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Viscometer A limiting factor on the validity of this result is the roughness of the sphere being used. A modification of the straight falling-sphere viscometer is a rolling-ball viscometer, which times a ball rolling down a slope whilst immersed in the test fluid. This can be further improved by using a patented V plat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer The assembly is then typically held up for a few seconds, then allowed to fall by gravity, expelling the sample out through the same path that it entered, creating a shearing effect on the measured liquid, which makes this viscometer particularly sensitive and good for measuring certain thixotropic liquids. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer A shear stress is imposed on the liquid (or gas) due to the piston travel, and the viscosity is determined by measuring the travel time of the piston. The construction parameters for the annular spacing between the piston and measurement chamber, the strength of the electromagnetic field, and the travel dist... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer The higher the viscosity, the larger the damping imposed on the resonator. The resonator's damping may be measured by one of several methods: The vibrational instrument also suffers from a lack of a defined shear field, which makes it unsuited to measuring the viscosity of a fluid whose flow behaviour is not... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer Here, an oscillating quartz crystal is immersed into a fluid and the specific influence on the oscillating behavior defines the viscosity. The principle of quartz viscosimetry is based on the idea of W. P. Mason. The basic concept is the application of a piezoelectric crystal for the determination of viscosi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer One benefit of using the quartz crystal microbalance to measure viscosity is the small amount of sample required for obtaining an accurate measurement. However, due to the dependence viscoelastic properties on the sample preparation techniques and thickness of the film or bulk liquid, there can be errors up ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer There are two classical geometries in "cup and bob" viscometers, known as either the "Couette" or "Searle" systems, distinguished by whether the cup or bob rotates. The rotating cup is preferred in some cases because it reduces the onset of Taylor vortices at very high shear rates, but the rotating bob is mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer Each measuring system used in an instrument has its associated "form factors" to convert torque to shear stress and to convert angular velocity to shear rate. We will call the shear stress form factor and the shear rate factor . The following sections show how the form factors are calculated for each measuri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer The torque applied to the sphere is proportional to the difference in the angular velocity of the magnetic field and the one of the sphere . There is thus a linear relationship between and the viscosity of the liquid. This new measuring principle was developed by Sakai et al. at the University of Tokyo. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer 2 to 30,000 mPa·s with a single measuring system. A built-in density measurement based on the oscillating U-tube principle allows the determination of kinematic viscosity from the measured dynamic viscosity employing the relation where: Bubble viscometers are used to quickly determine kinematic viscosity of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer Multiple pressure sensors flush-mounted at linear distances along the stream-wise direction measure pressure drop as depicted in the figure: Measuring principle: The slit viscometer/rheometer is based on the fundamental principle that a viscous liquid resists flow, exhibiting a decreasing pressure along the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer The Krebs uses a digital graph and a small sidearm spindle to measure the viscosity of a fluid. It is mostly used in the paint industry. Other viscometer types use balls or other objects. Viscometers that can characterize non-Newtonian fluids are usually called "rheometers" or "plastometers". In the I.C.I "O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jacobus Henricus "Henry" van 't Hoff, Jr. (; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. His pioneering work helped found the modern theory of chemical af... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42909 |
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Then he enrolled at University of Leiden to study chemistry. He then studied in Bonn, Germany, with Friedrich Kekulé and in Paris with C. A. Wurtz. He received his doctorate under Eduard Mulder at the University of Utrecht in 1874. In 1878, van 't Hoff married Johanna Francina Mees. They ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42909 |
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff In these early years his theory was largely ignored by the scientific community, and was sharply criticized by one prominent chemist, Hermann Kolbe. Kolbe wrote: "A Dr. J. H. van ’t Hoff of the Veterinary School at Utrecht has no liking, apparently, for exact chemical investigation. He has ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42909 |
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff In 1896, he became a professor at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. His studies of the salt deposits at Stassfurt were an important contribution to Prussia's chemical industry. van 't Hoff became a lecturer in chemistry and physics at the Veterinary College in Utrecht. He then wor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42909 |
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Van 't Hoff became an Honorary Member of the British Chemical Society in London, the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1892), American Chemical Society (1898), the Académie des Sciences in Paris (1905), and the Netherlands Chemical Society (1908). Of his numerous distinctions,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42909 |
Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates) The term cryostasis was introduced to name the reversible preservation technology for live biological objects which is based on using clathrate-forming gaseous substances under increased hydrostatic pressure and hypothermic temperatures. Living tissues cooled below the freezing point of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42934 |
Cryostasis (clathrate hydrates) Cryostasis utilizes clathrate-forming gases that penetrate and saturate the biological tissues causing clathrate hydrates formation (under specific pressure-temperature conditions) inside the cells and in the extracellular matrix. Clathrate hydrates are a class of solids in which gas mol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42934 |
E number E numbers ("E" stands for "Europe") are codes for substances used as food additives for use within the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Commonly found on food labels, their safety assessment and approval are the responsibility of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Having ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43221 |
E number vitamin C (E300) and lycopene (E160d), found in carrots. NB: Not all examples of a class fall into the given numeric range. Moreover, many chemicals, particularly in the E400–499 range, have a variety of purposes. The list shows all components that have or had an E-number assigned, "even those no longer allowe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43221 |
Radiation pressure is the pressure exerted upon any surface due to the exchange of momentum between the object and the electromagnetic field. This includes the momentum of light or electromagnetic radiation of any wavelength which is absorbed, reflected, or otherwise emitted (e.g. black-body radiation) by matter on any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure can equally well be accounted for by considering the momentum of a classical electromagnetic field or in terms of the momenta of photons, particles of light. The interaction of electromagnetic waves or photons with matter may involve an exchange of momentum. Due to the law of conservation of momentum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure can be viewed as a consequence of the conservation of momentum given the momentum attributed to electromagnetic radiation. That momentum can be equally well calculated on the basis of electromagnetic theory or from the combined momenta of a stream of photons, giving identical results as is shown belo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure But only the component of that momentum normal to the surface contributes to the pressure on the surface, as given above. The component of that force tangent to the surface is not called pressure. The above treatment for an incident wave accounts for the radiation pressure experienced by a black (tot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure However, because black-body radiation increases rapidly with temperature (according to the fourth power of temperature as given by the Stefan–Boltzmann law), radiation pressure due to the temperature of a very hot object (or due to incoming black-body radiation from similarly hot surroundings) can be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure In general, the pressure of electromagnetic waves can be obtained from the vanishing of the trace of the electromagnetic stress tensor: Since this trace equals 3"P" – "u", we get where "u" is the radiation density per unit volume. This can also be shown in the specific case of the pressure exerted on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure The distribution is approximately that of black-body radiation. This distribution must be taken into account when calculating the radiation pressure or identifying reflector materials for optimizing a solar sail for instance. Solar radiation pressure at the earth's distance from the sun, may be calcu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure Consequently, at a distance of "R" astronomical units ("R" thus being dimensionless), applying the inverse-square law, we would find: Finally, considering not an absorbing but a perfectly reflecting surface, the pressure is "doubled" due to the reflected wave, resulting in: Note that unlike the case ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure A whole body is typically composed of numerous surfaces that have different orientations on the body. The facets may be flat or curved. They will have different areas. They may have optical properties differing from other aspects. At any particular time, some facets will be exposed to the Sun and som... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure (The angle of aberration is tiny since the radiation is moving at the speed of light while the dust grain is moving many orders of magnitude slower than that.) The result is a gradual spiral of dust grains into the Sun. Over long periods of time, this effect cleans out much of the dust in the Solar S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure The backward acting force of pressure exerted on the front surface is thus larger than the force of pressure acting on the back. Hence, as the resultant of the two forces, there remains a force that counteracts the motion of the plate and that increases with the velocity of the plate. We will call th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure Observations of the early universe strongly suggest that objects grew from bottom-up (i.e., smaller objects merging to form larger ones). As stars are thereby formed and become sources of electromagnetic radiation, radiation pressure from the stars becomes a factor in the dynamics of remaining circum... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure As a branch of astronomy, star formation includes the study of the interstellar medium and giant molecular clouds (GMC) as precursors to the star formation process, and the study of protostars and young stellar objects as its immediate products. Star formation theory, as well as accounting for the fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure Solar radiation pressure strongly affects comet tails. Solar heating causes gases to be released from the comet nucleus, which also carry away dust grains. and solar wind then drive the dust and gases away from the Sun's direction. The gases form a generally straight tail, while slower moving dust pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Radiation pressure Recently, such light-pressure-induced elastic waves were observed inside an ultrahigh-reflectivity dielectric mirror. These waves are the most basic fingerprint of a light-solid matter interaction on the macroscopic scale. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43709 |
Partial pressure In a mixture of gases, each constituent gas has a partial pressure which is the notional pressure of that constituent gas if it alone occupied the entire volume of the original mixture at the same temperature. The total pressure of an ideal gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Partial pressure This equality arises from the fact that in an ideal gas the molecules are so far apart that they do not interact with each other. Most actual real-world gases come very close to this ideal. For example, given an ideal gas mixture of nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) and ammonia (NH): Ideally the ratio of part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Partial pressure A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point. The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the lower the normal boiling point... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Partial pressure For a reversible reaction involving gas reactants and gas products, such as: the equilibrium constant of the reaction would be: For reversible reactions, changes in the total pressure, temperature or reactant concentrations will shift the equilibrium so as to favor either the right or left side of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Partial pressure Henry's law is an approximation that only applies for dilute, ideal solutions and for solutions where the liquid solvent does not react chemically with the gas being dissolved. In underwater diving the physiological effects of individual component gases of breathing gases is a function of partial press... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Partial pressure Typically, the maximum total partial pressure of narcotic gases used when planning for technical diving may be around 4.5 bar absolute, based on an equivalent narcotic depth of . The effect of a toxic contaminant such as carbon monoxide in breathing gas is also related to the partial pressure when brea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43972 |
Solvation describes the interaction of solvent with dissolved molecules. Both ionized and uncharged molecules interact strongly with solvent, and the strength and nature of this interaction influence many properties of the solute, including solubility, reactivity, and color, as well as influencing the properties of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation Solubility quantifies the dynamic equilibrium state achieved when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation. The consideration of the units makes the distinction clearer. The typical unit for dissolution rate is mol/s. The units for solubility express a concentration: mass per volume (mg/mL), m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation This stabilizes the system and creates a solvation shell (or hydration shell in the case of water) around each particle of solute. The solvent molecules in the immediate vicinity of a solute particle often have a much different ordering than the rest of the solvent, and this area of differently ordered solven... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation Solvents such as water can both donate and accept hydrogen bonds, making them excellent at solvating solutes that can donate or accept (or both) H-bonds. Some chemical compounds experience solvatochromism, which is a change in color due to solvent polarity. This phenomenon illustrates how different solvents i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation This is enthalpically unfavorable since solute-solute interactions decrease, but when the solute particle enters the cavity, the resulting solvent-solute interactions are enthalpically favorable. Finally, as solute mixes into solvent, there is an entropy gain. The enthalpy of solution is the solution enthalpy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation The extra energy required comes from the increase in entropy that results when the ion dissolves. The introduction of entropy makes it harder to determine by calculation alone whether a substance will dissolve or not. A quantitative measure for solvation power of solvents is given by donor numbers. Although e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Solvation Recent simulation studies have shown that the variation in solvation energy between the ions and the surrounding water molecules underlies the mechanism of the Hofmeister series. (specifically, hydration) is important for many biological structures and processes. For instance, solvation of ions and/or of char... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041 |
Non-coding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Some non-coding DNA is transcribed into functional non-coding RNA molecules (e.g. transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and regulatory RNAs). Other functions of non-coding DNA include the transcriptional and translational regulati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA has been found to be involved in epigenetic activity and complex networks of genetic interactions and is being explored in evolutionary developmental biology. The amount of total genomic DNA varies widely between organisms, and the proportion of coding and non-coding DNA within these genomes varies great... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Parts of the non-coding DNA were being deleted by the plant and this suggested that non-coding DNA may not be as critical for plants, even though non-coding DNA is useful for humans. Other studies on plants have discovered crucial functions in portions of non-coding DNA that were previously thought to be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Some introns appear to have significant biological function, possibly through ribozyme functionality that may regulate tRNA and rRNA activity as well as protein-coding gene expression, evident in hosts that have become dependent on such introns over long periods of time; for example, the "trnL-intron" is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA While Dollo's Law suggests that the loss of function in pseudogenes is likely permanent, silenced genes may actually retain function for several million years and can be "reactivated" into protein-coding sequences and a substantial number of pseudogenes are actively transcribed. Because pseudogenes are p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Much of the remaining half of the genome that is currently without an explained origin is expected to have found its origin in transposable elements that were active so long ago (> 200 million years) that random mutations have rendered them unrecognizable. Genome size variation in at least two kinds of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Another source for Ohno's theory was the observation that even closely related species can have widely (orders-of-magnitude) different genome sizes, which had been dubbed the C-value paradox in 1971. The term "junk DNA" has been questioned on the grounds that it provokes a strong "a priori" assumption of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA The term occurs mainly in popular science and in a colloquial way in scientific publications, and it has been suggested that its connotations may have delayed interest in the biological functions of non-coding DNA. Some evidence indicate that some "junk DNA" sequences are sources for (future) functional ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Wide-spread transcription and splicing in the human genome has been discussed as another indicator of genetic function in addition to genomic conservation which may miss poorly conserved functional sequences. Furthermore, much of the apparent junk DNA is involved in epigenetic regulation and appears to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA In this case, the null hypothesis would be that these parts of the genome are non-functional and have properties, be it on the basis of conservation or biochemical activity, that would be expected of such regions based on our general understanding of molecular evolution and biochemistry. According to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Moreover, non-coding genetic polymorphisms contribute to susceptibility to Ewing sarcoma, an aggressive pediatric bone cancer. Some specific sequences of non-coding DNA may be features essential to chromosome structure, centromere function and recognition of homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Accordi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA A transcription factor is a protein that binds to specific non-coding DNA sequences, thereby controlling the flow (or transcription) of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. An operator is a segment of DNA to which a repressor binds. A repressor is a DNA-binding protein that regulates the expression of o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
Non-coding DNA Shared sequences of apparently non-functional DNA are a major line of evidence of common descent. Pseudogene sequences appear to accumulate mutations more rapidly than coding sequences due to a loss of selective pressure. This allows for the creation of mutant alleles that incorporate new functions that ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44284 |
DNA profiling (also called DNA fingerprinting) is the process of determining an individual's DNA characteristics. DNA analysis intended to identify a species, rather than an individual, is called DNA barcoding. is a forensic technique in criminal investigations, comparing criminal suspects' profiles to DNA evidence so ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In the murder inquiry, led by Detective David Baker, the DNA contained within blood samples obtained voluntarily from around 5,000 local men who willingly assisted Leicestershire Constabulary with the investigation, resulted in the exoneration of a man who had confessed to one of the crimes, and the subse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Singh was an Indian scientist who worked in the field of DNA fingerprinting technology in India, where he was popularly known as the "Father of Indian DNA fingerprinting". The process, developed by Glassberg and independently by Jeffreys, begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a "re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling After the DNA has been separated in solution, the remaining cellular debris can then be removed from the solution and discarded, leaving only DNA. The most common methods of DNA extraction include organic extraction (also called phenol chloroform extraction), Chelex extraction, and solid phase extraction.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Radiolabeled probe molecules are then added that are complementary to sequences in the genome that contain repeat sequences. These repeat sequences tend to vary in length among different individuals and are called variable number tandem repeat sequences or VNTRs. The probe molecules hybridize to DNA fragm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In the PCR process, the DNA sample is denatured into the separate individual polynucleotide strands through heating. Two oligonucleotide DNA primers are used to hybridize to two corresponding nearby sites on opposite DNA strands in such a fashion that the normal enzymatic extension of the active terminal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Quantitative PCR methods enable automated, precise, and high-throughput measurements. Inter-laboratory studies have demonstrated the importance of human DNA quantitation on achieving reliable interpretation of STR typing and obtaining consistent results across laboratories. The system of used today is bas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling From country to country, different STR-based DNA-profiling systems are in use. In North America, systems that amplify the CODIS 20 core loci are almost universal, whereas in the United Kingdom the DNA-17 17 loci system (which is compatible with The National DNA Database) is in use, and Australia uses 18 c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In practice, the risk of contaminated-matching is much greater than matching a distant relative, such as contamination of a sample from nearby objects, or from left-over cells transferred from a prior test. The risk is greater for matching the most common person in the samples: Everything collected from, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling As with all PCR based methods, highly degraded DNA or very small amounts of DNA may cause allelic dropout (causing a mistake in thinking a heterozygote is a homozygote) or other stochastic effects. In addition, because the analysis is done on a gel, very high number repeats may bunch together at the top o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling There are predictable inheritance patterns at certain locations (called loci) in the human genome, which have been found to be useful in determining identity and biological relationships. These loci contain specific DNA markers that scientists use to identify individuals. In a routine DNA paternity test, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Each marker is assigned with a Paternity Index (PI), which is a statistical measure of how powerfully a match at a particular marker indicates paternity. The PI of each marker is multiplied with each other to generate the Combined Paternity Index (CPI), which indicates the overall probability of an indivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Y-STR analysis was performed in the Jefferson-Hemings controversy to determine if Thomas Jefferson had sired a son with one of his slaves. The analysis of the Y-chromosome yields weaker results than autosomal chromosome analysis with regard to individual identification. The Y male sex-determining chromoso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Because mtDNA is maternally inherited, directly linked maternal relatives can be used as match references, such as one's maternal grandmother's daughter's son. In general, a difference of two or more nucleotides is considered to be an exclusion. Heteroplasmy and poly-C differences may throw off straight s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In the real world DNA labs often have to deal with DNA samples that are less than ideal. DNA samples taken from crime scenes are often degraded, which means that the DNA has started to break down into smaller fragments DNA fragmentation. Victims of homicides might not be discovered right away, and in the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Multiplex PCR in particular made it possible to isolate and amplify the small fragments of DNA still left in degraded samples. When multiplex PCR methods are compared to the older methods like RFLP a vast difference can be seen. Multiplex PCR can theoretically amplify less than 1 ng of DNA, while RFLP had... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In normal STR testing the primers will bind to longer sequences that contain the STR region within the segment. MiniSTR analysis however will just target the STR location, and this results in a DNA product that is much smaller. By placing the primers closer to the actual STR regions, there is a higher cha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Mixtures that contain four or more individuals are much too convoluted to get individual profiles. One common scenario in which a mixture is often obtained is in the case of sexual assault. A sample may be collected that contains material from the victim, the victim's consensual sexual partners, and the p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Probabilistic genotyping software that are often used in labs today include STRmix and TrueAllele. An early application of a DNA database was the compilation of a Mitochondrial DNA Concordance, prepared by Kevin W. P. Miller and John L. Dawson at the University of Cambridge from 1996 to 1998 from data col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Public discourse around the introduction of advanced forensic techniques (such as genetic genealogy using public genealogy databases and DNA phenotyping approaches) has been limited, disjointed, unfocused, and raises issues of privacy and consent that may warrant the establishment of additional legal prot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling New DNA is automatically compared to the DNA found at cold cases and, in this case, this man was found to be a match to DNA found at a rape and assault case one year earlier. The government then prosecuted him for these crimes. During the trial the DNA match was requested to be removed from the evidence b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Another spurious statistical argument is based on the false assumption that a 1 in 5 million probability of a match automatically translates into a 1 in 5 million probability of innocence and is known as the prosecutor's fallacy. When using RFLP, the theoretical risk of a coincidental match is 1 in 100 bi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Today, RFLP has become widely disused due to the advent of more discriminating, sensitive and easier technologies. Since 1998, the system supported by The National DNA Database in the UK is the SGM+ system that includes 10 STR regions and a sex-indicating test. STRs do not suffer from such subjectivity an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling There have been two cases of that falsely suggested that a mother was unrelated to her children. This happens when two eggs are fertilized at the same time and fuse together to create one individual instead of twins. In one case, a criminal planted fake DNA evidence in his own body: John Schneeberger rape... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In the case of the Phantom of Heilbronn, police detectives found DNA traces from the same woman on various crime scenes in Austria, Germany, and France—among them murders, burglaries and robberies. Only after the DNA of the "woman" matched the DNA sampled from the burned body of a "male" asylum seeker in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Using standard investigative techniques, authorities are then able to build a family tree. The family tree is populated from information gathered from public records and criminal justice records. Investigators rule out family members' involvement in the crime by finding excluding factors such as sex, livi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Harman voluntarily submitted a DNA sample, and confessed when it matched the sample from the brick. Currently, familial DNA database searching is not conducted on a national level in the United States, where states determine how and when to conduct familial searches. The first familial DNA search with a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling , also known as the Grim Sleeper, was charged with ten counts of murder and one count of attempted murder. More recently, familial DNA led to the arrest of 21-year-old Elvis Garcia on charges of sexual assault and false imprisonment of a woman in Santa Cruz in 2008. In March 2011 Virginia Governor Bob McD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Pool" (vacated as moot) suggested that this practice is somewhat analogous to a witness looking at a photograph of one person and stating that it looked like the perpetrator, which leads law enforcement to show the witness photos of similar looking individuals, one of whom is identified as the perpetrator... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling They then eliminated all the family members who were incarcerated at the time of the offense, as well as all of the females (the crime scene DNA profile was that of a male). Investigators obtained a court order to collect the suspect's DNA, but the suspect actually volunteered to come to a police station ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling In the summer of 2016 Bossetti was found guilty and sentenced to life by the Corte d'assise of Bergamo. Partial DNA matches are the result of moderate stringency CODIS searches that produce a potential match that shares at least one allele at every locus. Partial matching does not involve the use of famil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling Police forces may collect DNA samples without a suspect's knowledge, and use it as evidence. The legality of the practice has been questioned in Australia. In the United States, it has been accepted, courts often ruling that there is no expectation of privacy, citing "California v. Greenwood" (1988), in w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling The judge must also ensure that the jury does not confuse the match probability (the probability that a person that is chosen at random has a matching DNA profile to the sample from the scene) with the probability that a person with matching DNA committed the crime. In 1996 "R v. Doheny" Phillips LJ gave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
DNA profiling The researchers also showed that, using a DNA database, it is possible to take information from a profile and manufacture DNA to match it, and that this can be done without access to any actual DNA from the person whose DNA they are duplicating. The synthetic DNA oligos required for the procedure are comm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290 |
Severus Snape is a fictional character in J. K. Rowling's "Harry Potter" series. He is an exceptionally wizard whose coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions and anguish. A Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Snape is hostile to Harry due to his resemblance to his father Jame... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood, and described Snape as a horrible teacher, saying the "worst, shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students." However, she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape After the completion of the series, Rowling began to speak openly about Snape, discussing the contrast between his character arc and that of Albus Dumbledore. Rowling said "the series is built around [the Dumbledore and Snape storylines]", and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
Severus Snape He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book, as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher's stone, and of attempting to kill him. Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell, in league with Lord Voldemort, is the real enemy; Snape, suspicious of Quirrell, had been l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331 |
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