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Stanley Cohen (biochemist) In 1999, Cohen retired from Vanderbilt University. Cohen received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University together with Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1983, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699537 |
Polaron A polaron is a quasiparticle used in condensed matter physics to understand the interactions between electrons and atoms in a solid material. The polaron concept was first proposed by Lev Landau in 1933 to describe an electron moving in a dielectric crystal where the atoms move from their equilibrium positions ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron The polaron, a fermionic quasiparticle, should not be confused with the polariton, a bosonic quasiparticle analogous to a hybridized state between a photon and an optical phonon. The energy spectrum of an electron moving in a periodical potential of rigid crystal lattice is called the Bloch spectrum, which cons... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron The induced polarization will follow the charge carrier when it is moving through the medium. The carrier together with the induced polarization is considered as one entity, which is called a polaron (see Fig. 1). While polaron theory was originally developed for electrons as dressed charges in a crystal field,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron The first class represents continuum models where the discreteness of the crystal lattice is neglected. In that case polarons are weakly coupled or strongly coupled depending on whether the polaron binding energy is small or large compared to the phonon frequency. The second class of systems commonly considered... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron Alexandrov. The terms Fröhlich polaron and large polaron are sometimes used synonymously, since the Fröhlich Hamiltonian includes the continuum approximation and long range forces. There is no known exact solution for the Fröhlich Hamiltonian with longitudinal optical (LO) phonons and linear formula_13 (the mos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron It was an open question for many years whether this expression was asymptotically exact as α tends to infinity. Finally, Donsker and Varadhan, applying large deviation theory to Feynman's path integral formulation for the self-energy, showed the large α exactitude of this Landau–Pekar formula. Later, Lieb and T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron For polar crystals the value of the polaron binding energy is strictly determined by the dielectric constants formula_27,formula_28, and is of the order of 0.3-0.8 eV. If polaron binding energy formula_29 is smaller than the hopping integral the large polaron is formed for some type of electron-phonon interacti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron The RES peak in the spectrum also has a phonon sideband, which is related to a Franck–Condon-type transition. A comparison of the DSG results with the optical conductivity spectra given by approximation-free numerical and approximate analytical approaches is given in ref. Calculations of the optical conductivit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron Using the most accurate theoretical polaron models to evaluate formula_44, the experimental cyclotron data can be well accounted for. Evidence for the polaron character of charge carriers in AgBr and AgCl was obtained through high-precision cyclotron resonance experiments in external magnetic fields up to 16 T.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron This formula was derived and extensively discussed in and was tested experimentally for example in photodoped parent compounds of high temperature superconductors. The great interest in the study of the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has also resulted in many investigations on the properties of polarons in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron In this system the electrons couple to the ripplons of the liquid He, forming "ripplopolarons". The effective coupling can be relatively large and, for some values of the parameters, self-trapping can result. The acoustic nature of the ripplon dispersion at long wavelengths is a key aspect of the trapping. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron Significant are also the extensions of the polaron concept: acoustic polaron, piezoelectric polaron, electronic polaron, bound polaron, trapped polaron, spin polaron, molecular polaron, solvated polarons, polaronic exciton, Jahn-Teller polaron, small polaron, bipolarons and many-polaron systems. These extension... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Polaron In biophysics Davydov soliton is a propagating along the protein α-helix self-trapped amide I excitation that is a solution of the Davydov Hamiltonian. The mathematical techniques that are used to analyze Davydov's soliton are similar to some that have been developed in polaron theory. In this context the Davyd... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699689 |
Semiclassical physics Semiclassical physics, or simply semiclassical refers to a theory in which one part of a system is described quantum-mechanically whereas the other is treated classically. For example, external fields will be constant, or when changing will be classically described. In general, it incorporates a d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=700141 |
Luttinger liquid A Luttinger liquid, or Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid, is a theoretical model describing interacting electrons (or other fermions) in a one-dimensional conductor (e.g. quantum wires such as carbon nanotubes). Such a model is necessary as the commonly used Fermi liquid model breaks down for one dimension. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701099 |
Luttinger liquid Among the hallmark features of a are the following: The Luttinger model is thought to describe the universal low-frequency/long-wavelength behaviour of any one-dimensional system of interacting fermions (that has not undergone a phase transition into some other state). Attempts to demonstrate Luttinger... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701099 |
Nuclear fission product Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the release of heat energy (kinetic energy of the nuclei), and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product The radioactive emission rate is highest for the shortest lived radionuclides, although they also decay the fastest. Additionally, less stable fission products are less likely to decay to stable nuclides, instead decaying to other radionuclides, which undergo further decay and radiation emission... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product g. stable zirconium-90 is 56% neutrons compared to unstable strontium-90 at 58%). The initial fission products therefore may be unstable and typically undergo beta decay to move towards a stable configuration, converting a neutron to a proton with each beta emission. (Fission products do not dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product This behavior of pure fission products with actinides removed, contrasts with the decay of fuel that still contains actinides. This fuel is produced in the so-called "open" (i.e., no nuclear reprocessing) nuclear fuel cycle. A number of these actinides have half lives in the missing range of abo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product One peak occurs at about (expressed by atomic number) strontium to ruthenium while the other peak is at about tellurium to neodymium. The yield is somewhat dependent on the parent atom and also on the energy of the initiating neutron. In general the higher the energy of the state that undergoes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product Small amounts of fission products are naturally formed as the result of either spontaneous fission of natural uranium, which occurs at a low rate, or as a result of neutrons from radioactive decay or reactions with cosmic ray particles. The microscopic tracks left by these fission products in so... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product The reactor specific physical phenomena that nonetheless maintains the temperature above the decay heat level, are the predictably delayed, and therefore easily controlled, transformations or movements of a vital class of fission product as they decay. Delayed neutrons are emitted by neutron ric... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product These fission products are important to the operation of the reactor because some fission products contribute delayed neutrons that are useful for reactor control while others are neutron poisons that tend to inhibit the nuclear reaction. The buildup of the fission product poisons is a key facto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product 8-minute half-life, and krypton-90, with a 32-second half-life) which enable these isotopes to be deposited in locations remote from the fuel (e.g. on control rods). Some fission products decay with the release of a neutron. Since there may be a short delay in time between the original fission e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product The immediate fission products from nuclear weapon fission are essentially the same as those from any other fission source, depending slightly on the particular nuclide that is fissioning. However, the very short time scale for the reaction makes a difference in the particular mix of isotopes pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product After a few years, the radiation is dominated by strontium-90 and caesium-137, whereas in the period between 10,000 and a million years it is technetium-99 that dominates. Some fission products (such as Cs) are used in medical and industrial radioactive sources. TcO ion can react with steel surf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product Many of the fission products decay through very short-lived isotopes to form stable isotopes, but a considerable number of the radioisotopes have half-lives longer than a day. The radioactivity in the fission product mixture is initially mostly caused by short lived isotopes such as Iodine-131 a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product Acute effects from high doses include thyroiditis, while chronic and delayed effects include hypothyroidism, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. It has been shown that the active iodine released from Chernobyl and Mayak has resulted in an increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer in the forme... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product Studies involving healthy adult volunteers determined that at levels above 0.007 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/(kg·d)), perchlorate begins to temporarily inhibit the thyroid gland’s ability to absorb iodine from the bloodstream ("iodide uptake inhibition", thus perchlorate is a known goitr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product Prophylaxis with perchlorate-containing water at concentrations of 17 ppm, which corresponds to 0.5 mg/kg-day personal intake, if one is 70 kg and consumes 2 litres of water per day, was found to reduce baseline radioiodine uptake by 67% This is equivalent to ingesting a total of just 35 mg of p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product 15 mg/kg of body weight per day, or a water concentration of 250 ppm, assuming people drink 2 liters of water per day, to be truly beneficial to the population at preventing bioaccumulation when exposed to a radioiodine environment, independent of the availability of iodate or iodide drugs. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product In all these cases however, despite the risks, the prophylaxis benefits of intervention with iodide, iodate, or perchlorate outweigh the serious cancer risk from radioiodine bioaccumulation in regions where radioiodine has sufficiently contaminated the environment. The Chernobyl accident release... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Nuclear fission product The cyanide is so tightly bonded to the iron that it is safe for a human to consume several grams of prussian blue per day. The prussian blue reduces the biological half-life (different from the nuclear half-life) of the caesium. The physical or nuclear half-life of Cs is about 30 years. Caesium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=701333 |
Tri Polyta is an insolvent Indonesian chemicals manufacturer, which has acquired notoriety in Indonesian investment circles because of its default on a large 1996 bond issue and its success in persuading a court in Indonesia to protect it from the enforcement of its bond obligations. (formally "PT Indonesia Tbk") broug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702365 |
Carboxyhemoglobin or carboxyhaemoglobin (symbol COHb or HbCO) is a stable complex of carbon monoxide and hemoglobin (Hb) that forms in red blood cells upon contact with carbon monoxide (CO). is often mistaken for the compound formed by the combination of carbon dioxide and hemoglobin, which is actually carbaminohemoglo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702885 |
Carboxyhemoglobin Because of this, fewer hemoglobin particles are available to bind and deliver oxygen, thus causing the gradual suffocation associated with carbon monoxide poisoning. Since COHb releases carbon monoxide slowly, less hemoglobin will be available to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702885 |
Carboxyhemoglobin It is thought that through this mechanism, smoking increases the risk of having thromboembolic disease. Pregnant smokers may give birth to babies of a lower birth mass. In addition to vasoconstriction of the placenta, another theory is that since fetal hemoglobin takes up carbon monoxide more readily ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702885 |
Carboxyhemoglobin Studies involving carbon monoxide have been conducted in many laboratories throughout the world for its anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective properties. These properties could potentially be used to prevent the development of a series of pathological conditions including ischemic reperfusion injury, t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=702885 |
Dicofol is an organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT. is a miticide that is very effective against spider mite. One of the intermediates used in its production is DDT. This has caused criticism by many environmentalists; however, the World Health Organization classifies dicofol as a Level II, "moder... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol first appeared in the scientific literature in 1956, and was introduced onto the market by the US-based multinational company Rohm & Haas in 1957. Other current manufacturers include Hindustan Insecticides Limited (India), Lainco (Spain), and ADAMA Agricultural Solutions (Formerly Makhteshim-Agan) (Israel). It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol The California Department of Food and Agriculture has one of the world's most extensive incident reporting systems. Between 1982 and 1992, 38 incidents involving dicofol alone were reported: systemic 19 (50%); skin 10 (26%); eye 8 (21%); and eye/skin 1 (3%). The number of incidents per 1,000 applications for al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol In the UK, the maximum number of treatments permitted is two per year for apples and hops, and two per crop for strawberries, protected crops and tomatoes. In 1980, an accident at the US Tower Chemical Company led to a release of dicofol into Lake Apopka in Florida. Ten years later Dr Guillette of Florida Unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol Tests on laboratory animals show that the primary effects after long term exposure to dicofol include increases in liver weight and enzyme induction in the rat, mouse and dog. There are also effects relating to altered adrenocorticoid metabolism (part of the hormonal system). In the rat hormonal changes were ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol These results are highly preliminary due to the small number of women and children involved and lack of evidence from other studies. is converted in rats to the metabolites 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone and 4,4'-dichlorodicofol. Studies of the metabolism of dicofol in rats, mice, and rabbits have shown that ingeste... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Dicofol It is also subject to degradation by UV light. In a silty loam soil, its photodegradation half-life was 30 days. Under anaerobic soil conditions, the half-life for dicofol was 15.9 days. is practically insoluble in water and adsorbs very strongly to soil particles. It is therefore nearly immobile in soils and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=704266 |
Electronic band structure In solid-state physics, the electronic band structure (or simply band structure) of a solid describes the range of energy levels that electrons may have within it, as well as the ranges of energy that they may not have (called "band gaps" or "forbidden bands"). Band theory derives these bands ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure Since the Pauli exclusion principle dictates that no two electrons in the solid have the same quantum numbers, each atomic orbital splits into "N" discrete molecular orbitals, each with a different energy. Since the number of atoms in a macroscopic piece of solid is a very large number (N~10) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure Band theory is only an approximation to the quantum state of a solid, which applies to solids consisting of many identical atoms or molecules bonded together. These are the assumptions necessary for band theory to be valid: The above assumptions are broken in a number of important practical si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure It is difficult to visualize the shape of a band as a function of wavevector, as it would require a plot in four-dimensional space, "E" vs. "k", "k", "k". In scientific literature it is common to see band structure plots which show the values of "E"(k) for values of k along straight lines conn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure In Fermi's Golden Rule, a calculation for the rate of optical absorption, it provides both the number of excitable electrons and the number of final states for an electron. It appears in calculations of electrical conductivity where it provides the number of mobile states, and in computing ele... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure A solid has an infinite number of allowed bands, just as an atom has infinitely many energy levels. However, most of the bands simply have too high energy, and are usually disregarded under ordinary circumstances. Conversely, there are very low energy bands associated with the core orbitals (s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure From this theory, an attempt can be made to predict the band structure of a particular material, however most ab initio methods for electronic structure calculations fail to predict the observed band gap. In the nearly free electron approximation, interactions between electrons are completely ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure This tight binding model assumes the solution to the time-independent single electron Schrödinger equation formula_8 is well approximated by a linear combination of atomic orbitals formula_9. where the coefficients formula_11 are selected to give the best approximate solution of this form. Ind... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure NFE, TB or combined NFE-TB band structure calculations, sometimes extended with wave function approximations based on pseudopotential methods, are often used as an economic starting point for further calculations. The simplest form of this approximation centers non-overlapping spheres (referre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure In particular, DFT seems to systematically underestimate by about 30-40% the band gap in insulators and semiconductors. It is commonly believed that DFT is a theory to predict ground state properties of a system only (e.g. the total energy, the atomic structure, etc.), and that excited state p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure A popular approach is the use of hybrid functionals, which incorporate a portion of Hartree–Fock exact exchange; this produces a substantial improvement in predicted bandgaps of semiconductors, but is less reliable for metals and wide-bandgap materials. To calculate the bands including electro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure Although the nearly free electron approximation is able to describe many properties of electron band structures, one consequence of this theory is that it predicts the same number of electrons in each unit cell. If the number of electrons is odd, we would then expect that there is an unpaired ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Electronic band structure Each model describes some types of solids very well, and others poorly. The nearly free electron model works well for metals, but poorly for non-metals. The tight binding model is extremely accurate for ionic insulators, such as metal halide salts (e.g. NaCl). To understand how band structure ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706247 |
Abraham Langlet Nils (9 July 1868 – 30 March 1936; known by his second given name) was a Swedish chemist. Langlet was born in Södertälje, Sweden. He was the son of architect Emil Victor Langlet (1824–1898) and his wife, author Clara Mathilda Ulrika Clementine Söderén (1832–1904). His brothers included author Valdemar L... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706454 |
Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary approach of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Atmospheric chemistry The first scientific studies of atmospheric composition began in the 18th century, as chemists such as Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Henry Cavendish made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Atmospheric chemistry An especially important driver for this is the links between chemistry and climate such as the effects of changing climate on the recovery of the ozone hole and vice versa but also interaction of the composition of the atmosphere with the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems. Observations, lab measur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Atmospheric chemistry Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites with important instruments such as GOME and MOPITT giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry. Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but are limited... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Atmospheric chemistry In order to synthesise and test theoretical understanding of atmospheric chemistry, computer models (such as chemical transport models) are used. Numerical models solve the differential equations governing the concentrations of chemicals in the atmosphere. They can be very simple or very complicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Atmospheric chemistry Once the reactions have been chosen the ordinary differential equations that describe their time evolution can be automatically constructed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=706999 |
Cytochrome P450 Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are a superfamily of enzymes containing heme as a cofactor that function as monooxygenases. In mammals, these proteins oxidize steroids, fatty acids, and xenobiotics, and are important for the clearance of various compounds, as well as for hormone synthesis and breakdown. In plan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 For example, "CYP2E1" is the gene that encodes the enzyme CYP2E1—one of the enzymes involved in paracetamol (acetaminophen) metabolism. The CYP nomenclature is the official naming convention, although occasionally CYP450 or CYP is used synonymously. However, some gene or enzyme names for CYPs may differ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 This cysteine and several flanking residues are highly conserved in known CYPs and have the formal PROSITE signature consensus pattern [FW] - [SGNH] - x - [GD] - {F} - [RKHPT] - {P} - C - [LIVMFAP] - [GAD]. Because of the vast variety of reactions catalyzed by CYPs, the activities and properties of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 CYPs metabolize thousands of endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Some CYPs metabolize only one (or a very few) substrates, such as "CYP19" (aromatase), while others may metabolize multiple substrates. Both of these characteristics account for their central importance in medicine. enzymes are present in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 Effects on CYP isozyme activity are a major source of adverse drug interactions, since changes in CYP enzyme activity may affect the metabolism and clearance of various drugs. For example, if one drug inhibits the CYP-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug may accumulate within the body to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 Other examples: A subset of cytochrome P450 enzymes play important roles in the synthesis of steroid hormones (steroidogenesis) by the adrenals, gonads, and peripheral tissue: Certain cytochrome P450 enzymes are critical in metabolizing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to biologically active, interce... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 The classes of CYPs most often investigated in non-human animals are those either involved in development (e.g., retinoic acid or hormone metabolism) or involved in the metabolism of toxic compounds (such as heterocyclic amines or polyaromatic hydrocarbons). Often there are differences in gene regulatio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 CYP1A5 and CYP3A37 in turkeys were found to be very similar to the human CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 respectively, in terms of their kinetic properties as well as in the metabolism of aflatoxin B1. CYPs have also been heavily studied in insects, often to understand pesticide resistance. For example, CYP6G1 is lin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 This, combined with the remarkable chemistry they catalyse, has led to many studies using the heterologously expressed proteins in vitro. Few studies have investigated what P450s do in vivo, what the natural substrate(s) are and how P450s contribute to survival of the bacteria in the natural environment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Cytochrome P450 aromatic O-demethylase, which is made of two distinct promiscuous parts: a cytochrome P450 protein (GcoA) and three domain reductase, is significant for its ability to convert Lignin, the aromatic biopolymer common in plant cell walls, into renewable carbon chains in a catabolic set of reactions. In sho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709137 |
Ziff (Book of Mormon) Ziff () is an unknown material or item, probably a metal, mentioned in the Book of Mormon (Mosiah 11:3,8). The text mentions ziff twice, first in a list of possessions taxed by King Noah, then in a list of "precious things" (the rest of which were all metals) used to ornament various buildings. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709213 |
Hydrogen peroxide - urea (also called Hyperol, artizone, urea hydrogen peroxide, and UHP) is a solid composed of equal amounts of hydrogen peroxide and urea. This compound is a white crystalline solid which dissolves in water to give free hydrogen peroxide. contains solid and water-free hydrogen peroxide, which offers ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709796 |
Hydrogen peroxide - urea There are different possibilities for the numbers and types of hydrogen bonds in the complex but the two most stable structures appear to have carbonylic hydrogen bonds involving the oxygen atoms and hydrogen atoms on the peroxide molecule attracted to, respectively, hydrogen and oxygen atoms o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709796 |
Hydrogen peroxide - urea So just like hydrogen peroxide, the (erroneously) so-called adduct is an oxidizer but the release at room temperature in the presence of catalysts proceeds in a controlled manner, thus the compound is suitable as a safe substitute for the unstable aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide. Because ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709796 |
Hydrogen peroxide - urea It delivers oxidation products in an environmentally friendly manner and often in high yields especially in the presence of organic catalysts such as "cis"-butenedioic anhydride or inorganic catalysts such as sodium tungstate. It converts thiols selectively to disulfides, secondary alcohols to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=709796 |
Mechanochemistry or mechanical chemistry is the coupling of mechanical and chemical phenomena on a molecular scale and includes mechanical breakage, chemical behaviour of mechanically stressed solids (e.g., stress-corrosion cracking or enhanced oxidation), tribology, polymer degradation under shear, cavitation-related ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=710202 |
Mechanochemistry Because it eliminates the need for many solvents, mechanochemistry could help make many chemical processes used by industry more environmentally friendly. For example, the mechanochemical process has been used as an environmentally preferable way to synthesize pharmaceutically-attractive phenol hydrazo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=710202 |
Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity If the material exhibits a non-linear response to the strain rate, it is categorized as Non-Newtonian fluid. There is also an interesting case where the viscosity decreases as the shear/strain rate remains constant. A material which exhibits this type of behavior is known as thixotropic. In addition, wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity Since viscosity is the resistance to thermally activated plastic deformation, a viscous material will lose energy through a loading cycle. Plastic deformation results in lost energy, which is uncharacteristic of a purely elastic material's reaction to a loading cycle. Specifically, viscoelasticity is a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity An anelastic material is a special case of a viscoelastic material: an anelastic material will fully recover to its original state on the removal of load. is studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, applying a small oscillatory stress and measuring the resulting strain. A complex dynamic modulus G can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity The elastic modulus of a spring is analogous to a circuit's "capacitance" (it stores energy) and the viscosity of a dashpot to a circuit's "resistance" (it dissipates energy). The elastic components, as previously mentioned, can be modeled as springs of elastic constant E, given the formula: where σ is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity The model can be represented by the following equation: Under this model, if the material is put under a constant strain, the stresses gradually relax. When a material is put under a constant stress, the strain has two components. First, an elastic component occurs instantaneously, corresponding to the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity Upon application of a constant stress, the material deforms at a decreasing rate, asymptotically approaching the steady-state strain. When the stress is released, the material gradually relaxes to its undeformed state. At constant stress (creep), the model is quite realistic as it predicts strain to ten... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity The Burgers model consists of either two Maxwell components in parallel or a Kelvin–Voigt component, a spring and a dashpot in series. For this model, the governing constitutive relations are: This model incorporates viscous flow into the standard linear solid model, giving a linearly increasing asympto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity time data can be fitted with a number of equations, called models. Only the notation changes depending of the type of strain applied: tensile-compressive relaxation is denoted formula_20, shear is denoted formula_21, bulk is denoted formula_22. The Prony series for the shear relaxation is where formula_... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity First, fit the creep data with a model that has closed form solutions in both compliance and relaxation; for example the Maxwell-Kelvin model (eq. 7.18-7.19) in or the Standard Solid Model (eq. 7.20-7.21) in (section 7.1.3). Once the parameters of the creep model are known, produce relaxation pseudo-dat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity ) causes them to lose their tack, resulting in debonding. When subjected to a step constant stress, viscoelastic materials experience a time-dependent increase in strain. This phenomenon is known as viscoelastic creep. At time formula_31, a viscoelastic material is loaded with a constant stress that is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Viscoelasticity Given loading and temperature conditions, designers can choose materials that best suit component lifetimes. Though there are many instruments that test the mechanical and viscoelastic response of materials, broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) are more co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711288 |
Enalapril Enalapril, sold under the brand name Vasotec among others, is a medication used to treat high blood pressure, diabetic kidney disease, and heart failure. For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. Onset of effects are typicall... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711593 |
Enalapril A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed that when used for this purpose, enalapril led to decreased water consumption (determined by urine output and osmolality) in 60% of patients. is pregnancy category D. Some evidence suggests it will cause injury and death to a developing fetus. Patients are advis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711593 |
Enalapril Pharmacokinetic data of enalapril: Squibb developed the first ACE inhibitor, captopril, but it had adverse effects such as a metallic taste (which, as it turned out, was due to the sulfhydryl group). Merck & Co. developed enalapril as a competing prodrug. Enalaprilat was developed partly to overcome these lim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711593 |
Concentrate A concentrate is a form of substance which has had the majority of its base component (in the case of a liquid: the solvent) removed. Typically, this will be the removal of water from a solution or suspension, such as the removal of water from fruit juice. One benefit of producing a concentrate is that of a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=711996 |
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