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Transduction (genetics) Transduction is the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another and hence an example of horizontal gene transfer. Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714053 |
Transduction (genetics) Generalized transduction (see below) occurs in both cycles during the lytic stage, while specialized transduction (see below) occurs when a prophage is excised in the lysogenic cycle." The packaging of bacteriophage DNA into phage capsids has low fidelity. Small pieces of bacterial DNA may be pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714053 |
Transduction (genetics) Specialized transduction occurs when a prophage excises imprecisely from the chromosome so that bacterial genes lying adjacent to it are included in the excised DNA. The excised DNA is then packaged into a new virus particle, which then delivers the DNA to a new bacterium. Here, the donor genes ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714053 |
Transduction (genetics) Transduction with viral vectors can be used to insert or modify genes in mammalian cells. It is often used as a tool in basic research and is actively researched as a potential means for gene therapy. In these cases, a plasmid is constructed in which the genes to be transferred are flanked by vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714053 |
Transduction (genetics) However, since the transferred genetic material does not encode any of the viral genes, these infections do not generate new viruses (the viruses are "replication-deficient"). Some enhancers have been used to improve transduction efficiency such as polybrene, protamine sulfate, retronectin, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714053 |
Wolf Prize in Chemistry The is awarded once a year by the Wolf Foundation in Israel. It is one of the six Wolf Prizes established by the Foundation and awarded since 1978; the others are in Agriculture, Mathematics, Medicine, Physics and Arts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714440 |
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923. The fundamental concept of this theory is that when an acid and a base react with each other, the acid forms its conjugate base, and t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714543 |
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory Consider the following acid–base reaction: Acetic acid, CHCOOH, is an acid because it donates a proton to water (HO) and becomes its conjugate base, the acetate ion (CHCOO). HO is a base because it accepts a proton from CHCOOH and becomes its conjugate acid, the hydronium ion, (HO). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714543 |
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory Some non-aqueous solvents can behave as bases, that is, proton acceptors, in relation to Brønsted–Lowry acids. where S stands for a solvent molecule. The most important such solvents are dimethylsulfoxide, DMSO, and acetonitrile, CHCN, as these solvents have been widely used to measure t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714543 |
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory In this representation both the base, B, and the conjugate base, A, are shown carrying a lone pair of electrons and the proton, which is a Lewis acid, is transferred between them. Lewis later wrote in "To restrict the group of acids to those substances that contain hydrogen interferes as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714543 |
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory For example, the reaction does not fall within the scope of the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases. On the other hand, magnesium oxide acts as a base when it reacts with an aqueous solution of an acid. Dissolved SiO has been predicted to be a weak acid in the Brønsted–Lowry sen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714543 |
Dalitz plot The is a ternary plot often used in particle physics to represent the relative frequency of various (kinematically distinct) manners in which the products of certain (otherwise similar) three-body decays may move apart. The kinematics of a three-body decay can be completely described using two variables. In... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714601 |
Dalitz plot It can be adapted to the analysis of four-body decays as well. A specific form of a four-particle (for non-relativistic kinematics), which is based on a tetrahedral coordinate system, was first applied to study the few-body dynamics in atomic four-body fragmentation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=714601 |
Thorotrast is a suspension containing particles of the radioactive compound thorium dioxide, ThO, that was used as a radiocontrast agent in medical radiography in the 1930s and 1940s. Use in some countries, such as the U.S., continued into the 1950s. Thorium compounds produce excellent images because of thorium's high ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=716048 |
Thorotrast The significance of this long-term exposure was not fully understood at the time of Thorotrast's introduction in 1931. Due to the release of alpha particles, was found to be extremely carcinogenic. There is a high over-incidence of various cancers in patients who have been treated with Thorotrast. The cancer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=716048 |
Thorotrast The use of in Denmark ended in 1947 when safer alternatives became available. has also been used in research to stain neural tissue samples for examination by historadiography. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=716048 |
Selman Waksman Selman Abraham Waksman (July 22, 1888 – August 16, 1973) was a Ukrainian-born, Jewish-American inventor, biochemist and microbiologist whose research into the decomposition of organisms that live in soil enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics. A professor of biochemistry and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718096 |
Selman Waksman He was the son of Fradia (London) and Jacob Waksman. He immigrated to the United States in 1910, shortly after receiving his diploma from the Fifth Gymnasium in Odessa, and became a naturalized American citizen six years later. Waksman attended Rutgers College (now Rutgers University), where he graduated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718096 |
Selman Waksman Waksman is credited with coining the term antibiotics, to describe antibacterials derived from other living organisms, for example penicillin, though the term was used by the French dermatologist François Henri Hallopeau, in 1871 to describe a substance opposed to the development of life. In addition to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718096 |
Selman Waksman griseus" and found effective against tuberculosis by one of Waksman's graduate students, Albert Schatz. The details and credit for the discovery of streptomycin and its usefulness as an antibiotic were strongly contested by Schatz, eventually leading to litigation. Waksman and Rutgers settled out of cour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718096 |
Selman Waksman In 1951, using half of his personal patent royalties, Waksman created the Waksman Foundation for Microbiology. At a meeting of the board of trustees of the foundation, held in July 1951, he urged the building of a facility for work in microbiology, named the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, which is lo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718096 |
Antitranspirant Antitranspirants are compounds applied to the leaves of plants to reduce transpiration. They are used from Christmas trees, on cut flowers, on newly transplanted shrubs, and in other applications to preserve and protect plants from drying out too quickly. They have also been used to protect leaves from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=718507 |
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms. The most prominent example is photosynthesis, although chemosynthesis is another form of carbon fixation that can take place in the absence of sunlight. Organisms that grow by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation Of the five other autotrophic pathways, two are known only in bacteria (the reductive citric acid cycle and the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle), two only in archaea (two variants of the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle), and one in both bacteria and archaea (the reductive acetyl CoA pathway). In photosynthesis, ene... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation The Calvin cycle converts carbon dioxide into sugar, as triose phosphate (TP), which is glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) together with dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP): An alternative perspective accounts for NADPH (source of e) and ATP: The formula for inorganic phosphate (P) is HOPO + 2H. Formulas fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation CO concentrating mechanisms use the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA), which catalyze both the dehydration of bicarbonate to CO and the hydration of CO to bicarbonate Lipid membranes are much less permeable to bicarbonate than to CO. To capture inorganic carbon more effectively, some plants have adapted th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation They are so-called to distinguish them from the CAM and C plants, and because the carboxylation products of the Calvin cycle are 3-carbon compounds. They lack C dicarboxylic acid cycles, and therefore have higher CO compensation points than CAM or C plants. C plants have a carbon isotope signature of −2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation The key steps of the reverse Krebs cycle are: <chem>Oxaloacetate + NADH/H+ -> Malate + NAD+</chem> <chem>Fumarate + FADH2 <=> Succinate + FAD</chem> <chem>Succinate + ATP + CoA -> Succinyl-CoA + ADP + Pi</chem> <chem>Succinyl-CoA + CO2 + Fd{(red)} -> alpha-ketoglutarate + Fd{(ox)} </chem> <chem>Alpha-ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation It is an acetogen, an anaerobic bacteria that uses CO as electron acceptor and carbon source, and H as an electron donor to form acetic acid. This metabolism is wide spread within the phylum Firmicutes, especially in the Clostridia. The pathway is also used by methanogens, which are mainly Euryarchaeota... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation This key enzyme is also the catalyst for the formation of acetyl-CoA starting from the products of the previous reactions, the methyl and the carbonyl residues. This carbon fixation pathway requires only one molecule of ATP for the production of one molecule of pyruvate, which makes this process one of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation This, in turn, is then converted through a series of reactions into Citramalyl-CoA. The Citramalyl-CoA is split into pyruvate and Acetyl-CoA thanks to the enzyme MMC lyase. At this point the pyruvate is released, while the Acetyl-CoA is reused and carboxylated again at Malonyl-coa thus reconstituting th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
Carbon fixation Although almost all heterotrophs cannot synthesize complete organic molecules from carbon dioxide, some carbon dioxide is incorporated in their metabolism. Notably pyruvate carboxylase consumes carbon dioxide (as bicarbonate ions) as part of gluconeogenesis, and carbon dioxide is consumed in various ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=719534 |
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense The (USAMRICD) is a military medical research institute located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, US. It is the leading science and technology laboratory of the Department of Defense for the development, testing, and evaluation of medical chemical wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=721702 |
Primary metabolite A primary metabolite is a kind of metabolite that is directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function). A primary metabolite is typically present in many organisms or cells. It is also referred ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=722869 |
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a medical test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen found in blood. The liver produces urea in the urea cycle as a waste product of the digestion of protein. Normal human adult blood should contain 6 to 20 mg/dL (2.1 to 7.1 mmol/L) of urea nitrogen. Individual laboratories will have di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=724577 |
Blood urea nitrogen BUN (urea-N) is mg/dL in the United States, Mexico, Italy, Austria, and Germany. Elsewhere, the concentration of urea is reported in SI unit as mmol/L, which is generally depending on the lab. formula_1 represents the mass of nitrogen within urea/volume, not the mass of whole urea. Each molecule of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=724577 |
Glovebox A glovebox (or glove box) is a sealed container that is designed to allow one to manipulate objects where a separate atmosphere is desired. Built into the sides of the glovebox are gloves arranged in such a way that the user can place their hands into the gloves and perform tasks inside the box without breakin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=725995 |
Glovebox An alternative to using a glovebox for air sensitive work is to employ Schlenk methods using a Schlenk line. One disadvantage of working in a glovebox is that organic solvents will attack the plastic seals. As a result, the box will start to leak and water and oxygen can then enter the box. Another disadvantag... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=725995 |
Glovebox Gloveboxes used for hazardous materials are generally maintained at a lower pressure than the surrounding atmosphere, so that microscopic leaks result in air intake rather than hazard outflow. Gloveboxes used for hazardous materials generally incorporate HEPA filters into the exhaust, to keep the hazard contai... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=725995 |
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). and pharmacokinetics are the main branches of pharm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726049 |
Pharmacodynamics The majority of drugs either There are 7 main drug actions: The desired activity of a drug is mainly due to successful targeting of one of the following: General anesthetics were once thought to work by disordering the neural membranes, thereby altering the Na influx. Antacids and chelating agents comb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726049 |
Pharmacodynamics Undesirable effects of a drug include: The therapeutic window is the amount of a medication between the amount that gives an effect (effective dose) and the amount that gives more adverse effects than desired effects. For instance, medication with a small pharmaceutical window must be administered with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726049 |
Pharmacodynamics This explains the so-called "receptor reserve" phenomenon i.e. the concentration producing 50% occupancy is typically higher than the concentration producing 50% of maximum response. More precisely, receptor reserve refers to a phenomenon whereby stimulation of only a fraction of the whole receptor pop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726049 |
Pharmacodynamics It is useful to note that 50% of the receptors are bound when ["L"]="K" . The graph shown represents the conc-response for two hypothetical receptor agonists, plotted in a semi-log fashion. The curve toward the left represents a higher potency (potency arrow does not indicate direction of increase) sin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=726049 |
Panacea (medicine) The panacea , named after the Greek goddess of universal remedy Panacea, is any supposed remedy that is claimed (for example) to cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. It was in the past sought by alchemists in connection with the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone, a mythical subst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729695 |
Microreactor A microreactor or microstructured reactor or microchannel reactor is a device in which chemical reactions take place in a confinement with typical lateral dimensions below 1 mm; the most typical form of such confinement are microchannels. Microreactors are studied in the field of micro process engineering,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Microreactor This new concept, known by names as microreaction technology or micro process engineering, was further developed by various research institutions. An early example from 1997 involved that of azo couplings in a pyrex reactor with channel dimensions 90 micrometres deep and 190 micrometres wide. Using microre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Microreactor Microreactors are applied in combination with photochemistry, electrosynthesis, multicomponent reactions and polymerization (for example that of butyl acrylate). It can involve liquid-liquid systems but also solid-liquid systems with for example the channel walls coated with a heterogeneous catalyst. Synth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Microreactor A novel microreactor design developed by Kundu and Bhangale et al. enabled to perform heterogeneous reactions in continuous mode, in organic media, and at elevated temperatures. Using microreactors, enabled faster polymerization and higher molecular mass compared to using batch reactors. It is evident that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Microreactor The combination of the uncompromised (sub-Hz) resolution and a low sample volume can prove to be a valuable tool for flow chemistry. Mettler Toledo and Bruker Optics offer dedicated equipment for monitoring, with attenuated total reflectance spectrometry (ATR spectrometry) in microreaction setups. The form... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Microreactor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Oregon State University in Corvallis, Oregon, at University of California, Berkeley in Berkeley, California in the United States, at the EPFL in Lausanne, Switzerland, at Eindhoven Unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729876 |
Kenichi Fukui (福井 謙一 "Fukui Ken'ichi", October 4, 1918 – January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist, known as the first Asian person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Fukui was co-recipient of the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Roald Hoffmann, for their independent investigations into the mechanisms of chemi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Kenichi Fukui Actually, the fact that my respected Fabre had been a genius in chemistry had captured my heart latently, the most decisive occurrence in my education career came when my father asked the advice of Professor Gen-itsu Kita of the Kyoto Imperial University concerning the cause I should take.” On the advice ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Kenichi Fukui Following his graduation from Kyoto Imperial University in 1941, Fukui was engaged in the Army Fuel Laboratory of Japan during World War II. In 1943, he was appointed a lecturer in fuel chemistry at Kyoto Imperial University and began his career as an experimental organic chemist. He was professor of phys... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Kenichi Fukui ' The frontier orbitals concept came to be recognized following the 1965 publication by Robert B. Woodward and Roald Hoffmann of the Woodward-Hoffmann stereoselection rules, which could predict the reaction rates between two reactants. These rules, depicted in diagrams, explain why some pairs react easily... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Kenichi Fukui But if you want to do original work you must start young, and young people are limited by the chair system. Even if students cannot become assistant professors at an early age they should be encouraged to do original work." Fukui also admonished Japanese industrial research stating, "Industry is more like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Kenichi Fukui From these observations, frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory simplifies reactivity to interactions between HOMO of one species and the LUMO of the other. This helps to explain the predictions of the Woodward-Hoffman rules for thermal pericyclic reactions, which are summarized in the following statemen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729933 |
Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of ZnS. This is the main form of zinc found in nature, where it mainly occurs as the mineral sphalerite. Although this mineral is usually black because of various impurities, the pure material is white, and it is widely used as a pigment... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729998 |
Zinc sulfide Copper-doped zinc sulfide ("ZnS plus Cu") is used also in electroluminescent panels. It also exhibits phosphorescence due to impurities on illumination with blue or ultraviolet light. is also used as an infrared optical material, transmitting from visible wavelengths to just over 12 micrometers. It can be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729998 |
Zinc sulfide 54 electron volts at 300 kelvins, but the hexagonal form has a band gap of about 3.91 electron volts. ZnS can be doped as either an n-type semiconductor or a p-type semiconductor. The phosphorescence of ZnS was first reported by the French chemist Théodore Sidot in 1866. His findings were presented by A. E... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=729998 |
Van 't Hoff factor The van 't Hoff factor (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute upon colligative properties such as osmotic pressure, relative lowering in vapor pressure, boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression. The van 't Hoff factor is the ratio ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=730824 |
Van 't Hoff factor If a fraction formula_1 of the solute dissociates into formula_3 ions, then For example, the dissociation yields formula_5 ions, so that formula_6 For dissociation in the absence of association, the van 't Hoff factor is: formula_7. Similarly, if a fraction formula_1 of formula_3 moles of solute asso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=730824 |
Ideal solution In chemistry, an ideal solution or ideal mixture is a solution in which the gas phase exhibits thermodynamic properties analogous to those of a mixture of ideal gases. The enthalpy of mixing is zero as is the volume change on mixing by definition; the closer to zero the enthalpy of mixing is the more "id... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731401 |
Ideal solution Since the interaction energies between A and B are almost equal, it follows that there is a very small overall energy (enthalpy) change when the substances are mixed. The more dissimilar the nature of A and B, the more strongly the solution is expected to deviate from ideality. Different related definiti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731401 |
Ideal solution Some authors therefore define an ideal solution as one for which each component obeys the fugacity analogue of Raoult's law formula_10, Here formula_11 is the fugacity of component formula_12 in solution and formula_13 is the fugacity of formula_12 as a pure substance. Since the fugacity is defined by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731401 |
Ideal solution Since formula_32 and formula_33: It is also easily verifiable that Finally since Which means that and since formula_38 then At last we can calculate the molar entropy of mixing since formula_40 and formula_41 Solvent-solute interactions are similar to solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions Since ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731401 |
Ideal solution A single Margules parameter may be sufficient to describe the properties of the solution if the deviations from ideality are modest; such solutions are termed "regular". In contrast to ideal solutions, where volumes are strictly additive and mixing is always complete, the volume of a non-ideal solution i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=731401 |
Conductive polymer Conductive polymers or, more precisely, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) are organic polymers that conduct electricity. Such compounds may have metallic conductivity or can be semiconductors. The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is their processability, mainly by dispersion. Conductiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer While these compounds were technically not polymers, this indicated that organic compounds can carry current. While organic conductors were previously intermittently discussed, the field was particularly energized by the prediction of superconductivity following the discovery of BCS theory. In 1963 A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer Since the late 1980s, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have emerged as an important application of conducting polymers. Linear-backbone "polymer blacks" (polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyindole and polyaniline) and their copolymers are the main class of conductive polymers. Poly(p-phenylene vinyl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer There are two main methods used to synthesize conductive polymers, chemical synthesis and electro (co)polymerization. The chemical synthesis means connecting carbon-carbon bond of monomers by placing the simple monomers under various condition, such as heating, pressing, light exposure and catalyst. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer All the p orbitals combine with each other to a molecule wide delocalized set of orbitals. The electrons in these delocalized orbitals have high mobility when the material is "doped" by oxidation, which removes some of these delocalized electrons. Thus, the conjugated p-orbitals form a one-dimensiona... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer Even at a very low level of doping (< 1%), electrical conductivity increases several orders of magnitude up to values of around 0.1 S/cm. Subsequent doping of the conducting polymers will result in a saturation of the conductivity at values around 0.1–10 kS/cm for different polymers. Highest values r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer They have promise in antistatic materials and they have been incorporated into commercial displays and batteries, but there have been limitations due to the manufacturing costs, material inconsistencies, toxicity, poor solubility in solvents, and inability to directly melt process. Literature suggest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer While PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) is mainly used in antistatic applications and as a transparent conductive layer in form of PEDOT:PSS dispersions (PSS=polystyrene sulfonic acid), polyaniline is widely used for printed circuit board manufacturing – in the final finish, for protecting cop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Conductive polymer Such materials are salt-like (polymer salt), which diminishes their solubility in organic solvents and water and hence their processability. Furthermore, the charged organic backbone is often unstable towards atmospheric moisture. The poor processability for many polymers requires the introduction of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=732746 |
Nanopore sequencing is a third generation approach used in the sequencing of biopolymers- specifically, polynucleotides in the form of DNA or RNA. Using nanopore sequencing, a single molecule of DNA or RNA can be sequenced without the need for PCR amplification or chemical labeling of the sample. At least one of these ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing The total charge flowing through a nanopore channel is equal to the surface integral of electric current density flux across the nanopore unit normal surfaces between times t and t. Biological nanopore sequencing relies on the use of transmembrane proteins, called porins, that are embedded in lipid ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing The enzyme would periodically cleave single bases, enabling the pore to identify successive bases. Coupling an exonuclease to the biological pore would slow the translocation of the DNA through the pore, and increase the accuracy of data acquisition. Notably, theorists have shown that sequencing via... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing 2 nm at the bottom of the pore. A natural MspA, while favorable for DNA sequencing because of shape and diameter, has a negative core that prohibited single stranded DNA(ssDNA) translocation. The natural nanopore was modified to improve translocation by replacing three negatively charged aspartic ac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing Measurement of electron tunneling through bases as ssDNA translocates through the nanopore is an improved solid state nanopore sequencing method. Most research has focused on proving bases could be determined using electron tunneling. These studies were conducted using a scanning probe microscope as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing This fluorescence sequencing method converts each base into a characteristic representation of multiple nucleotides which bind to a fluorescent probe strand-forming dsDNA. With the two color system proposed, each base is identified by two separate fluorescences, and will therefore be converted into ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing Uniform pore structure, the precise control of sample translocation through pore channels, and even the detection of individual nucleotides in samples can be facilitated by unique proteins from a variety of organism types. The use of proteins in biological nanopore sequencing systems, despite the va... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing This makes recording difficult and prone to background noise, failing in obtaining single-nucleotide resolution. The problem is being tackled by either improving the recording technology or by controlling the speed of DNA strand by various protein engineering strategies and Oxford Nanopore employs a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Nanopore sequencing The central pore of the protein may be lined with charged residues arranged so that the positive and negative charges appear on opposite sides of the pore. However, this mechanism is primarily discriminatory and does not constitute a mechanism to guide nucleotides down some particular path. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733009 |
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Poly("p"-phenylene vinylene) (PPV, or polyphenylene vinylene) is a conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer family. PPV is the only polymer of this type that can be processed into a highly ordered crystalline thin film. PPV and its derivatives are electrically conducting upon doping. Altho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733062 |
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) An advantage of the step-polymerization approach is that ortho-, meta-, and para-xylylene linkages can be incorporated in the main chain. Copolymers of defined stereoregularity can also be easily made in this way. PPV derivatives can be also produced via the Knoevenagel condensation between a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733062 |
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Highly oriented PPV films obtained by the soluble polymeric precursor route usually have P21 symmetry with a monoclinic unit cell containing two monomer units: c (chain axis) = 0.658, a = 0.790, b = 0.605 nm, and α (monoclinic angle) = 123o (Figure 1). The structural organization of PPV chain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733062 |
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Polymers are speculated to have advantages over molecular materials in LEDs, such as ease of processing, reduced tendency for crystallization, and greater thermal and mechanical stability. Ever since the first breakthrough in 1989, a large number of PPV derivatives have been synthesized and u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733062 |
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) Although PPV-based devices suffer from poor absorption and photodegradation, PPV and PPV derivatives (especially MEH-PPV and MDMO-PPV) find frequent application in research cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733062 |
Polyacetylene (IUPAC name: polyethyne) usually refers to an organic polymer with the repeating unit (CH). The name refers to its conceptual construction from polymerization of acetylene to give a chain with repeating olefin groups. This compound is conceptually important, as the discovery of polyacetylene and its high ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene The controlled synthesis of each isomer of the polymer, "cis"-polyacetylene or "trans"-polyacetylene, can be achieved by changing the temperature at which the reaction is conducted. The "cis" form of the polymer is thermodynamically less stable than the "trans" isomer. Despite the conjugated nature of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene They discovered that the polymerization of polyacetylene could be achieved at the surface of a concentrated solution of the catalyst system of EtAl and Ti(OBu) in an inert solvent such as toluene. In parallel with Shirakawa's studies, Alan Heeger and Alan MacDiarmid were studying the metallic properties o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene A variety of methods have been developed to synthesize polyacetylene, from pure acetylene and other monomers. One of the most common methods uses a Ziegler–Natta catalyst, such as Ti(O"i"Pr)/Al(CH), with gaseous acetylene. This method allows control over the structure and properties of the final polymer b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene can be synthesized by ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) from cyclooctatetraene, a material easier to handle than the acetylene monomer. This synthetic route also provides a facile method for adding solubilizing groups to the polymer while maintaining the conjugation. Robert Grubbs and coworker... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene When polyacetylene films are exposed to vapors of electron-accepting compounds (p-type dopants), the electrical conductivity of the material increases by orders of magnitude over the undoped material. p-type dopants include Br, I, Cl, and AsF. These dopants act by abstracting an electron from the polymer ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene 7×10 Ωcm Doping with bromine causes an increase in conductivity to 0.5 Ωcm, while a higher conductivity of 38 Ωcm is obtained through doping with iodine. Doping of either "cis"- or "trans"-polyacetylene leads to an increase in their conductivities. Doped "cis"-polyacetylene films usually have conductiviti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Polyacetylene 4 g/cm, while density of the foam is significantly lower, at 0.02–0.04 g/cm. The morphology consists of fibrils, with an average width of 200 Å. These fibrils form an irregular, web-like network, with some cross-linking between chains. The insolubility of polyacetylene makes it difficult to characterize t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733183 |
Poly(p-phenylene) Poly("p"-phenylene) (PPP) is made of repeating "p"-phenylene units, which act as the precursor to a conducting polymer of the rigid-rod polymer family. The synthesis of PPP has proven challenging, but has been accomplished through excess polycondensation with the Suzuki coupling method. Early efforts ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733191 |
Polythiophene Polythiophenes (PTs) are polymerized thiophenes, a sulfur heterocycle. They are white solids with the formula (CHS) for the parent PT. The rings are linked through the 2- and 5-positions. Poly(alkylthiophene)s have substituents at the 3- or 4-position. They are also white solids, but tend to be soluble in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=733204 |
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