Phycobilisome Phycobilisomes are light harvesting antennae of photosystem II in cyanobacteria, red algae and glaucophytes. Phycobilisomes are protein complexes (up to 600 polypeptides) anchored to thylakoid membranes. They are made of stacks of chromophorylated proteins, the phycobiliproteins, and their associated link... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2254781 |
Phycobilisome The geometrical arrangement of a phycobilisome is very elegant in a antenna-like assembly. It results in 95% efficiency of energy transfer. There are many variations to the general phycobilisomes structure. Their shape can be hemidiscoidal (in cyanobacteria) or hemiellipsoidal (in red algae). Species lack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2254781 |
Phycobilisome This property allows the detection of low-level target molecules]\ or rare events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2254781 |
Retention basin A retention basin, sometimes called a wet pond, wet detention basin or stormwater management pond, is an artificial pond with vegetation around the perimeter, and includes a permanent pool of water in its design. It is used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and impr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2255444 |
Retention basin Stormwater ponds also collect suspended sediments, which are often found in high concentrations in stormwater water due to upstream construction and sand applications to roadways. Storm water is typically channeled to a retention basin through a system of street and/or parking lot storm drains, and a ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2255444 |
Selenate The selenate ion is . Selenates are analogous to sulfates and have similar chemistry. They are highly soluble in aqueous solutions at ambient temperatures. Unlike sulfate, selenate is a somewhat good oxidizer; it can be reduced to selenite or selenium. In strongly acidic conditions, the hydrogen selenate ion, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256058 |
Selenic acid is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is an oxoacid of selenium, and its structure is more accurately described as . It is a colorless compound. Although it has few uses, its derivative sodium selenate is used in the production of glass and animal feeds. The molecule is tetrahedral, as predicted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256072 |
Selenic acid The monohydrate melts at 26°C, and the dihydrate melts at −51.7°C. is a stronger oxidizer than sulfuric acid, capable of liberating chlorine from chloride ions, being reduced to selenous acid in the process: It decomposes above 200 °C, liberating oxygen gas and being reduced to selenous acid: reacts with b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256072 |
International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science The (IAQMS) is an international scientific learned society covering all applications of quantum theory to chemistry and chemical physics. It was created in Menton in 1967. The founding members were Raymond Daudel, Per-Olov Löwdin, Robert G. Parr, John Pople and Bernard... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256943 |
Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff Sigrid Doris Peyerimhoff (born January 12, 1937, in Rottweil) is a theoretical chemist and Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Germany. After completing her "abitur", Peyerimhoff studied physics at the University of Gießen, completing her ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256979 |
Sigrid D. Peyerimhoff During her career, she received several awards and memberships: She is also a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science She is the author of over 400 original articles in various international journals and coauthor of "Umweltstandards: Fakten und Bewertungsprobleme am Beispi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2256979 |
Multireference configuration interaction In quantum chemistry, the multireference configuration interaction (MRCI) method consists of a configuration interaction expansion of the eigenstates of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian in a set of Slater determinants which correspond to excitations of the ground state elect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257041 |
Multireference configuration interaction But usually excited states have more than one dominant configuration and so the ground state is more correlated due to: a) now including some configurations with higher excitations (triply and quadruply in MRCISD); b) the neglect of other dominant configurations of the excited s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257041 |
Jean-Claude Lorquet (born 19 September 1935) is a professor of Theoretical Chemistry at the University of Liège. He is member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and author of over 100 scientific papers. Some of his students are also well known for their contribution to quantum chemistry and react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257634 |
TBE buffer TBE or Tris/Borate/EDTA, is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, boric acid and EDTA. In molecular biology, TBE and TAE buffers are often used in procedures involving nucleic acids, the most common being electrophoresis. Tris-acid solutions are effective buffers for slightly basic conditions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2257664 |
Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model In quantum field theory, the (or more precisely: "the Nambu and Jona-Lasinio model") is a complicated effective theory of nucleons and mesons constructed from interacting Dirac fermions with chiral symmetry, paralleling the construction of Cooper pairs from electrons in the BCS theory of superc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258380 |
Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model The dynamical creation of a condensate from fermion interactions inspired many theories of the breaking of electroweak symmetry, such as technicolor and the top-quark condensate. Starting with the one-flavor case first, the Lagrangian density is The terms proportional to "λ" are the four-fermio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258380 |
Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model The axial charge is also spontaneously broken. The broken symmetries lead to massless pseudoscalar bosons which are sometimes called pions. See Goldstone boson. As mentioned, this model is sometimes used as a phenomenological model of quantum chromodynamics in the chiral limit. However, while i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258380 |
FMRFamide (H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2) is a neuropeptide from a broad family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) all sharing an -RFamide sequence at their C-terminus. First identified in Hard clam ("Mercenaria mercenaria"), it is thought to play an important role in cardiac activity regulation. Several FMRFamied related p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258610 |
FMRFamide In vertebrates such as mice, they are known to affect opioid receptors resulting in elicitation of naloxone-sensitive antinociception and reduction of morphine-induced antinociception. Detection of this neuropeptide is important because its expression lays down the foundation of the CNS in the early stages of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258610 |
Isotopologue Isotopologues are molecules that differ only in their isotopic composition. They have the same chemical formula and bonding arrangement of atoms, but at least one atom has a different number of neutrons than the parent. An example is water, where its hydrogen-related isotopologues are: "light water" (HOH o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258865 |
Isotopologue Depending on the formula and the symmetry of the structure, there might be several isotopomers of one isotopologue. For example, ethanol has the molecular formula CHO. Mono-deuterated ethanol, CHDO, is an isotopologue of it. The structural formulas CH−CH−O−D and CHD−CH−O−H are two isotopomers of that isoto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258865 |
Isotopologue In addition, the doubly-substituted isotopologues are often subject to isobaric interferences, as in the methane system where CH and CHD ions interfere with measurement of the CHD and CHD species at mass 18. A measurement of such species requires either very high mass resolving power to separate one isobar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258865 |
Isotopologue This effect increases in magnitude with decreasing temperature, so the abundance of the clumped species is related to the temperature at which the gas was formed or equilibrated. By measuring the abundance of the clumped species in standard gases formed in equilibrium at known temperatures, the thermometer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2258865 |
Surface roughness often shortened to roughness, is a component of surface texture. It is quantified by the deviations in the direction of the normal vector of a real surface from its ideal form. If these deviations are large, the surface is rough; if they are small, the surface is smooth. In surface metrology, roughnes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
Surface roughness This often results in a trade-off between the manufacturing cost of a component and its performance in application. Roughness can be measured by manual comparison against a "surface roughness comparator" (a sample of known surface roughness), but more generally a surface profile measurement is made wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2260140 |
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