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Isotopes of fermium Fermium (Fm) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered (in fallout from nuclear testing) was Fm in 1952. Fm was independently synthesized shortly after the discovery of Fm. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527217 |
Isotopes of californium Californium (Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from Cf to Cf and one nuclear isomer, Cf. The longes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527218 |
Isotopes of californium Instrumentation is lowered into the well which bombards the formation with high energy neutrons to determine porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon presence along the length of the borehole. Californium-252 has also been used in the treatment of serious forms of cancer. In patients suffering fr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527218 |
Isotopes of einsteinium Einsteinium (Es) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be discovered (in nuclear fallout from an H-bomb test) was Es in 1952. There are 18 known radioisotopes from Es to Es, and 3 n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527220 |
Isotopes of mendelevium Mendelevium (Md) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Md (which was also the first isotope of any element produced one atom at a time) in 1955. There are 16 know... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527221 |
Isotopes of nobelium Nobelium (No) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized (and correctly identified) was No in 1966. There are 12 known radioisotopes, which are No to No and No, and 4 isomers,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium The measurement of the 2n excitation function for this reaction was reported in 2001 by Yuri Oganessian and co-workers at the FLNR. The reaction was used in 2004–5 to study the spectroscopy of No. The measurement of the 1-4n excitation functions for this reaction were reported in 2001 by Yuri Ogane... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium They were also able to detect a 10 s spontaneous fission activity also tentatively assigned to 102. Further work in 1966 on the reaction examined the detection of Fm decay using chemical separation and a parent activity with a half-life of ~50 s was reported and correctly assigned to 102. They also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium This reaction was first studied in 1958 at the FLNR. The team measured ~8.8 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 30 s and assigned to 102. A repeat in 1960 produced 8.9 MeV alpha particles with a half-life of 2–40 s and assigned to 102 from the 4n channel. Confidence in these results was later d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium The reaction was repeated in 1970 to provide further decay data for No. This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of nobelium isotopes. The reaction was used in 1990 at the LBNL to study the SF ofNo. This reaction was studied in 1967 at the LBNL in their seminal study of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium This reaction was studied in 1958 by scientists at the LBNL using a 95% Cm curium target. They were able to measure 7.43 MeV decays fromFm, associated with a 3 s No parent activity, resulting from the reaction (Cm,4n). The 3 s activity was later reassigned toNo, resulting from reaction (Cm,4n). It ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium They were able to measure coincident Z=100 K X-rays from No, confirming the discovery of the element. have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below: Twelve radioisotopes of nobelium have been characterized, with the most stable be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of nobelium The ground state isomer was also detected with a very short half-life of 3.7 μs. The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing nobelium isotopes directly. Data in bold represents maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527225 |
Isotopes of lawrencium Lawrencium (Lr) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Lr in 1961. There are thirteen known radioisotopes from Lr to Lr, and 1 isomer (Lr). The longest-lived isotope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527226 |
Isotopes of lawrencium This activity was also initially assigned to Lr or Lr and later to solely Lr. This reaction was studied in 1970 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect an 8.38 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 20s. This was assigned toLr. This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527226 |
Isotopes of lawrencium They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25 seconds. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to Lr from the 3n channel This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched Cm target (5% Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527226 |
Isotopes of lawrencium This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527226 |
Isotopes of lawrencium In addition, a 5 ms SF activity was detected in delayed coincidence with nobelium K-shell X-rays and was assigned to No, resulting from the electron capture of Lr. have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below: Thirteen isotopes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527226 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium Rutherfordium (Rf) is a synthetic element and thus has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was either Rf in 1966 or Rf in 1969. There are 16 known radioisotopes from Rf to Rf (3 of which, Rf, Rf, and Rf are unconfirmed) and 4 isomer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion). The synthesis of rutherfordium was first attempted in 1964 by the team at Dubna using the hot fusion reaction of neon-22 projectiles with plutonium-242 ta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium In a reaction of curium-248 with oxygen-16, they were unable to confirm the result of the Soviet team, but managed to observe the spontaneous fission of Rf with a very short half-life of 10–30 ms: In 1970, the American team also studied the same reaction with oxygen-18 and identified Rf with a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium Studies on the same reaction by a team at Dubna, lead to the observation in 2000 of alpha decays from Rf and spontaneous fissions of Rf. The hot fusion reaction using a uranium target was first reported at Dubna in 2000: They observed decays from Rf and Rf, and later for Rf. In 2006, as part o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium Investigations on the synthesis of the dubnium-263 isotope in 1999 at the University of Bern revealed events consistent with electron capture to form Rf. A rutherfordium fraction was separated, and several spontaneous fission events with long half-lives of about 15 minutes were observed, as we... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of the even heavier isotope Rf as a short-lived daughter of Db (in the decay chain of Ts, first synthesized in 2010) which then undergoes spontaneous fission: According to a 2007 report on the synthesis of nihonium, the isotope Nh was observed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of rutherfordium These contradictions led to some doubt on the discovery of copernicium. The first isomer is currently denoted Rf (or simply Rf) whilst the second is denoted Rf (or Rf). However, it is thought that the first nucleus belongs to a high-spin ground state and the latter to a low-spin metastable sta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527227 |
Isotopes of dubnium Dubnium (Db) is a synthetic element, thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Db in 1968. The 13 known radioisotopes are from Db to Db, and 1–3 isomers. The longest-lived known isotope is Db with a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium The team at GSI revisited the reaction in 1985 and were able to detect 10 atoms of Db. After a significant upgrade of their facilities in 1993, in 2000 the team measured 120 decays of Db, 16 decays of Db and decay ofDb in the measurement of the 1n, 2n and 3n excitation functions. The data gathered f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1976 but this time they were unable to detect the 5 s SF activity, first tentatively assigned to Db and later to Db. Instead, they were able to measure a 1.5 s SF activity, tentatively assigned to Db. The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 197... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium The first attempts to synthesis dubnium were performed in 1968 by the team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (FLNR) in Dubna, Russia. They observed two alpha lines which they tentatively assigned to Db and Db. They repeated their experiment in 1970 looking for spontaneous fission. They f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium Japanese scientists at JAERI studied the reaction further in 2002 and determined yields for the isotope Db during their efforts to study the aqueous chemistry of dubnium. Following from the discovery of Db by Albert Ghiorso in 1970 at the University of California (UC), the same team continued in 197... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium In 1988, scientists as the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) used the asymmetric hot fusion reaction with an einsteinium-254 target to search for the new nuclides Db and Db. Due to the low sensitivity of the experiment caused by the small Es-254 target, they were unable to detect any eva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of dubnium Analysis of the data in conjunction with theory have assigned this activity to a meta stable state, Db. The ground state decays by alpha emission with energies 9.07 and 8.97 MeV. Spontaneous fission of Db was not confirmed in recent experiments. The table below provides cross-sections and excitation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527229 |
Isotopes of seaborgium Seaborgium (Sg) is a synthetic element and so has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. The first isotope to be synthesized was Sg in 1974. There are 12 known radioisotopes from Sg to Sg and 2 known isomers (Sg and Sg). The longest-lived isotope is Sg with a half-life of 1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium In December 2000, the reaction was studied by a team at GANIL, France; they were able to detect 10 atoms of Sg and 2 atoms of Sg to add to previous data on the reaction. After a facility upgrade, the GSI team measured the 1n excitation function in 2003 using a metallic lead target. Of significanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium The team at Dubna also studied this reaction in 1974 with identical results as for their first experiments with a Pb-208 target. The SF activities were first assigned to Sg and later to Sg and/or Rf. Further work in 1983–1984 also detected a 5 ms SF activity assigned to the parentSg. The GSI team... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium Once again they were unable to detect any SF activities. In 1994, the synthesis of seaborgium was revisited using this reaction by the GSI team, in order to study the new even-even isotope Sg. Ten atoms of Sg were detected and decayed by spontaneous fission. "This section deals with the synthesis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium 57 MeV alpha-particle emission with a projected half-life of ~20 s, lending strong support to the stabilising effect of the Z=108,N=162 closed shells. This reaction was studied further in 1997 by a team at GSI and the yield, decay mode and half-lives for Sg and Sg have been confirmed, although th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium In their discovery experiment, they were able to apply the new method of correlation of genetic parent-daughter decays to identify the new isotope Sg. In 1975, the team at Oak Ridge were able to confirm the decay data but were unable to identify coincident X-rays in order to prove that seaborgium... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium 52 MeV activity should be associated with Sg and that Sg only undergoes fission. The recent direct synthesis of Sg resulted in four alpha-lines at 8.94, 8.84, 8.76 and 8.69 MeV with a half-life of 7.4 seconds. The observation of the decay of Sg from the decay of Cn and Hs indicated that the 8.69 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of seaborgium In the claimed synthesis of Og in 1999 the isotope Sg was identified as a daughter product. It decayed by 8.74 MeV alpha emission with a half-life of 22 s. The claim was retracted in 2001. This isotope was finally created in 2010. The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527233 |
Isotopes of bohrium Bohrium (Bh) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Bh in 1981. There are 11 known isotopes ranging from Bh to Bh, and 1 isomer, Bh. The longest-lived isotope is Bh ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of bohrium The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion). The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with "Z" = 107. Before the first successful... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of bohrium They continued their study in 2003 using newly developed bismuth(III) fluoride (BiF) targets, used to provide further data on the decay data for Bh and the daughter Db. The 1n excitation function was remeasured in 2005 by the team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) after some doubt ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of bohrium This reaction was later studied in detail using modern techniques by the team at LBNL. In 2005 they measured 33 decays of Bh and 2 atoms of Bh, providing an excitation function for the reaction emitting one neutron and some spectroscopic data of both Bh isomers. The excitation function for the react... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of bohrium The reaction between targets of curium-248 and accelerated nuclei of sodium-23 was studied for the first time in 2008 by the team at RIKEN, Japan, in order to study the decay properties of Bh, which is a decay product in their claimed decay chains of nihonium: The decay of Bh by the emission of alph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of bohrium Parent meitnerium nuclei can be themselves decay products of roentgenium, nihonium, flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, or tennessine. To date, no other elements have been known to decay to bohrium. For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified bohrium-274 as a product in the decay o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527235 |
Isotopes of hassium Hassium (Hs) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Hs in 1984. There are 12 known isotopes from Hs to Hs and 1–4 isomers. The longest-lived isotope is Hs with a half-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium Before the first successful synthesis of hassium in 1984 by the GSI team, scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia also tried to synthesize hassium by bombarding lead-208 with iron-58 in 1978. No hassium atoms were identified. They repeated the experiment in 198... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium The team at Dubna also conducted the analogous reaction with a lead-207 target instead of a lead-208 target in 1984: They were able to detect the same spontaneous fission activity as observed in the reaction with a lead-208 target and once again assigned it to Sg, daughter of Hs. The team at GSI fir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium Identical results were measured in a repeat run in 1984. In a subsequent experiment in 1983, they applied the method of chemical identification of a descendant to provide support to the synthesis of hassium. They were able to detect alpha decays from fermium isotopes, assigned as descendants of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium In March 1994, the team at Dubna led by the late Yuri Lazarev attempted the analogous reaction with sulfur-34 projectiles: They announced the detection of 3 atoms of Hs from the 5n neutron evaporation channel. The decay properties were confirmed by the team at GSI in their simultaneous study of darm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium Hassium isotopes with mass numbers 266, 273, 275, and 277 to date have only been produced by darmstadtium nuclei decay. Parent darmstadtium nuclei can be themselves decay products of copernicium, flerovium, or livermorium. To date, no other elements have been known to decay to hassium. For example, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form hassium-273 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone an alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energies of 9.78 and 9.47 MeV and half-life 1.2 s, but their claim was retracted in 2001. The isot... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium Evidence for the magicity of the Z=108 proton shell can be deemed from two sources: For SF, it is necessary to measure the half-lives for the isotonic nuclei Sg, Hs and Ds. Since the seaborgium and darmstadtium isotopes are not known at this time, and fission of Hs has not been measured, this method... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium 10, and 8.94 MeV emitted from Hs atoms. However, when this isotope is indirectly synthesized from the decay of Cn, only alpha particles with energy 9.21 MeV have been observed, indicating that this decay occurs from an isomeric level. Further research is required to confirm this. Hs is known to deca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of hassium The tables below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for nuclear reactions that produce isotopes of hassium directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. The below table contains various targets-projectile co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527236 |
Isotopes of meitnerium Meitnerium (Mt) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Mt in 1982, and this is also the only isotope directly synthesized; all other isotopes are only known as decay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527240 |
Isotopes of meitnerium As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products. Nevertheless, the products of hot fusion tend to still have more neutrons overall. The latter is a distinct concept from that of wher... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527240 |
Isotopes of meitnerium Another possible reaction that would form this isotope would be the fusion of berkelium-249 with magnesium-26; however, the yield for this reaction is expected to be very low due to the high radioactivity of the berkelium-249 target. Other long-lived isotopes were unsuccessfully targeted by a tea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527240 |
Isotopes of meitnerium An assignment to specific levels is not possible with the limited data available and further research is required. The alpha decay spectrum for Mt appears to be complicated from the results of several experiments. Alpha particles of energies 10.28, 10.22 and 10.10 MeV have been observed, emitted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527240 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium Darmstadtium (Ds) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Ds in 1994. There are 9 known radioisotopes from Ds to Ds (with many gaps) and 2 or 3 known isomers. The l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=110. Before the first successful synthesis of darmstadtium in 1994 by the GSI team, scientists at GSI also tried to synthesize darmstadtium by bombarding lead-208 with nic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium However, several decays were not measured and further research is required to confirm this discovery. In 1986, the GSI team attempted to synthesise element 110 by bombarding a uranium-235 target with accelerated argon-40 ions. No atoms were detected. In September 1994, the team at Dubna detecte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium Darmstadtium isotopes with mass numbers 277, 279 and 281 to date have only been produced by copernicium nuclei decay. Parent copernicium nuclei can be themselves decay products of flerovium or livermorium. Darmstadtium may also have been produced in the electron capture decay of roentgenium nuc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium This data could not be confirmed and thus this isotope is currently unknown or unconfirmed. In the first attempt to synthesize darmstadtium, a 10 ms SF activity was assigned to Ds in the reaction Th(Ca,4n). Given current understanding regarding stability, this isotope has been retracted from th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium It has been suggested that the closeness of the alpha decay energies indicates that the isomeric level may decay primarily by delayed isomeric transition to the ground state, resulting in an identical measured alpha energy and a combined half-life for the two processes. The direct production of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of darmstadtium It also predicts that the isotope Ds would have alpha decay half-life of the order of 311 years. The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel with t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527244 |
Isotopes of roentgenium Roentgenium (Rg) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Rg in 1994, which is also the only directly synthesized isotope; all others are decay products of nihonium, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527248 |
Isotopes of roentgenium As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products. The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527248 |
Isotopes of roentgenium All the isotopes of roentgenium except roentgenium-272 have been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher atomic number, such as nihonium. Nihonium currently has seven known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become roentgenium nuclei, with mass numbers between 274 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527248 |
Isotopes of roentgenium Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. The below table contains various targets-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527248 |
Wilhelm Normann (16 January 1870, in Petershagen – 1 May 1939, in Chemnitz) (sometimes also spelled "Norman") was a German chemist who introduced the hydrogenation of fats in 1901, creating what later became known as trans fats. This invention, protected by German patent 141,029 in 1902, had a profound influence on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527253 |
Wilhelm Normann There he received his doctorate in 1900 with a work about "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Reaktion zwischen unterchlorigsauren Salzen und primären aromatischen Aminen" ("Contributions to the knowledge of the reactions of hypochlorite salts and primary aromatic amines"). In 1901 Normann was appointed as corre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527253 |
Wilhelm Normann The initial year's production was nearly . When Lever Brothers produced a rival process Crosfield took them to court over patent infringement, which Crosfield lost. From 1911 to 1922, Normann was scientific director of "Ölwerke Germania" (Germania Oil Factory) in Emmerich am Rhein, which was established... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527253 |
Wilhelm Normann Normann married Martha Uflerbäumer of Herford on 12 September 1916. On 1 January 1939 Normann retired, and he died on 1 May 1939 after an illness in the Küchwald Hospital in Chemnitz. He was entombed on 5 May 1939 in the family grave at the old cemetery on Hermannstrasse in Herford. In commemoration of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527253 |
Isotopes of copernicium Copernicium (Cn) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Cn in 1996. There are 6 known radioisotopes (with one more unconfirmed); the longest-lived isotope is Cn wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with "Z" = 112. The first cold fusion reaction to produce copernicium was performed by GSI in 1996, who reported the detection of two decay chains of copernicium-277. In a review ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium In 1990, after some early indications for the formation of isotopes of copernicium in the irradiation of a tungsten target with multi-GeV protons, a collaboration between GSI and the Hebrew University studied the foregoing reaction. They were able to detect some spontaneous fission (SF) activity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium To confirm the synthesis, the reaction was successfully repeated by the same team in January 2003, confirming the decay mode and half-life. They were also able to calculate an estimate of the mass of the spontaneous fission activity to ~285, lending support to the assignment. The team at Lawrenc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium 6 pb for the detection of one event, not in contradiction with the reported 2.5 pb yield by Dubna team. In May 2005, the GSI performed a physical experiment and identified a single atom of Cn decaying by SF with a short half-time suggesting a previously unknown SF branch. However, initial work b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium They were unable to detect any atoms of copernicium and calculated a cross section limit of 0.6 pb. The team concluded that this indicated that the neutron mass number for the compound nucleus has an effect on the yield of evaporation residues. Copernicium has been observed as decay products of ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium Later, copernicium-283 was observed to undergo 9.52 MeV alpha decay and SF with a half-life of 3.9 s. It has also been found that alpha decay of copernicium-283 leads to different excited states of darmstadtium-279. These results suggest the assignment of the two activities to two different isom... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium Due to the low beam energies associated with the initial Pu+Ca experiment, it is possible that the 2n channel may have been reached, producing Fl instead of Fl; this would then undergo undetected electron capture to Nh, thus resulting in a reassignment of this activity to its alpha daughter Rg. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of copernicium The channel with the highest expected yield is given. DNS = Di-nuclear system; σ = cross section | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527262 |
Isotopes of nihonium Nihonium (Nh) is a synthetic element. Being synthetic, a standard atomic weight cannot be given and like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Nh as a decay product of Mc in 2003. The first isotope to be directly synthesized was Nh in 2004. Ther... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527265 |
Isotopes of nihonium The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion). Before the successful synthesis of nihonium by the RIKEN team, scientists at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Da... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527265 |
Isotopes of nihonium Nihonium has been observed as a decay product of flerovium (via electron capture) and moscovium (via alpha decay). Moscovium currently has four known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become nihonium nuclei, with mass numbers between 283 and 286. Parent flerovium and moscovium nuclei ca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527265 |
Isotopes of flerovium Flerovium (Fl) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Fl in 1999 (or possibly 1998). Flerovium has seven known isotopes, and possibly 2 nuclear isomers. The longest-l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium The excited nucleus then decays to the ground state via the emission of 3–5 neutrons. Fusion reactions utilizing Ca nuclei usually produce compound nuclei with intermediate excitation energies (~30–35 MeV) and are sometimes referred to as "warm" fusion reactions. This leads, in part, to relatively... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium Based on these results, the first atom to be detected was tentatively reassigned to or Fl, whilst the two subsequent atoms were reassigned to and therefore belong to the unofficial discovery experiment. In an attempt to study the chemistry of copernicium as the isotope , this reaction was repeated... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium In a confirmatory experiment in April 2007, the team were able to detect Fl directly and therefore measure some initial data on the atomic chemical properties of flerovium. The team at Berkeley, using the Berkeley gas-filled separator (BGS), continued their studies using newly acquired targets by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium One new isotope was found in both the Pu(Ca,4n) and Pu(Ca,3n) reactions, the rapidly spontaneously fissioning Fl, giving a clear demarcation of the neutron-poor edge of the island of stability. Three atoms of Fl were also produced. The Dubna team repeated their investigation of the Pu+Ca reaction ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium It was also found that the yield for the fusion-fission pathway was similar between Ca and Fe projectiles, indicating a possible future use of Fe projectiles in superheavy element formation. In the first claimed synthesis of flerovium, an isotope assigned as Fl decayed by emitting a 9.71 MeV alpha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium This would suggest that the erstwhile isomeric Fl, Cn, Ds, and Hs are thus actually Nh (electron capture of Fl having been missed, as current detectors are not sensitive to this decay mode), Rg, Mt, and the spontaneously fissioning Bh, creating some of the most neutron-rich superheavy isotopes kno... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium The tables below provide cross-sections and excitation energies for fusion reactions producing flerovium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel. The below table contains various targets-projectile combin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium It is also possible that rather than a peak at a specific proton shell, there exists a plateau of proton shell effects from "Z" = 114–126. The island of stability near Fl is predicted to enhance stability for its constituent nuclei, especially against spontaneous fission as a consequence of greate... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of flerovium 8 ms) and Fl (T1/2 = 130 ms), and Cn (T = 97 ms) and Fl (T > 800 ms). Further evidence would come from the measurement of partial SF half-lives of nuclei with "Z" > 114, such as Lv and Og (both "N" = 174 isotones). The extraction of "Z" = 114 effects is complicated by the presence of a dominating ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527266 |
Isotopes of moscovium Moscovium (Mc) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Mc in 2004. There are four known radioisotopes from Mc to Mc. The longest-lived isotope is Mc with a half-life o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527268 |
Isotopes of moscovium This reaction was first performed by the team in Dubna in July–August 2003. In two separate runs they were able to detect 3 atoms of Mc and a single atom of Mc. The reaction was studied further in June 2004 in an attempt to isolate the descendant Db from the Mc decay chain. After chemical separati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527268 |
Isotopes of moscovium Theoretical calculations using a quantum-tunneling model support the experimental alpha-decay half-lives. The table below contains various target-projectile combinations for which calculations have provided estimates for cross section yields from various neutron evaporation channels. The channel w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2527268 |
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