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Polythiophene Oxidation is referred to as "doping". Around 0.2 equivalent of oxidant is used to convert PTs (and other conducting polymers) into the optimally conductive state. Thus about one of every five rings is oxidized. Many different oxidants are used. Because of the redox reaction, the conductive form of polythi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene Oxidative polymerization with ferric chloride can result in doping by residual catalyst, although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) studies have shown that poly(3-hexylthiophene)s are also partially halogenated by the residual oxidizing agent. Poly(3-octylthiophene) ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene This twist in the backbone reduces the conjugation length, and the separation between energy levels is increased. This results in a shorter absorption wavelength. Determining the maximum effective conjugation length requires the synthesis of regioregular PTs of defined length. The absorption band in the v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene This is attributed to formation of a compact coil structure, which can form hydrogen bonds with PVA upon partial deprotonation of the acetic acid group. Shifts in PT absorption bands due to changes in temperature result from a conformational transition from a coplanar, rodlike structure at lower temperatu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene For example, doped unsubstituted PTs are only soluble only exotic solvents such as arsenic trifluoride and arsenic pentafluoride. Although only poorly processable, "the expected high temperature stability and potentially very high electrical conductivity of PT films (if made) still make it a highly desira... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene PATs prepared using Rieke zinc formed "crystalline, flexible, and bronze-colored films with a metallic luster". On the other hand, the corresponding regiorandom polymers produced "amorphous and orange-colored films". Comparison of the thermochromic properties of the Rieke PATs showed that, while the regio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene Poly(3-(perfluorooctyl)thiophene)s is soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide Oligothiophenes capped at both ends with thermally-labile alkyl esters were cast as films from solution, and then heated to remove the solublizing end groups. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images showed a significant increase in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene Thus, 3-methylthiophene polymerizes in acetonitrile and tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate at a potential of about 1.5 V vs. SCE, whereas unsubstituted thiophene requires an additional 0.2 V. Steric hindrance resulting from branching at the α-carbon of a 3-substituted thiophene inhibits polymerization. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene This method has proven to be extremely popular; antistatic coatings are prepared on a commercial scale using ferric chloride. In addition to ferric chloride, other oxidizing agents. Slow addition of ferric chloride to the monomer solution produced poly(3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene)s with approximately 94% H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene In terms of mechanism, the oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride, a radical pathway has been proposed. A carbocation mechanism is inferred from the structure of 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene prepared from ferric chloride. Polymerization of thiophene can be effected by a solution of ferric chloride i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polythiophene The thin layer of PEDOT:PSS is virtually transparent and colorless, prevents electrostatic discharges during film rewinding, and reduces dust buildup on the negatives after processing. PEDOT also has been proposed for dynamic applications where a potential is applied to a polymer film. PEDOT-coated window... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
Polypyrrole (PPy) is a type of organic polymer formed by the polymerization of pyrrole. It is a solid with the formula H(CHNH)H. Upon oxidation, polypyrrole converts to a conducting polymer. Some of the first examples of polypyrroles were reported in 1963 by Weiss and coworkers. These workers described the pyrolysis of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733208 |
Polypyrrole They are stable in air up to 150 °C at which temperature the dopant starts to evolve (e.g., as HCl). PPy is an insulator, but its oxidized derivatives are good electrical conductors. The conductivity of the material depends on the conditions and reagents used in the oxidation. Conductivities range from 2 to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733208 |
Polypyrrole was used in the microwave fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotubes, a rapid method to grow CNT's. A water-resistant polyurethane sponge coated with a thin layer of polypyrrole absorbs 20 times its weight in oil and is reusable. The wet-spun polypyrrole fibre can be prepared chemical polymerization pyrrol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733208 |
Semi-flexible rod polymer Semi-flexible rod polymers are a kind of organic polymer which may be converted to conductive polymers by appropriate oxidations or doping. Examples include polyaniline, poly(p-phenylene oxide) and poly(p-phenylene sulfide). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733240 |
Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer of the semi-flexible rod polymer family. Although the compound itself was discovered over 150 years ago, only since the early 1980s has polyaniline captured the intense attention of the scientific community. This interest is due to the rediscovery of high electrical conductivi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733241 |
Polyaniline 5) form of polyaniline, often referred to as emeraldine base (EB), is neutral, if doped (protonated) it is called emeraldine salt (ES), with the imine nitrogens protonated by an acid. Protonation helps to delocalize the otherwise trapped diiminoquinone-diaminobenzene state. Emeraldine base is regarded as th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733241 |
Polyaniline (Per)nigraniline is prepared by oxidation of the emeraldine base with a peracid: The synthesis of polyaniline nanostructures is facile. Using surfactant dopants, the polyaniline can be made dispersible and hence useful for practical applications. Bulk synthesis of polyaniline nanofibers, which has been rese... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733241 |
Polyaniline and its derivatives are also used as the precursor for the production of N-doped carbon materials through high-temperature heat treatment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733241 |
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is an organic polymer consisting of aromatic rings linked by sulfides. Synthetic fiber and textiles derived from this polymer resist chemical and thermal attack. PPS is used in filter fabric for coal boilers, papermaking felts, electrical insulation, film capacitors, specialty membranes, gas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733259 |
Polyphenylene sulfide These properties include resistance to heat, acids, alkalies, mildew, bleaches, aging, sunlight, and abrasion. It absorbs only small amounts of solvents and resists dyeing. The Federal Trade Commission definition for sulfur fiber is "A manufactured fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is a l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733259 |
Chemical physics is a subdiscipline of chemistry and physics that investigates physicochemical phenomena using techniques from atomic and molecular physics and condensed matter physics; it is the branch of physics that studies chemical processes from the point of view of physics. While at the interface of physics and c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733929 |
Chemical physics Experimental chemical physicists use a variety of spectroscopic techniques to better understand hydrogen bonding, electron transfer, the formation and dissolution of chemical bonds, chemical reactions, and the formation of nanoparticles. Theoretical chemical physicists create simulations of the molecul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733929 |
Gaussian (software) Gaussian is a general purpose computational chemistry software package initially released in 1970 by John Pople and his research group at Carnegie Mellon University as Gaussian 70. It has been continuously updated since then. The name originates from Pople's use of Gaussian orbitals to speed up mole... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734158 |
Gaussian (software) org" has published a list of scientists whom it claims are not permitted to use GAUSSIAN software. These assertions were repeated by Jim Giles in 2004 in "Nature". The controversy was also noted in 1999 by "Chemical and Engineering News" (repeated without additional content in 2004), and in 2000, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734158 |
Molecular modelling encompasses all methods, theoretical and computational, used to model or mimic the behaviour of molecules. The methods are used in the fields of computational chemistry, drug design, computational biology and materials science to study molecular systems ranging from small chemical systems to large b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734256 |
Molecular modelling Atoms are assigned coordinates in Cartesian space or in internal coordinates, and can also be assigned velocities in dynamical simulations. The atomic velocities are related to the temperature of the system, a macroscopic quantity. The collective mathematical expression is termed a potential functio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734256 |
Molecular modelling The method, termed energy minimization, is used to find positions of zero gradient for all atoms, in other words, a local energy minimum. Lower energy states are more stable and are commonly investigated because of their role in chemical and biological processes. A molecular dynamics simulation, on ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734256 |
Molecular modelling Yet the comparatively rigid nature of bonds which occur between specific atoms, and in essence, defines what is meant by the designation "molecule", make an internal coordinate system the most logical representation. In some fields the IC representation (bond length, angle between bonds, and twist a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734256 |
Molecular modelling The types of biological activity that have been investigated using molecular modelling include protein folding, enzyme catalysis, protein stability, conformational changes associated with biomolecular function, and molecular recognition of proteins, DNA, and membrane complexes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=734256 |
Valence bond theory In chemistry, valence bond (VB) theory is one of the two basic theories, along with molecular orbital (MO) theory, that were developed to use the methods of quantum mechanics to explain chemical bonding. It focuses on how the atomic orbitals of the dissociated atoms combine to give individual chemic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735965 |
Valence bond theory According to Charles Coulson, author of the noted 1952 book "Valence", this period marks the start of "modern valence bond theory", as contrasted with older valence bond theories, which are essentially electronic theories of valence couched in pre-wave-mechanical terms. Linus Pauling published in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735965 |
Valence bond theory This combination of valence bond structures is the main point of resonance theory. considers that the overlapping atomic orbitals of the participating atoms form a chemical bond. Because of the overlapping, it is most probable that electrons should be in the bond region. views bonds as weakly couple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735965 |
Valence bond theory Modern valence bond theory now complements molecular orbital theory, which does not adhere to the valence bond idea that electron pairs are localized between two specific atoms in a molecule but that they are distributed in sets of molecular orbitals which can extend over the entire molecule. Molecu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735965 |
Valence bond theory For example, the molecular orbital function for dihydrogen is an equal mixture of the covalent and ionic valence bond structures and so predicts incorrectly that the molecule would dissociate into an equal mixture of hydrogen atoms and hydrogen positive and negative ions. Modern valence bond theory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=735965 |
Vinyl roof refers to a vinyl covering for an automobile's top. This covering was originally designed to give the appearance of a convertible to models with a fixed roof, but eventually it evolved into a styling statement in its own right. Vinyl roofs were most popular in the American market, and they are considered one... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736129 |
Vinyl roof In the very late-1950s, Chrysler's Imperial made a limited use of true vinyl on some models. Probably the first modern vinyl roof as it would later be accepted, though, was the 1956 Cadillac Eldorado Seville that came standard with a roof covered in an early vinyl material called "Vicodec" with two parallel ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736129 |
Vinyl roof There was even an aftermarket spray-on product that claimed to add that factory vinyl look. By 1972, even the humble Ford Pinto sported a vinyl roof option, and a Ford sales brochure of the time conceded that vinyl was mostly for looks. At about that same time, the modern opera window first appeared, and it ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736129 |
Vinyl roof During this final phase, canvas-look tops, often called cabriolet roofs, with simulated convertible top bows under the fabric, gained some popularity. The availability of all vinyl styles dwindled in the 1990s, until the 2002 Lincoln Continental offered one of the last factory applied versions. Hearse and li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736129 |
Hydroxyl radical The hydroxyl radical, OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH). Hydroxyl radicals are highly reactive (easily becoming hydroxy groups) and consequently short-lived; however, they form an important part of radical chemistry. Most notably hydroxyl radicals are produced from the decomposition of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical For instance methane, which reacts relatively slowly with hydroxyl radical, has an average lifetime of >5 years and many CFCs have lifetimes of 50 years or more. Other pollutants, such as larger hydrocarbons, can have very short average lifetimes of less than a few hours. The first reaction with many v... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical The hydroxyl radical has a very short "in vivo" half-life of approximately 10 seconds and a high reactivity. This makes it a very dangerous compound to the organism. Unlike superoxide, which can be detoxified by superoxide dismutase, the hydroxyl radical cannot be eliminated by an enzymatic reaction. H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical Understanding the role of OH in the oxidation process of methane (CH) present in the atmosphere to first carbon monoxide (CO) and then carbon dioxide (CO) is important for assessing the residence time of this greenhouse gas, the overall carbon budget of the troposphere, and its influence on the process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical The first experimental evidence for the presence of 18 cm absorption lines of the hydroxyl (OH) radical in the radio absorption spectrum of Cassiopeia A was obtained by Weinreb et al. (Nature, Vol. 200, pp. 829, 1963) based on observations made during the period October 15–29, 1963. OH is a diatomic mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical Dissociative recombination is the reaction in which a molecular ion recombines with an electron and dissociates into neutral fragments. Important formation mechanisms for OH are: Experimental data on association reactions of H and OH suggest that radiative association involving atomic and diatomic neut... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical The next table shows the results by doing the same procedure for destruction reaction: Results shows that reaction 1A is the main sink for OH in dense clouds. Discoveries of the microwave spectra of a considerable number of molecules prove the existence of rather complex molecules in the interstellar c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical Diffuse clouds are of astronomical interest because they play a primary role in the evolution and thermodynamics of ISM. Observation of the abundant atomic hydrogen in 21 cm has shown good signal-to-noise ratio in both emission and absorption. Nevertheless, HI observations have a fundamental difficulty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Hydroxyl radical OH masers, a type of astrophysical maser, were the first masers to be discovered in space and have been observed in more environments than any other type of maser. In the Milky Way, OH masers are found in stellar masers (evolved stars), interstellar masers (regions of massive star formation), or in the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=737798 |
Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V. Rode and co-workers at the Australian National University in Canberra. It consists of a cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web. The fractal-like bond structure consists of sp graphite-like clusters conne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=739628 |
Carbon nanofoam The nanofoam contains numerous unpaired electrons, which Rode and colleagues propose is due to carbon atoms with only three bonds that are found at topological and bonding defects. This gives rise to what is perhaps carbon nanofoam's most unusual feature: it is attracted to magnets, and below −183 °C ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=739628 |
Carbon nanofoam Synthesis clusters can be synthesized through high-repetition-rate laser ablation in an inert gas such as argon. Short (fs), low-energy (µJ) pulses delivered at rates of high repetition (10 kHz – 100 MHz) generate carbon vapors for deposition. Ambient gas is heated from room temperature with the atomize... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=739628 |
Ernst Chain Sir Ernst Boris Chain, FRS (19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979) was a German-born British biochemist, and a 1945 co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin. Chain was born in Berlin, the son of Margarete (née Eisner) and Michael Chain, who was a chemist and industrialis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740289 |
Ernst Chain Chain and Florey went on to discover penicillin's therapeutic action and its chemical composition. Chain and Florey discovered how to isolate and concentrate the germ-killing agent in penicillin. For this research, Chain, Florey, and Fleming received the Nobel Prize in 1945. Along with Edward Abraham he was... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740289 |
Ernst Chain He raised his children securely within the Jewish faith, arranging much extracurricular tuition for them. His views were expressed most clearly in his speech 'Why I am a Jew' given at the World Jewish Congress Conference of Intellectuals in 1965. Chain died at the Mayo General Hospital in 1979. The Imperial... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740289 |
Calcium aluminosilicate Calcium aluminosilicate, an aluminosilicate compound with calcium cations, most typically has formula CaAlSiO. In minerals, as a feldspar, it can be found as anorthite, an end-member of the plagioclase series. As a food additive, it is sometimes designated E556. It is known to the FDA as, at und... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740872 |
Zinc silicate can refer to | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740889 |
Silicon oxide may refer to either of the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740923 |
Dalton (program) Dalton (named after John Dalton) is an ab initio quantum chemistry computer program suite, consisting of the Dalton and LSDalton programs. The Dalton suite is capable of calculating various molecular properties using the Hartree–Fock, MP2, MCSCF and coupled cluster theories. Version 2.0 of DALTON added... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741114 |
Hyperkalemia is an elevated level of potassium (K) in the blood. Normal potassium levels are between 3.5 and 5.0mmol/L (3.5 and 5.0mEq/L) with levels above 5.5mmol/L defined as hyperkalemia. Typically hyperkalemia does not cause symptoms. Occasionally when severe it can cause palpitations, muscle pain, muscle weakness,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Among those who are in hospital, rates are between 1% and 2.5%. It is associated with an increase in the overall risk of death. The word "hyperkalemia" is from "hyper-" meaning high; "kalium" meaning potassium; and "-emia", meaning "in the blood". The symptoms of an elevated potassium level are generally f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Medications that interferes with urinary excretion by inhibiting the renin–angiotensin system is one of the most common causes of hyperkalemia. Examples of medications that can cause hyperkalemia include ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, and calcineurin inhibitor immunosuppressa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia However, in respiratory acidosis or organic acidosis such as lactic acidosis, the effect on serum potassium are much less significant although the mechanisms are not completely understood. Insulin deficiency can cause hyperkalemia as the hormone insulin increases the uptake of potassium into the cells. Hyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Exercise can cause a release of potassium into bloodstream by increasing the number of potassium channels in the cell membrane. The degree of potassium elevation varies with the degree of exercise, which range from 0.3 meq/L in light exercise to 2 meq/L in heavy exercise, with or without accompanying ECG c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Massive blood transfusion can cause hyperkalemia in infants due to leakage of potassium out of the red blood cells during storage. Giving succinylcholine to people with conditions such as burns, trauma, infection, prolonged immobilisation can cause hyperkalemia due to widespread activation of acetylcholine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Mechanical trauma during blood drawing can cause potassium leakage out of the red blood cells due to haemolysed blood sample. Since exercise can cause elevated potassium levels, repeated fist clenching can cause transient rise in potassium levels. Prolonged length of blood storage can also increase serum p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia The potassium gradient is critically important for many physiological processes, including maintenance of cellular membrane potential, homeostasis of cell volume, and transmission of action potentials in nerve cells. Potassium is eliminated from the body through the gastrointestinal tract, kidney and sweat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Ineffective elimination can be hormonal (in aldosterone deficiency) or due to causes in the kidney that impair excretion. Increased extracellular potassium levels result in depolarization of the membrane potentials of cells due to the increase in the equilibrium potential of potassium. This depolarization ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Physicians taking a medical history may focus on kidney disease and medication use (e.g. potassium-sparing diuretics), both of which are known causes of hyperkalemia. Normal serum potassium levels are generally considered to be between 3.5 and 5.3 mmol/L. Levels above 5.5mmol/L generally indicate hyperkale... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia To summarize, classic ECG changes associated with hyperkalemia are seen in the following progression: peaked T wave, shortened QT interval, lengthened PR interval, increased QRS duration, and eventually absence of the P wave with the QRS complex becoming a sine wave. The serum potassium concentration at wh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Emergency lowering of potassium levels is needed when new arrhythmias occur at any level of potassium in the blood, or when potassium levels exceed 6.5mmol/l. Several agents are used to temporarily lower K levels. The choice depends on the degree and cause of the hyperkalemia, and other aspects of the pers... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Several medical treatments shift potassium ions from the bloodstream into the cellular compartment, thereby reducing the risk of complications. The effect of these measures tends to be short-lived, but may temporise the problem until potassium can be removed from the body. Severe cases require hemodialysis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Hyperkalemia Patiromer is taken by mouth and works by binding free potassium ions in the gastrointestinal tract and releasing calcium ions for exchange, thus lowering the amount of potassium available for absorption into the bloodstream and increasing the amount lost via the feces. The net effect is a reduction of pota... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741847 |
Liquid scintillation counting is the measurement of radioactive activity of a sample material which uses the technique of mixing the active material with a liquid scintillator (e.g. Zinc sulfide) , and counting the resultant photon emissions. The purpose is to allow more efficient counting due to the intimate contact o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742038 |
Liquid scintillation counting The radioactive samples and cocktail are placed in small transparent or translucent (often glass or plastic) vials that are loaded into an instrument known as a liquid scintillation counter. Newer machines may use 96-well plates with individual filters in each well. Many counters have two ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742038 |
John William Draper (May 5, 1811 – January 4, 1882) was an English-born American scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist, historian and photographer. He is credited with producing the first clear photograph of a female face (1839–40) and the first detailed photograph of the moon in 1840. He was also the first presid... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
John William Draper While at University College London, Draper studied chemistry under the direction of Edward Turner (chemist). On September 13, 1831, married Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner (c. 1814–1870), the daughter of Daniel Gardner, a court physician to John VI of Portugal and Charlotte of Spain. Antoni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
John William Draper In 1839, Draper was elected undergraduate professor of chemistry and botany at the university, and moved with his family to New York City . Once there he helped to found the New York University Medical School, acting as a professor there from 1840 to 1850, president of the school from 1850 to 1873, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
John William Draper In 1843 he made daguerreotypes of the solar spectrum that revealed new infra-red and ultra violet lines. In 1850 he was making photomicrographs and engaged his then teenage son, Henry, into their production. Draper developed the proposition in 1842 that only light rays that are absorbed can produce ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
John William Draper Contributions to the discipline of history: Draper is well known also as the author of "The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe" (1862), applying the methods of physical science to history, a "History of the American Civil War" (3 vols., 1867–1870), and a "History of the Conflict betwe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
John William Draper Professor Ronald Numbers has pointed to Draper's book as a source of popular misconceptions about historical conflict between science and religion, saying that it was "less of a dispassionate history, which it wasn't, than a screed against Roman Catholics" motivated by personal animus at the behavio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742088 |
Faraday's laws of electrolysis are quantitative relationships based on the electrochemical research published by Michael Faraday in 1833. They state that the amount of material produced at an electrode (or liberated from it) during an electrochemical reaction is directly proportional to the total conducted charge or, e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=742319 |
Thermal printing (or direct thermal printing) is a digital printing process which produces a printed image by selectively heating coated thermochromic paper, or thermal paper as it is commonly known, when the paper passes over the thermal print head. The coating turns black in the areas where it is heated, producing an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743007 |
Thermal printing When the matrix is heated above its melting point, the dye reacts with the acid, shifts to its colored form, and the changed form is then conserved in metastable state when the matrix solidifies back quickly enough (a process known as thermochromism). Thermal print heads can have a resolution of up to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743007 |
Thermal printing Toward the beginning of the 21st century, however, thermal wax transfer, laser, and inkjet printing technology largely supplanted thermal printing technology in fax machines, allowing printing on plain paper. Thermal Receipt Printers are very efficient and quick. Its efficiency can be utilized in retai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743007 |
Thermal printing This can cause problems if the parents wish to preserve the image by laminating it, as the heat of most laminators will darken the entire page—this can be tested for beforehand on an unimportant thermal print. An option is to make and laminate a permanent ink duplicate of the image. Reports began surfa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743007 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, or mAChRs, are acetylcholine receptors that form G protein-coupled receptor complexes in the cell membranes of certain neurons and other cells. They play several roles, including acting as the main end-receptor stimulated by acetylcholine released fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Peripheral autonomic fibers (sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers) are categorized anatomically as either preganglionic or postganglionic fibers, then further generalized as either adrenergic fibers, releasing noradrenaline, or cholinergic fibers, both releasing acetylcholine and exp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Here acetylcholine is again used as a neurotransmitter, and "muscarinic" receptors form the principal receptors on the innervated tissue. Very few parts of the sympathetic system use cholinergic receptors. In sweat glands the receptors are of the "muscarinic" type. The sympathetic nerv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor In such receptors, the signaling molecule (the ligand) binds to a receptor that has seven transmembrane regions; in this case, the ligand is ACh. This receptor is bound to intracellular proteins, known as G proteins, which begin the information cascade within the cell. By contrast, nic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor The fifth, M, corresponds to a subtype of receptor that had until recently not been detected pharmacologically. The receptors m1 and m2 were determined based upon partial sequencing of M and M receptor proteins. The others were found by searching for homology, using bioinformatic techn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor It is predominantly found bound to G proteins of class G, which use upregulation of phospholipase C and, therefore, inositol trisphosphate and intracellular calcium as a signaling pathway. A receptor so bound would not be susceptible to CTX or PTX. However, G (causing a downstream decr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Because the M receptor is G-coupled and mediates an increase in intracellular calcium, it typically causes contraction of smooth muscle, such as that observed during bronchoconstriction and bladder voiding. However, with respect to vasculature, activation of M on vascular endothelial c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Ligands targeting the mAChR that are currently approved for clinical use include non-selective antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, atropine (to dilate the pupil), scopolamine (used to prevent motion sickness), and ipratropium (used in the treatment of COPD). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743435 |
Anisomycin Anisomycin, also known as flagecidin, is an antibiotic produced by "Streptomyces griseolus" which inhibits eukaryotic protein synthesis. Partial inhibition of DNA synthesis occurs at anisomycin concentrations that effect 95% inhibition of protein synthesis. can activate stress-activated protein kinases, MAP ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743477 |
Anisomycin Methionine is likely responsible for the methylation of the hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Glycine or acetate account for C-4 and C-5 on the pyrrolidine ring. It was noted that deacetylanisomycin was a prominent product in the first few days of fermentation, suggesting tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=743477 |
C17H21NO4 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=744914 |
C21H23NO5 The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=744949 |
C20H25N3O The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=744955 |
Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In the USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion. is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=745387 |
Malathion 5% preparations) is used as a treatment for: Preparations include Derbac-M, Prioderm, Quellada-M and Ovide. is of low toxicity; however, absorption or ingestion into the human body readily results in its metabolism to malaoxon, which is substantially more toxic. In studies of the effects of long-term exposure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=745387 |
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