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Oil paint Oil paints blend well with each other, making subtle variations of color possible as well as creating many details of light and shadow. Oil paints can be diluted with turpentine or other thinning agents, which artists take advantage to paint in layers. There is also another kind of oil paint that is water-mix... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=668958 |
Oil paint Pigment and oil are ground together 'with patience' until a smooth, ultra-fine paste is achieved. This paste is then placed into jars or metal paint tubes and labelled. The color of oil paint is derived from small particles of colored pigments mixed with the carrier, the oil. Common pigment types include mine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=668958 |
Oil paint During the Age of discovery, new pigments became known in Europe, mostly of the organic type, such as crimson and Indian yellow. In the eighteenth century, the developing science of chemistry deliberately tried to expand the range of pigments, which led to the discovery of Prussian blue and cobalt blue. Many ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=668958 |
Christian B. Anfinsen Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. (March 26, 1916 – May 14, 1995) was an American biochemist. He shared the 1972 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William Howard Stein for work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669196 |
Christian B. Anfinsen Anfinsen had three children with his first wife, Florence Kenenger, to whom he was married from 1941 to 1978. He married Libby Shulman Ely, with whom he had 4 stepchildren, in 1979. His papers were donated to the National Library of Medicine by Libby Anfinsen between 1998 and 1999. In 1950, the Na... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669196 |
Christian B. Anfinsen He was also a pioneer of ideas in the area of nucleic acid compaction. In 1961, he showed that ribonuclease could be refolded after denaturation while preserving enzyme activity, thereby suggesting that all the information required by protein to adopt its final conformation is encoded in its amino... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669196 |
Smartdust is a system of many tiny microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) such as sensors, robots, or other devices, that can detect, for example, light, temperature, vibration, magnetism, or chemicals. They are usually operated on a computer network wirelessly and are distributed over some area to perform tasks, usuall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669367 |
Smartdust The project led to a working mote smaller than a grain of rice, and larger "COTS Dust" devices kicked off the TinyOS effort at Berkeley. The concept was later expanded upon by Kris Pister in 2001. A recent review discusses various techniques to take smartdust in sensor networks beyond millimeter dimensions to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669367 |
Capillary wave A capillary wave is a wave traveling along the phase boundary of a fluid, whose dynamics and phase velocity are dominated by the effects of surface tension. Capillary waves are common in nature, and are often referred to as ripples. The wavelength of capillary waves on water is typically less than a few ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669713 |
Capillary wave The wavelength is formula_2 For the boundary between fluid and vacuum (free surface), the dispersion relation reduces to In general, waves are also affected by gravity and are then called gravity–capillary waves. Their dispersion relation reads, for waves on the interface between two fluids of infinite d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669713 |
Capillary wave Waves with wavelengths much smaller than this critical wavelength "λ" are dominated by surface tension, and much above by gravity. The value of this wavelength and the associated minimum phase speed "c" are: For the air–water interface, "λ" is found to be , and "c" is . If one drops a small stone or drop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669713 |
Capillary wave It is the most complicated and calls for a hydrodynamic framework. Incompressibility is again involved (which is satisfied if the speed of the waves is much less than the speed of sound in the media), together with the flow being irrotational – the flow is then potential. These are typically also good ap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=669713 |
Flixborough disaster The was an explosion at a chemical plant close to the village of Flixborough, North Lincolnshire, England on Saturday, 1 June 1974. It killed 28 people and seriously injured 36 out of a total of 72 people on site at the time. The casualty figures could have been much higher, if the explosion had oc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The chemical works, owned by Nypro UK (a joint venture between Dutch State Mines (DSM) and the British National Coal Board (NCB)) had originally produced fertiliser from by-products of the coke ovens of a nearby steelworks. Since 1967, it had instead produced caprolactam, a chemical used in the man... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster Around 1,000 buildings within a mile radius of the site (in Flixborough itself and in the neighbouring villages of Burton upon Stather and Amcotts) were damaged, as were nearly 800 in Scunthorpe (three miles away); the blast was heard over thirty miles away in Grimsby and Hull. Images of the disast... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster During the early hours of New Year's Day 1984, the sculpture was stolen. It has never been recovered but the plinth it stood on, with a plaque listing all those who died that day, can still be found outside the church. The cyclohexane oxidation process is still operated in much the same plant desig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster Although the operating pressure was maintained by an automatically controlled bleed valve once the plant had reached steady state, the valve could not be used during start-up, when there was no air feed, the plant being pressurised with nitrogen. During start-up the bleed valve was normally isolate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The leaks having been dealt with, early on 1 June attempts began to bring the plant back up to pressure and temperature. At about 16:53 on Saturday 1 June 1974, there was a massive release of hot cyclohexane in the area of the missing reactor 5, followed shortly by ignition of the resulting cloud o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The Secretary of State for Employment set up a Court of Inquiry to establish the causes and circumstances of the disaster and identify any immediate lessons to be learned, and also an expert committee to identify major hazard sites and advise on appropriate measures of control for them. The inquiry... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The emphasis was upon prompt restart and – the inquiry felt – although this did not lead to the deliberate acceptance of hazards, it led to the adoption of a course of action whose hazards (and indeed engineering practicalities) were not adequately considered or understood. The major problem was th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster roughly operating pressure, but below the pressure at which the system relief valve would lift and below the 30% above design pressure called for by the relevant British Standard. The 20-inch bypass was therefore clearly not what would have been produced or accepted by a more considered process, bu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster If the bellows were 'stiff' (resistant to deformation), the shock loading could cause the bellows to tear at pressures below the safety valve setting; it was not impossible that this could occur at pressures experienced during start-up, when pressure was less tightly controlled. (Plant pressures at... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster Nypro argued that the bolts had been loose, there had consequently been a slow leak of process fluid onto lagging leading eventually to a lagging fire, which had worsened the leak to the point where a flame had played undetected upon the elbow, burnt away its lagging and exposed the line to molten ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The inquiry report identified 'lessons to be learned' which it presented under various headings; 'General observation' (relating to cultural issues underlying the disaster), 'specific lessons' (directly relevant to the disaster, but of general applicability) are reported below; there were also 'gen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster ' There should be coordination between planning authorities and the Health and Safety Executive, so that planning authorities could be advised on safety issues before granting planning permission; similarly the emergency services should have information to draw up a disaster plan. The inquiry summa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The proponent of the 8-inch gasket failure hypothesis responded by arguing that the 20-inch hypothesis had its share of defects which the inquiry report had chosen to overlook, that the 8-inch hypothesis had more in its favour than the report suggested, and that there were important lessons that th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The reactors were normally mechanically stirred but reactor 4 had operated without a working stirrer since November 1973; free phase water could have settled out in unstirred reactor 4 and the bottom of reactor 4 would reach operating temperature more slowly than the stirred reactors. It was postul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The HSE (through the Department of Employment) had come up with a 'shopping list' of about 30 recommendations on plant design, many of which had not been adopted (and a few explicitly rejected) by the Inquiry Report; the HSE inspector who acted as secretary to the inquiry spoke afterwards of making... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The Petrochemicals Division of Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated many plants with large inventories of flammable chemicals at its Wilton site (including one in which cyclohexane was oxidised to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol). Historically good process safety performance at Wilton had bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster To remedy this, not only were employees reminded of the principal points to consider when making a modification (both on the quality/compliance of the modification itself and on the effect of the modification on the rest of the plant), but new procedures and documentation were introduced to ensure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster The approach was publicised outside ICI; while the Pipework Code of Practice on its own would have combatted the fault or faults that led to the Flixborough disaster, the adoption more generally of tighter controls on modifications (and the method by which this was done) were soon recognised to be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster Construction of the plant had required planning permission approval by the local council; while "an interdepartmental procedure enabled planning authorities to call upon the advice of Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate when considering applications for new developments which might involve a major h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster A company operating a notifiable installation should be required to survey its hazard potential, and inform HSE of the hazards identified and the procedures and methods adopted (or to be adopted) to deal with them. HSE could then choose to – in some cases (generally involving high risk or novel tec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Flixborough disaster ACMH felt that for major hazard installations the plan should be formal and include Safety documents were needed both for design and operation. The management of major hazard installations must show that it possessed and used a selection of appropriate hazard recognition techniques, had a proper sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=671092 |
Homentropic flow In fluid mechanics, a homentropic flow has uniform and constant entropy. It distinguishes itself from an isentropic or particle isentropic flow, where the entropy level of each fluid particle does not change with time, but may vary from particle to particle. This means that a homentropic flow is necess... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=672080 |
Memory RNA is a form of RNA that was proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s as a means of explaining how long-term memories are stored in the brain. The concept behind it was that since RNA encoded information, and since living cells could produce and modify RNA in reaction to external events, it might ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673057 |
Memory RNA Further, in the "" episode ", Data claims that memory is stored in RNA sequences, analogous to his memory circuits. The basic principle of the memory RNA was also used by comic book writer Alan Moore to explain the origin of DC Comics' character the Swamp Thing in "Saga of the Swamp Thing #21". In the story,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673057 |
Mood ring A mood ring is a ring that contains a thermochromic element, such as liquid crystal, that changes colors based upon the temperature of the finger of the wearer. Most new rings come with a color chart indicating the supposed mood of the wearer based upon the colors indicated on the ring. The mood ring was crea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=673771 |
Molecular physics is the study of the physical properties of molecules, the chemical bonds between atoms as well as the molecular dynamics. Its most important experimental techniques are the various types of spectroscopy; scattering is also used. The field is closely related to atomic physics and overlaps greatly with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675130 |
Levonorgestrel is a hormonal medication which is used in a number of birth control methods. As an emergency birth control, sold under the brand name Plan B among others, it is useful within 120 hours of unprotected sex. The more time that has passed since sex, the less effective the medication becomes, and it does not ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel The wholesale cost in the developing world is between $0.23 and $1.65 US for the dose required for emergency birth control. In the United States it is over the counter for all ages. In 2016 it was the 223rd most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 2 million prescriptions. At low dos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel The primary mechanism of action of levonorgestrel as a progestogen-only emergency contraceptive pill is, according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO), to prevent fertilization by inhibition of ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus. FIGO has stated that: "review of the ev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel It is used under the brand name "Klimonorm" as a combined oral tablet with estradiol valerate and under the brand name "Climara Pro" as a combined transdermal patch with estradiol. As a type of emergency contraception, levonorgestrel is used after unprotected intercourse to reduce the risk of pregnancy. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel is released at a constant, gradual rate of 0.02 mg per day by the polydimethylsiloxane membrane of the device, which renders it effective for up to 5 years. Because it is inserted directly into the uterus, levonorgestrel is present in the endometrium in much higher concentrations that would result from a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel as a contraceptive intrauterine device is associated with a higher risk of breast cancer than with non-use. Overdose of levonorgestrel as an emergency contraceptive has not been described. Nausea and vomiting might be expected. If taken together with drugs that induce the CYP3A4 cytochrome P450 liver enz... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel is a weakly androgenic progestin and in women may cause androgenic side effects such as decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, decreased cholesterol levels, weight gain, and acne. In combination with a potent estrogen like ethinylestradiol however, all contraceptives containing androgenic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel In men, levonorgestrel causes marked suppression of circulating testosterone levels secondary to its antigonadotropic effects. Because of this, and due to its androgenic activity being only weak and hence insufficient for purposes of androgen replacement in males, levonorgestrel has potent functional ant... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel, also known as 17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is the C13β or levorotatory stereoisomer and enantiopure form of norgestrel, the C13α or dextrorotatory isomer bein... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel Following its discovery, norgestrel had been licensed by Wyeth to Schering AG, which separated the racemic mixture into its two optical isomers and identified levonorgestrel (13β-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) as the active component of the mixture. was first studied in humans by 1970, and was int... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel Ho and Kwan published the first study comparing levonorgestrel only and the Yuzpe regimen as methods of emergency contraception in 1993 and found that they had similar effectiveness but that levonorgestrel alone was better-tolerated. In relation to this, the Yuzpe regimen has largely been replaced as a m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel Ester prodrugs of levonorgestrel such as levonorgestrel acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate have been developed and studied as other forms of birth control such as long-acting progestogen-only injectable contraceptives and contraceptive vaginal rings, but have not been marketed for medical use. "Levonor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel is marketed alone or in combination with an estrogen (specifically ethinylestradiol, estradiol, or estradiol valerate) under a multitude of brand names throughout the world, including "Alesse", Altavera, Alysena, Amethia, Amethyst, Ashlyna, Aviane, Camrese, Chateal, "Climara Pro", Daysee, Emerres, Enpres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Levonorgestrel A policy update in 2015, required all Indian Health Services-run pharmacies, clinics, and emergency departments to have Plan B One-Step in stock, to distribute it to any woman (or her representative) who asked for it without a prescription, age verification, registration or any other requirement, to prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=675277 |
Rogue wave Rogue waves (also known as freak waves, monster waves, episodic waves, killer waves, extreme waves, and abnormal waves) are unusually large, unexpected and suddenly appearing surface waves that can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships such as ocean liners. Rogue waves present considerable danger for s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave A 2015 paper studied the wave behavior around a rogue wave, including optical, and the Draupner wave, and concluded that "rogue events do not necessarily appear without a warning, but are often preceded by a short phase of relative order". A 2012 study confirmed the existence of oceanic rogue holes, the inve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damage inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred. The first scientific evidence of the existence of rogue waves came with the recording of a rogue wave by the Gorm platform in the central North Sea in 1984. A stand-out wave was detected with a wave height of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Rogue waves are considered rare but potentially very dangerous, since they can involve the spontaneous formation of massive waves far beyond the usual expectations of ship designers, and can overwhelm the usual capabilities of ocean-going vessels which are not designed for such encounters. Rogue waves are, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave In 2007 the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration compiled a catalogue of more than 50 historical incidents probably associated with rogue waves. In 1826, French scientist and naval officer Captain Jules Dumont d'Urville reported waves as high as in the Indian Ocean with three colleag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave One of could indeed happen – but only once in ten thousand years (of wave height of ). This basic assumption was well accepted (and acknowledged to be an approximation). The use of a Gaussian form to model waves has been the sole basis of virtually every text on that topic for the past 100 years. The first k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The Draupner E platform is the first major oil platform of the jacket-type attached to the seabed with a bucket foundation instead of pilings and a suction anchoring system. As a precaution, the operator (Statoil) fitted the platform with an extensive array of instrumentation. The instruments continuously ch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Some research confirms that observed wave height distribution in general follows well the Rayleigh distribution, but in shallow waters during high energy events, extremely high waves are more rare than this particular model predicts. From about 1997 most leading authors acknowledged the existence of rogue wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The analysis of this event took a number of years, and noted that "none of the state-of-the-art weather forecasts and wave models — the information upon which all ships, oil rigs, fisheries, and passenger boats rely — had predicted these behemoths." Put simply, a scientific model (and also ship design method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Professor Akhmediev of the Australian National University, one of the world's leading researchers in this field, has stated that there are about 10 rogue waves in the world's oceans at any moment. Some researchers have speculated that approximately three of every 10,000 waves on the oceans achieve rogue stat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Rogue waves has now become a near universal term given by scientists to describe isolated large amplitude waves, that occur more frequently than expected for normal, Gaussian distributed, statistical events. Rogue waves appear to be ubiquitous in nature and are not limited to the oceans. They appear in other... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave If waves met at an angle less than about 60 degrees, then the top of the wave "broke" sideways and downwards (a "plunging breaker"). But from about 60 degrees and greater, the wave began to break "vertically upwards", creating a peak that did not reduce the wave height as usual, but instead "increased" it (a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The areas of highest predictable risk appear to be where a strong current runs counter to the primary direction of travel of the waves; the area near Cape Agulhas off the southern tip of Africa is one such area; the warm Agulhas Current runs to the southwest, while the dominant winds are westerlies. However,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Bahram Jalali and other researchers at UCLA studied microstructured optical fibers near the threshold of soliton supercontinuum generation and observed rogue wave phenomena. After modelling the effect, the researchers announced that they had successfully characterized the proper initial conditions for genera... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The only evidence found was the starboard lifeboat, which was recovered from floating wreckage some time later. The lifeboats hung from forward and aft blocks above the waterline. The pins had been bent back from forward to aft, indicating the lifeboat hanging below it had been struck by a wave that had run ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The formal forensic investigation concluded that the ship sank because of structural failure and absolved the crew of any responsibility. Most notably, the report determined the detailed sequence of events that led to the structural failure of the vessel. A third comprehensive analysis was subsequently done ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave The design of the hatches only allowed for a static pressure of less than of water or , meaning that the typhoon load on the hatches was more than ten times the design load. The forensic structural analysis of the wreck of the "Derbyshire" is now widely regarded as irrefutable. In addition fast moving waves ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave A survey of 125 bulk carriers that sank between 1963 and 1996 found that seventy-six "probably" flooded, another four because of hatch-cover failure, the rest from "unidentified" causes. Nine other vessels broke completely in two. Causes of the remaining forty losses are unknown. Montgomery-Swan has outlined... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave " He also noted that "It is not possible to say which of the eighteen covers failed first, or from which direction the waves came; but evidence and other arguments suggest that the no. 1 hatch covers were probably the first to yield, probably from waves over the bow with the ship hove-to." In November 1997 t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave We don’t even have the start of a theory". In 2006 Smith proposed that the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) recommendation 34 pertaining to standard wave data be modified so that the minimum design wave height be increased to . He presented analysis that there was sufficient evide... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Rogue wave Smith observed in 2007 that the navy now believes that larger waves can occur and the possibility of extreme waves that are steeper (i.e. do not have longer wavelengths) is now recognized. The navy has not had to make any fundamental changes in ship design as a consequence of new knowledge of waves greater t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676502 |
Conflagration A conflagration is a large and destructive fire that threatens human life, animal life, health, and/or property. It may also be described as a blaze or simply a (large) fire. A conflagration can begin accidentally, be naturally caused (wildfire), or intentionally created (arson). Arson can be for fraud, m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=676811 |
Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict In maritime law, "flotsam", "jetsam", "lagan", and "derelict" are specific kinds of shipwreck. The words have specific nautical meanings, with legal consequences in the law of admiralty and marine salvage. A shipwreck is defined as the remains of a ship that has been wrecked—a destro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679208 |
Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict In terms of maritime law, different meanings are attributed to the terms, based on what the jurisdiction is, as well as the context. For example, a distinction is made between goods that wash ashore, from those that are for some reason not salvageable and/or lost at sea. Ownership of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679208 |
Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict In terms of compensation, it is seen as being awarded to anyone who voluntarily assisted in the recuperation of the wreck, whether it be saved from upcoming danger, or from loss. The law of salvage finds its origins in the Roman practice of "negotiorum gestio", which dictated that on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679208 |
Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict Even when the source is known, as with the up to 270 cargo containers lost by the MSC ZOE in heavy seas in January 2019 off the German island of Borkum, as a practical matter the lost goods found on the Dutch coast were considered to be flotsam. Jetsam designates any cargo that is in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679208 |
Flotsam, jetsam, lagan and derelict Derelict can refer to goods that have sunk to the ocean floor, relinquished willingly or forcefully by its owner, and thus abandoned, but which no one has any hope of reclaiming. In terms of maritime law, derelict is considered property abandoned on navigable waters which has no hope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=679208 |
Gold (disambiguation) Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au and atomic number 79. Gold may also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=680582 |
Creep (deformation) In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or deform permanently under the influence of persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) The temperature range in which creep deformation may occur differs in various materials. Lead can creep at room temperature and tungsten requires a temperature in the thousands of degrees before creep deformation can occur, while ice will creep at temperatures near 0 °C (32 °F). As a general guideli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) The microstructure is invariant during this stage, which means that recovery effects are concurrent with deformation. No material strength is lost during these first two stages of creep. The characterized "creep strain rate" typically refers to the constant rate in this second stage. Stress dependen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) This leads to a simple relationship between all the mechanisms in which the total strain rate from creep is simply the sum of all these mechanisms. For climb-assisted glide, the slower of climb and glide will determine the strain rate. This is generally climb. Hence climb, climb-assisted glide, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) In the “Deformation-Mechanism Maps” external link, this is where diffusional flow and power-law creep intersect (power-law creep is dislocation creep, boundary diffusion is Coble creep, and lattice diffusion is Nabarro-Herring creep). Note that the dislocation creeps are dominant at higher stresses ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Some alloys exhibit a very large stress exponent ("m" > 10), and this has typically been explained by introducing a "threshold stress," σ, below which creep can't be measured. The modified power law equation then becomes: where "A", "Q" and "m" can all be explained by conventional mechanisms (so 3 ≤... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Since the fractional vacancy concentration is proportional to formula_8, where formula_9 is the vacancy-formation energy, the vacancy concentration is higher in tensile regions than in compressive regions, leading to a net flow of vacancies from the regions under tension to the regions under compres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) At higher temperatures the diffusivity increases due to the direct temperature dependence of the equation, the increase in vacancies through Schottky defect formation, and an increase in the average energy of atoms in the material. Nabarro–Herring creep dominates at very high temperatures relative t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Diffusional creep leads to grain-boundary separation, that is, voids or cracks form between the grains. To heal this, grain-boundary sliding occurs. The diffusional creep rate and the grain boundary sliding rate must be balanced if there are no voids or cracks remaining. When grain-boundary sliding ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Solute drag creep shows a special phenomenon, which is called the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect. When the applied stress becomes sufficiently large, the dislocations will break away from the solute atoms since dislocation velocity increases with the stress. After breakaway, the stress decreases and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) 5 if "M" is independent of stress and this value of "m" is consistent with results from considerable experimental studies. Harper–Dorn creep is a climb-controlled dislocation mechanism at low stresses that has been observed in aluminum, lead, and tin systems, in addition to nonmetal systems such as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) The volumetric activation energy indicates that the rate of Harper–Dorn creep is controlled by vacancy diffusion to and from dislocations, resulting in climb-controlled dislocation motion. Unlike in other creep mechanisms, the dislocation density here is constant and independent of the applied stres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) For typical descriptions of creep, it is assumed that the applied tensile stress exceeds the sintering limit. Creep also explains one of several contributions to densification during metal powder sintering by hot pressing. A main aspect of densification is the shape change of the powder particles. S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) For the purposes of this mechanism, the constant A comes from the following expression, where A' is a dimensionless, experimental constant, μ is the shear modulus, b is the Burgers' Vector, k is Boltzmann's Constant, T is absolute temperature, formula_32 is the diffusion coefficient, and Q is the di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Below a critical value of applied stress, a material may exhibit linear viscoelasticity. Above this critical stress, the creep rate grows disproportionately faster. The second way of graphically presenting viscoelastic creep in a material is by plotting the creep modulus (constant applied stress div... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) At typical work loads (5 up to 50%) ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (Spectra, Dyneema) will show time-linear creep, whereas polyester or aramids (Twaron, Kevlar) will show a time-logarithmic creep. Wood is considered as an orthotropic material, exhibiting different mechanical properties in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Unlike the creep of polymers and metals, it exhibits multi-months aging, caused by chemical hardening due to hydration which stiffens the microstructure, and multi-year aging, caused by long-term relaxation of self-equilibrated micro-stresses in the nano-porous microstructure of the C-S-H. If concre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Creep can cause gradual cut-through of wire insulation, especially when stress is concentrated by pressing insulated wire against a sharp edge or corner. Special creep-resistant insulations such as Kynar (polyvinylidene fluoride) are used in wirewrap applications to resist cut-through due to the sha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) While glass does exhibit creep under the right conditions, apparent sagging in old windows may instead be a consequence of obsolete manufacturing processes, such as that used to create crown glass, which resulted in inconsistent thickness. Fractal geometry, using a deterministic Cantor structure, is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
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