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Isotopes of iodine For example, blockade of thyroid iodine uptake with potassium iodide is used in nuclear medicine scintigraphy and therapy with some radioiodinated compounds that are not targeted to the thyroid, such as iobenguane (MIBG), which used to image or treat neural tissue tumors, or iodinated fibrinogen, whi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526953 |
Isotopes of iodine In theory, many harmful late-cancer effects of nuclear fallout might be prevented in this way, since an excess of thyroid cancers, presumably due to radioiodine uptake, is the only proven radioisotope contamination effect after a fission accident, or from contamination by fallout from an atomic bomb ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526953 |
Isotopes of tellurium There are 39 known isotopes and 17 nuclear isomers of tellurium (Te), with atomic masses that range from 104 to 142. These are listed in the table below. Naturally-occurring tellurium on Earth consists of eight isotopes. Two of these have been found to be radioactive: Te and Te undergo double beta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526955 |
Isotopes of tellurium It decays, via two beta decays, to Xe, the most powerful known neutron absorber, and the cause of the iodine pit phenomenon. With the exception of beryllium, tellurium is the lightest element observed to commonly undergo alpha decay, with isotopes Te to Te being seen to undergo this mode of decay.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526955 |
Isotopes of antimony Antimony (Sb) occurs in two stable isotopes, Sb and Sb. There are 35 artificial radioactive isotopes, the longest-lived of which are Sb, with a half-life of 2.75856 years; Sb, with a half-life of 60.2 days; and Sb, with a half-life of 12.35 days. All other isotopes have half-lives less than 4 days,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526963 |
Isotopes of tin Tin (Sn) is the element with the greatest number of stable isotopes (ten; three of them are potentially radioactive but have not been observed to decay), which is probably related to the fact that 50 is a "magic number" of protons. Twenty-nine additional unstable isotopes are known, including the "doubl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526965 |
Isotopes of tin Fast fission in a fast reactor or nuclear weapon, or fission of some heavy minor actinides like californium, will produce it at higher yields. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526965 |
Isotopes of indium Indium (In) consists of two primordial nuclides, with the most common (~ 95.7%) nuclide (In) being measurably though weakly radioactive. Its spin-forbidden decay has a half life of 4.41×10 years. The stable isotope In is only 4.3% of naturally occurring indium. Among elements with a known stable isot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526967 |
Isotopes of silver Naturally occurring silver (Ag) is composed of the two stable isotopes Ag and Ag in almost equal proportions, with Ag being slightly more abundant (51.839% natural abundance). Twenty-eight radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being Ag with a half-life of 41.29 days, Ag with a ha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526968 |
Isotopes of silver Pd versus Ag correlations observed in bodies, which have clearly been melted since the accretion of the solar system, must reflect the presence of live short-lived nuclides in the early solar system. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526968 |
Isotopes of cadmium Naturally occurring cadmium (Cd) is composed of 8 isotopes. For two of them, natural radioactivity was observed, and three others are predicted to be radioactive but their decays have not been observed, due to extremely long half-lives. The two natural radioactive isotopes are Cd (beta decay, half-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526969 |
Isotopes of cadmium In a normal thermal reactor, it has a very low fission product yield, plus its large neutron capture cross section means that most of even the small amount produced is destroyed in the course of the nuclear fuel's burnup; thus, this isotope is not a significant contributor to nuclear waste. Fast fis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526969 |
Isotopes of palladium Naturally occurring palladium (Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, Pd, Pd, Pd, Pd, Pd, and Pd, although Pd and Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days. Twenty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526976 |
Isotopes of palladium 99 days and decays by electron capture to rhodium-103, emitting characteristic x-rays with 21 keV of energy. Palladium-107 is the second longest lived (half-life of 6.5 million years) and least radioactive (decay energy only 33 keV, specific activity 5 Ci/g) of the 7 long-lived fission products. I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526976 |
Isotopes of rhodium Naturally occurring rhodium (Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope, Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are Rh with a half-life of 3.3 years, Rh with a half-life of 207 days, and Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weights ranging from ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526986 |
Isotopes of ruthenium Naturally occurring ruthenium (Ru) is composed of seven stable isotopes. Additionally, 27 radioactive isotopes have been discovered. Of these radioisotopes, the most stable are Ru, with a half-life of 373.59 days; Ru, with a half-life of 39.26 days and Ru, with a half-life of 2.9 days. Twenty-four... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526988 |
Isotopes of technetium Technetium (Tc) is the first of the two elements lighter than bismuth that have no stable isotopes; the other such element is promethium. It is primarily artificial, with only trace quantities existing in nature produced by spontaneous fission (there are an estimated grams of Tc per gram of pitch... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526990 |
Isotopes of technetium Technetium-99 is the most common and most readily available isotope, as it is a major fission product from fission of actinides like uranium and plutonium with a fission product yield of 6% or more, and in fact the most significant long-lived fission product. Lighter isotopes of technetium are al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526990 |
Isotopes of technetium For a fixed number of nucleons "A", the binding energies lie on one or more parabolas, with the most stable nuclide at the bottom. One can have more than one parabola because isotopes with an even number of protons and an even number of neutrons are more stable than isotopes with an odd number of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526990 |
Isotopes of technetium For the isotopes with an even number of nucleons, since technetium has an odd number of protons, any isotope must also have an odd number of neutrons. In such a case, the presence of a stable nuclide having the same number of nucleons and an even number of protons rules out the possibility of a s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526990 |
Isotopes of molybdenum Molybdenum (Mo) has 33 known isotopes, ranging in atomic mass from 83 to 115, as well as four metastable nuclear isomers. Seven isotopes occur naturally, with atomic masses of 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, and 100. All unstable isotopes of molybdenum decay into isotopes of zirconium, niobium, technetiu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526992 |
Isotopes of molybdenum Typically quantification of Mo-99 breakthrough is performed for every elution when using a Mo-99/Tc-99m generator during QA-QC testing of the final product. There are alternative routes for generating Mo-99 that do not require a fissionable target, such as high or low enriched uranium (i.e., HEU ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2526992 |
Isotopes of niobium Naturally occurring niobium (Nb) is composed of one stable isotope (Nb). The most stable radioisotope is Nb with a half-life of 34.7 million years. The next longest-lived niobium isotopes are Nb (half-life: 20,300 years) and Nb with a half-life of 680 years. There is also a meta state of Nb at 31 ke... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527003 |
Isotopes of niobium This isotope, along with Nb, has been detected in refined samples of terrestrial niobium and may originate from bombardment by cosmic ray muons in Earth's crust. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527003 |
Isotopes of yttrium Natural yttrium (Y) is composed of a single isotope yttrium-89. The most stable radioisotopes are Y, which has a half-life of 106.6 days and Y with a half-life of 58.51 days. All the other isotopes have half-lives of less than a day, except Y, which has a half-life of 79.8 hours, and Y, with 64 hour... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527005 |
Isotopes of strontium The alkaline earth metal strontium (Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: Sr (0.56%), Sr (9.86%), Sr (7.0%) and Sr (82.58%). Its standard atomic weight is 87.62(1). Only Sr is radiogenic; it is produced by decay from the radioactive alkali metal Rb, which has a half-life of 4.88 × 10 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527006 |
Isotopes of strontium In circumstances where cancer patients have widespread and painful bony metastases, the administration of Sr results in the delivery of beta particles directly to the area of bony problem, where calcium turnover is greatest. Sr is a by-product of nuclear fission, present in nuclear fallout. The 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527006 |
Isotopes of rubidium Rubidium (Rb) has 32 isotopes, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive Rb (27.8%). Normal mixes of rubidium are radioactive enough to fog photographic film in approximately 30 to 60 days. Rb has a half-life of . It readily substitutes fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527008 |
Isotopes of rubidium It does not exist naturally, but can be made from the decay of Sr. Rubidium-87 is an isotope of rubidium. Rubidium-87 was the first and the most popular atom for making Bose–Einstein condensates in dilute atomic gases. Even though rubidium-85 is more abundant, rubidium-87 has a positive scattering ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527008 |
Isotopes of krypton There are 33 known isotopes of krypton (Kr) with atomic mass numbers from 69 through 101. Naturally occurring krypton is made of five stable isotopes and one () which is slightly radioactive with an extremely long half-life, plus traces of radioisotopes that are produced by cosmic rays in the atmosp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527017 |
Isotopes of krypton To be more specific, those nuclear reprocessing plants with significant capacities are located in the United States, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, the Russian Federation, Mainland China (PRC), Japan, India, and Pakistan. Krypton-86 was formerly used to define the meter from 1960 until 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527017 |
Isotopes of selenium Selenium (Se) has six natural isotopes that occur in significant quantities, along with the trace isotope Se, which occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores. Five of these isotopes are stable: Se, Se, Se, Se, and Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with Se, which has a half-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527020 |
Isotopes of bromine Bromine (Br) has two stable isotopes, Br and Br, and 30 known radioisotopes, the most stable of which is Br, with a half-life of 57.036 hours. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527021 |
Isotopes of arsenic Arsenic (As) has 33 known isotopes and at least 10 isomers. Only one of these isotopes, As, is stable; as such, it is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioisotope is As has a half-life of 80 days. Arsenic has been proposed as a "salting" material for nuclear weapons (cobalt is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527022 |
Isotopes of germanium Germanium (Ge) has five naturally occurring isotopes, Ge, Ge, Ge, Ge, and Ge. Of these, Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.78 × 10 years (130 billion times the age of the universe). Stable Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527023 |
Isotopes of gallium Natural gallium (Ga) consists of a mixture of two stable isotopes: gallium-69 and gallium-71. The most commercially important radioisotopes are gallium-67 and gallium-68. Gallium-67 (half-life 3.3 days) is a gamma-emitting isotope (the gamma emitted immediately after electron-capture) used in standa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527035 |
Isotopes of copper Copper (Cu) has two stable isotopes, Cu and Cu, along with 27 radioisotopes. The most stable radioisotope is Cu with a half-life of 61.83 hours, while the least stable is Cu with a half-life of approximately 75 ns. Most have half-lives under a minute. Unstable copper isotopes with atomic masses below... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527036 |
Isotopes of nickel Naturally occurring nickel (Ni) is composed of five stable isotopes; , , , and with being the most abundant (68.077% natural abundance). 26 radioisotopes have been characterised with the most stable being with a half-life of 76,000 years, with a half-life of 100.1 years, and with a half-life of 6.077... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527039 |
Isotopes of nickel has been used to date the terrestrial age of meteorites and to determine abundances of extraterrestrial dust in ice and sediment. Nickel-60 is the daughter product of the extinct radionuclide (half-life = 2.6 My). Because had such a long half-life, its persistence in materials in the solar system at ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527039 |
Isotopes of nickel Nickel-63 has two main uses: Detection of explosives traces, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them. It is also used i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527039 |
Isotopes of cobalt Naturally occurring cobalt (Co) is composed of 1 stable isotope, Co. 28 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being Co with a half-life of 5.2714 years, Co with a half-life of 271.8 days, Co with a half-life of 77.27 days, and Co with a half-life of 70.86 days. All of the remaini... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527044 |
Isotopes of cobalt The Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. The Co source is useful for about 5 years but even after this ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527044 |
Isotopes of manganese Naturally occurring manganese (Mn) is composed of one stable isotope, Mn. 25 radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Mn with a half-life of 3.7 million years, Mn with a half-life of 312.3 days, and Mn with a half-life of 5.591 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotop... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527047 |
Isotopes of manganese The isotopes of manganese range in atomic weight from 44 u (Mn) to 69 u (Mn). The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Mn, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527047 |
Isotopes of iron Naturally occurring iron (Fe) consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of Fe (possibly radioactive with a half-life over years), 91.754% of Fe, 2.119% of Fe and 0.286% of Fe. There are 24 known radioactive isotopes whose half-lives are listed below, the most stable of which are Fe (half-life 2.6 millio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527048 |
Isotopes of iron The isotope Fe is widely used in Mössbauer spectroscopy and the related nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy due to the low natural variation in energy of the 14.4 keV nuclear transition. The transition was famously used to make the first definitive measurement of gravitational redshift, in the 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527048 |
Isotopes of iron In 2019, researchers found interstellar Fe in Antarctica, which they relate to the Local Interstellar Cloud. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527048 |
Isotopes of chromium Naturally occurring chromium (Cr) is composed of four stable isotopes; Cr, Cr, Cr, and Cr with Cr being the most abundant (83.789% natural abundance). Cr is suspected of decaying by ββ to Ti with a half-life of (more than) 1.8×10 years. Twenty-two radioisotopes, all of which are entirely synthetic,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527049 |
Isotopes of chromium The isotopes of chromium range from Cr to Cr. The primary decay mode before the most abundant stable isotope, Cr, is electron capture and the primary mode after is beta decay. Radioisotopic tracer. Used in medicine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527049 |
Isotopes of vanadium Naturally occurring vanadium (V) is composed of one stable isotope V and one radioactive isotope V with a half-life of 1.5×10 years. 24 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized (in the range of mass number between 40 and 65) with the most stable being V with a half-life of 330 days, and V w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527051 |
Isotopes of scandium Naturally occurring scandium (Sc) is composed of one stable isotope, Sc. Twenty-five radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Sc with a half-life of 83.8 days, Sc with a half-life of 3.35 days, and Sc with a half-life of 43.7 hours and Sc with a half-life of 3.97 hours. All... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527058 |
Isotopes of titanium Naturally occurring titanium (Ti) is composed of five stable isotopes; Ti, Ti, Ti, Ti and Ti with Ti being the most abundant (73.8% natural abundance). Twenty-one radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being Ti with a half-life of 60 years, Ti with a half-life of 184.8 minutes,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527059 |
Isotopes of titanium It was observed in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant and SN 1987A at a relatively high concentration, a consequence of delayed decay resulting from ionizing conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527059 |
Isotopes of calcium Calcium (Ca) has 26 known isotopes, ranging from Ca to Ca. There are five stable isotopes (Ca, Ca, Ca, Ca and Ca), plus one isotope (Ca) with such a long half-life that for all practical purposes it can be considered stable. The most abundant isotope, Ca, as well as the rare Ca, are theoretically un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527060 |
Isotopes of potassium Potassium (K) has 25 known isotopes from K to K, plus an unconfirmed report of K. Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the two stable forms K (93.3%) and K (6.7%), and a very long-lived radioisotope K (0.012%). Naturally occurring radioactive K decays with a half-life of 1.248×10 years. 89% of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527061 |
Isotopes of potassium All other potassium isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under a minute. The least stable is K, a three-proton emitter discovered in 2019; its half-life was measured to be shorter than 10 picoseconds. Various potassium isotopes have been used for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527061 |
Isotopes of argon Argon (Ar) has 26 known isotopes, from Ar to Ar and 1 isomer (Ar), of which three are stable (Ar, Ar, and Ar). On the Earth, Ar makes up 99.6% of natural argon. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are Ar with a half-life of 269 years, Ar with a half-life of 32.9 years, and Ar with a half-life of 35... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527062 |
Isotopes of argon 01±0.08) Bq/kg of Ar. The content of Ar (half-life 33 years) in the Earth's atmosphere is lower than 6×10 parts per part of Ar. Many endeavors require argon depleted in the cosmogenic isotopes, known as depleted argon. In December 2013, Ar, in the form of argon hydride, was found in cosmic dust associ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527062 |
Isotopes of chlorine Chlorine (Cl) has 25 isotopes with mass numbers ranging from Cl to Cl and 2 isomers (Cl and Cl). There are two stable isotopes, Cl (75.77%) and Cl (24.23%), giving chlorine a standard atomic weight of 35.45. The longest-lived radioactive isotope is Cl, which has a half-life of 301,000 years. All ot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527070 |
Isotopes of phosphorus Although phosphorus (P) has 23 isotopes from P to P, only P is stable; as such, phosphorus is considered a monoisotopic element. The longest-lived radioactive isotopes are P with a half-life of 25.34 days and P with a half-life of 14.263 days. All others have half-lives of under 2.5 minutes, most... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527072 |
Isotopes of phosphorus It is used in life-science laboratories in applications in which lower energy beta emissions are advantageous such as DNA sequencing. P can be used to label nucleotides. It is less energetic than P, giving a better resolution. A disadvantage is its higher cost compared to P, as most of the bombar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527072 |
Isotopes of silicon Silicon (Si) has 23 known isotopes, with mass numbers ranging from 22 to 44. Si (the most abundant isotope, at 92.23%), Si (4.67%), and Si (3.1%) are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is Si, which is produced by cosmic ray spallation of argon. Its half-life has been determined to be approximate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527074 |
Isotopes of sulfur Sulfur (S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: S (95.02%), S (0.75%), S (4.21%), and S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527076 |
Isotopes of sulfur Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δS values from oceans believed to be dominated by wa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527076 |
Isotopes of aluminium Aluminium or "aluminum" (Al) has 22 known isotopes from Al to Al and 4 known isomers. Only Al (stable isotope) and Al (radioactive isotope, t = ) occur naturally, however Al comprises nearly all natural aluminium. Other than Al, all radioisotopes have half-lives under 7 minutes, most under a secon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527078 |
Isotopes of aluminium Most meteoriticists believe that the energy released by the decay of Al was responsible for the melting and differentiation of some asteroids after their formation 4.55 billion years ago. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527078 |
Isotopes of sodium There are 21 recognized isotopes of sodium (Na), ranging from to and two isomers ( and ). is the only stable (and the only primordial) isotope. It is considered a monoisotopic element and it has a standard atomic weight of . Sodium has two radioactive cosmogenic isotopes (, half-life = 2.605 years; a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527083 |
Isotopes of sodium Sodium-22 is being investigated as an efficient generator of “cold positrons” (antimatter) to produce muons for catalyzing fusion of deuterium. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527083 |
Isotopes of magnesium Magnesium (Mg) naturally occurs in three stable isotopes, Mg, Mg, and Mg. There are 18 radioisotopes that have been discovered, ranging from Mg to Mg. The longest-lived radioisotope is Mg with a half-life of 20.915 hours. The lighter isotopes mostly decay to isotopes of sodium while the heavier is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527085 |
Isotopes of neon Neon (Ne) possesses three stable isotopes, Ne, Ne, and Ne. In addition, 17 radioactive isotopes have been discovered ranging from Ne to Ne, all short-lived. The longest-lived is Ne with a half-life of 3.38 minutes. All others are under a minute, most under a second. The least stable is Ne with a half-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527086 |
Isotopes of oxygen There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (O): O, O, and O. Radioactive isotopes ranging from O to O have also been characterized, all short-lived. The longest-lived radioisotope is O with a half-life of 122.24 seconds, while the shortest-lived isotope is O with a half-life of 580(30)×10 second... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527111 |
Isotopes of oxygen Approximately a billion degrees Celsius is required for two oxygen nuclei to undergo nuclear fusion to form the heavier nucleus of sulfur. Measurements of the ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 are often used to interpret changes in paleoclimate. The isotopic composition of oxygen atoms in the Earth's a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527111 |
Isotopes of oxygen It consists of 8 protons and electrons, and 5 neutrons. It has a spin of 3/2-, and a half-life of 8.58 ms. Its atomic mass is 13.0248 Da. It decays to nitrogen-13 by electron capture, and has a decay energy of 17.765 MeV. Its parent nuclide is fluorine-14. Oxygen-15 is an isotope of oxygen, frequentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527111 |
Isotopes of nitrogen Natural nitrogen (N) consists of two stable isotopes: the vast majority (99.6%) of naturally occurring nitrogen is nitrogen-14, with the remainder being nitrogen-15. Fourteen radioisotopes are also known, with atomic masses ranging from 10 to 25, along with one nuclear isomer, N. All of these radio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527114 |
Isotopes of nitrogen Nitrogen-14 is one of the very few stable nuclides with both an odd number of protons and of neutrons (seven each) and is the only one to make up a majority of its element. Each of proton or neutron contributes a nuclear spin of plus or minus spin 1/2, giving the nucleus a total magnetic spin of on... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527114 |
Isotopes of carbon Carbon (C) has 15 known isotopes, from C to C, of which C and C are stable. The longest-lived radioisotope is C, with a half-life of 5,700 years. This is also the only carbon radioisotope found in nature—trace quantities are formed cosmogenically by the reaction N + n → C + H. The most stable artific... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527115 |
Isotopes of carbon Since dead tissue does not absorb C, the amount of C is one of the methods used within the field of archeology for radiometric dating of biological material. C and C are measured as the isotope ratio δC in benthic foraminifera and used as a proxy for nutrient cycling and the temperature dependent air... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527115 |
Isotopes of carbon the delta of the C = δC) is expressed as parts per thousand (‰): Stable carbon isotopes in carbon dioxide are utilized differentially by plants during photosynthesis. Grasses in temperate climates (barley, rice, wheat, rye and oats, plus sunflower, potato, tomatoes, peanuts, cotton, sugar beet, and m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527115 |
Isotopes of boron Boron (B) naturally occurs as isotopes B and B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron. There are 13 radioisotopes that have been discovered, with mass numbers from 7 to 21, all with short half-lives, the longest being that of B, with a half-life of only 770 milliseconds (ms) and B wi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527118 |
Isotopes of beryllium Beryllium (Be) has 12 known isotopes, but only one of these isotopes () is stable and a primordial nuclide. As such, beryllium is considered a monoisotopic element. It is also a mononuclidic element, because its other isotopes have such short half-lives that none are primordial and their abundance... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527122 |
Isotopes of beryllium 39 million years, which indicates unusual stability for a light isotope with such a large neutron/proton imbalance. Still other possible beryllium isotopes have even more severe mismatches in neutron and proton number, and thus are even less stable. Most in the universe is thought to be formed by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527122 |
Isotopes of beryllium This alpha decay is often considered fission, which would be able to account for its extremely short half-life. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527122 |
Isotopes of helium Although there are nine known isotopes of helium (He) (standard atomic weight: ), only helium-3 () and helium-4 () are stable. All radioisotopes are short-lived, the longest-lived being with a half-life of . The least stable is , with a half-life of , although it is possible that has an even shorter ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527152 |
Isotopes of helium Its instability is due to spin–spin interactions in the nuclear force, and the Pauli exclusion principle, which forces the two protons to have anti-aligned spins and gives the diproton a negative binding energy. There may have been observations of . In 2000, physicists first observed a new type of ra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527152 |
Isotopes of helium A beam of ions was directed at a target of beryllium foil. This collision converted some of the heavier neon nuclei in the beam into nuclei. These nuclei then collided with a foil of lead. The second collision had the effect of exciting the nucleus into a highly unstable condition. As in the earlier ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527152 |
Isotopes of helium This proposition is used as an example of the anthropic principle. However, a 2009 study suggests that such a conclusion cannot be drawn, as the formed diprotons would still decay to deuterium, whose binding energy would also increase. In some scenarios, it is postulated that hydrogen (in the form of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527152 |
Isotopes of helium is an unusually stable nucleus because its nucleons are arranged into complete shells. It was also formed in enormous quantities during Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Terrestrial helium consists almost exclusively (99.99986%) of this isotope. Helium-4's boiling point of 4.2 K is the second lowest of all k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527152 |
Isotopes of neptunium Neptunium (Np) is usually considered an artificial element, although trace quantities are found in nature, so a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all trace or artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized and identified was Np in 1940, produced by b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527200 |
Isotopes of neptunium Uranium-237 and neptunium-239 are regarded as the leading hazardous radioisotopes in the first hour-to-week period following nuclear fallout from a nuclear detonation, with Np dominating "the spectrum for several days". Neptunium-235 has 142 neutrons and a half-life of 396.1 days. This isotope dec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527200 |
Isotopes of neptunium These applications are economically practical where photovoltaic power sources are weak or inconsistent due to probes being too far from the sun or rovers facing climate events that may obstruct sunlight for long periods. Space probes and rovers also make use of the heat output of the generator to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527200 |
Isotopes of plutonium Plutonium (Pu) is an artificial element, except for trace quantities resulting from neutron capture by uranium, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. It was synthesized long before being found in nature, the first isotope synthe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of plutonium The odd-mass isotopes Pu and Pu have about a 3/4 chance of undergoing fission on capture of a thermal neutron and about a 1/4 chance of retaining the neutron and becoming the next heavier isotope. The even-mass isotopes are fertile material but not fissile and also have a lower overall probability... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of plutonium Pu has a particularly low cross section for thermal neutron capture; and it takes three neutron absorptions to become another fissile isotope (either curium-245 or Pu) and fission. Even then, there is a chance either of those two fissile isotopes will fail to fission but instead absorb a fourth ne... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of plutonium Pu is not normally produced in as large quantity by the nuclear fuel cycle, but some is produced from neptunium-237 by neutron capture (this reaction can also be used with purified neptunium to produce Pu relatively free of other plutonium isotopes for use in radioisotope thermoelectric generators... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of plutonium Since plutonium-239 can itself be split by neutrons to release energy, plutonium-239 provides a portion of the energy generation in a nuclear reactor. There are small amounts of Pu in the plutonium of usual plutonium-producing reactors. However, isotopic separation would be quite expensive compare... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of plutonium Plutonium consisting of more than about 90% Pu is called weapons-grade plutonium; plutonium from spent nuclear fuel from commercial power reactors generally contains at least 20% Pu and is called reactor-grade plutonium. However, modern nuclear weapons use fusion boosting, which mitigates the pred... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527202 |
Isotopes of americium Americium (Am) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no known stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Am in 1944. The artificial element decays by ejecting alpha particles. Americium has an atomic number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527203 |
Isotopes of americium A chemical removal of americium from reworked plutonium (e.g. during reworking of plutonium pits) may be required. Americium-242m has a mass of 242.0595492 g/mol. It is one of the rare cases, like Ta, where a higher-energy nuclear isomer is more stable than the lower-energy one, Americium-242. Am ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527203 |
Isotopes of curium Curium (Cm) is an artificial element with an atomic number of 96. Because it is an artificial element, a standard atomic weight cannot be given, and it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope synthesized was Cm in 1944, which has 146 neutrons. There are 19 known radioisotopes ranging from Cm to Cm.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527205 |
Isotopes of berkelium Berkelium (Bk) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Bk in 1949. There are 18 known radioisotopes, from Bk to Bk (with the exception of Bk, Bk, and Bk), and 6 nuc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527207 |
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