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Glycogen synthase Twenty six tests were carried out and two significant phenotypes were reported. Homozygous mutant male adults displayed impaired glucose tolerance, whereas females had a significant decrease in circulating glucose levels as determined by clinical chemistry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2794989 |
Chemists Without Borders is a non-governmental organization involved in international development work designed to solve humanitarian problems through chemistry and related activities. As a public benefit, non-profit organization, the primary goals of include, but are not limited to: was founded in 2004 by Bego Gerber ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795744 |
Baby Gender Mentor is the trade name of a controversial blood test designed for prenatal sex discernment. The test was manufactured by Acu-Gen Biolab, Inc., a biotech company in Lowell, Massachusetts, United States. The test made a media debut on 17 June 2005 on "The Today Show" and it was featured in Newsweek in Octob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor The company claimed that their kit could detect twins. The test was featured on an episode of "The Today Show" in June 2005. In that show, Katie Couric interviewed a woman named Holly Osburn who was mother to two daughters and expecting. Osborn said that she wanted to know the gender because she want... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor The test was listed as one of the top 10 innovations of 2005 by research company Datamonitor. In their report, titled "Build A Better Mousetrap", Datamonitor identifies their picks for "the best new food, drink, health, household and pet products of 2005". They listed the test as the number 8 innovat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor Until that's out, I think it shouldn't be on the market." Carson at that time was at the Baylor College of Medicine. Dr. Charles Lockwood, chairman of obstetrics and gynecology at Yale School of Medicine, said that it is possible for fetal DNA to be found in maternal blood as soon as the placenta has... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor Some women might prefer this test to an ultrasound exam, which might reveal fetal abnormalities that the parents might prefer not to know about until after delivery. The National Public Radio investigative report on Acu-Gen predicted that parents may use the test as a basis for determining whether to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor In China, sex selection has led to men outnumbering women by about 1.2-to-1. In India, the ratio of girls to boys is also on the decline. The 2004 census shows that there were 818 girls born per 1,000 boys; the ratio varies in different parts of India, with the greatest imbalance occurring in the mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor In at least one case, Chang Wang, the president of Acu-Gen, has phoned a pregnant woman one month after giving her the sex prediction to inform her that her test indicated an "excess of genetic material in her blood" and advised her to see her doctor in order "to rule out problems like Down's syndrom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor The law firm claims Wang has contacted "many women" and advised them that their fetuses have chromosomal abnormalities. They claim that Dr. Wang, who is listed as a Ph.D., is providing women "with all sorts of medical advice and diagnoses". They say their clients have suffered great emotional distres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor com states that none of the refund checks were issued as a result of the test being proven wrong by a live birth. Their website states: In March 2006, Wang wrote in an e-mail to NPR, he has "decided to defer all his energies regarding the BGM product and service for one more year, when results of act... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor According to NPR, their inquiries at BioTronics revealed the two companies have common ownership, but no one was available to comment for the NPR story. Acu-Gen does not mention a direct link to BioTronics in their marketing materials. However, they do state on their web-site that they utilize BioTro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
Baby Gender Mentor Clinic for Baby gender selection Gender selection issues and advice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2795907 |
ChemComm (or Chemical Communications), formerly known as "Journal of the Chemical Society D: Chemical Communications" (1969–1971), "Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications" (1972–1995), is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It covers all aspects of chemistry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2796053 |
Bromine number is the amount of bromine in grams absorbed by of a sample. The number indicates the degree of unsaturation. The Bromine Number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in gasoline samples. The California ARB, in its Motor Vehicle Fuels Compliance Assistance Program, indicated that every unit of B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2798535 |
Selenous acid (or selenious acid) is the chemical compound with the formula HSeO. Structurally, it is more accurately described by (HO)SeO. It is the principal oxoacid of selenium; the other being selenic acid. is analogous to sulfurous acid, but it is more readily isolated. is easily formed upon the addition of seleni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2798935 |
Selenous acid Selenious acid is a key component of the Mecke reagent used for drug checking. Like many selenium compounds, selenous acid is highly toxic in excessive quantities, and ingestion of any significant quantity of selenous acid is usually fatal, however it is an approved dietary source in proper amounts. Sympt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2798935 |
Tellurous acid is an inorganic compound with the formula HTeO. It is the oxoacid of tellurium(IV). The compound is not well characterized. An alternative way of writing its formula is (HO)TeO. In principle, tellurous acid would form by treatment of tellurium dioxide with water, that is by hydrolysis. The related conjug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2798981 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC) is a synthetic strategy employed by chemists to make complex supramolecular assemblies from discrete molecular building blocks. DCvC has allowed access to complex assemblies such as covalent organic frameworks, molecular knots, polymers, and novel macrocycles. Not to be confused with d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry Reversible assembly of molecular components generates products and semi-stable intermediates. Reactions can proceed along kinetic or thermodynamic pathways. Initial concentrations of kinetic intermediates are greater than thermodynamic products because the lower barrier of activation (ΔG‡), c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry Regardless of the starting material, C2, C4 or a high molar mass product, the equilibrium will eventually produce a product distribution across many macrocycles and oligomers. In this system it is possible to "amplify" the presence of C2 in the mixture when the transacetalisation catalyst is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry However, in the presence of two different amines the reaction becomes an exchange reaction where the two imine derivatives compete in equilibrium. Exchange and formation reactions can be further broken down into three categories: Bond formation between carbon atoms forms very thermodynamicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry Ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) can be used in polymerization and macrocycle synthesis. A common dynamic covalent building motif is bond formation between a carbon center and a heteroatom such as nitrogen or oxygen. Because the bond formed between carbon and a heteroatom is less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry Disulfides can undergo dynamic exchange reactions with free thiols. The reaction is well documented within the realm of DCvC, and is one of the first reactions demonstrated to have dynamic properties. The application of disulfide chemistry has the added advantage of being a biological motif. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Dynamic covalent chemistry Furthermore, the error-correcting ability inherent to DCvC allows large structures to be made without flaws. All current methods of covalent organic framework (COF) synthesis use DCvC. Boronic acid dehydration, as demonstrated by Yaghi et al. is the most common type of reaction used. COFs hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801321 |
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere. Seawater is slightly basic (meaning pH > 7), and ocean acidification involves a shift towards pH-neutral conditions rather than a transition to acidic conditions (pH < 7). An estim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Ocean alkalinity (roughly equal to [HCO] + 2[CO]) is not changed by the process, or may increase over long time periods due to carbonate dissolution. This net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available may make it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification The carbon cycle describes the fluxes of carbon dioxide () between the oceans, terrestrial biosphere, lithosphere, and the atmosphere. Human activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels and land use changes have led to a new flux of into the atmosphere. About 45% has remained in the atmosphere;... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Dissolving in seawater increases the hydrogen ion () concentration in the ocean, and thus decreases ocean pH, as follows: Caldeira and Wickett (2003) placed the rate and magnitude of modern ocean acidification changes in the context of probable historical changes during the last 300 million years. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Continental shelves play an important role in marine ecosystems since most marine organisms live or are spawned there, and though the study only dealt with the area from Vancouver to Northern California, the authors suggest that other shelf areas may be experiencing similar effects. One of the first... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Current rates of ocean acidification have been compared with the greenhouse event at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary (about 55 million years ago) when surface ocean temperatures rose by 5–6 degrees Celsius. No catastrophe was seen in surface ecosystems, yet bottom-dwelling organisms in the deep ocean ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification These processes stabilize the pH of the ocean, by a mechanism called compensation...The point of bringing it up again is to note that if the concentration of the atmosphere changes more slowly than this, as it always has throughout the Vostok record, the pH of the ocean will be relatively unaffected... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification In a synthesis report published in "Science" in 2015, 22 leading marine scientists stated that from burning fossil fuels is changing the oceans' chemistry more rapidly than at any time since the Great Dying, Earth's most severe known extinction event, emphasizing that the 2 °C maximum temperature in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification After they are formed, such structures are vulnerable to dissolution unless the surrounding seawater contains saturating concentrations of carbonate ions (CO). Of the extra carbon dioxide added into the oceans, some remains as dissolved carbon dioxide, while the rest contributes towards making addit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification In seawater, a natural horizontal boundary is formed as a result of temperature, pressure, and depth, and is known as the saturation horizon. Above this saturation horizon, Ω has a value greater than 1, and does not readily dissolve. Most calcifying organisms live in such waters. Below this depth, Ω... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Increasing acidity has possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates in jumbo squid, depressing the immune responses of blue mussels, and coral bleaching. However it may benefit some species, for example increasing the growth rate of the sea star, "Pisaster ochraceus", while shel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Corals, coccolithophore algae, coralline algae, foraminifera, shellfish and pteropods experience reduced calcification or enhanced dissolution when exposed to elevated . The Royal Society published a comprehensive overview of ocean acidification, and its potential consequences, in June 2005. However... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification There is also a suggestion that a decline in the coccolithophores may have secondary effects on climate, contributing to global warming by decreasing the Earth's albedo via their effects on oceanic cloud cover. All marine ecosystems on Earth will be exposed to changes in acidification and several ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification A study conducted by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in January 2018 showed that the skeletal growth of corals under acidified conditions is primarily affected by a reduced capacity to build dense exoskeletons, rather than affecting the linear extension of the exoskeleton. Using Global Clim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification However, in Palau carbon dioxide seeps are not associated with reduced species diversity of corals, although bioerosion of coral skeletons is much higher at low pH sites. may affect the ocean's biologically driven sequestration of carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean interior and seafloor sedimen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification If such an extinction event occurred in our oceans, it will greatly affect humans since much of our food supply is reliant on fish or other marine animals. due to global warming will also change the reproductive cycles of reef fish who normally spawn during late spring and fall. On top of this, ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification In addition, ocean acidification will make fish larvae more sensitive to the surrounding pH since they are more sensitive to environmental fluctuations than adults. In addition, larvae of common prey species will have lower survival rates, which in turn will eventually cause the species to become en... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Aside from the slowing and/or of calcification, organisms may suffer other adverse effects, either indirectly through negative impacts on food resources, or directly as reproductive or physiological effects. For example, the elevated oceanic levels of may produce -induced acidification of body fluid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Another possible effect would be an increase in red tide events, which could contribute to the accumulation of toxins (domoic acid, brevetoxin, saxitoxin) in small organisms such as anchovies and shellfish, in turn increasing occurrences of amnesic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Meta analyses have quantified the direction and magnitude of the harmful effects of ocean acidification, warming and deoxygenation on the ocean. These meta-analyses have been further tested by mesocosm studies that simulated the interaction of these stressors and found a catastrophic effect on the m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Pteropods are severely affected because increasing acidification levels have steadily decreased the amount of water supersaturated with carbonate which is needed for aragonite creation. Arctic waters are changing so rapidly that they will become undersaturated with aragonite as early as 2016. Additi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification Red king crab fisheries are also at a serious threat because crabs are calcifiers and rely on carbonate ions for shell development. Baby red king crab when exposed to increased acidification levels experienced 100% mortality after 95 days. In 2006, red king crab accounted for 23% of the total guidel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification The German Advisory Council on Global Change stated:In order to prevent disruption of the calcification of marine organisms and the resultant risk of fundamentally altering marine food webs, the following guard rail should be obeyed: the pH of near surface waters should not drop more than 0.2 units ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification On 1 June 2017 it was announced the US would withdraw from the Paris accords, and on 12 June 2017 that the US would abstain from the G7 Climate Change Pledge, two major international efforts to reduce emissions. Geoengineering has been proposed as a possible response to ocean acidification. The IAP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Ocean acidification While this approach has been proposed as a potential solution to the ocean acidification problem, mitigation of surface ocean acidification might increase acidification in the less-inhabited deep ocean. A report by the UK's Royal Society (2009) reviewed the approach for effectiveness, affordability,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2801560 |
Photobleaching In optics, photobleaching (sometimes termed fading) is the photochemical alteration of a dye or a fluorophore molecule such that it permanently is unable to fluoresce. This is caused by cleaving of covalent bonds or non-specific reactions between the fluorophore and surrounding molecules. Such irreversib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809585 |
Photobleaching Loss of activity caused by photobleaching can be controlled by reducing the intensity or time-span of light exposure, by increasing the concentration of fluorophores, by reducing the frequency and thus the photon energy of the input light, or by employing more robust fluorophores that are less prone to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809585 |
Photobleaching Depending on their specific chemistry, molecules can photobleach after absorbing just a few photons, while more robust molecules can undergo many absorption/emission cycles before destruction: This use of the term "lifetime" is not to be confused with the "lifetime" measured by fluorescence lifetime imag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809585 |
Schiff test The is an early organic chemistry named reaction developed by Hugo Schiff, and is a relatively general chemical test for detection of many organic aldehydes that has also found use in the staining of biological tissues. The Schiff reagent is the reaction product of a dye formulation such as fuchsin and sodi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809771 |
Schiff test In the currently accepted mechanism, the pararosaniline and bisulfite combine to yield the "decolorized" adduct with sulfonation at the central carbon as described and shown. The free, uncharged aromatic amine groups then react with the aldehyde being tested to form two aldimine groups; these groups have al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809771 |
Schiff test The mechanism was proposed in 1921 by the eminent German organic chemist Heinrich Wieland and his student Georg Scheuing (1895–1949). Bisulphite was believed to react with the available aromatic amine functional groups to form N-sulfinic acid groups, Ar-NH-SOH, followed by reaction with aldehyde to form sul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2809771 |
Biuret is a chemical compound with the chemical formula [HNC(O)]NH. It is a white solid that is soluble in hot water. The term "biuret" also describes a family of organic compounds with the functional group -(HN-CO-)N-. Thus, dimethyl biuret is [Me(H)NC(O)]NH. A variety of organic derivatives are known. Also known as c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2810615 |
Biuret The biuret test is a chemical test for proteins and polypeptides. It is based on the biuret reagent, a blue solution that turns violet upon contact with proteins, or any substance with peptide bonds. The test and reagent do not actually contain biuret; they are so named because both biuret and proteins have the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2810615 |
The Journal of Organic Chemistry The Journal of Organic Chemistry, colloquially known as "JOC" or "J. Org. Chem.", is a peer-reviewed scientific journal for original contributions of fundamental research in all branches of theory and practice in organic and bioorganic chemistry. It is published by the publishing arm of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2811604 |
Effective atomic number has two different meanings: one that is the effective nuclear charge of an atom, and one that calculates the average atomic number for a compound or mixture of materials. Both are abbreviated Z. The effective atomic number Z, (sometimes referred to as the effective nuclear charge) of an atom is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814326 |
Effective atomic number The reason why it is not 26 is because some of the electrons in the atom end up repelling the others, giving a net lower electrostatic interaction with the nucleus. One way of envisioning this effect is to imagine the 1s electron sitting on one side of the 26 protons in the nucleus, with another... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814326 |
Effective atomic number An alternative definition of the effective atomic number is one quite different from that described above. The atomic number of a material exhibits a strong and fundamental relationship with the nature of radiation interactions within that medium. There are numerous mathematical descriptions of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814326 |
Effective atomic number One such proposed formula for the effective atomic number, Z, is as follows (Murty 1965): An example is that of water (HO), made up of two hydrogen atoms (Z=1) and one oxygen atom (Z=8), the total number of electrons is 1+1+8 = 10, so the fraction of electrons for the two hydrogens is (2/10) and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814326 |
Effective atomic number As such, for polyenergetic photon sources (in particular, for applications such as radiotherapy), the effective atomic number varies significantly with energy (Taylor "et al." 2008). As shown by Taylor "et al." (2008), it is possible to obtain a much more accurate single-valued Z by weighting ag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814326 |
Fluoroform is the chemical compound with the formula CHF. It is one of the "haloforms", a class of compounds with the formula CHX (X = halogen) with C symmetry. is used in diverse applications in organic synthesis. It is not an ozone depleter but is a greenhouse gas. About 20M kg/y are produced industrially as both a b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814674 |
Fluoroform CHF is recommended for this application because of its low toxicity, its low reactivity, and its high density. HFC-23 has been used in the past as a replacement for Halon 1301[cfc-13b1] in fire suppression systems as a total flooding gaseous fire suppression agent. is weakly acidic with a pK = 25–28 and quit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814674 |
Fluoroform The UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism projects have provided funding and facilitated the destruction of HFC-23 co-produced from a portion of HCFC-22 produced in developing or non-Annex 1 countries since 2003. Developing countries have become the largest producers of HCFC-22 in recent years according to data... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814674 |
Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). O, like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red part of the visible light spectrum. Oxygen molecules have attracted attention because of the relationship bet... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814939 |
Solid oxygen Six different phases of solid oxygen are known to exist: It has been known that oxygen is solidified into a state called the β-phase at room temperature by applying pressure, and with further increasing pressure, the β-phase undergoes phase transitions to the δ-phase at 9 GPa and the ε-phase at 10 GPa; and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814939 |
Solid oxygen It has been shown to have a monoclinic C2/m symmetry and its infrared absorption behaviour was attributed to the association of oxygen molecules into larger units. A ζ-phase appears at 96 GPa when ε-phase oxygen is further compressed. This phase was discovered in 1990 by pressurizing oxygen to 132 GPa. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2814939 |
R-410A R-410A, sold under the trademarked names AZ-20, EcoFluor R410, Forane 410A, Freon 410A, Genetron R410A, Puron, and Suva 410A, is a zeotropic but near-azeotropic mixture of difluoromethane (CHF, called R-32) and pentafluoroethane (CHFCF, called R-125) that is used as a refrigerant in air conditioning applications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2816149 |
R-410A In accordance with terms and agreement reached in the Montreal Protocol (The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer), the United States Environmental Protection Agency has mandated that production or import of R-22 along with other hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) be phased out in the Unite... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2816149 |
R-410A html Unlike alkyl halide refrigerants that contain bromine or chlorine, (which contains only fluorine) does not contribute to ozone depletion and is therefore becoming more widely used, as ozone-depleting refrigerants like R-22 are phased out. However, R410A has a high global warming potential of 2088, higher th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2816149 |
The Sceptical Chymist The Sceptical Chymist: or Chymico-Physical Doubts & Paradoxes is the title of a book by Robert Boyle, published in London in 1661. In the form of a dialogue, the "Sceptical Chymist" presented Boyle's hypothesis that matter consisted of corpuscles and clusters of corpuscles in motion and that every... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817738 |
The Sceptical Chymist After discussing the classical elements and chemical principles in the first five parts of the book, in the sixth part Boyle defines chemical element in a manner that approaches more closely to the modern concept: However, Boyle denied that any known material substances correspond to such "perfect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817738 |
Larmor formula In electrodynamics, the is used to calculate the total power radiated by a non relativistic point charge as it accelerates. It was first derived by J. J. Larmor in 1897, in the context of the wave theory of light. When any charged particle (such as an electron, a proton, or an ion) accelerates, it radiat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
Larmor formula The right-hand side is the sum of the electric fields associated with the velocity and the acceleration of the charged particle. The velocity field depends only upon formula_9 while the acceleration field depends on both formula_9 and formula_11 and the angular relationship between the two. Since the vel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
Larmor formula It clearly shows that the faster the charge accelerates the greater the radiation will be. We would expect this since the radiation field is dependent upon acceleration. The full derivation can be found here. Here is an explanation which can help understanding the above page. This approach is based on th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
Larmor formula The tangential component comes out (SI units): And to obtain the Larmour formula, one has to integrate over all angles, at large distance formula_14 from the charge, the Poynting vector associated with formula_37, which is: giving (SI units) This is mathematically equivalent to: Since formula_48, we reco... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
Larmor formula However, as formula_57 the radiation grows like formula_54 as the particle tries to lose its energy in the form of EM waves. Also, when the acceleration and velocity are orthogonal the power is reduced by a factor of formula_59, i.e. the factor formula_54 becomes formula_61. The faster the motion becomes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
Larmor formula This classical prediction is violated by the observation of stable electron orbits. The problem is resolved with a quantum mechanical description of atomic physics, initially provided by the Bohr model. Classical solutions to the stability of electron orbitals can be demonstrated using Non-radiation cond... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817855 |
KCC Corporation (renamed from Kumkang Korea Chemicals Co., Ltd. on February 25, 2005) is a Korean chemical and auto parts manufacturer, headquartered in Seoul, South Korea. KCC's products include various kinds of paints, float glass, soft sponges, silicon, chassis, and car parts. This company is the biggest provider of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2817899 |
Downstream processing refers to the recovery and the purification of biosynthetic products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of salvageable components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste. It is an essential step i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2819660 |
Downstream processing A widely recognized heuristic for categorizing downstream processing operations divides them into four groups which are applied in order to bring a product from its natural state as a component of a tissue, cell or fermentation broth through progressive improvements in purity and concentration. "R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2819660 |
Downstream processing Consequently steps in this stage are expensive to carry out and require sensitive and sophisticated equipment. This stage contributes a significant fraction of the entire downstream processing expenditure. Examples of operations include affinity, size exclusion, reversed phase chromatography, ion-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2819660 |
Red plague (corrosion) Red plague is an accelerated corrosion of copper when plated with silver. After storage or use in high-humidity environment, cuprous oxide forms on the surface of the parts. The corrosion is identifiable by presence of patches of brown-red powder deposit on the exposed copper. Red plague is cause... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820131 |
Electrocoagulation (EC), is a technique used for wastewater treatment, wash water treatment, industrial processed water, and medical treatment. has become a rapidly growing area of wastewater treatment due to its ability to remove contaminants that are generally more difficult to remove by filtration or chemical treatm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation ("electro", meaning to apply an electrical charge to water, and "coagulation", meaning the process of changing the particle surface charge, allowing suspended matter to form an agglomeration) is an advanced and economical water treatment technology. It effectively removes suspended solids to sub-micr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation A large one-thousand gallon per minute cooling tower application in El Paso, Texas illustrates electrocoagulations growing recognition and acceptance to the industrial community. In addition, EC has been applied to treat water containing foodstuff waste, oil wastes, dyes, output from public transit a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation The reduction of the surface charge is a consequence of the decrease of the repulsive potential of the electrical double layer by the presence of an electrolyte having opposite charge. In the EC process, the coagulant is generated "in situ" by electrolytic oxidation of an appropriate anode material. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation These processes, however, tend to generate large volumes of sludge with high bound water content that can be slow to filter and difficult to dewater. These treatment processes also tend to increase the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the effluent, making it unacceptable for reuse within indus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation The sacrificial anodes and cathodes can be of the same or of different materials. The arrangement of monopolar electrodes with cells in series is electrically similar to a single cell with many electrodes and interconnections. In series cell arrangement, a higher potential difference is required for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Electrocoagulation As a result, the reactive and excited state causes contaminants to be released from the water and destroyed or made less soluble. It is important to note that electrocoagulation technology cannot remove infinitely soluble matter. Therefore, ions with molecular weights smaller than Ca or Mg cannot be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820509 |
Tetraoxygen The tetraoxygen molecule (O), also called oxozone, was first predicted in 1924 by Gilbert N. Lewis, who proposed it as an explanation for the failure of liquid oxygen to obey Curie's law. Though not entirely inaccurate, computer simulations indicate that although there are no stable O molecules in liquid ox... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820916 |
Tetraoxygen It was previously pointed out that the "pinwheel" O molecule should be the natural continuation of the isoelectronic series , , , and analogous to SO; that observation served as the basis for the mentioned theoretical calculations. In 2001, a team at the University of Rome La Sapienza conducted a neutraliza... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2820916 |
Aglycone An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom. For example, the aglycone of a cardiac glycoside would be a steroid molecule. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821231 |
Electrochemical gradient An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient First, the electrical component is caused by a charge difference across the lipid membrane. Second, a chemical component is caused by a differential concentration of ions across the membrane. The combination of these two factors determines the thermodynamically favourable direction for an ion's... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient See: Concentration cell. The generation of a transmembrane electrical potential through ion movement across a cell membrane drives biological processes like nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone secretion, and sensory processes. By convention, a typical animal cell has a transmembrane e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
Electrochemical gradient Of the proteins that participate in noncyclic photophosphorylation, photosystem II (PSII), plastiquinone, and cytochrome bf complex directly contribute to generating the proton gradient. For each four photons absorbed by PSII, eight protons are pumped into the lumen. The total equation for phot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2821615 |
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