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Electrochemical gradient For example, since there is a high concentration of Na outside the cell, Na will flow through the Na channel into the cell. Since the electric potential inside the cell is negative, the influx of a positive ion depolarizes the membrane which brings the transmembrane electric potential closer to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient The proton pump relies on proton carriers to drive protons from the side of the membrane with a low H concentration to the side of the membrane with a high H concentration. In bacteriorhodopsin, the proton pump is activated by absorption of photons of 568 nm wavelength which leads to isomerizat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient These higher energy electrons are transferred to protein-bound plastoquinone (PQ) and then to unbound plastoquinone (PQ). This reduces plastoquinone (PQ) to plastoquinol (PQH) which is released from PSII after gaining two protons from the stroma. The electrons in P are replenished by oxidizing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient The first step involving the transfer of two electrons from the UQH reduced by CI to two molecules of oxidized cytochrome c at the Q site. In the second step, two more electrons reduce UQ to UQH at the Q site. The total reaction is shown: formula_6 Complex IV (CIV) catalyzes the transfer of two... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Termination factor is a protein signal that mediates the termination of RNA transcription by recognizing a stop codon and causing the release of the newly made mRNA. This is part of the process that regulates the transcription of RNA to preserve gene expression integrity and are present in both eukaryotes and prokaryot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2824875 |
Termination factor When the Rho protein reaches the RNA polymerase complex, transcription is terminated by dissociation of the RNA polymerase from the DNA. The structure and activity of the Rho protein is similar to that of the F subunit of ATP synthase, supporting the theory that the two share an evolutionary link. Rh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2824875 |
Termination factor The process of transcriptional termination is less understood in eukaryotes, which have extensive post-transcriptional RNA processing, and each of the three types of eukaryotic RNA polymerase have a different termination system. In RNA polymerase I, Transcription termination factor, RNA polymerase I ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2824875 |
Photosensitizer A photosensitizer is a molecule that produces a chemical change in another molecule in a photochemical process. Photosensitizers are commonly used in polymer chemistry in reactions such as photopolymerization, photocrosslinking, and photodegradation. Photosensitizers are also used to generate triplet ex... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2825553 |
RNA editing is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. may include the insertion, deletion, and base substitution of nucleotides within the RNA molecule. is relatively rare, with common ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing through the addition and deletion of uracil has been found in kinetoplasts[A kinetoplast is a network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion] from the mitochondria of "Trypanosoma brucei" Because this may involve a large fraction of the sites in a gene, it is sometimes called "pan-editin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing After editing has made mRNA complementary to gRNA, an RNA ligase rejoins the ends of the edited mRNA transcript. As a consequence, the editosome can edit only in a 3' to 5' direction along the primary RNA transcript. The complex can act on only a single guide RNA at a time. Therefore, a RNA transcript requi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing The deamination of adenosine is catalyzed by the double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase (ADAR), which typically acts on pre-mRNAs. The deamination of adenosine to inosine disrupts and destabilizes the dsRNA base pairing, therefore rendering that particular dsRNA less able to produce siRNA, which i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing The development of high-throughput sequencing in recent years has allowed for the development of extensive databases for different modifications and edits of RNA. RADAR (Rigorously Annotated Database of A-to-I RNA editing) was developed in 2013 to catalog the vast variety of A-to-I sites and tissue-specific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing It was also shown that alternative mRNA changes were associated with canonical WT1 splicing variants, indicating their functional significance. It has been shown in previous studies that the only types of seen in the plants' mitochondria and plastids are conversion of C-to-U and U-to-C (very rare). RNA-edit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing It has also been linked to the production of RNA-edited proteins that are incorporated into the polypeptide complexes of the respiration pathway. Therefore, it is highly probable that polypeptides synthesized from unedited RNAs would not function properly and hinder the activity of both mitochondria and pla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing coli" cannot deaminate a nucleoside in the RNA; the enzyme's reaction pocket is too small for the RNA strand to bind to. However, this active site is widened by amino acid changes in the corresponding human analog genes, "APOBEC1" and "ADAR", allowing deamination. The gRNA-mediated pan-editing in trypanosom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
RNA editing The researchers specifically looked at the interaction between ADAR and UPF1, an enzyme involved in the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMD). They found that ADAR and UPF1 are found within the suprasliceosome and they form a complex that leads to the down-regulation of specific genes. The exact mechan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2826492 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution describe a class of substitution reactions involving nucleophiles and acyl compounds. In this type of reaction, a nucleophile – such as an alcohol, amine, or enolate – displaces the leaving group of an acyl derivative – such as an acid halide, anhydride, or ester. The resulting product is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution As a result of this two-step addition/elimination process, the nucleophile takes the place of the leaving group on the carbonyl compound by way of an intermediate state that does not contain a carbonyl. Both steps are reversible and as a result, nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions ar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution While nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions can be base-catalyzed, the reaction will not occur if the leaving group is a weaker base than the nucleophile (i.e. the leaving group must have a higher p"K" than the nucleophile). Unlike acid-catalyzed processes, both the nucleophile and the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution The reactivity of acyl compounds towards nucleophiles decreases as the basicity of the leaving group increases, as the table shows. Esters exhibit less resonance stabilization than amides, so the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate and subsequent loss of resonance is not as energetica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Acid halides will react with carboxylic acids to form anhydrides. If the structure of the acid and the acid chloride are different, the product is a mixed anhydride. First, the carboxylic acid attacks the acid chloride (1) to give tetrahedral intermediate 2. The tetrahedral intermediate c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Although acetophenone (2) is an intermediate in this reaction, it is impossible to isolate because it reacts with a second equivalent of MeMgBr rapidly after being formed. In the Friedel–Crafts acylation, acid halides act as electrophiles for electrophilic aromatic substitution. A Lewis a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Pyridine can also be used for this purpose, and acts via a similar mechanism. First, DMAP (2) attacks the anhydride (1) to form a tetrahedral intermediate, which collapses to eliminate a carboxylate ion to give amide 3. This intermediate amide is more activated towards nucleophilic attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of esters is also an equilibrium process – essentially the reverse of the Fischer esterification reaction. Because an alcohol (which acts as the leaving group) and water (which acts as the nucleophile) have similar p"K" values, the forward and reverse reactions c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Esters can also undergo condensations with ketone and aldehyde enolates to give β-dicarbonyl compounds. A specific example of this is the Baker–Venkataraman rearrangement, in which an aromatic "ortho"-acyloxy ketone undergoes an intramolecular nucleophilic acyl substitution and subsequent... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution When reacted with carbon nucleophiles, "N","N"-dimethylformamide (DMF) can be used to introduce a formyl group. Here, phenyllithium 1 attacks the carbonyl group of DMF 2, giving tetrahedral intermediate 3. Because the dimethylamide anion is a poor leaving group, the intermediate does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Under acid-catalyzed conditions, carboxylic acids will react with alcohols to form esters via the Fischer esterification reaction, which is also an equilibrium process. Alternatively, diazomethane can be used to convert an acid to an ester. While esterification reactions with diazomethane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Nucleophilic acyl substitution Carboxylic acids react with Grignard reagents and organolithiums to form ketones. The first equivalent of nucleophile acts as a base and deprotonates the acid. A second equivalent will attack the carbonyl group to create a geminal alkoxide dianion, which is protonated upon workup to give ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827390 |
Charpy impact test The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a high strain-rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. Absorbed energy is a measure of the material's notch toughness. It is widely used in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827774 |
Charpy impact test The notch in the sample affects the results of the impact test, thus it is necessary for the notch to be of regular dimensions and geometry. The size of the sample can also affect results, since the dimensions determine whether or not the material is in plane strain. This difference can greatly affec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827774 |
Charpy impact test If the material breaks on a flat plane, the fracture was brittle, and if the material breaks with jagged edges or shear lips, then the fracture was ductile. Usually, a material does not break in just one way or the other and thus comparing the jagged to flat surface areas of the fracture will give an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827774 |
Charpy impact test Impact tests typically show a ductile-brittle transition for low-strength materials that do exhibit change in fracture mode with temperature such as body-centered cubic (BCC) transition metals. Generally, high-strength materials have low impact energies which attest to the fact that fractures easily ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2827774 |
Magic sand or hydrophobic sand is a toy made from sand coated with a hydrophobic compound. The presence of this hydrophobic compound causes the grains of sand to adhere to one another and form cylinders (to minimize surface area) when exposed to water. When the sand is removed from water, it is completely dry and free ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2828626 |
Magic sand The sand was made by mixing heated sand with melted wax. The wax would repel water when the sand was exposed to water." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2828626 |
Kinetite was an explosive material patented in 1884 by T. Petry and O. Fallenstein, It consisted of nitro-benzol thickened or gelatinised by the addition of some collodion-cotton incorporated with finely ground potassium chlorate and precipitated antimony sulphide. It is an orange coloured, plastic mass, with the chara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2828647 |
Kinetite In testing however it was found to be extremely sensitive to combined friction and percussion, and could be readily ignited by a glancing blow with wood. Found also to be chemically unstable, it was known to ignite spontaneously both in the laboratory and in a magazine. A report of the French commission on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2828647 |
K. C. Nicolaou Kyriacos Costa Nicolaou () is a Cypriot-American chemist known for his research in the area of natural products total synthesis. He is currently Harry C. and Olga K. Wiess Professor of Chemistry at Rice University, having previously held academic positions at The Scripps Research Institute/UC San Diego a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833200 |
K. C. Nicolaou From 2005 to 2011, he directed Chemical Synthesis Laboratory @ ICES-A*STAR, Singapore. In 2013, Nicolaou moved to Rice University. The Nicolaou group is active in the field of organic chemistry with research interests in methodology development and total synthesis. He is responsible for the synthesis of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833200 |
Milky seas effect Milky seas, also called mareel, is a luminous phenomenon in the ocean in which large areas of seawater (up to ) appear to glow brightly enough at night to be seen by satellites orbiting Earth. Between 1915 and 1993, 235 sightings of milky seas were documented, most of which are concentrated in the nor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833680 |
Milky seas effect While monochromatic photos make this effect appear white, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute scientist Steven Haddock (an author of a milky seas effect study) has commented, "the light produced by the bacteria is actually blue, not white. It is white in the graphic because of the monochromatic s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833680 |
Kosmotropic Co-solvents (in water solvent) are defined as kosmotropic (order-making) if they contribute to the stability and structure of water-water interactions. Kosmotropes cause water molecules to favorably interact, which also (in effect) stabilizes intramolecular interactions in macromolecules such as proteins. C... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833962 |
Kosmotropic Thus, ionic kosmotropes are characterized by strong solvation energy leading to an increase of the overall cohesiveness of the solution, which is also reflected by the increase of the viscosity and density of the solution. Ammonium sulfate is the traditional kosmotropic salt for the salting out of protein f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833962 |
TAE buffer is a buffer solution containing a mixture of Tris base, acetic acid and EDTA. In molecular biology it is used in agarose electrophoresis typically for the separation of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. It is made up of Tris-acetate buffer, usually at pH 8.3, and EDTA, which sequesters divalent cations. TAE... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833999 |
TAE buffer 2 M = 2000 mM so 2000 mM /50 = 40 mM for 1×. 1M = 1000 mM so 1000 mM /50 = 20 mM for 1×. 50 mM /50 = 1 mM for 1×. First of all, these ingredients should be dissolved in 500 ml, then made up to 1000 ml. Note: EDTA will take more time to dissolve, so while dissolving EDTA use magnetic stirrer (few amounts of E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2833999 |
Osmotic concentration Osmotic concentration, formerly known as osmolarity, is the measure of solute concentration, defined as the number of osmoles (Osm) of solute per litre (L) of solution (osmol/L or Osm/L). The osmolarity of a solution is usually expressed as Osm/L (pronounced "osmolar"), in the same way that the mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2835186 |
Osmotic concentration For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) dissociates into Na and Cl ions. Thus, for every 1 mole of NaCl in solution, there are 2 osmoles of solute particles (i.e., a 1 mol/L NaCl solution is a 2 osmol/L NaCl solution). Both sodium and chloride ions affect the osmotic pressure of the solution. Another ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2835186 |
Osmotic concentration The terms are different because osmolarity takes into account the total concentration of penetrating solutes "and" non-penetrating solutes, whereas tonicity takes into account the total concentration of non-freely penetrating solutes "only". Penetrating solutes can diffuse through the cell membran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2835186 |
Osmotic concentration In simpler terms, osmolality is an expression of solute osmotic concentration per "mass" of solvent, whereas osmolarity is per "volume" of solution (thus the conversion by multiplying with the mass density of solvent in solution (kg solvent/litre solution). where m is the molality of component i. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2835186 |
Natural uranium (NU, U) refers to uranium with the same isotopic ratio as found in nature. It contains 0.711% uranium-235, 99.284% uranium-238, and a trace of uranium-234 by weight (0.0055%). Approximately 2.2% of its radioactivity comes from uranium-235, 48.6% from uranium-238, and 49.2% from uranium-234. can be used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2836053 |
Natural uranium During the Manhattan Project, the name Tuballoy was used to refer to natural uranium in the refined condition; this term is still in occasional use. Uranium was also codenamed "X-Metal" during World War II. Similarly, enriched uranium was referred to as Oralloy (Oak Ridge alloy), and depleted uranium wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2836053 |
Marine grade stainless steel is a misunderstood description. There is no industry recognized definition for a marine grade stainless steel though it is routinely used by many end-users. In a marine environment it must be made clear as to whether the stainless steel is submerged in seawater or is simply near enough to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2836202 |
Marine grade stainless Thus, the underside of overhangs will be more susceptible to corrosion due to lack of rinsing, also desert locations near the seashore will typically be more corrosive than seashores in locations with high rainfall. Visible evidence of corrosive attack in a marine environment is known as “tea sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2836202 |
Fretting refers to wear and sometimes corrosion damage at the asperities of contact surfaces. This damage is induced under load and in the presence of repeated relative surface motion, as induced for example by vibration. The ASM "Handbook on Fatigue and Fracture" defines fretting as: "A special wear process that occur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2837716 |
Fretting Strictly this debris is not 'rust' as its production requires no water. The particles are much harder than the steel surfaces in contact, so abrasive wear is inevitable; however, particulates are not required to initiate fret. examples include wear of drive splines on driveshafts, wheels at the lug bolt interf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2837716 |
Fretting Wire to Board (W2B) connectors tend to be immune to fretting because the wire half of the connector acts as a spring absorbing relative motion that would otherwise transfer to the contact surfaces of the W2B connector. Very few exotic B2B connectors exist that address fretting by: 1) incorporating springs into... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2837716 |
Fretting Lap joints, common on airframe surfaces, are a prime location for fretting corrosion. This is also known as frettage or fretting corrosion. resistance is not an intrinsic property of a material, or even of a material couple. There are several factors affecting fretting behavior of a contact : The fundamental w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2837716 |
Richard R. Schrock Richard Royce Schrock (born January 4, 1945) is an American chemist and Nobel laureate recognized for his contributions to the olefin metathesis reaction used in organic chemistry. Born in Berne, Indiana, Schrock went to Mission Bay High School in San Diego, California. He holds a B.A. (1967) from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2838077 |
Richard R. Schrock I look forward to returning to UCR for a few years to give back some of what it gave to me,” Schrock said. Schrock currently sits on the board of directors for Xyleco In 2005, Schrock received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, with Robert H. Grubbs and Yves Chauvin, for his work in the area of olefin met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2838077 |
Richard R. Schrock Schrock's work is ongoing with goals of furthering the understanding of metathesis selectivity, developing new catalyst architectures, as well as projects outside of metathesis, such as elucidating the mechanism of dinitrogen fixation and developing single molecule catalysts which form ammonia from d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2838077 |
MTOR The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), sometimes also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin and FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the "MTOR" gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR However, early testing revealed that rapamycin also had potent immunosuppressive and cytostatic anti-cancer activity. Unfortunately, rapamycin did not initially receive significant interest from the pharmaceutical industry until the 1980s, when Wyeth-Ayerst supported Sehgal's efforts to further investigate rapamyc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Interest in rapamycin was renewed following the discovery of the structurally related immunosuppressive natural product FK506 in 1987. In 1989–90, FK506 and rapamycin were determined to inhibit T-cell receptor (TCR) and IL-2 receptor signaling pathways, respectively. The two natural products were used to discover ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Independently, George Livi and colleagues later reported the same genes, which they called "dominant rapamycin resistance 1 and 2 (DRR1 and DRR2)", in studies published in October 1993. The protein now called mTOR was originally named FRAP by Stuart L. Schreiber and RAFT1 by David M. Sabatini; "FRAP1" was used as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR The discovery of TOR and the subsequent identification of mTOR opened the door to the molecular and physiological study of what is now called the mTOR pathway and had a catalytic effect on the growth of the field of chemical biology, where small molecules are used as probes of biology. mTOR integrates the input fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR This complex functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. The activity of mTORC1 is regulated by rapamycin, insulin, growth factors, phosphatidic acid, certain amino acids and their derivatives (e.g., -leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid), mechanical stimuli, and oxidative str... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Disruption of mTORC2 produces the diabetic-like symptoms of decreased glucose tolerance and insensitivity to insulin. The mTORC2 signaling pathway is less defined than the mTORC1 signaling pathway. The functions of the components of the mTORC complexes have been studied using knockdowns and knockouts and were foun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen species cause damage of mitochondrial proteins and decrease ATP production. Subsequently, via ATP sensitive AMPK, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP-consuming protein synthesis is downregulated, since mTORC1 initiates a phosphorylation cascade activ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Also, mutations in TSC proteins that inhibit the activity of mTOR may lead to a condition named tuberous sclerosis complex, which exhibits as benign lesions and increases the risk of renal cell carcinoma. Increasing mTOR activity was shown to drive cell cycle progression and increase cell proliferation mainly than... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR mTOR signaling appears to be closely related to the presence of soluble amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins, which aggregate and form two hallmarks of the disease, Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. In vitro studies have shown Aβ to be an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which in turn activates... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Cognitive impairments characteristic of AD appear to be mediated by the phosphorylation of PRAS-40, which detaches from and allows for the mTOR hyperactivity when it is phosphorylated; inhibiting PRAS-40 phosphorylation prevents Aβ-induced mTOR hyperactivity. Given these findings, the mTOR signaling pathway appear... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Further evidence for mTOR activity in neurodegeneration comes from recent findings demonstrating that eIF2α-P, an upstream target of the mTOR pathway, mediates cell death in prion diseases through sustained translational inhibition. Some evidence points to mTOR's role in reduced Aβ clearance as well. mTOR is a neg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR mTOR is inhibited when lysosomal membrane is damaged by various exogenous or endogenous agents, such as invading bacteria, membrane-permeant chemicals yielding osmotically active products (this type of injury can be modeled using membrane-permeant dipeptide precursors that polymerize in lysosomes), amyloid protein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR At this stage another galectin, galectin-3, interacts with TRIM16 to guide selective autophagy of damaged lysosomes. TRIM16 gathers ULK1 and principal components (Beclin 1 and ATG16L1) of other complexes (Beclin 1-VPS34-ATG14 and ATG16L1-ATG5-ATG12) initiating autophagy, many of them being under negative control o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR Additionally, several types of ubiquitination events parallel and complement the galectin-driven processes: Ubiquitination of TRIM16-ULK1-Beclin-1 stabilizes these complexes to promote autophagy activation as described above. ATG16L1 has an intrinsic binding affinity for ubiquitin); whereas ubiquitination by a gly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
MTOR There are two primary mTOR inhibitors used in the treatment of human cancers, temsirolimus and everolimus. mTOR inhibitors have found use in the treatment of a variety of malignancies, including renal cell carcinoma (temsirolimus) and pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (everolimus). The com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839255 |
Cassie's law or The Cassie equation, describes the effective contact angle θ for a liquid on a chemically heterogeneous surface, i.e. the surface of a composite material consisting of different chemistries, that is non uniform throughout. Contact angles are important as they quantify a surfaces wettability, the nature ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839396 |
Cassie's law In the Cassie-Baxter state liquids sit upon asperities, resulting in air pockets that are bounded between the surface and liquid. The Cassie-Baxter equation is not restricted to only "chemically" heterogeneous surfaces, as air within porous homogeneous surfaces will make the "system" heterogeneous. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839396 |
Cassie's law The contact angle given by the Young equation is, formula_22 Thus by substituting the first expression into Young's equation, we arrive at for heterogeneous surfaces, formula_1 Studies concerning the contact angle existing between a liquid and a solid surface began with Thomas Young in 1805. The Young equa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839396 |
Cassie's law In 1948 Cassie refined this for two materials with different chemistries on both smooth and rough surfaces, resulting in the aforementioned formula_1 Following the discovery of superhydrophobic surfaces in nature and the growth of their application in industry, the study of contact angles and wetting has b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839396 |
Cassie's law Lotus leaves have a typical contact angle of formula_36, ultra low water adhesion due to minimal contact areas, and a self cleaning property which is characterised by the Cassie-Baxter equation. The microscopic architecture of the Lotus leaf means that water will not penetrate nanofolds on the surface, lea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2839396 |
Davy Medal The is awarded by the Royal Society of London "for an outstandingly important recent discovery in any branch of chemistry". Named after Humphry Davy, the medal is awarded with a monetary gift, initially of £1000 (currently £2000). The medal was first awarded in 1877 to Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2840149 |
American Water Works Association (AWWA) is an international non-profit, scientific and educational association founded to improve water quality and supply. Established in 1881, it has a membership (as of 2012) of around 50,000 members worldwide. In reviewing the success of the Safe Drinking Water Act after 1974, senior... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842321 |
American Water Works Association Proceedings of the annual and specialty conferences are published by AWWA. Through the Partnership for Safe Water AWWA also works with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and other water organizations to help water providers optimize system performance beyond existing regu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842321 |
American Water Works Association Standing committees periodically review and update the standards as required. In May 1985, the United States Environmental Protection Agency entered into a cooperative agreement with a consortium led by NSF International to develop voluntary third-party consensus standards and a certifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842321 |
American Water Works Association AWWA is an umbrella organization for 43 sections, each of whom represents a specific geographic region. There are 37 AWWA sections in the United States, 5 Canadian sections, and one each in Mexico and Puerto Rico. EPA Alumni Association: Drinking Water, Half Century of Progress – a brie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842321 |
Isocyanic acid is a chemical compound with the formula HNCO, discovered in 1830 by Liebig and Wöhler. This colourless substance is volatile and poisonous, with a boiling point of 23.5 °C. is the simplest stable chemical compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, the four most commonly found elements... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842663 |
Isocyanic acid Pure cyanic acid has not been isolated, and isocyanic acid is the predominant form in all solvents. Sometimes information presented for cyanic acid in reference books is actually for isocyanic acid. Cyanic and isocyanic acids are isomers of fulminic acid (H-C=N-O), an unstable compound. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842663 |
Alcohol and cancer Alcoholic beverages are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen (carcinogenic to humans). IARC classifies alcoholic beverage consumption as a cause of female breast, colorectal, larynx, liver, esophagus, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers; and as a p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " Acetaldehyde is produced by the liver as it breaks down ethanol. The liver then normally eliminates 99% of the acetaldehyde. An average liver can process 7 grams of ethanol per hour. For example, it takes 12 hours to eliminate the ethanol in a bottle of wine, giving 12 hours or more of acetaldehyde... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer This is explained by the fact that ethanol is a proven mutagen and in addition, metabolite of ethanol (acetaldehyde) produced in the liver is highly carcinogenic, thus explaining both local (mouth, throat, esophageal cancers) as well as distant (skin, liver, breast) cancers. It is well known that eth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer Because the cytotoxic activity of ethanol is concentration-dependent, the risk of these cancers will not only increase with increasing amounts of ethanol, but also with increasing concentrations; an ounce of whisky is probably more carcinogenic when taken undiluted than when taken mixed with non-alco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer A study found that "the ADH1C*1 allele and genotype ADH1C*1/1 were significantly more frequent in patients with alcohol-related cancers…" A European study has found two gene variants which offer "significant" protection against mouth and throat cancers. Alcohol is a known porphyrinogenic chemical. Se... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer National Cancer Institute states "Drinking alcohol increases the risk of cancers of the mouth, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, and liver in men and women, … In general, risks increases above baseline with any alcohol intake (mild; <2 glass of wine per week) and increases significantly with moderate alcoh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " A review of the epidemiological literature published from 1966 to 2006 concluded that: A study concluded that for every additional drink regularly consumed per day, the incidence of oral cavity and pharynx cancers increases by 1 per 1000. The incidence of cancers of the esophagus and larynx increas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer The National Institutes of Health, the National Cancer Institute, Cancer Research, the American Cancer Society, the Mayo Clinic, and the Colorectal Cancer Coalition, American Society of Clinical Oncology and the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center list alcohol as a risk factor. A WCRF panel report... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer In the United States, liver cancer is relatively uncommon, afflicting approximately 2 people per 100,000, but excessive alcohol consumption is linked to as many as 36% of these cases by some investigators "Overall, 61% of HCC were attributable to HCV [hepatitis C virus], 13% to HBV [hepatitis B virus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " A Taiwanese study concluded, "…cigarette smoking may play the most harmful role in the initial development of gastric cancer, and that drinking alcohol may promote the process." A Norwegian study found that, "No statistically significant associations between various degrees of exposure to alcohol a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer "Thus, the results of this study suggest that relatively elevated alcohol intake (of the order of 40 g per day or more) may cause a modest increase of epithelial ovarian cancer risk.". "Associations were also found between alcohol consumption and cancers of the ovary and prostate, but only for 50 g a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
Alcohol and cancer " The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center found that men who consumed four or more glasses of red wine per week had a 50 percent reduction in the risk of developing prostate cancer. They "found no significant effects – positive nor negative – associated with the consumption of beer or hard liquor ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2842910 |
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