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Continuous distillation If a distillation tower uses packing instead of trays, the number of necessary theoretical equilibrium stages is first determined and then the packing height equivalent to a theoretical equilibrium stage, known as the "height equivalent to a theoretical plate" (HETP), is also determined. The tot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2766531 |
Continuous distillation If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the packed bed and the required separation will not be achieved. The packing will appear to not be working properly. The "height equi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2766531 |
Continuous distillation In those cases, if the distillate product is insoluble in water, the reflux drum may contain a condensed liquid distillate phase, a condensed water phase and a non-condensible gas phase, which makes it necessary that the reflux drum also have a water outlet stream. Petroleum crude oils contain h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2766531 |
Continuous distillation The boiling range of that cut is from an initial boiling point of about 150 °C to a final boiling point of about 270 °C, and it also contains many different hydrocarbons. The next cut further down the tower is the diesel oil cut with a boiling range from about 180 °C to about 315 °C. The boiling... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2766531 |
Necking (engineering) Necking, in engineering or materials science, is a mode of tensile deformation where relatively large amounts of strain localize disproportionately in a small region of the material. The resulting prominent decrease in local cross-sectional area provides the basis for the name "neck". Because the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769033 |
Necking (engineering) As the material deforms, all locations undergo approximately the same amount of strain as long as it hardens more than its cross-sectional area decreases, as shown at small draw ratios in the top diagram and at all draw ratios in the bottom. But if the material begins to harden by a smaller propor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769033 |
Necking (engineering) In the engineering stress strain curve, the onset of necking occurs at the curve's maximum, that is, the maximum applied load that the material can carry, or the Ultimate Tensile Strength. The load carried is given by "F = σ A" where "σ" is the true stress and "A" is the instantaneous area. At the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769033 |
Mycoremediation (from ancient Greek "μύκης (mukēs)", meaning "fungus" and the suffix "-remedium", in Latin meaning 'restoring balance') is a form of bioremediation in which fungi-based technology is used to decontaminate the environment. Fungi have been proven to be a very cheap, effective and environmentally sound way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Mycoremediation For this reasons it is often used also in small scale applications, such as mycofiltration of domestic wastewater, and to help with the decomposition process of a compost toilet. Pollution from metals is very common, as they are used in many industrial processes such as electroplating, textiles, paint a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Mycoremediation The single individuals are usually selected from an old-time polluted environment, such as sludge or wastewater, where they had time to adapt to the circumstances, and the selection is carried on in the laboratory. A dilution of the water can drastically improve the ability of biosorption of the fungi. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Mycoremediation In the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), complex organic compounds with fused, highly stable, polycyclic aromatic rings, fungi are very effective also in marine environments. The enzymes involved in this degradation are ligninolytic and include lignin peroxidase, versatile peroxidase, man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Mycoremediation Examples includes the insecticide endosulfan, imazalil, thiophanate methyl, ortho-phenylphenol, diphenylamine, chlorpyrifos in wastewater, and atrazine in clay-loamy soils. Dyes are used in many industries, like paper printing or textile. They are often recalcitrant to degradation and in some cases, lik... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Mycoremediation The mycelium quick expansion also can greatly extend the rhizosphere influenze zone (hyphosphere), providing the plant with access to more nutrients and contaminants. Increasing the rhizosphere overall health also means a rise in the bacteria population, which can also contribute to the bioremediation p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769113 |
Paramutation In epigenetics, a paramutation is an interaction between two alleles at a single locus, whereby one allele induces a heritable change in the other allele. The change may be in the pattern of DNA methylation or histone modifications. The allele inducing the change is said to be paramutagenic, while the alle... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2773777 |
Paramutation Brink noticed that specific weakly expressed alleles of the "red1" "(r1)" locus in maize, which encodes a transcription factor that confers red pigment to corn kernels, can heritably change specific strongly expressed alleles to a weaker expression state. The weaker expression state adopted by the changed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2773777 |
Paramutation One allele at this locus, referred to as B’, is capable of causing methylation at the other allele, B-I. This methylation results in reduced transcription and, as a result, decreased anthocyanin production. These alleles do not differ in DNA sequence, but they do differ in their degree of DNA methylation. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2773777 |
Paramutation In animal systems such as "Drosophila", piRNAs have also been implicated in mediating paramutation. In addition to the characteristic DNA methylation state changes, changes in histone modification patterns in the methylated DNA regions, and/or the requirement of histone modifying proteins to mediate paramu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2773777 |
Transvection (genetics) Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774047 |
Transvection (genetics) Other mechanisms include pairing-sensitive silencing and enhancer bypass of a chromatin insulator through pairing-mediated changes in gene structure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774047 |
Boiler explosion A boiler explosion is a catastrophic failure of a boiler. As seen today, boiler explosions are of two kinds. One kind is a failure of the pressure parts of the steam and water sides. There can be many different causes, such as failure of the safety valve, corrosion of critical parts of the boiler, or l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion Before materials science, inspection standards, and quality control caught up with the rapidly growing boiler manufacturing industry, a significant number of boiler explosions were directly traceable to poor design, workmanship, and undetected flaws in poor quality materials. The alarming frequency of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion This may be due to one of two causes: Either the boiler is not strong enough to safely carry its proper working pressure, or else the pressure has been allowed to rise above the usual point by the sticking of the safety valves, or some similar cause"" While deterioration and mishandling are probably th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion This reduction of pressure caused the sudden formation of a great quantity of steam within the water, and the heavy mass of water being thrown with great violence toward the opening whence the steam was being withdrawn, struck the portions of the boiler near that opening and caused the fracture." But t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion Boiler explosions are of a particular danger in (locomotive-type) fire tube boilers because the top of the firebox (crown sheet) must be covered with some amount of water at all times; or the heat of the fire can weaken the crown sheet or crown stays to the point of failure, "even at normal working pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion During normal operation, the liquid water remains in the bottom of the boiler due to gravity, steam bubbles rise through the liquid water and collect at the top for use until saturation pressure is reached, then the boiling stops. If some pressure is released, boiling begins again, and so on. If steam ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion The rapidly expanding steam bubbles can also perform work by throwing large "slugs" of water inside the boiler in the direction of the opening, and at astonishing velocities. A fast-moving mass of water carries a great deal of kinetic energy (from the expanding steam), and in collision with the shell o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion Several accounts of the SL-1 experimental reactor accident vividly describe the incredibly powerful effect of water hammer on a pressure vessel: "The expansion caused by this heating process caused water hammer as water was accelerated upwards toward the reactor vessel head, producing approximately 10,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion This is especially of concern when the vessel is hot; the fuels will rapidly volatize due to the temperature. Once the lower explosive limit (LEL) is reached, any source of ignition will cause an explosion of the vapors. A fuel explosion within the confines of the firebox may damage the pressurized boi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion Because the double-thickness overlap was stronger than the surrounding metal, the repeated bending and release caused by the variations in boiler pressure caused internal cracks, or grooves (deep pitting), along the length of the joint. The cracks offered a starting point for internal corrosion, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion The intricate shape of a locomotive firebox, whether made of soft copper or of steel, can only resist the steam pressure on its internal walls if these are supported by stays attached to internal girders and the outer walls. They are liable to fail through fatigue (because the inner and outer walls exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion SS Ada Hancock, a small steamboat used to transfer passengers and cargo to and from the large coastal steamships that stopped in San Pedro Harbor in the early 1860s, suffered disaster when its boiler exploded violently in San Pedro Bay, the port of Los Angeles, near Wilmington, California on April 27, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion One of the first investigators of the problem was William Fairbairn, who helped establish the first insurance company dealing with the losses such explosions could cause. He also established experimentally that the hoop stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel like a boiler was twice the longitudinal st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion However, improved design and maintenance markedly reduced the number of boiler explosions by the end of the 19th century. Further improvements continued in the 20th century. On land-based boilers, explosions of the pressure systems happened regularly in stationary steam boilers in the Victorian era, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion Stress corrosion cracking at the lap joints was a common cause of early boiler explosions, probably caused by caustic embrittlement. The water used in boilers was not often closely controlled, and if acidic, could corrode the wrought iron boiler plates. Galvanic corrosion was an additional problem wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Boiler explosion They were held to the outer part of the boiler by stays (numerous small supports). Parts of the firebox in contact with full steam pressure have to be kept covered with water, to stop them overheating and weakening. The usual cause of firebox collapses is that the boiler water level falls too low and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774201 |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) is an amplification technique (conceptually like PCR but not involving nucleotides) to multiply misfolded prions originally developed by Soto and colleagues. It is a test for spongiform encephalopathies like CWD or BSE. The technique initially incubates a small amount of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774973 |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification Now, a single cycle results in a 2500-fold increase in sensitivity of detection over western blotting, whereas 2 and 7 consecutive cycles result in 6 million and 3 billion-fold increases in sensitivity of detection over western blotting, a technique widely used in BSE surveillanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774973 |
Protein misfolding cyclic amplification Recent studies by the groups of Supattapone and Ma were able to produce prion replication in vitro by PMCA using purified PrP and recombinant PrP with the sole addition of synthetic polyanions and lipids. These studies have shown that infectious prions can be produced in the abse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774973 |
Retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the "trans"-Golgi network (TGN). is a heteropentameric complex which in humans is composed of a less defined membrane-associated sorting nexin dimer (SNX1, SNX2, SNX5, SNX6), and a vacuolar prote... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2775545 |
Retromer It is proposed to act in two subcomplexes: (1) Cargo recognition complex that consist of Vps35, Vps29 and Vps26 (Vps trimer), and (2) SNX-BAR dimers which consist of SNX1 or SNX2 and SNX5 or SNX6 that facilitates endosomal membrane remodulation and curvature resulting in the formation of tubules/vesicles which... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2775545 |
Retromer The association of the Vps35-Vps29-Vps26 complex to the cytosolic domains of cargo molecules endosomal membranes initiates the activation of retrograde trafficking and cargo capture. The nucleation complex was formed through the interaction of VPS complex with GTP-activated Rab7 with clathrin, clathrin-adaptor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2775545 |
Quintuple bond A quintuple bond in chemistry is an unusual type of chemical bond, first reported in 2005 for a dichromium compound. Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds are commonplace in chemistry. Quadruple bonds are rarer but are currently known only among the transition metals, especially for Cr, Mo, W, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779670 |
Quintuple bond In 2007 the shortest-ever metal–metal bond (180.28 pm) was reported to exist also in a compound containing a quintuple chromium-chromium bond with diazadiene bridging ligands. Other metal–metal quintuple bond containing complexes that have been reported include quintuply bonded dichromium with [6-(2,4,6-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779670 |
Quintuple bond Finally the δ-bonds come from mixing of the d orbitals as well as mixing between the d orbitals from each metal. Molecular orbital calculations have elucidated the relative energies of the orbitals created by these bonding interactions. As shown in the figure below, the lowest energy orbitals are the π b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779670 |
Quintuple bond The two ways in which to obtain shorter metal–metal distances is to either reduce the distance between the chelating atoms in the ligand by changing the structure, or by using steric effects to force a conformational change in the ligand that bends the molecule in a way that forces the chelating atoms cl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779670 |
Cumulene A cumulene is a hydrocarbon with three or more "cumulative" (consecutive) double bonds. They are analogous to allenes, only having a more extensive chain. The simplest molecule in this class is butatriene (HC=C=C=CH), which is also called simply "cumulene". Unlike most alkanes and alkenes, cumulenes tend to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779765 |
Cumulene The reactions of cumulene are those of simple isolated double bonds because the consecutive double bonds are not conjugated to each other. The first reported complex containing a vinylidene ligand was (PhCFe(CO), derived from the reaction of diphenylketene and Fe(CO) Structurally, this molecule resembles Fe(CO... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2779765 |
ABINIT is an open-source suite of programs for materials science, distributed under the GNU General Public License. implements density functional theory, using a plane wave basis set and pseudopotentials, to compute the electronic density and derived properties of materials ranging from molecules to surfaces to solids.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2780729 |
Single-molecule experiment A single-molecule experiment is an experiment that investigates the properties of individual molecules. Single-molecule studies may be contrasted with measurements on an ensemble or bulk collection of molecules, where the individual behavior of molecules cannot be distinguished, and only aver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment In the gas phase at ultralow pressures, single-molecule experiments have been around for decades, but in the condensed phase only since 1989 with the work by W. E. Moerner and Lothar Kador. One year later Michel Orrit and Jacky Bernard were able to show also the detection of the absorption of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment More recently, single-molecule fluorescence is the subject of intense interest for biological imaging, through the labeling of biomolecules such as proteins and nucleotides to study enzymatic function which cannot easily be studied on the bulk scale, due to subtle time-dependent movements in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment , Furthermore, by controlling the force between the tip and the sample high resolution images can be obtained. Optical tweezers have also been used to study and quantify DNA-protein interactions. Single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy uses the fluorescence of a molecule for obtaining infor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment agonist concentration and structure, permeant ion and/or channel blocker, mutations in the ion channel amino acids), can provide information regarding the interconversion of various kinetic states of the ion channel. In a minimal model for an ion channel, there are two states: open and closed... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment Since the distance changes with time, this experiment probes the internal dynamics of the molecule. When looking at data related to individual molecules, one usually can construct propagators, and jumping time probability density functions, of the first order, the second order and so on, wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Single-molecule experiment In the biological sciences, the study of proteins and other complex biological machinery was limited to ensemble experiments that nearly made impossible the direct observation of their kinetics. For example, it was only after single molecule fluorescence microscopy was used to study kinesin-m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2781940 |
Phosphoryl chloride (data page) This page provides supplementary chemical data on phosphoryl chloride. Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2782732 |
Microfibril A microfibril is a very fine fibril, or fiber-like strand, consisting of glycoproteins and cellulose. It is usually, but not always, used as a general term in describing the structure of protein fiber, e.g. hair and sperm tail. Its most frequently observed structural pattern is the 9+2 pattern in which two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784383 |
Microfibril During this process microtubules can spontaneously depolymerize and repolymerize in a different orientation. This leads to a different direction in which the cell continues getting wrapped. In Marfan syndrome, there is a defect in fibrillin, the glycoprotein component of microfibrils. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784383 |
Polyyne In chemistry, a polyyne () is any organic compound with alternating single and triple bonds; that is, a series of consecutive alkynes, with "n" greater than 1. The simplest example is diacetylene or butadiyne, H−C≡C−C≡C−H. These compounds have also been called oligoynes, or carbinoids after "carbyne" , the hypo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Polyyne As a main synthetic tool usually acetylene homocoupling reactions like Glaser, Elinton or Hay protocols are used. Moreover, many of such procedures involve a Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling or similar reactions to unite two separate alkyne building-blocks or by alkylation of a pre-formed polyyne unit. In addition t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Polyyne As of 2010, the polyyne with the longest chain yet isolated had 22 acetylenic units (44 atoms), end-capped with tris(3,5-di-t-butylphenyl)methyl groups. Alkynes with the formula and "n" from 2 to 6 can be detected in the decomposition products of partially oxidized copper(I) acetylide ( (an acetylene derivative... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Polyyne chains have also been stabilised to heating by co-deposition with silver nanoparticles, and by complexation with a mercury-containing tridentate Lewis acid to form layered adducts. Long polyyne chains encapsulated in double-walled carbon nanotubes have also been shown to be stable. Despite rather low stability ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Polyyne These chemicals have various biological activities, including as flavorings and pigments, chemical repellants and toxins, and potential application to biomedical research and pharmaceuticals. The simple fatty acid 8,10-octadecadiynoic acid is isolated from the root bark of the legume "Paramacrolobium caeruleum"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Polyyne "Ichthyothere terminalis" leaves have traditionally been used to make poisoned bait by indigenous peoples of the lower Amazon basin. Dihydromatricaria acid is a polyyne produced and secreted by the soldier beetle as a chemical defense. The octatetraynyl radicals and hexatriynyl radicals together with their ions... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784496 |
Larmor precession In physics, (named after Joseph Larmor) is the precession of the magnetic moment of an object about an external magnetic field. Objects with a magnetic moment also have angular momentum and effective internal electric current proportional to their angular momentum; these include electrons, protons, ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784730 |
Larmor precession In nuclear physics the g-factor of a given system includes the effect of the nucleon spins, their orbital angular momenta, and their couplings. Generally, the g-factors are very difficult to calculate for such many-body systems, but they have been measured to high precision for most nuclei. The Larmor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784730 |
Larmor precession ), so if one sets "g" = 2, one arrives at The spin precession of an electron in an external electromagnetic field is described by the Bargmann–Michel–Telegdi (BMT) equation where formula_21, formula_22, formula_15, and formula_24 are polarization four-vector, charge, mass, and magnetic moment, formula... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784730 |
Larmor precession To calculate the spin of a particle in a magnetic field, one must also take into account Thomas precession. The spin angular momentum of an electron precesses counter-clockwise about the direction of the magnetic field. An electron has a negative charge, so the direction of magnetic moment is opposite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2784730 |
Imbibition is a special type of diffusion that takes place when water is adsorbed by solids-colloids causing an increase in volume. Examples include the absorption of water by seeds and dry wood. If there is no pressure due to imbibition, seedlings would not be able to emerge from soil. Water surface potential movement... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2785135 |
Imbibition Skin grafts (split thickness and full thickness) receive oxygenation and nutrition via imbibition, maintaining cellular viability until the processes of inosculation and revascularisation have re-established a new blood supply within these tissues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2785135 |
Oblique shock An oblique shock wave is a shock wave that, unlike a normal shock, is inclined with respect to the incident upstream flow direction. It will occur when a supersonic flow encounters a corner that effectively turns the flow into itself and compresses. The upstream streamlines are uniformly deflected after t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786041 |
Oblique shock Discontinuous changes also occur in the pressure, density and temperature, which all rise downstream of the oblique shock wave. Using the continuity equation and the fact that the tangential velocity component does not change across the shock, trigonometric relations eventually lead to the θ-β-M equation ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786041 |
Oblique shock This can be attributed to the fact that using one or a combination of oblique shock waves results in more favourable post-shock conditions (smaller increase in entropy, less stagnation pressure loss, etc) when compared to utilizing a single normal shock. An example of this technique can be seen in the des... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786041 |
Oblique shock The pressure and density ratios can then be expressed as: formula_6 formula_7 For a perfect atmospheric gas approximation using γ = 1.4, the hypersonic limit for the density ratio is 6. However, hypersonic post-shock dissociation of O and N into O and N lowers γ, allowing for higher density ratios in natu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786041 |
Kastle–Meyer test The is a presumptive blood test, first described in 1903, in which the chemical indicator phenolphthalein is used to detect the possible presence of hemoglobin. It relies on the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin in blood to catalyze the oxidation of phenolphthalin (the colorless reduced form of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786347 |
Kastle–Meyer test This test is nondestructive to the sample, which can be kept and used in further tests at the lab; however, few labs would use the swab used for the in any further testing, opting instead to use a fresh swab of the original stain. While the has been reported as being able to detect blood dilutions dow... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786347 |
Kastle–Meyer test This is typically achieved by boiling an alkaline solution of phenolphthalein with powdered zinc, which reduces the phenolphthalein into phenolphthalin. Upon reduction, the very intense pink color of the cationic form of phenolphthalein fades to a faint yellow color. It is this form of phenolphthalein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786347 |
Kastle–Meyer test The two electrons are supplied by phenolphthalin: The consumption of protons during the course of the reaction has the effect of raising the pH of the solution, but the amount of base produced is negligible compared to the amount of base already present in the reagent mixture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786347 |
Mass spectrometry data format Mass spectrometry is a scientific technique for measuring the mass-to-charge ratio of ions. It is often coupled to chromatographic techniques such as gas- or liquid chromatography and has found widespread adoption in the fields of analytical chemistry and biochemistry where it can be used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786646 |
Mass spectrometry data format The Analytical Data Interchange Format for Mass Spectrometry is a format for exchanging data. Many mass spectrometry software packages can read or write ANDI files. ANDI is specified in the ASTM E1947 Standard. ANDI is based on netCDF which is a software tool library for writing and readin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786646 |
Mass spectrometry data format This format was officially released at the 2008 American Society for Mass Spectrometry Meeting, and is since then relatively stable with very few updates. On 1 June 2009, mzML 1.1.0 was released. There are no planned further changes as of 2013. Below is a table of different file format ext... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2786646 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria are chemotrophic bacteria that derive the energy they need to live and multiply by oxidizing dissolved ferrous iron. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved oxygen is needed to carry out oxidation.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria When de-oxygenated water reaches a source of oxygen, these commonly called iron bacteria convert dissolved iron into an insoluble reddish-brown gelatinous slime that discolors stream beds or can stain plumbing fixtures, and clothing or utensils washed with the water carrying it. Organic material... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria In aerobic conditions, the pH variation plays an important role on driving the oxidation reaction of Fe/Fe, at neutrophilic pH (hydrothermal vents, deep ocean basalts, groundwater iron seeps) the oxidation of iron by microorganisms is highly competitive with the rapid abiotic reaction (occurs in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria These structures can be easily found in a sample of water, indicating the presence FeOB, this biosignature has been a tool to understand the importance of Iron metabolism in the past of the earth. Ferrous iron oxidation and the Early Life Unlike most lithotrophic metabolisms, the oxidation of Fe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria However, with the discovery of Fe(II) oxidation carried out within anoxic conditions in the late 1990s by using the light as energy source or chemolithotrophically, using a different terminal electron acceptor (mostly NO), arose the suggestion that the anoxic Fe metabolism, pre-dates the anaerob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria 2), producing Feoxides as a waste product that precipitates as a mineral, according to the following stoichiometry (4mM of Fe(II) can yield 1mM of CHO): HCO+ 4Fe(II)+ 10HO → [CHO] + 4Fe(OH) + 7H Nevertheless some bacteria do not use the photoautotrophic Fe(II) oxidation metabolism for growth pur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria Nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation Light penetration can limit the Fe(II) oxidation in the water column however nitrate dependent microbial Fe(II) oxidation is a light independent metabolism that has been shown to support microbial growth in various freshwater and marine sediments (paddy soil, s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria They are the major players in marine ecosystems, being generally microaerophilic they are adapted to live in transition zones where the oxic and anoxic waters mix.The Zetaproteobacteria are present in different Fe(II)-rich habitats, found in deep ocean sites associated with hydrothermal activity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria Nowadays this biogechemical cycle is undergoing highly modifications due to pollution and climate change nonetheless, the normal distribution of ferrous iron in the ocean could be affected by the global warming under the following conditions: acidification, shifting of ocean currents and ocean w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria All these changes in the marine parameters (temperature, acidity, and oxygenation) impact the Iron biogeochemical cycle and could have several and critical implications on ferrous iron oxidizers microbes, hypoxic and acid conditions could improve primary productivity in the superficial and coast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria Treatment of heavily infected wells may be difficult, expensive, and only partially successful. Physical removal is typically done as a first step. Small diameter pipes are sometimes cleaned with a wire brush, while larger lines can be scrubbed and flushed clean with a sewer jetter. The pumping ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Iron-oxidizing bacteria Wildfires may release iron-containing compounds from the soil into small wildland streams and cause a rapid but usually temporary proliferation of iron-oxidizing bacteria complete with orange coloration, the gelatinous mats, and sulphurous odors. Higher quality personal filters typically used in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2787834 |
Mixing ratio In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components. The term can refer either to mole ratio or mass ratio. In atmospheric chemistry, mixing ratio usually refers to the mole ratio "r", which is defined as the amoun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2791975 |
Mixing ratio By substituting the densities "ρ"("w") and considering equal volumes of different concentrations one gets: Considering a volume mixing ratio "r" The formula can be extended to more than two solutions with mass mixing ratios to be mixed giving: The condition to get a partially ideal solution on mixing is th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2791975 |
Selenite (ion) The selenite anion is a selenium oxoanion with the chemical formula . A selenite (compound) is a compound that contains this ion. In slightly acid conditions, the hydrogenselenite ion, , is formed; in more acidic conditions selenous acid, HSeO, exists. Most selenite salts can be formed by heating the rel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2792314 |
Glycogen synthase (UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase) is a key enzyme in glycogenesis, the conversion of glucose into glycogen. It is a glycosyltransferase () that catalyses the reaction of UDP-glucose and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl) to yield UDP and (1,4-α-D-glucosyl). Much research has been done on glycogen degradation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2794989 |
Glycogen synthase can be classified in two general protein families. The first family (GT3), which is from mammals and yeast, is approximately 80 kDa, uses UDP-glucose as a sugar donor, and is regulated by phosphorylation and ligand binding. The second family (GT5), which is from bacteria and plants, is approximately 5... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2794989 |
Glycogen synthase Liver glycogen serves as a storage pool to maintain the blood glucose level during fasting, whereas muscle glycogen synthesis accounts for disposal of up to 90% of ingested glucose. The role of muscle glycogen is as a reserve to provide energy during bursts of activity. Meanwhile, the muscle isozyme p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2794989 |
Glycogen synthase The phosphorylation sites of glycogen synthase are summarized below. For enzymes in the GT3 family, these regulatory kinases inactivate glycogen synthase by phosphorylating it at the N-terminal of the 25th residue and the C-terminal of the 120th residue. is also regulated by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2794989 |
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