text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Stable nuclide Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a tot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide Many naturally occurring radioisotopes (another 53 or so, for a total of about 339) exhibit still shorter half-lives than 700 million years, but they are made freshly, as daughter products of decay processes of primordial nuclides (for example, radium from uranium) or from ongoing energetic reactions, su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide Of the known chemical elements, 80 elements have at least one stable nuclide. These comprise the first 82 elements from hydrogen to lead, with the two exceptions, technetium (element 43) and promethium (element 61), that do not have any stable nuclides. As of December 2016, there were a total of 252 know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide This stability tends to prevent beta decay (in two steps) of many even–even nuclides into another even–even nuclide of the same mass number but lower energy (and of course with two more protons and two fewer neutrons), because decay proceeding one step at a time would have to pass through an odd–odd nucl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide Of the 26 monoisotopic elements (those with only a single stable isotope), all but one have an odd atomic number, and all but one has an even number of neutrons—the single exception to both rules being beryllium. The end of the stable elements in the periodic table occurs after lead, largely due to the f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide Other possible modes of Ta decay (beta decay, electron capture and alpha decay) have also never been observed. It is expected that some continual improvement of experimental sensitivity will allow discovery of very mild radioactivity (instability) of some isotopes that are considered to be stable today. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Stable nuclide However, the half-life of this nuclear isomer is so long that it has never been observed to decay, and it thus occurs as an "observationally nonradioactive" primordial nuclide, as a minor isotope of tantalum. This is the only case of a nuclear isomer which has a half-life so long that it has never been o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41891 |
Synthetic radioisotope A synthetic radioisotope is a radionuclide that is not found in nature: no natural process or mechanism exists which produces it, or it is so unstable that it decays away in a very short period of time. Examples include technetium-95 and promethium-146. Many of these are found in, and harvested f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42020 |
Synthetic radioisotope Radioactive tracer compounds, radiopharmaceuticals, are used to observe the function of various organs and body systems. These compounds use a chemical tracer which is attracted to or concentrated by the activity which is being studied. That chemical tracer incorporates a short lived radioactive ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42020 |
Synthetic radioisotope Areas of use include the petroleum industry, industrial radiography, homeland security, process control, food irradiation and underground detection. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42020 |
Trace radioisotope A trace radioisotope is a radioisotope that occurs naturally in trace amounts (i.e. extremely small). Generally speaking, trace radioisotopes have half-lives that are short in comparison with the age of the Earth, since primordial nuclides tend to occur in larger than trace amounts. Trace radioisotop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42021 |
Laudanum is a tincture of opium containing approximately 10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine). Reddish-brown and extremely bitter, laudanum contains almost all of the opium alkaloids, including morphine and codeine. was historically used to treat a variety of conditions, but its principal use wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Food and Drug Administration (FDA) against manufacturers of paregoric and opium tincture suggests that opium tincture's availability in the U.S. may be in jeopardy. The terms "laudanum" and "tincture of opium" are generally interchangeable, but in contemporary medical practice the latter is used almost exclusi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Several physicians, including John Jones, John Brown, and George Young, the latter of whom published a comprehensive medical text entitled "Treatise on Opium", extolled the virtues of laudanum and recommended the drug for practically every ailment. "Opium, and after 1820, morphine, was mixed with everything im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum The Romantic and Victorian eras were marked by the widespread use of laudanum in Europe and the United States. Mary Todd Lincoln, for example, the wife of the US president Abraham Lincoln, was a laudanum addict, as was the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge, who was famously interrupted in the middle of an o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum " The early 20th century brought increased regulation of all manner of narcotics, including laudanum, as the addictive properties of opium became more widely understood, and "patent medicines came under fire, largely because of their mysterious compositions". In the US, the Food and Drug Act of 1906 required t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Four versions of opium as a fluid extract were also offered: (1) Opium, Concentrated (assayed) "For making Tincture Opii (Laudanum) U.S.P. Four times the strength of the regular U.S.P." tincture, for $9.35 per pint; (2) Opium, Camphorated Conc. "1 oz. making 8 ozs. Tr. Opii Camphorated U.S.P (Paregoric)" for $... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum " Toward the middle 20th century, the use of opiates was generally limited to the treatment of pain, and opium was no longer a medically accepted "cure-all". Further, the pharmaceutical industry began synthesizing various opioids, such as propoxyphene, oxymorphone and oxycodone. These synthetic opioids, along ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Several historical varieties of laudanum exist, including Paracelsus' laudanum, Sydenham's (also known as "tinctura opii crocata"), benzoic laudanum ("tinctura opii benzoica"), and deodorized tincture of opium (the most common contemporary formulation), among others. Depending on the version, additional amount... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Dose—From 10 to 30 drops for adults, according to the strength of the patient, or severity of the pain. Thirty drops of this laudanum will be equal to one grain of opium. And this is a much better way to prepare it than putting the opium into alcohol, or any other spirits alone, for in that case much of the op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Bottles of opium tincture are required by the FDA to bear a bright red "POISON" label given the potency of the drug and the potential for overdose (see discussion about confusion with Paregoric below). Additionally, in a warning letter to a manufacturer of opium tincture in late 2009, the FDA noted that "we fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Most modern formulations of opium tincture do not contain the alkaloid narcotine (also known as noscapine), which has antitussive properties. Even modest doses of narcotine can induce profound nausea and vomiting. Since opium tincture is usually prescribed for its antidiarrheal and analgesic properties (rather... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Opium tincture is used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) when diluted 1:25 (one part opium tincture to 25 parts water). The recommended dose is 0.2 mL of the diluted solution under the tongue every three hours, which may be increased by 0.05 mL every three hours until no objective signs of withdrawal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Further, opium tincture contains 17–19% alcohol, by volume, which may complicate its use as an analgesic in patients for whom alcohol is contraindicated. Extreme caution is advised when administering doses of Tincture of Opium. Doses should be carefully measured using an oral syringe or calibrated dropper. Apo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum 9 drops per gram; 50.0 drops per cc; 185.0 drops per fluid drachm; and 3.10 drops per minim." The importance of these distinctions is evident in view of the dangers of erroneously relying upon more general descriptions of apothecaries' fluid measures, which typically list 60 minims per fluid dram, and 8 fluid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Opium tincture is almost always dosed in drops, or fractions of a mL, or less commonly, in minims, while paregoric is dosed in teaspoons or tablespoons. Thus, an order for opium tincture containing directions in teaspoons is almost certainly in error. To avoid this potentially fatal outcome, the term "camphora... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum The Institute for Safe Medication Practices recommends that opium tincture not be stocked at all in a pharmacy's inventory, and that "It may be time to relegate opium tincture and paregoric to the museum of outmoded opioid therapy." Despite the risk of confusion, opium tincture, like many end-stage medications... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Laudanum Overdose can result in severe respiratory depression or collapse and death. The ethanol component can also induce adverse effects at higher doses; the side effects are the same as with alcohol. Long-term use of laudanum in nonterminal diseases is discouraged due to the possibility of drug tolerance and addicti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42030 |
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN), sometimes called prussic acid, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HCN. It is a colorless, extremely poisonous and flammable liquid that boils slightly above room temperature, at . HCN is produced on an industrial scale and is a highly valuable precursor to many chemical compounds r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide Following Macquer's lead, it was first prepared from Prussian blue by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1782, and was eventually given the German name "Blausäure" ("lit". "Blue acid") because of its acidic nature in water and its derivation from Prussian blue. In English, it became known popu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide The most important process is the Andrussow oxidation invented by Leonid Andrussow at IG Farben in which methane and ammonia react in the presence of oxygen at about 1200 °C over a platinum catalyst: The energy needed for the reaction is provided by the partial oxidation of methane and ammonia. Of less... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide Via the intermediacy of cyanohydrins, a variety of useful organic compounds are prepared from HCN including the monomer methyl methacrylate, from acetone, the amino acid methionine, via the Strecker synthesis, and the chelating agents EDTA and NTA. Via the hydrocyanation process, HCN is added to butadi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide , (CH + N → HCN + H → HCN + H). It has been postulated that carbon from a cascade of asteroids (known as the Late Heavy Bombardment), resulting from interaction of Jupiter and Saturn, blasted the surface of young Earth and reacted with nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere to form HCN. Some authors have shown... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide The vasodilatation caused by sodium nitroprusside has been shown to be mediated not only by NO generation, but also by endogenous cyanide generation, which adds not only toxicity, but also some additional antihypertensive efficacy compared to nitroglycerine and other non-cyanogenic nitrates which do no... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide Dissociative recombination with its structural isomer, HNC, exclusively produces hydrogen isocyanide (HNC). HCN is destroyed in interstellar clouds through a number of mechanisms depending on the location in the cloud. In photon-dominated regions (PDRs), photodissociation dominates, producing CN (HCN +... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide In World War One, hydrogen cyanide was used as a chemical weapon against the Central Powers by the French from 1916, and by the United States and Italy in 1918, but it was not found to be effective enough due to weather conditions. The gas is lighter than air and rapidly disperses up into the atmospher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Hydrogen cyanide Perhaps the most infamous of these is (German: "Cyclone B", with the B standing for – prussic acid; also, to distinguish it from an earlier product later known as Zyklon A), it was used in Nazi German extermination camps during World War II to kill "en masse" as part of their Final Solution genocide pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078 |
Dalton (unit) The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as 1/12 of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest. The atomic mass constant, denoted "m", is defined identically,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) The mole is a unit of amount of substance, widely used in chemistry and physics, which was originally defined so that the mass of one mole of a substance, measured in grams, would be numerically equal to the average mass of one of its constituent particles, measured in daltons. That is, the molar mass of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) For example, the mass of one unbound atom of the common hydrogen isotope (hydrogen-1, protium) is , the mass of one free neutron is and the mass of one hydrogen-2 (deuterium) atom is . In general, the difference (mass defect) is less than 0.1%; exceptions include hydrogen-1 (about 0.8%), helium-3 (0.5%), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) That proposal was formally adopted by the International Committee on Atomic Weights (ICAW) in 1903. That was approximately the mass of one hydrogen atom, but oxygen was more amenable to experimental determination. This suggestion was made before the discovery of the existence of elemental isotopes, which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) For these and other reasons, in 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), which had absorbed the ICAW, adopted a new definition of the atomic mass unit for use in both physics and chemistry; namely, 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This new value was intermediate between the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) In 2003 the name was recommended to the BIPM by the Consultative Committee for Units, part of the CIPM, as it "is shorter and works better with [the SI] prefixes". In 2006, the BIPM included the dalton in its 8th edition of the formal definition of SI. The name was also listed as an alternative to "unifie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) However, the definition of a mole was changed to be the amount of substance consisting of exactly entities and the definition of the kilogram was changed as well. As a consequence, the molar mass constant is no longer exactly 1 g/mol, meaning that the number of grams in the mass of one mole of any substan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) The electric charge per mole of electrons is a constant called the Faraday constant, whose value had been essentially known since 1834 when Michael Faraday published his works on electrolysis. In 1910, Robert Millikan obtained the first measurement of the charge on an electron, "e". The quotient "F"/"e" p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) where "c" is the speed of light, "h" is the Planck constant, "α" is the fine-structure constant, and "R" is the Rydberg constant. As may be observed from the old values (2014 CODATA) in the table below, the main limiting factor in the precision of the Avogadro constant was the uncertainty in the value of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Dalton (unit) The atomic weight "A" for the sample crystal can be calculated, as the standard atomic weights of the three nuclides are known with great accuracy. This, together with the measured density "ρ" of the sample, allows the molar volume "V" to be determined: where "M" is the molar mass constant. The 2018 CODAT... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42445 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, or penthrite (or, rarely and primarily in German, as nitropenta), is an explosive material. It is the nitrate ester of pentaerythritol, and is structurally very similar to nitroglycerin. Penta refers to the five carbon atoms of the neopentane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate g." trinitrotoluene (TNT) or tetryl. Due to steric hindrance of the adjacent neopentyl-like moiety, PETN is resistant to attack by many chemical reagents; it does not hydrolyze in water at room temperature or in weaker alkaline aqueous solutions. Water at 100 °C or above causes hydrolysis t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Variations of a method first published in US Patent 2,370,437 by Acken and Vyverberg (1945 to Du Pont) form the basis of all current commercial production. PETN is manufactured by numerous manufacturers as a powder, or together with nitrocellulose and plasticizer as thin plasticized sheets ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate PETN was used for these detonators because it was safer than primary explosives like lead azide: while it was sensitive, it would not detonate below a threshold amount of energy. Exploding bridgewires containing PETN remain used in current nuclear weapons. In spark detonators, PETN is used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate 2 joules of energy from a Q-switched ruby laser can initiate detonation of a PETN surface coated with a 100 nm thick aluminium layer in less than half of a microsecond. PETN has been replaced in many applications by RDX, which is thermally more stable and has a longer shelf life. PETN can b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate The PETN was hidden in the bomber's rectum, which security experts described as a novel technique. On 25 December 2009, PETN was found in the underwear of Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab, the "Underwear bomber", a Nigerian with links to al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. According to US law enfor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate On 12 July 2017, 150 grams of PETN was found in the Assembly of Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state. In the wake of terrorist PETN bomb plots, an article in "Scientific American" noted PETN is difficult to detect because it does not readily vaporize into the surrounding air. The "Los... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Pentaerythritol tetranitrate The Bundeskriminalamt received copies of the Dubai x-rays, and an investigator said German staff would not have identified the bomb either. New airport security procedures followed in the U.S., largely to protect against PETN. Like nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) and other nitrates, PET... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42451 |
Kirkendall effect The is the motion of the interface between two metals that occurs as a consequence of the difference in diffusion rates of the metal atoms. The effect can be observed for example by placing insoluble markers at the interface between a pure metal and an alloy containing that metal, and heating to a tem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect At the time it was submitted, the paper and Kirkendall's ideas were rejected from publication by Robert Franklin Mehl, director of the Metals Research Laboratory at Carnegie Institute of Technology. Mehl refused to accept Kirkendall's evidence of this new diffusion mechanism, and denied publication fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect Such a mechanism implies that the atomic fluxes of two different materials across an interface must be equal, as each atom moving across the interface causes another atom to move across in the other direction. Another possible diffusion mechanism involves lattice vacancies. An atom can move into a vac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect To balance this flux of atoms, there will be a flux of vacancies in the opposite direction—from the material with the lower diffusion coefficient into the material with the higher diffusion coefficient—resulting in an overall translation of the lattice relative to the environment in the direction of t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect One consequence of this equation is that the movement of an interface varies linearly with the square root of time, which is exactly the experimental relationship discovered by Smigelskas and Kirkendall. Darken also developed a second equation that defines a combined chemical diffusion coefficient for... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect The Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology in Bellaterra, Spain has developed a chemical process creating hollows in nano-particles and forming double-walled boxes and multi-chambered tubes. The results of the study have appeared in the journal Science. Minute silver cubes were treated with cationic gold... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Kirkendall effect His paper demonstrated the importance of the in wire bonding technology, but also showed the significant contribution of any impurities present to the rate at which precipitation occurred at the wire bonds. Two of the important contaminants that have this effect, known as Horsting effect (Horsting voi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42453 |
Ionic crystal An ionic crystal is a crystal consisting of ions bound together by their electrostatic attraction. Examples of such crystals are the alkali halides, including potassium fluoride, potassium chloride, potassium bromide, potassium iodide, sodium fluoride, and other combinations of sodium, caesium, rubidium, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42566 |
Mold health issues are potentially harmful effects of molds (US usage; British English "moulds"). Molds are ubiquitous in the biosphere, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust. The vast majority of molds are not hazardous to humans, and reaction to molds can vary between individuals, wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Other problems are respiratory and/or immune system responses including respiratory symptoms, respiratory infections, exacerbation of asthma, and rarely hypersensitivity pneumonitis, allergic alveolitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and allergic fungal sinusitis. Severe reactions are rare but possible. A p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Studies have shown that a correlation exists between the probability of developing asthma and increased exposure to "Penicillium". The levels are deemed ‘no mold’ to ‘low level’, from ‘low’ to ‘intermediate’, and from ‘intermediate’ to ‘high’. Mold exposures have a variety of health effects depending... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Despite lower respiratory effects among all children, there was a significant difference in health outcomes between children with pre-existing conditions and children without. Children with pre-existing conditions were at greater risk that can likely be attributed to the greater disruption of care in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Barbeau and colleagues suggested that studies do not show a greater impact from mold exposure for a number of reasons: 1) the types of health effects are not severe and are therefore not caught; 2) people whose homes have flooded find alternative housing to prevent exposure; 3) self-selection, the he... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Generally, when this occurs, the illness is an epiphenomenon and not the primary pathology. Also, mold may produce mycotoxins, either before or after exposure to humans, potentially causing toxicity. A serious health threat from mold exposure for immunocompromised individuals is systemic fungal infec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues It is predicted that about 5% of people have some airway symptoms due to allergic reactions to molds in their lifetimes. Hypersensitivity may also be a reaction toward an established fungal infection in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Molds excrete toxic compounds called mycotoxins, secondar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Mycotoxins are not produced all the time, but only under specific growing conditions. Mycotoxins are harmful or lethal to humans and animals only when exposure is high enough, as with absolutely all other substances. Mycotoxins can be found on the mold spore and mold fragments, and therefore they can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues A 1993–94 case study based on cases of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio originally concluded there was causal relationship between the exposure and the disease. The investigators revisited the cases and established that there was no link to the exposure to "S. chartrum" and the infa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Following hurricanes, homes with greater flood damage, especially those with more than of indoor flooding, demonstrated higher levels of mold growth compared with homes with little or no flooding. The aftermath of a hurricane is the worst-case scenario, but the concept of water damage supporting wide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Sometimes, these by-products are detectable by odor, in which case they are referred to as "ergonomic odors", meaning the odors are detectable, but do not indicate toxicologically significant exposures. Molds that are often found on meat and poultry include members of the genera "Alternaria", "Asperg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Mycotoxin-contaminated grain and other food products have a significant impact on human and animal health globally. According to the World Health Organization, roughly 25% of the world's food may be contaminated by mycotoxins. Prevention of mold exposure from food is generally to consume food that ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Molds isolated following flooding were different from mold previously reported for non-water damaged homes in the area. Further research found that homes with greater than three feet of indoor flooding demonstrated significantly higher levels of mold than those with little or no flooding. Recommended... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Illness and death also occurred in humans when starving peasants ate large quantities of rotten food grains and cereals that were heavily overgrown with the "Stachybotrys" mold. In the 1970s, building construction techniques changed in response to changing economic realities including the energy cris... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues Most were filed in states with high humidity, but suits were on the rise in other states as well. By 2004, many mold litigation settlements were for amounts well past $100,000. In 2005, the U.S. International Trade Commission reported that toxic mold showed signs of being the "new asbestos" in terms ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Mold health issues That same year, Hilton Hotels received $25 million in settlement of its lawsuit over mold growth in the Hilton Hawaiian Village's Kalia Tower. In 2010, a jury awarded $1.2 million in damages in a lawsuit against a landlord for neglecting to repair a mold-infested house in Laguna Beach, California. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676 |
Bubble fusion is the non-technical name for a nuclear fusion reaction hypothesized to occur inside extraordinarily large collapsing gas bubbles created in a liquid during acoustic cavitation. The more technical name is sonofusion. The term was coined in 2002 with the release of a report by Rusi Taleyarkhan and collabor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion The neutron emission was also reported to be coincident with the sonoluminescence pulse, a key indicator that its source was fusion caused by the heat and pressure inside the collapsing bubbles. The results were so startling, that the Oak Ridge National Laboratory asked two independent researchers, D. Sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion In February 2005 the documentary series "Horizon" commissioned two leading sonoluminescence researchers, Seth Putterman and Kenneth S. Suslick, to reproduce Taleyarkhan's work. Using similar acoustic parameters, deuterated acetone, similar bubble nucleation, and a much more sophisticated neutron detection... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion It concluded in 2008 that Taleyarkhan's name should have appeared in the author list because of his deep involvement in many steps of the research, that he added one author that had not really participated in the paper just to overcome the criticism of one reviewer, and that this was part of an attempt of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion They claimed a liquid scintillation detector measured neutron levels at 8 standard deviations above the background level, while plastic detectors measured levels at 3.8 standard deviations above the background. When the same experiment was performed with non-deuterated control liquid, the measurements wer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion ", published in "Physical Review Letters", attempts to refute Naranjo's hypothesis as to the cause of the neutrons detected. Tsoukalas, head of the School of Nuclear Engineering at Purdue, and several of his colleagues at Purdue, had convinced Taleyarkhan to move to Purdue and attempt a joint replication.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion "Nature" also revealed that the process of anonymous peer-review had not been followed, and that the journal "Nuclear Engineering and Design" was not independent from the authors. Taleyarkhan was co-editor of the journal, and the paper was only peer-reviewed by his co-editor, with Taleyarkhan's knowledge.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion In a March 9, 2006 article entitled "Evidence for bubble fusion called into question", "Nature" interviewed several of Taleyarkhan's colleagues who suspected something was amiss. On February 7, 2007, the Purdue University administration determined that "the evidence does not support the allegations of res... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion It concluded that two allegations were founded—that Taleyarkhan had claimed independent confirmation of his work when in reality the apparent confirmations were done by Taleyarkhan's former students and was not as "independent" as Taleyarkhan implied, and that Taleyarkhan had included a colleague's name o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Bubble fusion Despite the findings against him, Taleyarkhan received a $185,000 grant from the National Science Foundation between September 2008 and August 2009 to investigate bubble fusion. In 2009 the Office of Naval Research debarred him for 28 months, until September 2011, from receiving U.S. Federal Funding. Duri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739 |
Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. The sonoluminescence effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in 1934 as a result of work on sonar. H. Frenzel and H. Schultes put an ultrasound transducer in a tank of photographic develo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence It was realized that the temperature inside the bubble was hot enough to melt steel, as seen in an experiment done in 2012; the temperature inside the bubble as it collapsed reached about 12,000 kelvins. Interest in sonoluminescence was renewed when an inner temperature of such a bubble well above one ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence A study describes a method of determining temperatures based on the formation of plasmas. Using argon bubbles in sulfuric acid, the data show the presence of ionized molecular oxygen O, sulfur monoxide, and atomic argon populating high-energy excited states, which confirms a hypothesis that the bubbles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence Thus a more detailed analysis of the bubble's motion is needed beyond Rayleigh–Plesset to explore the additional energy focusing that an internally formed shock wave might produce. The mechanism of the phenomenon of sonoluminescence is unknown. Hypotheses include: hotspot, bremsstrahlung radiation, col... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence The amount ionized is small enough for the bubble to remain transparent, allowing volume emission; surface emission would produce more intense light of longer duration, dependent on wavelength, contradicting experimental results. Electrons from ionized atoms interact mainly with neutral atoms, causing ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence in this respect is what is physically termed a bounded phenomenon meaning that the sonoluminescence exists in a bounded region of parameter space for the bubble; a coupled magnetic field being one such parameter. The magnetic aspects of sonoluminescence are very well documented. An unusually exotic hyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence Some research claims to have measured temperatures as high as 100,000 kelvins, and speculates temperatures could reach into the millions of kelvins. Temperatures this high could cause thermonuclear fusion. This possibility is sometimes referred to as bubble fusion and is likened to the implosion design... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Sonoluminescence The light and heat produced may have no direct significance, as it is the shockwave produced by the rapidly collapsing bubble which these shrimp use to stun or kill prey. However, it is the first known instance of an animal producing light by this effect and was whimsically dubbed "shrimpoluminescence"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42752 |
Viscometer A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a special type of viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one fl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer The time taken for the level of the liquid to pass between these marks is proportional to the kinematic viscosity. The calibration can be done using a fluid of known properties. Most commercial units are provided with a conversion factor. The time required for the test liquid to flow through a capillary of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Viscometer A sphere of known size and density is allowed to descend through the liquid. If correctly selected, it reaches terminal velocity, which can be measured by the time it takes to pass two marks on the tube. Electronic sensing can be used for opaque fluids. Knowing the terminal velocity, the size and density of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42896 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.