text stringlengths 11 1.65k | source stringlengths 38 44 |
|---|---|
Creep (deformation) Common methods to reduce creep include: Materials operating in high-performance systems, such as jet engines, often reach extreme temperatures surpassing 1000 °C, necessitating specialized material design. Superalloys based on Co, Ni, and Fe have been engineered to be highly resistant to creep. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Creep (deformation) Fe-based superalloys are generally not used at high temperatures as the γ’-phase is not stable in the Fe matrix, but are sometimes used at moderately high temperatures, as iron is significantly cheaper than nickel. Co-based γ’ structure was found in 2006, allowing the development of Co-based superal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681241 |
Quasiparticle In physics, quasiparticles and collective excitations (which are closely related) are emergent phenomena that occur when a microscopically complicated system such as a solid behaves as if it contained different weakly interacting particles in free space. For example, as an electron travels through a semic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle The quasiparticle concept is most important in condensed matter physics since it is one of the few known ways of simplifying the quantum mechanical many-body problem. Solids are made of only three kinds of particles: electrons, protons, and neutrons. Quasiparticles are none of these; instead, each of them... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle The principal motivation for quasiparticles is that it is almost impossible to "directly" describe every particle in a macroscopic system. For example, a barely-visible (0.1mm) grain of sand contains around 10 nuclei and 10 electrons. Each of these attracts or repels every other by Coulomb's law. In princ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle For example, a crystal at absolute zero is in the ground state, but if one phonon is added to the crystal (in other words, if the crystal is made to vibrate slightly at a particular frequency) then the crystal is now in a low-lying excited state. The single phonon is called an "elementary excitation". Mor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle This approach is not useful for "all" systems, however: In strongly correlated materials, the elementary excitations are so far from being independent that it is not even useful as a starting point to treat them as independent. Usually, an elementary excitation is called a "quasiparticle" if it is a fermi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle In the first case, the magnon is envisioned as a quasiparticle, in the second case, as a collective excitation. However, both (a) and (b) are equivalent and correct descriptions. As this example shows, the intuitive distinction between a quasiparticle and a collective excitation is not particularly import... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Quasiparticle In the plasma approximation, charged particles are considered to be moving in the electromagnetic field collectively generated by all other particles, and hard collisions between the charged particles are neglected. When a kinetic equation of the mean-field type is a valid first-order description of a sys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681579 |
Effective field theory In physics, an effective field theory is a type of approximation, or effective theory, for an underlying physical theory, such as a quantum field theory or a statistical mechanics model. An effective field theory includes the appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681582 |
Effective field theory If there is a single mass scale M in the "microscopic" theory, then the effective field theory can be seen as an expansion in 1/M. The construction of an effective field theory accurate to some power of 1/M requires a new set of free parameters at each order of the expansion in 1/M. This techniqu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681582 |
Effective field theory The immense success of the Fermi theory was because the W particle has mass of about 80 GeV, whereas the early experiments were all done at an energy scale of less than 10 MeV. Such a separation of scales, by over 3 orders of magnitude, has not been met in any other situation as yet. Another famo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681582 |
Effective field theory Presently, effective field theories are written for many situations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=681582 |
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDXS or WDS) is a method used to count the number of X-rays of a specific wavelength diffracted by a crystal. The wavelength of the impinging X-ray and the crystal's lattice spacings are related by Bragg's law and produce constructive interference if they fit the criteria of Br... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682635 |
Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Modern systems contain a small number of crystals of known but differing properties, with automated changing of the crystal depending on the energy being analysed, enabling elements from the entire periodic table to be analyzed, with the exception of hydrogen, helium, and lithiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682635 |
Quantum phase transition In physics, a quantum phase transition (QPT) is a phase transition between different quantum phases (phases of matter at zero temperature). Contrary to classical phase transitions, quantum phase transitions can only be accessed by varying a physical parameter—such as magnetic field or pressure—... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682937 |
Quantum phase transition A classical system does not have entropy at zero temperature and therefore no phase transition can occur. Their order is determined by the first discontinuous derivative of a thermodynamic potential. A phase transition from water to ice, for example, involves latent heat (a discontinuity of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682937 |
Quantum phase transition Critical behavior of nonzero temperature phase transitions is fully described by classical thermodynamics; quantum mechanics does not play any role even if the actual phases require a quantum mechanical description (e.g. superconductivity). Talking about "quantum" phase transitions means talkin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682937 |
Quantum phase transition This quantum critical behavior manifests itself in unconventional and unexpected physical behavior like novel non Fermi liquid phases. From a theoretical point of view, a phase diagram like the one shown on the right is expected: the QPT separates an ordered from a disordered phase (often, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=682937 |
HEPA High-efficiency particulate air (HEPA), also known as high-efficiency particulate absorbing and high-efficiency particulate arrestance, is an efficiency standard of air filter. Filters meeting the standard must satisfy certain levels of efficiency. Common standards require that a air filter must remove—from the ai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA Unlike membrane filters at this pore size, where particles as wide as the largest opening or distance between fibers can not pass in between them at all, filters are designed to target much smaller pollutants and particles. These particles are trapped (they stick to a fiber) through a combination of the following ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA Carbon cloth filters, claimed to be many times more efficient than the granular activated carbon form at adsorption of gaseous pollutants, are known as HEGA filters ("High Efficiency Gas Adsorption") and were originally developed by the British military as a defense against chemical warfare. A filter can be used i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA Today, a filter rating is applicable to any highly efficient air filter that can attain the same filter efficiency performance standards as a minimum and is equivalent to the more recent National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health N100 rating for respirator filters. The United States Department of Energy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA filters are critical in the prevention of the spread of airborne bacterial and viral organisms and, therefore, infection. Typically, medical use filtration systems also incorporate high-energy ultra-violet light units or panels with anti-microbial coating to kill off the live bacteria and viruses trapped by the fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA Generally, washable true filters are expensive. A high-quality filter that can trap 99.97% of dust particles that are 0.3 microns in diameter. For comparisons sake, a human hair is about 50 to 150 microns in diameter. So, a true filter is effectively trapping particles several hundred time smaller than the width o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA Following the release of the Model X, Tesla has updated the Model S to also have an optional air filter. The idea behind the development of the filter was born from gas masks worn by soldiers fighting in World War II. A piece of paper found inserted into a German gas mask had a remarkably high capture efficiency f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
HEPA It was commercialized in the 1950s, and the original term became a registered trademark and later a generic term for highly efficient filters. Over the decades filters have evolved to satisfy the higher and higher demands for air quality in various high technology industries, such as aerospace, pharmaceutical drug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=683322 |
Iontophoresis is a process of transdermal drug delivery by use of a voltage gradient on the skin. Molecules are transported across the stratum corneum by electrophoresis and electroosmosis and the electric field can also increase the permeability of the skin. These phenomena, directly and indirectly, constitute active ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684160 |
Iontophoresis Another chamber or a skin electrode carries the return current. One or two chambers are filled with a solution containing an active ingredient and its solvent vehicle. The positively charged chamber, called the anode, will repel a positively charged chemical species, whereas the negatively charged chamber... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684160 |
Iontophoresis This is currently being used in such devices as the GlucoWatch, which allows for blood glucose detection across skin layers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684160 |
Ninhydrin (2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is a chemical used to detect ammonia or primary and secondary amines. When reacting with these free amines, a deep blue or purple color known as Ruhemann's purple is produced. is most commonly used to detect fingerprints, as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684312 |
Ninhydrin Therefore, separate analysis is required for identifying such amino acids that either react differently or do not react at all with ninhydrin. The rest of the amino acids are then quantified colorimetrically after separation by chromatography. A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion can be tested ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684312 |
Ninhydrin A ninhydrin solution is commonly used by forensic investigators in the analysis of latent fingerprints on porous surfaces such as paper. Amino acid containing fingermarks, formed by minute sweat secretions which gather on the finger's unique ridges, are treated with the ninhydrin solution which turns the amin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684312 |
Toughness In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. One definition of material toughness is the amount of energy per unit volume that a material can absorb before rupturing. It is also defined as a material's resistance to fra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684489 |
Toughness Mathematically, the modulus of resilience can be expressed by the product of the square of the yield stress divided by two times the Young's modulus of elasticity. That is, The toughness of a material can be measured using a small specimen of that material. A typical testing machine uses a pendulum to strike ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684489 |
Walter Kohn (; March 9, 1923 – April 19, 2016) was a theoretical physicist and theoretical chemist. He was awarded, with John Pople, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1998. The award recognized their contributions to the understandings of the electronic properties of materials. In particular, Kohn played the leading role... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684854 |
Walter Kohn " Because he was a German national, he was transferred to Canada in July 1940 after the outbreak of World War II. As a 17-year-old, Kohn travelled as part of a British convoy moving through U-boat-infested waters to Quebec City in Canada; and from there, by train, to a camp in Trois-Rivières. He was at firs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684854 |
Walter Kohn His association with Bell Labs got him involved with semiconductor physics, and produced a long and fruitful collaboration with Luttinger (including, for example, development of the Luttinger-Kohn model of semiconductor band structure). In 1960 he moved to the newly founded University of California, San Die... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684854 |
Walter Kohn In 2004, a study of all citations to the "Physical Review" journals from 1893 until 2003, found Kohn to be an author of five of the 100 papers with the "highest citation impact", including the first two. In 1957, he relinquished his Canadian citizenship and became a naturalized citizen of the United States... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=684854 |
Levetiracetam Levetiracetam, marketed under the trade name Keppra among others, is a medication used to treat epilepsy. It is used for partial onset, myoclonic, or tonic-clonic seizures. It is taken by mouth as an immediate or extended release formulation or by injection into a vein. Common side effects include sleepin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Levetiracetam has been approved in the European Union as a monotherapy treatment for epilepsy in the case of partial seizures or as an adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic, and tonic-clonic seizures. is sometimes used off label to treat status epilepticus Based on low-quality evidence, levetiracetam is about as ef... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Levetiracetam The most common adverse effects of levetiracetam treatment include CNS effects such as somnolence, decreased energy, headache, dizziness, mood swings and coordination difficulties. These adverse effects are most pronounced in the first month of therapy. About 4% of patients dropped out of pre-approval cli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Levetiracetam In a study, the incidence of decreased bone mineral density of patients on levetiracetam was significantly higher than those for other epileptic medications. Levetiracetam, along with other anti-epileptic drugs, can increase the risk of suicidal behavior or thoughts. People taking levetiracetam should be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Levetiracetam However, the drug binds to SV2A, a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein, and inhibits presynaptic calcium channels, reducing neurotransmitter release and acting as a neuromodulator. This is believed to impede impulse conduction across synapses. The absorption of levetiracetam tablets and oral solution is rapid a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Levetiracetam In 2015 Aprecia's 3d-printed orally disintegrating tablet form of the drug was approved by the FDA, under the trade name Spritam. is a schedule 4 substance in Australia under the Poisons Standard (February 2020). A schedule 4 substance is classified as "Prescription Only Medicine, or Prescription Animal R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685428 |
Dark state In atomic physics, a dark state refers to a state of an atom or molecule that cannot absorb (or emit) photons. All atoms and molecules are described by quantum states; different states can have different energies and a system can make a transition from one energy level to another by emitting or absorbing one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685714 |
Dark state The new state with energy formula_4 of the atom no longer interacts with the laser simply because no photons of the right frequency are present to induce a transition to a different level. In practice, the term dark state is often used for a state that is not accessible by the specific laser in use even thou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685714 |
Dark state It can only decay by collisions with other atoms or by emitting multiple photons. Since these events are rare, the atom can remain in this excited state for a very long time, such an excited state is called a metastable state. We start with a three-state Λ-type system, where formula_10 and formula_11 are dip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685714 |
Dark state It is, therefore, effectively transparent to the probe laser, even when the laser is exactly resonant with the transition. Spontaneous emission from formula_33 can result in an atom being in this dark state or another coherent state, known as a bright state. Therefore, in a collection of atoms, over time, de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685714 |
Laterality The term laterality refers to the preference most humans show for one side of their body over the other. Examples include left-handedness/right-handedness and left/right-footedness; it may also refer to the primary use of the left or right hemisphere in the brain. It may also apply to animals or plants. The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality The English word "right" comes from the Anglo-Saxon word "riht" which also means "straight" or "correct." This linguistic and social bias is not restricted to European cultures: for example, Chinese characters are designed for right-handers to write, and no significant left-handed culture has ever been found... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality Some people may for example use their right hand for writing, and their left hand for playing racket sports and eating ("see also:" cross-dominance). Also, it is not uncommon that people preferring to use the right hand prefer to use the left leg, e.g. when using a shovel, kicking a ball, or operating contro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality Thus, one in five persons has a handedness that is the opposite for which they are wired (per laterality of command center or brainedness, as determined by reaction time study mentioned above). Cerebral dominance or specialization has been studied in relation to a variety of human functions. With speech in p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality In deaf patients suffering from a left hemispheric stroke and damage, noticeable losses in their abilities to sign were noted. These cases were compared to studies of normal speakers with dysphasias located at lesioned areas similar to the deaf patients. In the same study, deaf patients with right hemispheri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality In a study done with both monolinguals and bilinguals, which took into account language experience, second language proficiency, and onset of bilingualism among other variables, researchers were able to demonstrate left hemispheric dominance. In addition, bilinguals that began speaking a second language earl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality In mice (Mus musculus), laterality in paw usage has been shown to be a learned behavior (rather than inherited), due to which, in any population, half of the mice become left-handed while the other half becomes right-handed. The learning occurs by a gradual reinforcement of randomly occurring weak asymmetrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality The less emotive French saddlebreds glance at novel objects using the right eye, however, this tendency is absent in the trotters, although the emotive index is the same for both breeds. Racehorses exhibit laterality in stride patterns as well. They use their preferred stride pattern at all times whether rac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality Chimpanzees show right-handedness in certain conditions. This is expressed at the population level for females, but not males. The complexity of the task has a dominant effect on handedness in chimps. Cattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli. Domestic catt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality The Australian magpie ("Gymnorhina tibicen") uses both left-eye and right-eye laterality when performing anti-predator responses, which include mobbing. Prior to withdrawing from a potential predator, Australian magpies view the animal with the left eye (85%), but prior to approaching, the right eye is used ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Laterality Fish which show a right-eye preference in the mirror test prefer to be on the left side of the school. Conversely, fish that show a left-eye preference in the mirror test or were non-lateralised, prefer to be slightly to the right side of the school. The behaviour depends on the species and sex of the school... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=685746 |
Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body. Most of the changes of virilization are produced by androgens. is most commonly used in three medical and biology of sex contexts: prenatal sexual differentiation, the postnatal ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689628 |
Virilization "Undervirilization" can occur if a genetic male cannot produce enough androgen or the body tissues cannot respond to it. Extreme undervirilization occurs when no significant androgen hormones can be produced or the body is completely insensitive to androgens. Both result in a female body. Partial underviri... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689628 |
Virilization in females can manifest as clitoral enlargement, increased muscle strength, acne, hirsutism, frontal hair thinning, deepening of the voice, and menstrual disruption due to anovulation. Some of the possible causes of virilization in females are: Transgender people who were medically assigned female at birth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689628 |
Binary chemical weapon Binary chemical weapons or munitions are chemical weapons which contain the toxic agent in its active state as chemical precursors which are significantly less toxic than the agent. This improves the safety of storing, transporting, and disposing of the weapon. Commonly, firing the munition remov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689630 |
Binary chemical weapon The director of a non-proliferation research program of the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey has stated that the death of Kim Jong-nam due to poisoning with VX was likely carried out with a binary version of the agent, since VX fumes would otherwise have killed the suspec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689630 |
Binary chemical weapon The 2002 movie "xXx" features a Soviet-made binary chemical weapon codenamed "Silent Night", after its supposed ability to render an area silent by killing its inhabitants. In the movie, the chemical was acquired by the terrorist group Anarchy-99, and their leader, Yorgi, plans to launch missiles... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=689630 |
Pyrotechnic star Pyrotechnic stars are pellets of pyrotechnic composition which may contain metal powders, salts or other compounds that, when ignited, burn a certain color or make a certain spark effect. They are a part of all projectile-type fireworks. The most common is the aerial shell. When watching this firework,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690340 |
Flash freezing In physics and chemistry, flash freezing is a naturally occurring phenomenon used commonly in the food industry and by meteorologists for the purpose of forecasting. The process is also of great importance in atmospheric science, as its study is necessary for a proper climate model for the formation of i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing The freezing of nanoscale water or silicon liquid drops is initiated at a number of different distances from the centre of the droplet, providing new insights on a long-standing dispute in the field of material and chemical physics. When water is in a conventional freezer, a dynamic phase transition is t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing If it is the former, effective engineering approaches may be able to be taken to tune the surface tension of water so that the ice crystallization rate can be controlled. There are phenomena like supercooling, in which the water is cooled below its freezing point, but the water remains liquid, if there a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing Below minus 48 C (minus 55 F), ice is crystallizing too fast for any property of the remaining liquid to be measured. The freezing speed directly influences the nucleation process and ice crystal size. A supercooled liquid will stay in a liquid state below the normal freezing point when it has little opp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing When water is cooled, its structure becomes closer to the structure of ice, which is why the density goes down, and this should be reflected in an increased crystallization rate showing these crystalline forms. For the understanding of flash freezing, various related quantities might be useful. Crystal g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing formula_6 The first term is the volume term, and, assuming that the nucleus is spherical, this is the volume of a sphere of radius formula_7. formula_8 is the difference in free energy per unit volume between the thermodynamic phase nucleation is occurring in, and the phase that is nucleating. critical n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Flash freezing where formula_16 and formula_17 are the principal radii of curvature and formula_18 (also denoted as formula_19) is the surface tension. The surface tension can be defined in terms of force or energy. The surface tension of a liquid is the ratio of the change in the energy of the liquid, and the change i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=690861 |
Unruh effect The (or sometimes Fulling–Davies–Unruh effect) is the prediction that an accelerating observer will observe blackbody radiation where an inertial observer would observe none. In other words, the background appears to be warm from an accelerating reference frame; in layman's terms, a thermometer waved aroun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
Unruh effect Unruh demonstrated theoretically that the notion of vacuum depends on the path of the observer through spacetime. From the viewpoint of the accelerating observer, the vacuum of the inertial observer will look like a state containing many particles in thermal equilibrium—a warm gas. Although the would initi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
Unruh effect An accelerating observer will perceive an apparent event horizon forming (see Rindler spacetime). The existence of Unruh radiation could be linked to this apparent event horizon, putting it in the same conceptual framework as Hawking radiation. On the other hand, the theory of the explains that the definit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
Unruh effect Rindler space is where , and where is related to the observer's proper time by (here ). An observer moving with fixed traces out a hyperbola in Minkowski space, therefore this type of motion is called hyperbolic motion. An observer moving along a path of constant is uniformly accelerating, and is coupled t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
Unruh effect The periodicity formula_6 of imaginary time corresponds to a temperature of formula_7 in thermal quantum field theory. Now that the path integral for this Hamiltonian is closed with period 2. This means that the modes are thermally occupied with temperature . This is not an actual temperature, because is d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
Unruh effect The would also cause the decay rate of accelerating particles to differ from inertial particles. Stable particles like the electron could have nonzero transition rates to higher mass states when accelerating at a high enough rate. Although Unruh's prediction that an accelerating detector would see a therma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691838 |
E. J. Bowen Edmund ("Ted") John Bowen FRS (29 April 1898 – 19 November 1980) was a British physical chemist. Born in Worcester, England, attended the Royal Grammar School Worcester. He won the Brackenbury Scholarship in 1915 and 1916 to the University of Oxford where he studied chemistry. He returned to Balliol College... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691843 |
E. J. Bowen He was also a prominent Worcester Old Elizabethan serving on its Committee for many years and organising the Oxford branch of that club. During May 1931, Bowen, then a University don, attended a series of three lectures given by Albert Einstein at Rhodes House in Oxford. After the second lecture on 16 May, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=691843 |
Aztreonam Aztreonam, sold under the brand name Azactam among others, is an antibiotic used primarily to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria such as "Pseudomonas aeruginosa". This may include bone infections, endometritis, intra abdominal infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. It is g... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695438 |
Aztreonam Nebulized forms of aztreonam are used to treat infections that are complications of cystic fibrosis and are approved for such use in Europe and the US; they are also used off-label for non-CF bronchiectasis, ventilator-associated pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, mycobacterial disease, and to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695438 |
Aztreonam is often used in people who are penicillin allergic or who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides. is poorly absorbed when given orally, so it must be administered as an intravenous or intramuscular injection (trade name Azactam ), or inhaled (trade name Cayston) using an ultrasonic nebulizer. In the United States, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695438 |
Aztreonam exhibits cross-reactivity with this cephalosporin due to a similar side chain. Physicians should evaluate prior allergy history when prescribing this medicine. Special caution is warranted in patients who are allergic to ceftazidime and are subsequently placed on aztreonam therapy. is similar in action to pen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=695438 |
Faraday Society The was a British society for the study of physical chemistry, founded in 1903 and named in honour of Michael Faraday. In 1980, it merged with several similar organisations, including the Chemical Society, the Royal Institute of Chemistry, and the Society for Analytical Chemistry to form the Royal Socie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=696626 |
Roothaan equations The are a representation of the Hartree–Fock equation in a non orthonormal basis set which can be of Gaussian-type or Slater-type. It applies to closed-shell molecules or atoms where all molecular orbitals or atomic orbitals, respectively, are doubly occupied. This is generally called Restricted Hart... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=696817 |
Chemical Markup Language (ChemML or CML) is an approach to managing molecular information using tools such as XML and Java. It was the first domain specific implementation based strictly on XML, first based on a DTD and later on an XML Schema, the most robust and widely used system for precise information management in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=697229 |
Chemical Markup Language Although JUMBO used to be a browser, the preferred approach is to use the Open Source tools Jmol and JChemPaint, some of which use alternative CML libraries. See Blue Obelisk. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=697229 |
Polarization density In classical electromagnetism, polarization density (or electric polarization, or simply polarization) is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced electric dipole moments in a dielectric material. When a dielectric is placed in an external electric field, its molecules ga... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density For a certain volume element formula_1 in the material, which carries a dipole moment formula_2, we define the polarization density P: In general, the dipole moment formula_2 changes from point to point within the dielectric. Hence, the polarization density P of a dielectric inside an infinitesimal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density For a given volume "V" enclosed by a surface "S", the bound charge formula_6 inside it is equal to the flux of P through "S" taken with the negative sign, or By the divergence theorem, Gauss's law for the field P can be stated in "differential form" as: where is the divergence of the field P throug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density And since free charges can get as close to the dielectric as to its topmost surface, it follows that polarization only gives rise to surface bound charge density (denoted formula_27 to avoid ambiguity with the volume bound charge density formula_19). formula_27 may be related to P by the following ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density This reflects the fact that the dipoles in the material cannot respond instantaneously to the applied field, and causality considerations lead to the Kramers–Kronig relations. If the polarization P is not linearly proportional to the electric field E, the medium is termed "nonlinear" and is describ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density By considering the relationship of each of the terms of the above equation to the divergence of their corresponding fields (of the electric displacement field D, E and P in that order), this can be written as: This is known as the constitutive equation for electric fields. Here "ε" is the electric ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density ) In other words, two people, Alice and Bob, looking at the same solid, may calculate different values of P, and neither of them will be wrong. Alice and Bob will agree on the microscopic electric field E in the solid, but disagree on the value of the displacement field formula_47. They will both f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density The non-uniqueness of P is not problematic, because every measurable consequence of P is in fact a consequence of a continuous change in P. For example, when a material is put in an electric field E, which ramps up from zero to a finite value, the material's electronic and ionic positions slightly ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Polarization density For example, at "microscopic" scale a plasma can be regarded as a gas of "free" charges, thus P should be zero. On the contrary, at a "macroscopic" scale the same plasma can be described as a continuous medium, exhibiting a permittivity formula_50 and thus a net polarization . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=698648 |
Stanley Cohen (biochemist) Stanley N. Cohen (November 17, 1922 – February 5, 2020) was an American biochemist who, along with Rita Levi-Montalcini, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986 for the isolation of nerve growth factor and the discovery of epidermal growth factor. He died in February 202... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=699537 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.